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Bzikowska-Jura A, Wesołowska A, Sobieraj P, Nawrocka A, Filipek A, Durkalec M, Katryńska D, Jedziniak P. Essential and non-essential element concentrations in human milk samples and the assessment of infants' exposure. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8140. [PMID: 38584184 PMCID: PMC10999444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As the data concerning element concentrations in human milk (HM) samples and their intake by infants are lacking in Poland, the present study aimed to explore this issue. The material consisted of HM samples obtained from 30 exclusively breastfeeding mothers during 4-6 weeks postpartum. Additionally, to identify the factors that may potentially affect HM composition, information regarding maternal data (anthropometry, body composition, and diet) was also collected. Maternal diet was assessed with two methods-a food frequency questionnaire and 3-day dietary records. In total, 18 essential and non-essential elements were determined. For the elements analysis, we used inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry. Most of the elements (n = 11, 61%) were detected in all HM samples. In all HM samples tin concentration was higher (5.67 ± 2.39 μg/L) than the usual range reported by the World Health Organization (~ 1.0 μg/L). HM cadmium content was positively associated with maternal salty snacks intake (r = 0.502, p = 0.005), arsenic with whole-grain products intake (r = 0.37, p = 0.043), and mercury concentration with fruits and seeds/nuts consumption (r = 0.424, p = 0.042 and r = 0.378, p = 0.039, respectively). Higher HM lead concentration was predicted by maternal age (95% CI [0.94-0.97]), intake of fish (95% CI [1.01-1.03]), and vegetables (95% CI [1.02-1.06]). The highest infants' intake was observed for copper (35.24 ± 12.48) and the lowest for arsenic (0.076 ± 0.102). Infants' exposure to lead was associated with maternal frequency consumption of canned fish (p = 0.0045). There is a need to perform further research on this topic to maximize the benefits of breastfeeding by minimizing maternal and infant exposure to potentially toxic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sobieraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Durkalec
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Danuta Katryńska
- The Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Vieira Queiroz De Paula M, Grant M, Lanigan J, Singhal A. Does human milk composition predict later risk of obesity? A systematic review. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 37475022 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Possible mechanisms behind the association of breastfeeding with a lower risk of later obesity are unknown but one possibility is the unique composition of human milk. Here, we systematically reviewed the evidence linking breast-milk macronutrient and hormonal composition with later obesity. METHODS We searched 7 databases for studies that included infants predominantly breast-fed for the first 3 months and which analysed associations between a measure of breast-milk composition and later (> 6 months) measures of obesity or body composition. RESULTS 47 publications were identified for full-text screening, of which 10 were eligible and only 3 found significant associations. Higher leptin concentration in breast milk at age 1 month was associated with lower infant BMI at 12, 18 and 24 months of age (1 study). Higher breast-milk adiponectin concentration at 6 weeks and 4 months were associated with adiposity at age 12 and 24 months (1 study). In 1 study, breast-milk carbohydrate content was positively associated, and fat content negatively associated, with adiposity at age 12 months. No significant associations were found between other hormones or macronutrients in human milk and later risk of obesity or body composition. CONCLUSIONS The evidence linking breast-milk composition with later obesity was inconsistent and confined to single, individual studies. Our review highlights the methodological limitations of previous studies and the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maude Grant
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Nestlé Nutrition, Société des Produits Nestlé, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Julie Lanigan
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Atul Singhal
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Eckart EK, Peck JD, Kharbanda EO, Nagel EM, Fields DA, Demerath EW. Infant sex differences in human milk intake and composition from 1- to 3-month post-delivery in a healthy United States cohort. Ann Hum Biol 2022; 48:455-465. [PMID: 35105200 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1998620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macronutrient composition of human milk differs by infant sex, but few studies have examined sex differences in other milk components, or their potential modification by maternal body mass index (BMI). AIM We compared milk intake and human milk hormone and cytokine concentrations at 1- and 3-month post-delivery and tested infant sex by maternal BMI (OW/OB vs. NW) interactions. SUBJECTS AND METHOD Data were analysed for 346 mother-infant dyads in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) Study at 1- and 3-month post-delivery. Infant milk intake was estimated by the change in infant weight after test feedings. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using ELISA. Multivariable linear regression and linear mixed models were used to estimate sex main effects and their interaction with maternal BMI. RESULTS Mean glucose concentration at 1 month was 2.62 mg/dl higher for male infants, but no difference at 3 months was observed. Milk intake and concentrations for the other milk components were similar for males and females at both time points. Associations with infant sex did not differ significantly by maternal BMI. CONCLUSIONS Among healthy United States mother-infant dyads, appetite, and growth-regulating factors in human milk did not differ significantly by infant sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Eckart
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jennifer D Peck
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Emily M Nagel
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Montez de Sousa ÍR, Wang Z, Hu R, Stahl B, Jin Y, Eussen SRBM, Li J. Dietary Intake of Chinese Lactating Women Is Associated with the Fatty Acid Profile of Their Milk. Ann Nutr Metab 2021; 78:33-45. [PMID: 34856550 DOI: 10.1159/000520515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study aimed to explore the relationship between the dietary intake and the human milk (HM) fatty acid (FA) profile of Chinese lactating women. METHODS HM samples and food records were obtained from 122 Chinese women over 5 visits between 0 and 51 days postpartum. Adjusted multiple regression was performed to explore associations between maternal dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients, FAs and foods, and the HM FA profile. Analyses were performed separately for colostrum and mature milk. RESULTS Dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid were positively associated with the HM contents of PUFAs, omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs, and linoleic acid (LA), and the intakes of n-3 PUFAs and α-linolenic acid (ALA) were negatively associated with saturated FA levels in HM. Associations were stronger for mature milk. Intakes of milk/dairy, meat/poultry, and eggs were negatively associated with n-6 PUFAs, LA, and EPA in mature milk, whereas the opposite was seen for fish/shrimp. Positive associations were also found between fish/shrimp and total and n-3 PUFAs in mature milk. CONCLUSION The HM FA profile of Chinese women is associated with their diet, and in particular with their FA intake. Tailored nutritional advice based on HM FA composition may optimize HM FA profile and thereby contribute to healthy infant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris R Montez de Sousa
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhixu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Jin
- Danone Nutricia Research, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jing Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Hu R, Eussen SRBM, Sijtsma FPC, Papi B, Stahl B, Jin Y, Mank M, Li J, Wang Z. Maternal dietary patterns are associated with human milk composition in Chinese lactating women. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111392. [PMID: 34303959 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary patterns are a useful tool to study the impact of overall maternal diet on human milk (HM) composition beyond single foods or nutrients. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns among Chinese lactating women and assess their associations with HM macronutrient composition. METHODS Dietary intake data and HM samples were collected from 122 Chinese mothers at three to five study visits during the first 52 d postpartum. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Cross-sectional associations of dietary patterns and HM macronutrients were assessed using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for total energy intake. All analyses were done separately for colostrum (postpartum days 0-7) and mature milk (postpartum days 8-52). RESULTS Four dietary patterns were identified: high-in-animal-foods, high-in-eggs, high-in-plant-foods, and high-in-fruits. Compared with the lowest tertile (T1), participants in the highest tertile (T3) of the high-in-animal-foods and high-in-plant-foods patterns had lower protein (respectively, T3 - T1 = -1.09 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.002; T3 - T1 = -0.54 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.001) and higher fat (respectively, T3 - T1 = 0.86 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.040; T3 - T1 = 0.40 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.004) concentrations in colostrum. In contrast, in mature milk the high-in-animal-foods pattern was positively associated with carbohydrates (T3 - T1 = 0.53 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.008) and the high-in-plant-foods pattern was negatively associated with fat (T3 - T1 = -0.64 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.002). The high-in-eggs pattern was weakly positively associated with protein concentration in mature milk (T3 - T1 = 0.10 g/100 mL, Ptrend = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Maternal dietary patterns with high proportions of animal and plant-based foods were associated with higher fat and lower protein concentrations in colostrum. Different associations were found in mature milk. Dietary-pattern analysis provides an opportunity to characterize total diet and may be more predictive of HM composition than single foods or nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hu
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Bianca Papi
- Medtronic Brain and Spine Therapies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Medtronic Brain and Spine Therapies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Jin
- Danone Nutricia Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Marko Mank
- Medtronic Brain and Spine Therapies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Burianova I, Bronsky J, Pavlikova M, Janota J, Maly J. Maternal body mass index, parity and smoking are associated with human milk macronutrient content after preterm delivery. Early Hum Dev 2019; 137:104832. [PMID: 31422343 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal characteristics may be associated with human milk macronutrients but no definite conclusions have been made to date. AIM This study aimed to determine the relationship of maternal-associated factors on the content of macronutrients in human milk for the first six weeks after preterm delivery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational cohort study. SUBJECTS Milk samples were collected from mothers after premature birth between 24 + 0-35 + 6 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES Macronutrients and energy content were analyzed by mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy. Demographic and anthropometric data from mothers were systematically recorded. RESULTS A total 1.558 human milk samples from 192 mothers were analyzed. Colostrum: higher protein (p = 0.001) and lower carbohydrate content (p = 0.003) were present in primiparous compared to multiparous milk. Vaginal birth was associated with increased carbohydrate content (p = 0.021). Fat and energy content in colostrum was not related to any maternal characteristics. Mature human milk: similarly to colostrum, higher protein content (p = 0.001) and lower carbohydrates content (p = 0.022) were observed in primiparous compared to multiparous milk. The mode of delivery was found to be another factor possibly influencing protein and carbohydrate levels (p = 0.036, p = 0.003, respectively). Pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with increased fat (p = 0.030) and energy content (p = 0.020) in human milk. On the contrary, smoking had a negative relationship to fat and energy content (p = 0.026, p = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION Human milk macronutrient concentration after preterm delivery is associated with pre-pregnancy obesity, parity, mode of delivery and smoking. The impact of maternal factors on human milk composition should be taken into account in a strategy of feeding in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Burianova
- Department of Neonatology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Bronsky
- Department of Paediatrics, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Pavlikova
- Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Janota
- Department of Neonatology, Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Maly
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Macedo I, Pereira-da-Silva L, Cardoso M. The fortification method relying on assumed human milk composition overestimates the actual energy and macronutrient intakes in very preterm infants. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2018; 4:22. [PMID: 30237896 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-018-0090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To achieve recommended nutrient intakes in preterm infants, the target fortification method of human milk (HM) was proposed as an alternative to standard fortification method. We aimed to compare assumed energy and macronutrient intakes based on standard fortified HM with actual intakes relying on measured composition of human milk (HM), in a cohort of HM-fed very preterm infants. Methods This study is a secondary retrospective analysis, in which assumed energy and macronutrient contents of daily pools of own mother’s milk (OMM) from 33 mothers and donated HM (DHM) delivered to infants were compared with the measured values using a mid-infrared HM analyzer. A fortification method consisting of modular protein and/or fat supplements added to standard fortified HM was used to provide the minimum recommended daily intakes of energy 110 Kcal/kg and protein up to 4.0 g/kg. Assumed nutrient intakes were compared with actual nutrient intakes from full enteral feeding to 35 weeks plus 6 days postmenstrual age, using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed ranks test. Results The composition of 1181 samples of daily pools of HM were measured. For 90.2% of study days, infants were exclusively fed OMM and in remaining days fed OMM plus DHM. Comparing with reported preterm OMM composition, measured protein concentration was significantly lower, and energy and other macronutrient concentrations were lower only from the second to third postnatal week. Using fortified HM, the actual median daily intakes of energy, protein, and fat were significantly lower (113.3 vs. 120.7 Kcal/kg, 4.45 vs. 4.73 g/kg, and 4.96 vs. 5.35 g/kg, respectively) and the actual protein-to-energy ratio (PER) significantly higher than what was assumed (4.2 vs. 4.0), without differences in carbohydrate intake. Conclusions When fortifying the HM, we used conservative target intakes trying not to exceed the osmolarity recommended for infant feeds. Actual energy, protein and fat intakes in OMM were significantly lower than assumed. This resulted in inadequate intake using our fortification method, that did not compensate the suboptimal measured energy and macronutrient contents of OMM delivered. Further studies comparing assumed with the gold standard target fortification are needed to determine safe upper limits of assumed fortification.
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Leghi GE, Middleton PF, Muhlhausler BS. A methodological approach to identify the most reliable human milk collection method for compositional analysis: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2018; 7:122. [PMID: 30115107 PMCID: PMC6097334 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk composition has been reported to vary significantly between individual women and between different populations. However, the composition is also known to vary within the same woman between different days, within the same day, and even across the same feed. Therefore, it is unclear to what extent variations in composition are due to variations in sampling methodology between studies. The purpose of this systematic review is to compare the results obtained for breast milk macronutrient composition between studies utilizing different sampling methodologies and to use this as a basis to determine the most robust and consistent sampling approach as an alternative to full expression (gold standard). METHODS The EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global databases will be searched for relevant articles. Observational studies, including cross-sectional, comparative cohort, and longitudinal cohort studies which involve lactating women who are breastfeeding (exclusively or not) or expressing (manually or using a breast pump) at any lactation stage will be included. This review will compare different methods of breast milk collection used in research studies which report macronutrient levels (protein, fat, lactose). Two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts of studies identified by the literature search to determine articles for the full text screening. Quality assessment of included articles will be conducted independently by two review authors using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. DISCUSSION It is important to identify the most reliable and practical method of human milk collection which best represents the average composition of the milk that is being consumed by the infant. This systematic review will be critical for ensuring that we determine a robust and consistent sampling approach to use in future studies of evaluating breast milk composition in a larger population. Identifying a recommended standard collection protocol will also provide more opportunities for sharing and combining data from different research groups, thus enhancing replicability and knowledge in the field. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017072563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E. Leghi
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, 5001 Australia
| | - Philippa F. Middleton
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, 5001 Australia
| | - Beverly S. Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064 Australia
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, 5001 Australia
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Young BE, Patinkin ZW, Pyle L, de la Houssaye B, Davidson BS, Geraghty S, Morrow AL, Krebs N. Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human Milk do not Differ by Maternal BMI But are Related to Infant Growth Trajectories. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:1367-1376. [PMID: 28138825 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective Obesity in adults is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Whether or not this phenotype is reflected in human milk (HM) composition, or may impact infant growth remains unknown. We investigated whether HM from overweight/obese (OW/Ob) mothers exhibited higher concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. We also correlated these bioactive components with infant growth patterns. Methods This was an observational cohort of 56 breastfeeding mothers and their infants [33 normal weight (NW) and 23 OW/Ob]. Infants were followed until 6 months of age and HM collected at 2-weeks and 4-months. Results Markers of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and 4-hydroxynonenol (HNE), decreased in HM over time (p < 0.001) and did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, were all inter-correlated (p < 0.001) but did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. HM fat, protein, lactose, and total calories did not differ between NW and OW/Ob women. Infant growth patterns did not differ by group. In a model of infant weight-for-length-Z score trajectory, there was a significant interaction between both lactose and 8OHdG with maternal group: HM lactose and 8OHdG concentrations were both positively associated with increases in WLZ trajectory only among infants breastfed by OW/Ob mothers. Conclusions for Practice HM composition was relatively stable between NW and OW/Ob women. In exclusively breastfed infants, HM concentrations of lactose and 8OHdG, a marker of oxidative stress, may contribute to regulation of infant weight gain, especially among infants of OW/Ob women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Zachary W Patinkin
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, 12477 E 19Th Avenue, Box A036, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Becky de la Houssaye
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Ave, Box 8106, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Barbara S Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sheela Geraghty
- Center for Breastfeeding Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ardythe L Morrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Nancy Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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