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Bzikowska-Jura A, Wesołowska A, Sobieraj P, Nawrocka A, Filipek A, Durkalec M, Katryńska D, Jedziniak P. Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants' exposure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8140. [PMID: 38584184 PMCID: PMC10999444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As the data concerning element concentrations in human milk (HM) samples and their intake by infants are lacking in Poland, the present study aimed to explore this issue. The material consisted of HM samples obtained from 30 exclusively breastfeeding mothers during 4-6 weeks postpartum. Additionally, to identify the factors that may potentially affect HM composition, information regarding maternal data (anthropometry, body composition, and diet) was also collected. Maternal diet was assessed with two methods-a food frequency questionnaire and 3-day dietary records. In total, 18 essential and non-essential elements were determined. For the elements analysis, we used inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the elements (n = 11, 61%) were detected in all HM samples. In all HM samples tin concentration was higher (5.67 ± 2.39 μg/L) than the usual range reported by the World Health Organization (~ 1.0 μg/L). HM cadmium content was positively associated with maternal salty snacks intake (r = 0.502, p = 0.005), arsenic with whole-grain products intake (r = 0.37, p = 0.043), and mercury concentration with fruits and seeds/nuts consumption (r = 0.424, p = 0.042 and r = 0.378, p = 0.039, respectively). Higher HM lead concentration was predicted by maternal age (95% CI [0.94-0.97]), intake of fish (95% CI [1.01-1.03]), and vegetables (95% CI [1.02-1.06]). The highest infants' intake was observed for copper (35.24 ± 12.48) and the lowest for arsenic (0.076 ± 0.102). Infants' exposure to lead was associated with maternal frequency consumption of canned fish (p = 0.0045). There is a need to perform further research on this topic to maximize the benefits of breastfeeding by minimizing maternal and infant exposure to potentially toxic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sobieraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Durkalec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Danuta Katryńska
- The Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Jedziniak P, Panasiuk Ł, Pietruszka K, Kolano K, Zbytniewski R. Inter-laboratory validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry multi-mycotoxin determination in animal feed - method transfer from the reference laboratory to regional laboratories. J Vet Res 2023; 67:397-406. [PMID: 37786855 PMCID: PMC10541672 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The results are presented of the inter-laboratory validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of eight mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, toxin T-2, toxin HT-2 and zearalenone) in animal feeds. Material and Methods This study was an essential part of the method's transfer from the National Reference Laboratory to six regional laboratories in Poland working in the official survey of mycotoxins in feed. The laboratories received a batch of standard solutions, blank samples and quality control materials on which to perform analysis with one procedure and different liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry conditions. Results The validation results show good precision (reproducibility coefficient of variation 3.7-20.5%) and accuracy of the method (recovery 89-120% and trueness 94-103%) and sufficient skills of the laboratory personnel. Conclusion The study is an example of the successful transfer of the method among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Panasiuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pietruszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kolano
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Provincial Veterinary Inspectorate, 30-965Kraków, Poland
| | - Radosław Zbytniewski
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Provincial Veterinary Inspectorate, 85-090Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Matraszek-Źuchowska I, Kłopot A, Sielska K, Korycińska B, Witek S, Zdonek P, Jedziniak P. Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of stanozolol and l6β-hydroxy-stanozolol in animal urine. J Vet Res 2023; 67:275-287. [PMID: 38143825 PMCID: PMC10740318 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Because of the activities and effects they induce, hormones are prohibited for use for anabolic purposes in farm animals intended for slaughter, which is regulated in the European Union by relevant legal provisions. Therefore, there is an obligation to monitor residues of hormones in animals and food of animal origin to ensure consumer safety. A hormone banned but used formerly for fattening cattle, stanozolol, and its metabolite 16β-OH-stanozolol are synthetic compounds that belong to a large group of steroid hormones. This study investigates residues of these compounds in animal urine. Material and Methods From 2006-2022, 2,995 livestock urine samples were tested for stanozolol residues in Poland as part of the National Residue Monitoring Programme. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine stanozolol and 16β-OH-stanozolol in animal urine was developed and validated according to the required criteria. Urine sample analysis was based on enzymatic hydrolysis of hormones potentially present in it to the free form, extraction of them from the sample with a mixture of n-hexane and butyl alcohol, purification of an extract on an NH2 amine column and finally, instrumental detection. Results The apparent recovery and precision parameters of the developed method were in line with the established criteria, while its decision limits CCα and detection capabilities CCβ were lower than the recommended concentration for analytical purposes set at 2 μg L-1 (valid until December 15, 2022; currently set as 0.5 μg L-1). Conclusion All examined samples were compliant with the evaluation criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Matraszek-Źuchowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Alicja Kłopot
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sielska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Beata Korycińska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Sebastian Witek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Paulina Zdonek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Pietruszka K, Panasiuk Ł, Jedziniak P. Survey of the enniatins and beauvericin in raw and UHT cow's milk in Poland. J Vet Res 2023; 67:259-266. [PMID: 37786432 PMCID: PMC10541658 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The enniatins A, A1, B and B1 (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) are structurally related compounds produced by Fusarium species. They occur as contaminants in cereals, such as wheat, barley and maize. They are called "emerging mycotoxins", because they have been reported in feed and food and their toxic effects are not fully known. Data on their levels in food (especially in milk) are limited. The study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of ENNs and BEA in milk. Material and Methods A total of 103 bovine milk samples (76 of raw milk and 27 of UHT milk) were collected from different parts of Poland and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Among the 76 raw milk samples, 31 (41%) and 15 (20%) samples were contaminated with ENN B and with BEA, respectively. No contamination with other enniatins was found. The highest concentration of BEA was found in raw milk and was 6.17 μg kg-1. Out of the 27 samples of UHT milk, 16 (59%) were contaminated with ENN B at concentrations ranging from 0.157 μg kg-1 to 0.587 μg kg-1 (limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.098 μg kg-1). Beauvericin was detected in 9 UHT milk samples (33%) at concentrations ranging from 0.101 μg kg-1 to 1.934 μg kg-1 (LOQ 0.095 μg kg-1). Conclusion This study demonstrated constant but low milk contamination in Poland with ENN B and BEA. The analysis of milk samples revealed that the emerging mycotoxins ENN B and BEA were measured in trace amounts. It does not suggest any immediate risk to milk consumers; however, it is unknown whether long-term exposure to low levels of toxins may be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pietruszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Panasiuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Giergiel M, Campbell S, Giela A, Sharp E, Casali F, Śniegocki T, Sell B, Jedziniak P. Residues of an anthelmintic veterinary drug (closantel) detected in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Scotland. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 253:114651. [PMID: 36801542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of the environment by some veterinary medicines and their impact on wild animals is of increasing concern. However, there is a lack of information about their residues in wildlife. The sentinel animals most commonly used for monitoring the level of environmental contamination are birds of prey, and information on other carnivores and scavengers scarce. This study examined the livers from 118 foxes for residues of a range of 18 veterinary medicines (16 anthelmintic agents and 2 metabolites) used on farm livestock. The samples were collected from foxes, primarily in Scotland, shot during legal pest control activities conducted between 2014 and 2019. Closantel residues were detected in 18 samples, and the concentrations found ranged from 6.5 µgkg-1 to 1383 µgkg-1. No other compounds were found in significant quantities. The results show a surprising frequency and level of closantel contamination, raising concerns about both the route of contamination and the potential impacts on wild animals and the environment, such as the potential for significant wildlife contamination to contribute to the development of closantel-resistant parasites. The results also suggest that red fox (Vulpes vulpes) could be a useful sentinel species for detecting and monitoring some veterinary medicine residues in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giergiel
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Steve Campbell
- SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh EH12 9FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Giela
- The Scottish Government, Victoria Quay, Edinburgh EH6 6QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabio Casali
- University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond St, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz Śniegocki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Bartosz Sell
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57 Street, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Durkalec MM, Nawrocka A, Kitowski I, Filipek A, Sell B, Kmiecik M, Jedziniak P. Lead, cadmium, and other trace elements in the liver of golden eagles and white-tailed eagles: recent data from Poland and a systematic review of previous studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:38566-38581. [PMID: 36585589 PMCID: PMC10039830 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25024-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), being apex predators and facultative scavengers, can bioaccumulate different environmental contaminants, including toxic elements that may adversely affect their health. We analyzed the levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and other metals and metalloids, including arsenic (As), barium (Ba), beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), thorium (Th), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) in liver samples taken from three golden eagles and 36 white-tailed eagles that were found dead across Poland to verify their exposure. We also used a systematic review to summarize the available literature data on Cd, Pb, and other studied elements in the liver of both eagle species. Analyses of trace elements in the liver samples of the Polish eagles revealed interspecific differences in Cd, Cu, and Mn and differences in Co, Mn, Tl, and Zn among study regions. All elements tested except Pb were below the suggested thresholds linked with adverse health effects in birds. The hepatic Pb found in almost half of all the tested individuals suggests environmental exposure to this toxic element. One of the tested white-tailed eagles had hepatic Pb above the threshold of sublethal poisoning. Although our results seem optimistic, as previous Polish studies showed a higher prevalence of birds with hepatic Pb exceeding the toxicity threshold, they indicate that exposure to this toxic metal could still pose an additional threat to the health of Polish eagles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Marcin Durkalec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ignacy Kitowski
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Bartosz Sell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosława Kmiecik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Aleja Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Stypuła-Trębas S, Kiljanek T, Jedziniak P. P15-09 In vitro assessment of (anti)estrogenic (anti)androgenic and AhR agonistic activities of selected heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), smoked meat extracts and smoke flavourings. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs-Current State of Knowledge and Analytics. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:586. [PMID: 34437457 PMCID: PMC8402396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig' exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique-tandem mass spectrometry-is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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Pietruk K, Olejnik M, Jedziniak P. Risk of residues of toltrazuril sulfone in eggs after oral administration - Could setting maximum residue limit be helpful? Food Chem 2021; 360:130054. [PMID: 34020367 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A depletion study of toltrazuril and its metabolites was performed using 20 hens medicated via drinking water for two days in a dosage of 7 mg kg-1 per kg body weight. Afterward, eggs were collected for 42 days. Residues were analyzed in whole eggs and yolk and whites. Toltrazuril sulfone was found to be the most predominant in all matrices, the highest concentration was found in the yolk - 5567 µg kg-1, followed by whole eggs samples - 4767 µg kg-1 and egg whites - 532 µg kg-1. On last day toltrazuril sulfone were still detected - 22.5 µg kg-1. 70 days is required to concentration of toltrazuril sulfone reach zero. Administrating toltrazuril before the laying phase can pose a risk of residues of toltrazuril sulfone in eggs. Setting Maximum Residue Limit could reduce the risk of non-complaint samples and ensure the safety of consumers, but still requires 44 days of the withdrawal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pietruk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Olejnik
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, 11 Gagarina St, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Pietruk K, Gbylik-Sikorska M, Łebkowska-Wieruszewska B, Gajda A, Giorgi M, Sartini I, Jedziniak P. Development of a Multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites in Animal Tissues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072046. [PMID: 33918518 PMCID: PMC8038326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol/acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most popular pharmacologically active substances used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. The metabolism of this drug occurs in the liver and leads to the formation of two main metabolites-glucuronic acid and sulfate derivate. Despite the wide use of paracetamol in veterinary medicine, a handful of analytical methods were published for the determination of paracetamol residues in animal tissues. In this paper, a multimatrix method has been developed for the determination of paracetamol and two metabolites-paracetamol sulfate (PS) and p-Acetamidophenyl β-D-glucuronide (PG). A validation procedure was conducted to verify method reliability and fit purpose as a tool for analyzing acetaminophen and metabolites in muscle, liver, lung, and kidney samples from different species of animals. Established validation parameters were in agreement with acceptable criteria laid by the European legislation. The initial significant matrix effect was successfully reduced by implementing an internal standard-4-Acetamidophenyl β-D-glucuronide-d3 (PG-d3, IS). The usefulness of the developed method was verified by analyzing samples from an experiment in which paracetamol was administrated to geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Pietruk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.G.-S.); (A.G.); (P.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 81-889-3169
| | - Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.G.-S.); (A.G.); (P.J.)
| | - Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.G.-S.); (A.G.); (P.J.)
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, PhD School, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, PhD School, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.G.-S.); (A.G.); (P.J.)
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Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:169-181. [PMID: 33772455 PMCID: PMC8163674 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the sensitive and selective determination of 35 mycotoxins (biomarkers of exposure) in pig urine samples. Sample preparation includes creatinine adjustment (with the developed LC-UV method) with enzymatic hydrolysis of pig urine samples followed by liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction. The LLE protocol, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for indirect mycotoxin glucuronides determination, was optimized in this study. Additionally, two other sample preparation protocols were compared with the developed LLE method: immunoaffinity columns and solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB). The detection and quantification of the biomarkers were performed using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.The method was validated with regard to the guidelines specified by the EMEA (European Medicines Agency). The extraction recoveries were higher than 60% for 77% of the analytes studied, with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation being lower than 20% for most of the compounds at four different concentration levels. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/mL for zearalenone and sterigmatocystin to 8 ng/mL for nivalenol. To the best knowledge of the authors, the matrix effect was evaluated for the first time in this study for six different urine samples, and the coefficient of variation was found to be lower than 15% for most analytes studied. Finally, the developed method was applied to analyse 56 pig urine samples. Deoxynivalenol (1-20 ng/mL), zearalenone (0.1-1.5 ng/mL) and ochratoxin A (1.5-15 ng/mL) were the main analytes detected in these samples. Moreover, the co-occurrence of alternariol monomethyl ether and alternariol in pig urine is reported herein for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Pękala-Safińska A, Jedziniak P, Kycko A, Ciepliński M, Paździor E, Panasiuk Ł, Kasprzak M, Jerzak L. Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)? Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:311-318. [PMID: 32372256 PMCID: PMC7359170 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium infections have been reported in aquatic animals, but are still poorly investigated in wild salmonids. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the fungi and their toxins on the health status of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta) migrating from the Baltic Sea to the freshwater. Individuals from the wild brown trout population exhibiting ulcerative skin lesions were collected from the Słupia River in Poland and subjected to microbiological, histopathological, and hematological examinations, as well as toxicological analysis for a presence of mycotoxins. The results of microflora isolation from the brown trout skin samples revealed the presence of conditionally pathogenic bacteria and fungi classified by molecular techniques as Fusarium spp. Toxicological analysis allowed for detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract of the fish. In several cases, there was α-zearalenone (α-ZEL) identified at trace levels in the liver, as well as sterigmatocystin and enniatin B at low levels in the kidney and the liver. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of fungal hyphae disrupting the epidermis and penetrating into the necrotic dermis and hypodermis. The decreased values of the blood parameters, i.e., hemoglobin concentration (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and white blood cell count (WBC), were indicative of osmoregulation failure being a consequence of the skin damage. The results of the study provide new information regarding Fusarium sp. infection in brown trout and serve as the basis for further research on the potential impact of the fungi and their mycotoxins on the Baltic salmonid population, including their role in ulcerative dermal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ciepliński
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Ewa Paździor
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Panasiuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kasprzak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Leszek Jerzak
- Department of Nature Protection, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Jedziniak P, Panasiuk Ł, Pietruszka K, Posyniak A. Multiple mycotoxins analysis in animal feed with LC-MS/MS: Comparison of extract dilution and immunoaffinity clean-up. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1240-1247. [PMID: 30638302 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was a performance comparison of two clean-up procedures (dilutions versus immunoaffinity columns) in the simultaneous determination of eight mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 & B2, ochratoxin A, toxin T-2 & HT-2 and zearalenone) in the animal feed. After extraction the analytes were separated on a Kinetex Biphenyl column with a gradient elution using methanol/0.01 M ammonium acetate as a mobile phase and analyzed with the LC-MS/MS technique. Both of the procedures were validated by analysis of a series of spiked feed samples (n = 6) at three different concentration levels. Better signal to noise ratios were observed for immunoaffinity clean-up. The recoveries of analyses were in the range 88-110% for the dilution procedure and 78-120% for the immunoaffinity clean-up. The dilution procedure was more precise (coefficient of variation of the within-laboratory reproducibility for it was 7.8-22.4% in comparison to 12-35.5% for the immunoaffinity clean-up. The results show that both procedures fulfilled the requirements for mycotoxin analysis and can be used successfully in multi-analyte determination. Although the dilution procedure shows better precision and trueness, the immunoaffinity clean-up procedure can have advantages in more complex feed samples thanks to lower matrix effect and limits of detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Panasiuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pietruszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Panasiuk L, Jedziniak P, Pietruszka K, Piatkowska M, Bocian L. Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:17-25. [PMID: 30136099 PMCID: PMC6331501 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 120 silage samples collected in 2015 from farms in Poland were analysed by a multimycotoxin method based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The study included toxins which are regulated within the European Union (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2/HT-2 toxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone) and non-regulated mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, 8-ketotrichothecenes, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone derivatives). All silage samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin, and 61% of samples contained five or more mycotoxins simultaneously. The most frequently detected toxins were deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, enniatins and beauvericin, although the levels of these toxins were relatively low. The mean concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenon was 406 and 80.6 μg/kg, respectively, and two toxins were positive-correlated. This is the first study that provides information about emerging mycotoxins contaminating silage in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Panasiuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - P Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - K Pietruszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - M Piatkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - L Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Radko L, Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P, Stypuła-Trębas S, Posyniak A. Toxicity and metabolism of deoxynivalenol in human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Piątkowska M, Jedziniak P, Olejnik M, Pietruk K, Żmudzki J, Posyniak A. Simultaneous Determination of Ten Illegal Azo Dyes in Feed by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2018; 61:299-305. [PMID: 29978087 PMCID: PMC5894432 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The paper presents the method of simultaneous determination of 10 illegal azo dyes in feed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique. Material and Methods The dyes were extracted with hexane, evaporated to dryness, and analysed. Separation was achieved in 7 min in a gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid (B) as a mobile phase. Results The validation results showed the repeatability of the method, which was evaluated at three levels (50, 500, and 5,000 µg/kg). All the matrix calibration curves for the working ranges were linear (R2 0.9904 to 1.0), the repeatability was between 2.1% and 24%, and recoveries ranged from 77.9% to 120%. The LOD and LOQ were at 1–2 and 5–10 µg/kg for different dyes, respectively. Furthermore, the method was applied in the homogeneity tests of the in-house prepared feed containing Sudan I at the levels of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg. Conclusions A sensitive, selective, and fast multiresidue method was successfully developed and validated. Its robustness was confirmed by the analysis of an experimental feed containing Sudan I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piątkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Olejnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Konrad Pietruk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Żmudzki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Olejnik M, Radko L, Jedziniak P. Identification of metabolites of anticancer candidate salinomycin using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:629-634. [PMID: 29441626 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Salinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic with potential anticancer activity. The history of its use in veterinary medicine shows large differences in species susceptibility to its toxicity. At the same time, the results of research to date suggest a correlation between the extent and pathways of ionophore biotransformation and its toxicity. The biotransformation pattern of salinomycin has not been studied so far. METHODS Extracts from culture media of human hepatoma cells (HepG2) exposed to salinomycin were analysed with two mass spectrometry techniques. For the first one, micro-liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer was used. In the second approach, high-performance liquid chromatography was coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap. Both experiments were operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. To identify unknown salinomycin metabolites, information-dependent acquisition was applied. RESULTS Metabolites identified with tandem mass spectrometry included hydroxylated, demethylated and hydroxylated-demethylated derivatives, in total 14 compounds. Using high resolution, only eight isomers of hydroxysalinomycin were detected. The efficiency of biotransformation was low, and so was the abundance of the signals; only for two metabolites did the signal exceed 1% of the salinomycin signal. The analysis of fragmentation patterns narrowed the structure combinations but the actual modification site could not be specified. CONCLUSIONS Tandem mass spectrometry was more sensitive in the identification of salinomycin metabolites in comparison to the Q-TOF approach. Because of low efficiency of biotransformation of the applied model, the obtained fragmentation data are not sufficient to fully characterize the detected compounds. A study with more metabolically active primary hepatocytes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Pietruszka K, Piątkowska M, Jedziniak P. Occurrence of Ochratoxin a in Animal Tissues and Feeds in Poland in 2014-2016. J Vet Res 2017; 61:483-487. [PMID: 29978113 PMCID: PMC5937348 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillum spp. fungi. Research on the contamination of cereals, complete feeds, and tissues with this mycotoxin has indicated that it can be a toxicological problem impacting animal health and food safety in temperate climes. OTA contamination mainly besets the global pig industry, necessitating the monitoring of feeds and animal tissues. The aim of the study was to present the results of the official monitoring of OTA in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016 and determine the possible correlation between the presence of OTA in different types of samples. Material and Methods The presence of ochratoxin A was determined using accepted procedures based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Determination of OTA was afforded in the range of 0.3 µg/kg to 300 µg/kg in complete feeds and from 0.2 µg/kg to 150 µg/kg in the kidneys, liver, and muscles. Results Over the three year span, about 23.5% of the animal tissues samples were contaminated by ochratoxin A. In the 2014 survey, 10% of the sample tissues contained 5–10 µg/kg (only one sample above 10 μg/kg), and in 2015 and 2016, 24% of samples showed levels above the limit of quantification 0.2 μg/kg, while none of the samples exceeded the established provisional action level of 5 μg/kg for animal tissues. The animal feed analysis showed that 9% was contaminated with ochratoxin A above the limit of quantification of 0.3μg/kg. In 2% of feed samples the OTA concentration was greater than 50 μg/kg. Conclusion The results confirm the appropriacy of OTA contamination monitoring and help to increase food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pietruszka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marta Piątkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Stypuła-Trębas S, Minta M, Radko L, Jedziniak P, Posyniak A. Nonsteroidal mycotoxin alternariol is a full androgen agonist in the yeast reporter androgen bioassay. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 55:208-211. [PMID: 28910742 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) is a toxic metabolite of phytopathogenic fungi of the Alternaria spp. and important contaminant of agricultural commodities. According to the recent studies, AOH has a potential to modulate the endocrine system of humans and animals. In the view of these reports, our study addressed the effects of AOH on human estrogen receptor (hERα) and androgen receptor (hAR) signaling with the use of the yeast estrogen and androgen reporter bioassays. Our results show that, apart from a weak estrogenic response, AOH induces full androgenic response of the bioassay with the EC50 of 269.4μM. The androgenic potency of AOH relative to testosterone (T) is 0.046%. Moreover, in the presence of T, AOH at 5μM acts as a weak antiandrogen, whereas at higher concentrations AOH sum up with the androgenic activity of T in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting additive effect. To our knowledge it is the first report of the androgenic potency of natural, nonsteroidal substance and may have the impact on the direction of the further studies. Further research is warranted to clarify the role of AOH in disruption of AR signaling in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Maria Minta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Radko L, Minta M, Jedziniak P, Stypuła-Tręba S. Comparison of Albendazole Cytotoxicity in Terms of Metabolite Formation in Four Model Systems. J Vet Res 2017; 61:313-319. [PMID: 29978089 PMCID: PMC5894428 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Albendazole is used to treat endoparasitic diseases in animals and humans. After oral administration, it is quickly oxidised into its pharmacologically active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide and then to sulfone. However, it is not clear which compound is responsible for toxic effects towards mammalian cells. Material and Methods The model systems comprised cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes, two hepatoma cell lines (FaO, HepG2), and non-hepatic Balb/c 3T3 line. Cells were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to eight concentrations of albendazole ranging from 0.05 to 100 µg/mL. At all three time points cytotoxic effects were assessed by MTT assay and metabolites in the culture media were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. Results The effective concentrations EC50-72h showed that Balb/c 3T3 cells were the most sensitive to albendazole (0.2 ±0.1 µg/mL) followed by FaO (1.0 ±0.4 µg/mL), and HepG2 (6.4 ±0.1 µg/mL). In the case of isolated hepatocytes this value could not be attained up to the highest concentration used. Chemical analysis revealed that the concentrations of albendazole in hepatocytes and HepG2 and FaO culture media gradually decreased with incubation time, while the concentrations of its metabolites increased. The metabolism in isolated hepatocytes was dozens of times greater than in HepG2 and FaO cells. Two metabolites (albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone) were detected in isolated hepatocytes and HepG2 culture medium, one (albendazole sulfoxide) in FaO culture medium and none in Balb/c 3T3. Conclusion The obtained data indicate that metabolism of albendazole leads to its detoxification. The lower cytotoxic potential of metabolites was confirmed in the independent experiments in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maria Minta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stypuła-Tręba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Jedziniak P, Olejnik M, Rola JG, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T. Anthelmintic residues in goat and sheep dairy products. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/bvip-2015-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A multiresidue method (LC-MS/MS) for determination of wide range of anthelmintics was developed. The method covered benzimidazoles: albendazole (and metabolites), cambendazole, fenbendazol (and metabolites), flubendazole (and metabolites), mebendazole (and metabolites), oxibendazole, thiabendazole (and metabolites), triclabendazole (and metabolites); macrocyclic lactones: abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin; salicylanilides: closantel, ioxynil, nitroxynil, oxyclosamide, niclosamide, rafoxanid and others: clorsulon, derquantel, imidocarb, monepantel (and metabolites), morantel, praziquantel, and pyrantel. The method was used to examine the potential presence of anthelmintics in goat and sheep milk and dairy products from the Polish market. A total of 120 samples of milk, yoghurt, cottage cheese, cream cheese, and curd were analysed. None of the samples were found positive above CCα (1-10 μg/kg) except for one cottage cheese in which traces of albendazole sulfone were detected (5.2 ug/kg) and confirmed. The results of the study showed negligible anthelmintic residues in the goat and sheep milk and dairy products and confirm their good quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Olejnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta G. Rola
- Department of Food Hygiene, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Radko L, Minta M, Jedziniak P, Stypuła-Trębas S. Cytotoxicity of albendazole and its metabolites in HepG2, FaO and Balb/c 3T3 cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pietruk K, Olejnik M, Jedziniak P, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T. Determination of fifteen coccidiostats in feed at carry-over levels using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 112:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Protasiuk E, Olejnik M, Szprengier–Juszkiewicz T, Jedziniak P, Zmudzki J. Determination of Nicarbazin in Animal Feed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Interlaboratory Evaluation. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1025277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Jedziniak P. Distribution of semduramicin in hen eggs and tissues after administration of cross-contaminated feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1393-8. [PMID: 24856255 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.927593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Semduramicin is an ionophore coccidiostat used in the poultry industry as a feed additive. Cross-contamination of feeds for non-target animals with semduramicin is unavoidable. However, it is not known whether undesirable residues of semduramicin may occur in food after cross-contaminated feed is administered to animals. The aim of the work was to determine the levels of semduramicin in hen eggs (yolks and albumen) and tissues (liver, muscle, spleen, gizzard, ovarian yolks and ovaries) after administration of feed contaminated with 0.27 mg kg(-1) of this coccidiostat. The residues were determined using LC-MS/MS. The distribution pattern confirmed the high lipophilicity of semduramicin. Residues were found mainly in egg yolks (28.8 µg kg(-1)), ovarian yolks (19.5 µg kg(-1)) and liver (2.57 µg kg(-1)), while hens' muscle was free from semduramicin (LOD = 0.1 µg kg(-1)). Among edible tissues, the maximum level (2 µg kg(-1)) was exceeded only in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
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Nieoczym D, Socała K, Jedziniak P, Olejnik M, Wlaź P. Effect of sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on the anticonvulsant action of some antiepileptic drugs in the mouse 6-Hz psychomotor seizure model. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:104-10. [PMID: 23994662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5), has been recently reported to have both pro- and anticonvulsant action in various experimental models of seizures and epilepsy. Furthermore, it affects anticonvulsant action of some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in mice seizure tests and both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions were noted. The present study was carried out to investigate influence of sildenafil on the threshold for 6 Hz-induced psychomotor seizures in mice. Effect of sildenafil on activity of some AEDs, i.e., phenobarbital (PB), clonazepam (CZP), ethosuximide (ETS), valproic acid (VPA), tiagabine (TGB), oxcarbazepine (OXC) and levetiracetam (LEV), in 6 Hz test was also examined. Moreover, combination of sildenafil with LEV was investigated in terms of influence on motor coordination (determined by the chimney test), muscular strength (evaluated in the grip-strength test) and long-term memory (assessed in the passive avoidance task) in mice. To determine the type of pharmacological interaction between sildenafil and LEV, free plasma and total brain concentrations of this AED were determined by LC-MS/MS method. Sildenafil at a dose ranging from 10 to 40 mg/kg statistically increased psychomotor seizure threshold in mice. Moreover, sildenafil enhanced the anticonvulsant action of all the studied AEDs in this test. Interactions between this PDE5 inhibitor and PB, CZP, ETS, TGB and OXC seem to be pharmacodynamic. Since sildenafil increased free plasma and total brain concentration of LEV, interactions between these drugs have pharmacokinetic nature. This kind of interaction was also noted between sildenafil and VPA. Neither LEV (2.32 mg/kg) nor its co-administration with sildenafil (40 mg/kg) produced any significant changes in motor coordination, muscular strength and long-term memory in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Nieoczym
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Jedziniak P, Pietruk K, Śledzińska E, Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Żmudzki J. Rapid method for the determination of metamizole residues in bovine muscle by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:977-82. [PMID: 23697889 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.787652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Metamizole is a pyrazolone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug allowed for use in food-producing animals. According to Council Directive 96/23, residues of this drug have to be monitored because of the potential risk to consumers' health. Metamizole is hydrolysed to its marker residue 4-methylaminoantypyrine.This compound is further metabolised to three main metabolites: 4-formylaminoantipyrine, 4-aminoantipyrine and 4-acetylaminoantipyrine. The MRL of 4-methylaminoantipyrine in animal tissues is 100 µg kg(-1). Considering the above points, a method for the detection of four metamizole metabolites in bovine muscles was developed. Analytes were extracted from muscle by a mixture of acetonitrile and sodium acetate buffer. After centrifugation, the supernatant was passed through alumina cartridges, diluted with mobile phase and analysed by using LC-MS/MS. Four metamizole metabolites were separated on a C8 column in 23 min with a gradient of methanol:acetonitrile:ammonium formate solution and analysed by using positive ionisation. Validation of the method indicated a within-laboratory reproducibility in the range of 7-30% and recovery in the range of 45-95%. The method fulfils the criteria for confirmatory methods and, thanks to its labour efficiency, may also be used for screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland.
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Olejnik M, Jedziniak P, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Zmudzki J. Influence of matrix effect on the performance of the method for the official residue control of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in animal muscle. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:437-442. [PMID: 23280975 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE During the development and validation of mass spectrometry based method in residue control analysis, it is recommended to evaluate the level of the matrix effect. Often its level is relatively high, despite extensive sample purification. METHODS The matrix effect in the method for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in animal muscle was tested using a post-extraction addition technique. The experiment was performed to assess the impact of chromatographic conditions and design of ion source on the results. Additionally, the impact of phospholipids was tested. RESULTS The matrix effect signal varied from 36% (64% ion suppression) to 192% (92% ion enhancement), depending on the analyte and species. The internal standard corrected matrix effect was generally lower but was still high for some analytes. Both chromatographic conditions and ion source design have influence on the level of matrix effect; however, this effect was no longer observed after compensation with internal standards. CONCLUSIONS Currently, no commonly accepted criteria exist for the interpretation of results of determination of matrix effects; such criteria have been proposed in this paper, based on guidelines for bioanalytical methods and results of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
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Jedziniak P, Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Smulski S, Kaczmarowski M, Żmudzki J. Identification of flunixin glucuronide and depletion of flunixin and its marker residue in bovine milk. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 36:571-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Veterinary Research Institute; Puławy Poland
| | - M. Olejnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Veterinary Research Institute; Puławy Poland
| | | | - S. Smulski
- Department of Pathophysiology of Reproduction and Mammary Gland; National Veterinary Research Institute; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - M. Kaczmarowski
- Department of Pathophysiology of Reproduction and Mammary Gland; National Veterinary Research Institute; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - J. Żmudzki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; National Veterinary Research Institute; Puławy Poland
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Jedziniak P, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Pietruk K, Śledzińska E, Żmudzki J. Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their metabolites in milk by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2955-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Jedziniak P, Sledzińska E, Szymanek-Bany I, Korycińska B, Pietruk K, Zmudzki J. Residue control of coccidiostats in food of animal origin in Poland during 2007-2010. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2011; 4:259-67. [PMID: 24786249 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.637238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiostats are widely used as feed additives to prevent coccidiosis. The off-label use of anticoccidials or feeding non-target animals with cross-contaminated feedingstuffs may result in the occurrence of coccidiostat residues in animal tissues and eggs. In EU countries, food of animal origin is subjected to official control of residues according to Council Directive 96/23/EC. In Poland, within the framework of the National Residue Control Plan, 3718 samples (3533 targeted and 185 suspect) of animal liver, eggs, drinking water and feed were tested for coccidiostats between 2007 and 2010. Violative residues of nicarbazin, lasalocid, maduramicin, salinomycin, semduramicin and robenidine were detected in 77 food samples (53 samples of chicken liver, 23 samples of eggs and 1 sample of turkey liver). A high percentage (31%) of non-compliant feed samples collected during follow-up investigations was observed, which confirms that feed cross-contamination may be the reason of the occurrence of coccidiostat residues in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Veterinary Research Institute , Partyzantow 57 , 24-100 Pulawy , Poland
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Jedziniak P, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Olejnik M, Żmudzki J. Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs residues in animal muscles by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 672:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jedziniak P, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Olejnik M. Determination of benzimidazoles and levamisole residues in milk by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: Screening method development and validation. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Olejnik M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Jedziniak P. Multi-residue confirmatory method for the determination of twelve coccidiostats in chicken liver using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8141-8. [PMID: 19481216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The confirmatory LC-MS/MS method for the determination of residues for twelve coccidiostats including ionophore antibiotics (lasalocid, maduramycin, monensin, narasin, salinomycin, semduramycin) and chemical coccidiostats (clazuril, decoquinate, diclazuril, halofuginone, nicarbazin and robenidine) in poultry liver has been developed. The sample preparation was based on extraction with acetonitrile, defatting with Alumina columns and clean-up on Oasis HLB spe. The separation of analytes was performed on PhenylHexyl column with a gradient of acetonitrile, methanol and the ammonium formate pH 4.0. For all analytes, at least 2 diagnostic fragmentation ions were monitored. The validation, performed according to the CD 2002/657/EC, proved the suitability of the method for the confirmatory analysis of the coccidiostats. For lasalocid, however, low reproducibility was observed and the proper quantification could not be performed with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Olejnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T, Olejnik M, Jedziniak P, Frischke-Krajewska J. Environmental contaminants—Occurrence of coccidiostats in poultry manure. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jaroszewski J, Jedziniak P, Markiewicz W, Grabowski T, Chrostowska M, Szprengier-Juszkiewicz T. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin in mature heifers following multiple intravenous administration. Pol J Vet Sci 2008; 11:199-203. [PMID: 18942540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine was determined after its multiple (altogether 4 doses at 24-hours intervals) intravenous administration at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg body weight in six mature clinically healthy heifers. Plasma flunixin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyflunixin concentrations were analyzed with high-pressure liquid chromatography using an assay with a lower limit detection of 0.03 microg/ml for both substances. Plasma concentrations versus time curves were described by a two compartment open model. Mean plasma flunixin concentrations were similar on day 1 and 4, and than rapidly decreased (within 2 hours) from initial concentrations higher than 10 microg/ml to the concentrations lower than 1 microg/ml. The distribution phase of flunixin was short (t0.5 alpha = 0.29 +/- 0.16 and 0.18 +/- 0.04 on day 1 and 4, respectively) and the elimination phase was more prolonged (t0.5 beta = 3.30 +/- 0.60 and 3.26 +/- 0.22 on day 1 and 4, respectively). The mean residence time of flunixin was similar on day 1 (1.83 +/- 0.83) and 4 (1.88 +/- 0.46), and for 5-hydroxyflunixin this parameter was insignificantly (P > 0.05) higher on day 1 (5.49 +/- 2.22) as compared to that found on day 4 (3.99 +/- 2.17). The clearance of flunixin was similar on both examined days (0.23 +/- 0.12 on day 1 and 0.31 +/- 0.15 on day 4), and for 5-hydroxyflunixin was insignificantly (P > 0.05) lower on day 1 (2.37 +/- 1.21) as compared to that determined on day 4 (3.23 +/- 1.06). Our data indicate that multiple administration of flunixin did not alter significantly the parent drug and its metabolite concentrations in plasma, however may cause some small changes in pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jaroszewski
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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