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Pecquet AM, Bridgwood K, Cowie D, Hofstra A, Wu Y, Whalley S, Webb SD. Data derived extrapolation factors (DDEFs) for rat to human interspecies extrapolation for the HPPD inhibitor mesotrione. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38869005 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2353174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In the risk assessment of agrochemicals, there has been a historical paucity of using data to refine the default adjustment factors, even though large datasets are available to support this. The current state of the science for addressing uncertainty regarding animal to human extrapolation (AFA) is to develop a "data-derived" adjustment factor (DDEF) to quantify such differences, if data are available. Toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic (TD) differences between species can be utilized for the DDEF, with human datasets being ideal yet rare. We identified a case for a currently registered herbicide, mesotrione, in which human TK and TD are available. This case study outlines an approach for the development of DDEFs using comparative human and animal data and based on an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenol pyruvate dioxygenase (HHPD). The calculated DDEF for rat to human extrapolation (AFA) for kinetics (AFAK = 2.5) was multiplied by the AFA for dynamics (AFAD = 0.3) resulting in a composite DDEF of ∼1 (AFA = 0.75). This reflects the AOP and available scientific evidence that humans are less sensitive than rats to the effects of HPPD inhibitors. Further analyses were conducted utilizing in vitro datasets from hepatocytes and liver cytosols and extrapolated to whole animal using in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) to support toxicodynamic extrapolation. The in vitro datasets resulted in the same AFAD as derived for in vivo data (AFAD = 0.3). These analyses demonstrate that a majority of the species differences are related to toxicodynamics. Future work with additional in vitro/in vivo datasets for other HPPD inhibitors and cell types will further support this result. This work demonstrates utilization of all available toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data to replace default uncertainty factors for agrochemical human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Pecquet
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Katy Bridgwood
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - David Cowie
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | | | - Yaoxing Wu
- Product Safety, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Whalley
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
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2
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Cancellieri MA, Chon H, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, dl-citronellol, CAS Registry Number 106-22-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182 Suppl 1:114150. [PMID: 37898237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - H Chon
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel for Fragrance Safety, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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3
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Dourson ML. Probabilistic methods for non-cancer health effects. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105411. [PMID: 37295488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Noncancer risk assessment methods and harmonization with cancer assessment methods have advanced from the simple divide a No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) by a default safety factor or a linear extrapolation to background of the early 1980's. This advance is due in part due to groups such as the American Industrial Health Council, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the Society for Risk Analysis, the Society of Toxicology, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Bogdanffy et al., 2001), the National Academy of Sciences (1983 and 2009), the International Programme on Chemical Safety (2005, 2009), and to many independent researchers outside of and within a workshop series sponsored by the Alliance for Risk Assessment (ARA, 2023) prompted by the NAS (2009). Several of the case studies from this workshop series, and earlier work such as Bogdanffy et al. (2001), demonstrate that the dose response assessment of non-cancer toxicity and the harmonization of cancer and non-cancer methods are more than just a simple reflection of treating all non-cancer toxicity as if it has a threshold, or all cancer toxicity as if it did not. Moreover, one recommendation of NAS (2009) was to develop a problem formulation with risk managers prior to conducting any risk assessment. If the development of this problem formulation only necessitates the determination of a safe, or virtually safe dose, then the estimation of a Reference Dose (RfD) or virtually safe dose (VSD) or similar constructs should be encouraged. Not all of our environmental problems need a precise quantitative solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dourson
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 4303 Kirby Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45223, USA.
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Corea N, Corvaro M, Kluxen FM, Grivel A, Morgan N, Wiemann C, Basketter D. Assessing the risk of induction of skin sensitization to plant protection products: A quantitative approach. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 141:105408. [PMID: 37207870 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to skin sensitizers is common and regulated in many industry sectors. For cosmetics, a risk-based approach has been implemented, focused on preventing the induction of sensitization. First, a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) is derived, then modified by Sensitization Assessment Factors (SAFs) to derive an Acceptable Exposure Level (AEL). The AEL is used in risk assessment, being compared with an estimated exposure dose, specific to the exposure scenario. Since in Europe there is increased concern regarding exposure towards potentially sensitizing pesticides via spray drift, we explore how existing practice can be modified to allow Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) of pesticides for bystanders and residents. NESIL derivation by the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA), the globally required in vivo assay for this endpoint, is reviewed alongside consideration of appropriate SAFs. Using a case study, the principle that the NESIL in μg/cm2 can be derived by multiplying LLNA EC3% figure by a factor of 250 is adopted. The NESIL is then reduced by an overall SAF of 25 to establish an exposure level below which there is minimal bystander and resident risk. Whilst this paper focuses on European risk assessment and management, the approach is generic and universally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namali Corea
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | | | - Felix M Kluxen
- ADAMA Deutschland GmbH, Edmund-Rumpler-Str. 6, 51149, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Neil Morgan
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, UK
| | | | - David Basketter
- DABMEB Consultancy Ltd, Kingswood, Gloucestershire, GL12 8RN, UK.
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Liu M, Wang L, Qin S, Zhao Y, Liu S, Yi Y, Li C, Tian J, Liu C, Meng J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang F, Pan C, Han J, Tang X, Wang L, Liang A. Long-term oral administration of Asarum heterotropoides f. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. decoction and its aristolochic acid analogs do not cause renal toxicity in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116202. [PMID: 36708883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asarum heterotropoides f. mandshuricum (Maxim.) Kitag. (AH) is widely used to treat influenza, COVID-19, allergic rhinitis, headache, toothache, rheumatoid arthritis, and peptic ulcer. However, its clinical use is controversial due to the concern of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) caused by its component aristolochic acid analogs (AAs). AIM OF THE STUDY The chronic toxicity of AH decoction and its main components AA IVa (AA-IVa) and aristolactam I (AL-I) was evaluated in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS AAs contents in AH were quantitated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A parallel design was employed to examine the potential chronic toxicity of AH decoction at doses equivalent to 0.5, 1.6, and 5.0 g/kg AH (approximately 10-100 times the clinical doses for humans) and its major AA components at doses equivalent to that in 5.0 g/kg AH to mice after consecutive daily oral administration for 12 and 24 weeks, and at 32 weeks after withdrawal for 8 weeks. RESULTS AH crude herb contained 2.18 μg/g of AA-I, 48.49 μg/g of AA-IVa, and 14.0 μg/g of AL-I. AH decoction contained 5.45 μg/g of AA-IVa and 2.71 μg/g of AL-I. None of AA-II and AA-IIIa were detected in AH. After long-term administration of AH decoction and its major components AA-IVa and AL-I, mice showed no signs of illness or body weight changes. In addition, biochemical and pathohistological examinations showed that long-term administration of AH decoction and its major components AA-IVa and AL-I did not alter 1) serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea nitrogen, 2) renal tissue mRNA expression of kidney injury molecule 1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and 3) pathological morphology in the mouse liver, kidney, stomach, and bladder. CONCLUSIONS AH has no obvious toxicity to mice and is relatively safe when it is used in the form of decoction. AA-IVa and AL-I, the two major AAs in AH, are not toxic to mice at the dose equivalent to that in the high dose of AH decoction. Considering the limited toxicological data on AH, we recommend that AH decoction medication should not overdose and the duration should not be too long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 Poyanghu Road, West Area, Tuanbo New Town, Jinghai District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Shasha Qin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Suyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunying Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingzhuo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Chenyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiayin Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
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Johanson G, Moto TP, Schenk L. A scoping review of evaluations of and recommendations for default uncertainty factors in human health risk assessment. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:186-194. [PMID: 36017531 PMCID: PMC10087398 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty factors (UFs) are used to account for uncertainties and variability when setting exposure limits or guidance values. Starting from a proposal of a single UF of 100 to extrapolate from an animal NOAEL to a human acceptable exposure, the aspects of uncertainty and number of UFs have diversified and today there are several risk assessment guidelines that contain schemes of default UFs of varying complexity. In the present work, we scoped the scientific literature on default UFs to map developments regarding recommendations and evaluations of these. We identified 91 publications making recommendations for one or several UFs and 55 publications evaluating UFs without making explicit recommendations about numerical values; these were published between 1954 and 2021. The 2000s was the decade with the largest number of publications, interspecies differences and intraspecies variability being the most frequent topics. The academic sector has been the most active (76 out of 146 publications). Authors from the private sector more often presented UF recommendations, but differences between sectors regarding size of recommendations were not statistically significant. The empirical underpinning of the reviewed recommendations ranges from four to 462 chemicals, that is, relatively low numbers compared with the range of chemicals these default UFs are expected to cover. The recommended UFs have remained remarkably constant, with merely a slight decrease over time. Although chemical specific UFs are preferable, the widespread use of default UFs warrants further attention regarding their empirical and normative basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tshepo Paulsen Moto
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Schenk
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Philosophy and History, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Hashida H, Kurawaka M, Tatehana H, Arita A, Sasaki N, Shimura F, Yamazaki Y. Application to Butterbur Products of a Suggested Daily Intake-Based Safety Evaluation of Individual Herbal Supplements with Cytochrome P450 Expression as a Major Index. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2023; 69:206-219. [PMID: 37394426 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.69.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The present paper first proposes a method for ensuring the safety of commercial herbal supplements, termed the suggested daily intake-based safety evaluation (SDI-based safety evaluation). This new method was inspired as a backward analog of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) derivation from the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), the basis of food additive risk analysis; namely, rats are dosed with individual herbal supplement products at the SDI for human use multiplied by 100 (the usual uncertainty factor value) per body weight for 8 d. The primary endpoint is the sign of adverse effects on liver, especially gene expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. The proposed method was then applied to three butterbur (Petasites hybridus) products without pyrrolizidine alkaloids but lacking clear safety information. Results showed that two oily products markedly enhanced the mRNA expression of CYP2B (>10-fold) and moderately enhanced that of CYP3A1 (<4-fold) with liver enlargement. These products also caused the renal accumulation of alpha 2-microglobulin. One powdery product showed no significant effect on liver and kidney. The large difference in effects of products was due to the difference in chemical composition revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The oily and the powdery products required attention in terms of safety and effectiveness, respectively. Finally, the results from the SDI-based safety evaluation of butterbur and other herbal supplement products were grouped into four categories and cautionary notes were discussed. The SDI-based safety evaluation of their products by herbal supplement operators would contribute to safe and secure use by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hashida
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Misaki Kurawaka
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Haruka Tatehana
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Anna Arita
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University
| | - Naho Sasaki
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University
| | - Fumio Shimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Jumonji University Graduate School
| | - Yuko Yamazaki
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University
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8
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Middleton AM, Reynolds J, Cable S, Baltazar MT, Li H, Beven S, Carmichael PL, Dent MP, Hatherell S, Houghton J, Kukic P, Liddell M, Malcomber S, Nicol B, Park B, Patel H, Scott S, Sparham C, Walker P, White A. Are non-animal systemic safety assessments protective? A toolbox and workflow. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:124-147. [PMID: 35822611 PMCID: PMC9412174 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An important question in toxicological risk assessment is whether non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs) can be used to make safety decisions that are protective of human health, without being overly conservative. In this work, we propose a core NAM toolbox and workflow for conducting systemic safety assessments for adult consumers. We also present an approach for evaluating how protective and useful the toolbox and workflow are by benchmarking against historical safety decisions. The toolbox includes physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models to estimate systemic Cmax levels in humans, and 3 bioactivity platforms, comprising high-throughput transcriptomics, a cell stress panel, and in vitro pharmacological profiling, from which points of departure are estimated. A Bayesian model was developed to quantify the uncertainty in the Cmax estimates depending on how the PBK models were parameterized. The feasibility of the evaluation approach was tested using 24 exposure scenarios from 10 chemicals, some of which would be considered high risk from a consumer goods perspective (eg, drugs that are systemically bioactive) and some low risk (eg, existing food or cosmetic ingredients). Using novel protectiveness and utility metrics, it was shown that up to 69% (9/13) of the low risk scenarios could be identified as such using the toolbox, whilst being protective against all (5/5) the high-risk ones. The results demonstrated how robust safety decisions could be made without using animal data. This work will enable a full evaluation to assess how protective and useful the toolbox and workflow are across a broader range of chemical-exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Cable
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Teresa Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Beven
- Discovery Services, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Philip Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Hatherell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jade Houghton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Predrag Kukic
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Liddell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Nicol
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Park
- Discovery Services, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Hiral Patel
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Scott
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Sparham
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Walker
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
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9
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Model systems and organisms for addressing inter- and intra-species variability in risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Validation of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Thiabendazole in Various Food Matrices. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In many countries, thiabendazole is used as a fungicide to prevent the decay of food and to lengthen storage periods. However, in Korea, thiabendazole is unauthorised and does not have standards or specifications for use as a food additive. In this study, a simple analytical method was developed and validated using the HPLC–PDA method to detect thiabendazole in foods frequently consumed in South Korea. The calibration curve was obtained using samples of solid and liquid foods containing banana and citrus fruits containing concentrations in the range of 0.31–20.00 μg/mL with a satisfactory coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) values for the solid and liquid food samples were 0.009 and 0.017 μg/mL, respectively, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.028 and 0.052 μg/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision values were less than 1.33% (relative standard deviation), and the recoveries of thiabendazole from spiked solid and liquid food samples ranged from 93.61 to 98.08% at concentration levels of 2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL. In addition, the expanded uncertainties of the measu-rements ranged from 0.57 to 3.12%. These results showed that the developed method was appropriate for the quantitative analysis of thiabendazole in solid and liquid foods containing banana and citrus fruits.
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11
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Dourson M, Ewart L, Fitzpatrick SC, Barros SBM, Mahadevan B, Hayes AW. Response to Decision-Making with New Approach Methodologies: Time to Replace Default Uncertainty Factors with Data. Toxicol Sci 2022; 189:150-151. [PMID: 35404424 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Api AM, Belsito D, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, l-carvone, CAS Registry Number 6485-40-1. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163 Suppl 1:112975. [PMID: 35364130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
l-Carvone was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that l-carvone is not genotoxic and provided a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2600 μg/cm2 for the skin sensitization endpoint. Data on l-carvone provided a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoint was completed based on data and ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; l-carvone is not phototoxic/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class II material (0.47 mg/day); the exposure to l-carvone is below the TTC. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; l-carvone was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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13
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Guo J, Guo W, Zhang T, Zheng Y, Han B, Zhang Z, Liang N, Li Y, Shi Y, Zhang X, Nashun B. Gestational exposure to phenanthrene induces follicular atresia and endocrine dyscrasia in F1 adult female. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 232:113291. [PMID: 35158277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological investigations and animal studies demonstrate a significantly positive relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and reproductive disorders. However, few researches are focused on the reproductive toxicity of low-molecular-weight PAHs (number of benzene ring ≤ 3) which occupy a large part of PAHs. Phenanthrene (Phe), a typical low-molecular-weight PAH, is one of the most abundant PAHs detected in foods. In the present study, oral treatment with Phe at a human exposure related level during gestation (60 μg/kg body weight every three days, six times in total) induced reproductive disorders in F1 adult female mice: the number of antral follicles (an immature stage of follicular development) were significantly increased, while the maturation of oocytes was inhibited and aggravated follicular atresia was observed; the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and estradiol were significantly reduced; the receptor of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHR) and aromatase in the ovary were significantly upregulated; transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway was upregulated, and the calcium signal pathway was disturbed, which probably accounts for the exacerbated atresia of the growing follicles and the excessive consumption of follicles. The reproductive toxicity of low-molecular-weight PAHs could not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Nan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yunshu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Buhe Nashun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
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14
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Fragki S, Hoogenveen R, van Oostrom C, Schwillens P, Piersma AH, Zeilmaker MJ. Integrating in vitro chemical transplacental passage into a generic PBK model: A QIVIVE approach. Toxicology 2022; 465:153060. [PMID: 34871708 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing application of cell culture models as primary tools for predicting chemical safety, the quantitative extrapolation of the effective dose from in vitro to in vivo (QIVIVE) is of increasing importance. For developmental toxicity this requires scaling the in vitro observed dose-response characteristics to in vivo fetal exposure, while integrating maternal in vivo kinetics during pregnancy, in particular transplacental transfer. Here the transfer of substances across the placental barrier, has been studied using the in vitro BeWo cell assay and six embryotoxic compounds of different kinetic complexity. The BeWo assay results were incorporated in an existing generic Physiologically Based Kinetic (PBK) model which for this purpose was extended with rat pregnancy. Finally, as a "proof of principle", the BeWo PBK model was used to perform a QIVIVE based on developmental toxicity as observed in various different in vitro toxicity assays. The BeWo results illustrated different transport profiles of the chemicals across the BeWo monolayer, allocating the substances into two distinct groups: the 'quickly-transported' and the 'slowly-transported'. BeWo PBK exposure simulations during gestation were compared to experimentally measured maternal blood and fetal concentrations and a reverse dosimetry approach was applied to translate in vitro observed embryotoxicity into equivalent in vivo dose-response curves. This approach allowed for a direct comparison of the in vitro dose-response characteristics as observed in the Whole Embryo Culture (WEC), and the Embryonic Stem Cell test (cardiac:ESTc and neural:ESTn) with in vivo rat developmental toxicity data. Overall, the in vitro to in vivo comparisons suggest a promising future for the application of such QIVIVE methodologies for screening and prioritization purposes of developmental toxicants. Nevertheless, the clear need for further improvements is acknowledged for a wider application of the approach in chemical safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Rudolf Hoogenveen
- Centre for Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Conny van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Schwillens
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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15
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Burnett SD, Karmakar M, Murphy WJ, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. A new approach method for characterizing inter-species toxicodynamic variability. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:1020-1039. [PMID: 34427174 PMCID: PMC8530970 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1966861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inter-species differences in toxicodynamics are often a critical source of uncertainty in safety evaluations and typically dealt with using default adjustment factors. In vitro studies that use cells from different species demonstrated some success for estimating the relationships between life span and/or body weight and sensitivity to cytotoxicity; however, no apparent investigation evaluated the utility of these models for risk assessment. It was hypothesized that an in vitro model using dermal fibroblasts derived from diverse species and individuals might be utilized to inform the extent of inter-species and inter-individual variability in toxicodynamics. To test this hypothesis and characterize both inter-species and inter-individual variability in cytotoxicity, concentration-response cytotoxicity screening of 40 chemicals in primary dermal fibroblasts from 68 individuals of 54 diverse species was conducted. Chemicals examined included drugs, environmental pollutants, and food/flavor/fragrance agents; most of these were previously assessed either in vivo or in vitro for inter-species or inter-individual variation. Species included humans, the typical preclinical species and representatives from other orders of mammals and birds. Data demonstrated that both inter-species and inter-individual components of variability contribute to the observed differences in sensitivity to cell death. Further, it was found that the magnitude of the observed inter-species and inter-individual differences was chemical-dependent. This study contributes to the paradigm shift in risk assessment from reliance on in vivo toxicity testing to higher-throughput in vitro or alternative approaches, extending the strategy to replace use of default adjustment factors with experimental characterization of toxicodynamic inter-individual variability and to also address toxicodynamic inter-species variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Burnett
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - William J. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Weihsueh A. Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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16
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Hernandez‐Jerez AF, Adriaanse P, Aldrich A, Berny P, Coja T, Duquesne S, Focks A, Marinovich M, Millet M, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Widenfalk A, Wilks M, Wolterink G, Gundert‐Remy U, Louisse J, Rudaz S, Testai E, Lostia A, Dorne J, Parra Morte JM. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues (PPR Panel) on testing and interpretation of comparative in vitro metabolism studies. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06970. [PMID: 34987623 PMCID: PMC8696562 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EFSA asked the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their residues to deliver a Scientific Opinion on testing and interpretation of comparative in vitro metabolism studies for both new active substances and existing ones. The main aim of comparative in vitro metabolism studies of pesticide active substances is to evaluate whether all significant metabolites formed in the human in vitro test system, as a surrogate of the in vivo situation, are also present at comparable level in animal species tested in toxicological studies and, therefore, if their potential toxicity has been appropriately covered by animal studies. The studies may also help to decide which animal model, with regard to a particular compound, is the most relevant for humans. In the experimental strategy, primary hepatocytes in suspension or culture are recommended since hepatocytes are considered the most representative in vitro system for prediction of in vivo metabolites. The experimental design of 3 × 3 × 3 (concentrations, time points, technical replicates, on pooled hepatocytes) will maximise the chance to identify unique (UHM) and disproportionate (DHM) human metabolites. When DHM and UHM are being assessed, test item-related radioactivity recovery and metabolite profile are the most important parameters. Subsequently, structural characterisation of the assigned metabolites is performed with appropriate analytical techniques. In toxicological assessment of metabolites, the uncertainty factor approach is the first alternative to testing option, followed by new approach methodologies (QSAR, read-across, in vitro methods), and only if these fail, in vivo animal toxicity studies may be performed. Knowledge of in vitro metabolites in human and animal hepatocytes would enable toxicological evaluation of all metabolites of concern, and, furthermore, add useful pieces of information for detection and evaluation of metabolites in different matrices (crops, livestock, environment), improve biomonitoring efforts via better toxicokinetic understanding, and ultimately, develop regulatory schemes employing physiologically based or physiology-mimicking in silico and/or in vitro test systems to anticipate the exposure of humans to potentially hazardous substances in plant protection products.
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17
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Arnesdotter E, Rogiers V, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M. An overview of current practices for regulatory risk assessment with lessons learnt from cosmetics in the European Union. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:395-417. [PMID: 34352182 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1931027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessments of various types of chemical compounds are carried out in the European Union (EU) foremost to comply with legislation and to support regulatory decision-making with respect to their safety. Historically, risk assessment has relied heavily on animal experiments. However, the EU is committed to reduce animal experimentation and has implemented several legislative changes, which have triggered a paradigm shift towards human-relevant animal-free testing in the field of toxicology, in particular for risk assessment. For some specific endpoints, such as skin corrosion and irritation, validated alternatives are available whilst for other endpoints, including repeated dose systemic toxicity, the use of animal data is still central to meet the information requirements stipulated in the different legislations. The present review aims to provide an overview of established and more recently introduced methods for hazard assessment and risk characterisation for human health, in particular in the context of the EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC No 1223/2009) as well as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation (EC 1907/2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Arnesdotter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Research Group of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Ahuja V, Krishnappa M. Approaches for setting occupational exposure limits in the pharmaceutical industry. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:154-167. [PMID: 34254327 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of pharmaceutical drugs has provided a cure for many diseases. However, unintended exposure to drugs in the manufacturing workplace can cause significant health hazards to workers. It is important to protect the workforce from these deleterious effects by limiting exposure to an acceptable level, the occupational exposure limit (OEL). OEL is defined as airborne concentrations (expressed as a time-weighted average for a conventional 8-h workday and a 40-h work week) of a substance to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed (for a working lifetime) without adverse effects. Determination of OELs has become very challenging over time, requiring an overall assessment of the preclinical and clinical data of the drug being manufactured. Previously, to derive OEL values, toxicologists used animal no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) data, which have been replaced with the overall assessment of animal and human data, placing a higher emphasis on human health-based data. A major advantage of working with human pharmaceuticals is that sufficient clinical data are available for them in most cases. The present manuscript reviews the latest knowledge regarding the derivation of occupational exposure limits as health-based exposure limits (HBELs) for pharmaceuticals. We have provided examples of OEL calculations for various drugs including levofloxacin (CAS No. 100986-85-4), dienogest (CAS no. 65928-58-7), and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, CAS no. 50-78-2) using human data. This report will benefit professionals in the OEL domain in understanding this highly important, growing, and challenging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Safety Assessment Department, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohan Krishnappa
- Safety Assessment Department, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, India
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19
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Deng L, Liu H, Deng Q. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of benzo(a)pyrene and the metabolite in humans of different ages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:202-214. [PMID: 31296039 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1640355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Age-specific differences in the pharmacokinetics of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its metabolite 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP) potentially affect time courses of tissue concentration; however, the quantitative impact of these differences is not well characterized. Our objective was to quantify the effect of age-specific differences in physiological and biochemical parameters on the pharmacokinetics of BaP and 3-OHBaP from newborn at birth to adulthood following inhalation exposure. The time courses of BaP and 3-OHBaP were simulated by using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model with Advanced Continuous Simulation Language (ACSLX). The concentrations of BaP increased with age in the liver but decreased with age in most tissues, urine, and blood. The concentrations of 3-OHBaP were the highest in the newborns. Our results also showed that the concentration of BaP has almost reached a steady state in the kidney, liver, lung, rapidly perfused tissues, slowly perfused tissues, and skin except for adipose tissues. However, the concentration of 3-OHBaP has reached a steady state in all tissues. This study suggests that age-specific parameters have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of BaP and 3-OHBaP. In particular, tissue concentration in the newborns is higher than other age groups, which indicates that the newborns are susceptible to environmental BaP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Deng
- School of Architecture and Art, Central South University , Changsha, HN, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Architecture and Art, Central South University , Changsha, HN, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Architecture and Art, Central South University , Changsha, HN, China
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University , Changsha, China
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, HN, China
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20
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Kasteel EEJ, Westerink RHS. Refining in vitro and in silico neurotoxicity approaches by accounting for interspecies and interindividual differences in toxicodynamics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1007-1017. [PMID: 33586568 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1885647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The process of chemical risk assessment traditionally relies on animal experiments and associated default uncertainty factors to account for interspecies and interindividual differences. To work toward a more precise and personalized risk assessment, these uncertainty factors should be refined and replaced by chemical-specific adjustment factors (CSAFs). AREAS COVERED This concise review discusses alternative (in vitro/in silico) approaches that can be used to assess interspecies and interindividual differences in toxicodynamics, ranging from targeted to more integrated approaches. Although data are available on interspecies differences, the increasing use of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons may provide opportunities to also assess interindividual variability in neurotoxicity. More integrated approaches, like adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) can provide a more quantitative understanding of the toxicodynamics of a chemical. EXPERT OPINION To improve chemical risk assessment, refinement of uncertainty factors is crucial. In vitro and in silico models can facilitate the development of CSAFs, but still these models cannot always capture the complexity of the in vivo situation, thereby potentially hampering regulatory acceptance. The combined use of more integrated approaches, like AOPs and physiologically based kinetic models, can aid in structuring data and increasing suitability of alternative approaches for regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E J Kasteel
- Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Kumar M, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Lee I, Liebler DC, Moustakas H, Na M, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Romine J, Sadekar N, Schultz TW, Selechnik D, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 6,7-dihydro-1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyl-4(5H)-indanone, CAS Registry Number 33704-61-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 149 Suppl 1:111929. [PMID: 33340615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I Lee
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - H Moustakas
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - D Selechnik
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
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22
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Lautz LS, Jeddi MZ, Girolami F, Nebbia C, Dorne JLCM. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of pharmaceuticals in cats (Felix sylvestris catus) and implications for the risk assessment of feed additives and contaminants. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:114-127. [PMID: 33253781 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In animal health risk assessment, hazard characterisation of feed additives has been often using the default uncertainty factor (UF) of 100 to translate a no-observed-adverse-effect level in test species (rat, mouse, dog, rabbit) to a 'safe' level of chronic exposure in farm and companion animal species. Historically, both 10-fold factors have been further divided to include chemical-specific data in both dimensions when available. For cats (Felis Sylvestris catus), an extra default UF of 5 is applied due to the species' deficiency in particularly glucuronidation and glycine conjugation. This paper aims to assess the scientific basis and validity of the UF for inter-species differences in kinetics (4.0) and the extra UF applied for cats through a comparison of kinetic parameters between rats and cats for 30 substrates of phase I and phase II metabolism. When the parent compound undergoes glucuronidation the default factor of 4.0 is exceeded, with exceptions for zidovudine and S-carprofen. Compounds that were mainly renally excreted did not exceed the 4.0-fold default. Mixed results were obtained for chemicals which are metabolised by CYP3A in rats. When chemicals were administered intravenously the 4.0-fold default was not exceeded with the exception of clomipramine, lidocaine and alfentanil. The differences seen after oral administration might be due to differences in first-pass metabolism and bioavailability. Further work is needed to further characterise phase I, phase II enzymes and transporters in cats to support the development of databases and in silico models to support hazard characterisation of chemicals particularly for feed additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Z Jeddi
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - F Girolami
- University of Torino, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Nebbia
- University of Torino, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - J L C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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23
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Phthalate Plasticizers in Children's Products and Estimation of Exposure: Importance of Migration Rate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228582. [PMID: 33227952 PMCID: PMC7699231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasticizers are added to diverse consumer products including children's products. Owing to their potential for endocrine disruption, the use of phthalate plasticizers is restricted in many children's products. In this study, exposure to five phthalate esters (dibutylphthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate, di-isobutyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate (DINP)) and an alternative (di-ethylhexyl adipate) was assessed by the use of children's products based on chemical analysis of 3345 products purchased during 2017 and 2019 in Korea. Plasticizers were found above the detection limits in 387 products, and DEHP and DINP were the two most predominantly detected plasticizers. Deterministic and probabilistic estimation of the margin of exposure at a screening level revealed that the use of children's products might be an important risk factor. However, it is also highly likely that the exposure could be overestimated, because the migration rate was estimated based solely on the content of plasticizers in children's products. Chemical migration is a key process determining the absorption of plasticizers from products; thus, further refinements in experimental determination or model estimation of the migration rate are required.
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24
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Barnett JA, Gibson DL. Separating the Empirical Wheat From the Pseudoscientific Chaff: A Critical Review of the Literature Surrounding Glyphosate, Dysbiosis and Wheat-Sensitivity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:556729. [PMID: 33101230 PMCID: PMC7545723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.556729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of digestive disorders has increased globally, as countries have adopted a more "Westernized" diet pattern. A Western diet, characterized as high in fat and refined carbohydrates, can also be defined as a product of increased technology and industrialization. Modern farmers rely on agrochemicals to meet the needs of a growing population, and these chemicals have shifted the Western diet's chemical composition. While the number of individuals choosing to live a wheat-free lifestyle without a celiac disease diagnosis has increased, clinical trials have shown that gluten from wheat is not responsible for causing symptoms in healthy individuals suggesting that something else is inducing symptoms. The herbicide, glyphosate, is applied to wheat crops before harvest to encourage ripening resulting in higher glyphosate residues in commercial wheat products within North America. Glyphosate inhibits the shikimate pathway, a pathway exclusive to plants and bacteria. Glyphosate's effect on dysbiosis was not considered when making safety recommendations. Here, we evaluate the literature surrounding glyphosate's effects on the gut microbiome and conclude that glyphosate residues on food could cause dysbiosis, given that opportunistic pathogens are more resistant to glyphosate compared to commensal bacteria. However, research on glyphosate's effects on the microbiome suffers from numerous methodological weaknesses, and these limitations make it impossible to draw any definitive conclusions regarding glyphosate's influence on health through alterations in the gut microbiome. In this review, we critically evaluate the evidence currently known and discuss recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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25
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ω-pentadecalactone, CAS Registry Number 106-02-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146 Suppl 1:111762. [PMID: 32971209 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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26
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Smeraldi C, Giarola A, Aggett PJ, Moldeus P, Gundert-Remy U. Use of mechanistic information to derive chemical-specific adjustment factors - Refinement of risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104776. [PMID: 32871170 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When extrapolating data from animal toxicological studies a default factor (dUF) of 100 is applied to derive a heath based guidance value. The UF takes into account the interspecies differences (ID) and the intraspecies variability (IV). When re-evaluating the safety of phosphates used as food additives nephrocalcinosis was identified as the critical endpoint. The underlying mechanism for nephrocalcinosis was attributed to the precipitation of calcium phosphate in the kidney, depending on its solubility, irrespective of the species and the population. Based on the mechanism, the volume of primary urine, for which the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was used as a proxy, was considered to be the only parameter relevant for ID and IV. Median value of GFR in rats was 4.0 ml/min/kg bw. In humans it was 1.6 ml/min/kg bw in healthy adults and 0.9 in elderly. These values were calculated from the distribution of the GFR data from 8 studies in rats (n = 191), 16 studies in adults (n = 1540) and 5 studies in elderly (n = 2608). Multiplying the distribution of the ratio rat/healthy humans (ID) with the distribution of the ratio healthy humans/elderly human (IV) resulted in a phosphate specific factor of 4.5 (3.3-6.7) (median; 25th - 75th percentile).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smeraldi
- European Food Safety Authority, FIP Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - A Giarola
- European Food Safety Authority, FIP Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - P J Aggett
- Emeritus Professor of Child Health and Nutrition, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - P Moldeus
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Gundert-Remy
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Darney K, Kasteel EEJ, Buratti FM, Turco L, Vichi S, Béchaux C, Roudot AC, Kramer NI, Testai E, Dorne JLCM, Di Consiglio E, Lautz LS. Bayesian meta-analysis of inter-phenotypic differences in human serum paraoxonase-1 activity for chemical risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105609. [PMID: 32114288 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human variability in paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activities is driven by genetic polymorphisms that affect the internal dose of active oxons of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. Here, an extensive literature search has been performed to collect human genotypic frequencies (i.e. L55M, Q192R, and C-108T) in subgroups from a range of geographical ancestry and PON1 activities in three probe substrates (paraoxon, diazoxon and phenyl acetate). Bayesian meta-analyses were performed to estimate variability distributions for PON1 activities and PON1-related uncertainty factors (UFs), while integrating quantifiable sources of inter-study, inter-phenotypic and inter-individual differences. Inter-phenotypic differences were quantified using the population with high PON1 activity as the reference group. Results from the meta-analyses provided PON1 variability distributions and these can be implemented in generic physiologically based kinetic models to develop quantitative in vitro in vivo extrapolation models. PON1-related UFs in the Caucasian population were above the default toxicokinetic UF of 3.16 for two specific genotypes namely -108CC using diazoxon as probe substrate and, -108CT, -108TT, 55MM and 192QQ using paraoxon as probe substrate. However, integration of PON1 genotypic frequencies and activity distributions showed that all UFs were within the default toxicokinetic UF. Quantitative inter-individual differences in PON1 activity are important for chemical risk assessment particularly with regards to the potential sensitivity to organophosphates' toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Darney
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - E E J Kasteel
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F M Buratti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L Turco
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - S Vichi
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C Béchaux
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France
| | - A C Roudot
- Laboratoire des Interactions Epithéliums Neurones, Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 Av. Victor Le Gorgeu, CS93837, Cedex 3, Brest 29238, France
| | - N I Kramer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - E Testai
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - J L C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, 1a, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E Di Consiglio
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L S Lautz
- Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, Maisons-Alfort F-94700, France.
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28
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzyl cinnamate, CAS Registry Number 103-41-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141 Suppl 1:111381. [PMID: 32360217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo CEP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Qin G, Gao Y, Wen P, Liang G, Zhao P, Dong B, Tang S, Shekh K. Evaluation of the genotoxicity and teratogenicity of xylan using different model approaches. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:340-346. [PMID: 32228093 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1745226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide group in plants and has a wide variety of food and pharmaceutical applications. However, little information on the safety assessment of extracted xylan as dietary supplement is available. As part of a comprehensive toxicological assessment, this study examined the potential toxicity of xylan extracted from sugarcane bagasse by three genotoxicity studies (Ames test, in vivo mice bone marrow micronucleus test, and mice sperm abnormality test) and a teratogenicity study in rats. In the Ames test, xylan showed no mutagenic activity on histidine dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium at concentrations up to 5000 μg/plate; results of the in vivo mice bone marrow micronucleus test and mice sperm abnormality test indicated no significant effect on sperm morphology and micronucleus rate of polychromatic erythrocytes in mice at doses up to 5 g/kg body weight. In the teratogenicity study, a total of 60 pregnant rats were exposed to 10, 5, and 2.5% xylan in diet, from gestation days 7 to 16, and the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of xylan was determined to be 9.8 g/kg body weight. The safe dose of xylan for human was estimated to be 98 mg/kg/day (i.e., 6.86 g/day for a 70-kg person), using a 100-fold safety factor. Taken together, results of this study indicated that xylan is practically nontoxic in terms of potential dietary consumption by humans in food or as a dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiu Qin
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Yuqiu Gao
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Pingjing Wen
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China.,Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Guiqiang Liang
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Baiqing Dong
- Department of Toxicology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Song Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kamran Shekh
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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30
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, 2-methyl-3-(p-isopropylphenyl)propionaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 103-95-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138 Suppl 1:111267. [PMID: 32199974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Yu L, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Guo J, Li J, Yuan H, Li L, Carmichael P, Peng S. Integrating in vitro testing and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling for chemical liver toxicity assessment-A case study of troglitazone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 74:103296. [PMID: 31783317 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for next-generation risk assessment (NGRA) of chemicals requires computational modeling and faces unique challenges. Using mitochondria-related toxicity data of troglitazone (TGZ), a prototype drug known for liver toxicity, from HepaRG, HepG2, HC-04, and primary human hepatocytes, we explored inherent uncertainties in IVIVE, including cell models, cellular response endpoints, and dose metrics. A human population physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for TGZ was developed to predict in vivo doses from in vitro point-of-departure (POD) concentrations. Compared to the 200-800 mg/d dose range of TGZ where liver injury was observed clinically, the predicted POD doses for the mean and top one percentile of the PBPK population were 28-372 and 15-178 mg/d respectively based on Cmax dosimetry, and 185-2552 and 83-1010 mg/d respectively based on AUC. In conclusion, although with many uncertainties, integrating in vitro assays and PBPK modeling is promising in informing liver toxicity-inducing TGZ doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China; Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Center, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Chi Zhang
- Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, PR China; Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Center, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Lizhong Li
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Center, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, People's Liberation Army, 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, PR China.
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32
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Subchronic Study of a White Kidney Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris) Extract with α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9272345. [PMID: 31886266 PMCID: PMC6893270 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9272345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Common bean extract as a dietary supplement has received increased attention globally owing to its α-amylase inhibitory activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of a white kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) extract by a repeated-dose 90-day subchronic oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the subchronic toxicity study, 80 rats were orally administrated with white kidney bean extract at doses of 4, 2, and 1 g/kg body weight daily for 90 days. The results showed that the white kidney bean extract at doses up to 4 g/kg/day did not induce significant changes in body weight, organ weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and histopathology in rats, as compared to the control. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of white kidney bean extract was determined to be >4 g/kg/day for both male and female rats, under the experimental conditions of this study.
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33
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Darney K, Testai E, Buratti FM, Di Consiglio E, Kasteel EE, Kramer N, Turco L, Vichi S, Roudot AC, Dorne JL, Béchaux C. Inter-ethnic differences in CYP3A4 metabolism: A Bayesian meta-analysis for the refinement of uncertainty factors in chemical risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Wiecek W, Dorne JL, Quignot N, Bechaux C, Amzal B. A generic Bayesian hierarchical model for the meta-analysis of human population variability in kinetics and its applications in chemical risk assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Api AM, Belsito D, Biserta S, Botelho D, Bruze M, Burton GA, Buschmann J, Cancellieri MA, Dagli ML, Date M, Dekant W, Deodhar C, Fryer AD, Gadhia S, Jones L, Joshi K, Lapczynski A, Lavelle M, Liebler DC, Na M, O'Brien D, Patel A, Penning TM, Ritacco G, Rodriguez-Ropero F, Romine J, Sadekar N, Salvito D, Schultz TW, Siddiqi F, Sipes IG, Sullivan G, Thakkar Y, Tokura Y, Tsang S. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, benzaldehyde, CAS Registry Number 100-52-7. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134 Suppl 2:110878. [PMID: 31622729 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Belsito
- Member Expert Panel, Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, 161 Fort Washington Ave., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - S Biserta
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Botelho
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Bruze
- Member Expert Panel, Malmo University Hospital, Department of Occupational & Environmental Dermatology, Sodra Forstadsgatan 101, Entrance 47, Malmo, SE-20502, Sweden
| | - G A Burton
- Member Expert Panel, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building G110, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 58109, USA
| | - J Buschmann
- Member Expert Panel, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M A Cancellieri
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M L Dagli
- Member Expert Panel, University of Sao Paulo, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M Date
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - W Dekant
- Member Expert Panel, University of Wuerzburg, Department of Toxicology, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Deodhar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A D Fryer
- Member Expert Panel, Oregon Health Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - S Gadhia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - L Jones
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - K Joshi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - M Lavelle
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D C Liebler
- Member Expert Panel, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 638 Robinson Research Building, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - M Na
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D O'Brien
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - A Patel
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T M Penning
- Member of Expert Panel, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, 1316 Biomedical Research Building (BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3083, USA
| | - G Ritacco
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - F Rodriguez-Ropero
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - J Romine
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - N Sadekar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - D Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - T W Schultz
- Member Expert Panel, The University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Medicine, 2407 River Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996- 4500, USA
| | - F Siddiqi
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - I G Sipes
- Member Expert Panel, Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050, USA
| | - G Sullivan
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA.
| | - Y Thakkar
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
| | - Y Tokura
- Member Expert Panel, The Journal of Dermatological Science (JDS), Editor-in-Chief, Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | - S Tsang
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA
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Dourson ML, Gadagbui B, Onyema C, McGinnis PM, York RG. Data derived Extrapolation Factors for developmental toxicity: A preliminary research case study with perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104446. [PMID: 31425727 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Guidelines of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 1991) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS, 2005) suggest two different default positions for dosimetric extrapolation from experimental animals to humans when the dosimetry of the critical effect is not known. The default position of EPA (1991) for developmental toxicity is to use peak concentration (or Cmax) for this dosimetric extrapolation. In contrast, IPCS (2005, page 39) states its default position for dosimetric choice in the absence of data is to use the area under the curve (or AUC). The choice of the appropriate dose metric is important in the development of either a Chemical Specific Adjustment Factor (CSAF) of IPCS (2005) or a Data Derived Extrapolation Factor (DDEF) of EPA (2014). This research shows the derivation of a DDEF for developmental toxicity for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), a chemical of current interest. Here, identification of the appropriate dosimetric adjustment from a review of developmental effects identified by EPA (2016) is attempted. Although some of these effects appear to be related to Cmax, most appear to be related to the average concentration or its AUC, but only during the critical period of development for a particular effect. A comparison was made of kinetic data from PFOA exposure in mice with newly available and carefully monitored kinetic data in humans after up to 36 weeks of PFOA exposure in a phase 1 clinical trial by Elcombe et al. (2013). Using the average concentration during the various exposure windows of concern, the DDEF for PFOA was determined to be 1.3 or 14. These values are significantly different than comparable extrapolations by several other authorities based on differences in PFOA half-life among species. Although current population exposures to PFOA are generally much lower than both the experimental animal data and the clinical human study, the development of these DDEFs is consistent with current guidelines of both EPA (2014) and IPCS (2005).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernard Gadagbui
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Chijioke Onyema
- Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Yun YE, Edginton AN. Model qualification of the PK-Sim® pediatric module for pediatric exposure assessment of CYP450 metabolized compounds. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:789-814. [PMID: 31405354 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1652215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models facilitate the estimation of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters in children under specific exposure conditions. In human health risk assessment, PBPK modeling has been used to determine a chemical-specific human kinetic adjustment factor (HKAF). Due to increased demands in regulatory assessment, model evaluation and qualification have gained growing attention. The aim of this study was to undertake model qualification of pediatric PBPK models for compounds that are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The objectives were to determine the appropriateness of the virtual individual creating algorithm in PK-Sim® in predicting PK parameters and their variability in children and identify critical system-specific inputs. PBPK models in adults were constructed for several pharmaceuticals (grouped by major clearance process such as CYP3A4). Several age groups of virtual individuals were created to represent children in pediatric clinical studies. The mean and variance of clearance (CL) from virtual populations were compared to observed values. Sensitivity analysis on area under the curve (AUC) was performed. System-specific parameters of virtual children that contribute to inter-individual PK properties were assessed. Eighty-one percent of the comparisons between simulated and observed clearance values were within twofold error. The mean fold errors were 1.1, 1, 0.7 and 1.8 in adolescents, children, infants and neonates, respectively. CL variability was reasonably predicted for 70% of the comparisons with comparable coefficients of variation between observed and predicted. The sensitivity analysis revealed that fraction unbound in plasma, parameters related to CYP enzyme-mediated metabolism and liver volumewere most important in the estimation of pediatric exposure. A comparison of variabilities in weight, height and liver volume in virtual children showed reliable agreement with observed data. The presented results of predictive performance and properties of virtual populations provide confidence in the use of PK-Sim for pediatric PBPK modeling in toxicological applications including PBPK-based-HKAF derivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Esther Yun
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | - Andrea N Edginton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, anisyl alcohol, CAS registry number 105-13-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134 Suppl 1:110702. [PMID: 31356918 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Combes R, Balls M, Illing P, Bhogal N, Dale J, Duvé G, Feron V, Grindon C, Gülden M, Loizou G, Priston R, Westmoreland C. Possibilities for a New Approach to Chemicals Risk Assessment — The Report of a FRAME Workshop. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:621-49. [PMID: 17266394 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Combes
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
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Huang Y, Chen S, Li Z, Wang L, Xu Y. Effects of flavor enhancers on the survival and behavior of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:21879-21886. [PMID: 29796890 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand whether flavor enhancers pose potential risks to the environment, it is important to assess its effects on insects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of flavor enhancers on the survival and behaviors of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. In this study, we found that the mortality of S. invicta workers that were fed glutamic acid monosodium salt hydrate, glycine, L-alanine, succinic acid, succinic acid disodium, inosinate 5'-monophosphate disodium salt hydrate, and GMP were significantly higher than the mortality rates of workers fed sucrose. Moreover, glycine and GMP exhibited the strongest toxicities and caused 100% mortality in workers after 84 h. LC50 values were 0.004 g/ml and 0.02 g/ml for GMP and glycine, respectively. Additionally, at sublethal doses, both GMP and glycine solutions decreased foraging and digging behaviors. Our results suggest that flavor enhancers are toxic to insects and also likely to have a negative impact at sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Huang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Red Imported Fire Ant Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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41
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Khojasteh SC, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2017 literature highlights *. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:221-255. [PMID: 29954222 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1473875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the third one to highlight recent advances in the study and assessment of biotransformations and bioactivations ( Table 1 ). We followed the same format as the previous years with selection and authoring each section (see Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 ). We acknowledge that many universities no longer train students in mechanistic biotransformation studies reflecting a decline in the investment for those efforts by public funded granting institutions. We hope this work serves as a resource to appreciate the knowledge gained each year to understand and hopefully anticipate toxicological outcomes dependent on biotransformations and bioactivations. This effort itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Drs. Rietjens and Miller have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Kaushik Mitra as an author for this year's issue, and we thank Deepak Dalvie for his contributions to last year's edition. We have intentionally maintained a balance of authors such that two come from an academic setting and two come from industry. As always, please drop us a note if you find this review helpful. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- c Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources , Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
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Wang Z, Scott WC, Williams ES, Ciarlo M, DeLeo PC, Brooks BW. Identification of novel uncertainty factors and thresholds of toxicological concern for health hazard and risk assessment: Application to cleaning product ingredients. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:357-376. [PMID: 29452931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty factors (UFs) are commonly used during hazard and risk assessments to address uncertainties, including extrapolations among mammals and experimental durations. In risk assessment, default values are routinely used for interspecies extrapolation and interindividual variability. Whether default UFs are sufficient for various chemical uses or specific chemical classes remains understudied, particularly for ingredients in cleaning products. Therefore, we examined publicly available acute median lethal dose (LD50), and reproductive and developmental no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values for the rat model (oral). We employed probabilistic chemical toxicity distributions to identify likelihoods of encountering acute, subacute, subchronic and chronic toxicity thresholds for specific chemical categories and ingredients in cleaning products. We subsequently identified thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC) and then various UFs for: 1) acute (LD50s)-to-chronic (reproductive/developmental NOAELs) ratios (ACRs), 2) exposure duration extrapolations (e.g., subchronic-to-chronic; reproductive/developmental), and 3) LOAEL-to-NOAEL ratios considering subacute/acute developmental responses. These ratios (95% CIs) were calculated from pairwise threshold levels using Monte Carlo simulations to identify UFs for all ingredients in cleaning products. Based on data availability, chemical category-specific UFs were also identified for aliphatic acids and salts, aliphatic alcohols, inorganic acids and salts, and alkyl sulfates. In a number of cases, derived UFs were smaller than default values (e.g., 10) employed by regulatory agencies; however, larger UFs were occasionally identified. Such UFs could be used by assessors instead of relying on default values. These approaches for identifying mammalian TTCs and diverse UFs represent robust alternatives to application of default values for ingredients in cleaning products and other chemical classes. Findings can also support chemical substitutions during alternatives assessment, and data dossier development (e.g., read across), identification of TTCs, and screening-level hazard and risk assessment when toxicity data is unavailable for specific chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W Casan Scott
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - E Spencer Williams
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Michael Ciarlo
- EA Engineering, Science & Technology, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul C DeLeo
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Environmental Health Science Program, Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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Hu J, Webster D, Cao J, Shao A. The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults - Results of a systematic review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:412-433. [PMID: 29580974 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of published toxicology and human intervention studies was performed to characterize potential hazards associated with consumption of green tea and its preparations. A review of toxicological evidence from laboratory studies revealed the liver as the target organ and hepatotoxicity as the critical effect, which was strongly associated with certain dosing conditions (e.g. bolus dose via gavage, fasting), and positively correlated with total catechin and epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) content. A review of adverse event (AE) data from 159 human intervention studies yielded findings consistent with toxicological evidence in that a limited range of concentrated, catechin-rich green tea preparations resulted in hepatic AEs in a dose-dependent manner when ingested in large bolus doses, but not when consumed as brewed tea or extracts in beverages or as part of food. Toxico- and pharmacokinetic evidence further suggests internal dose of catechins is a key determinant in the occurrence and severity of hepatotoxicity. A safe intake level of 338 mg EGCG/day for adults was derived from toxicological and human safety data for tea preparations ingested as a solid bolus dose. An Observed Safe Level (OSL) of 704 mg EGCG/day might be considered for tea preparations in beverage form based on human AE data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Hu
- Worldwide Scientific Affairs, Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Donna Webster
- Product Science, Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Joyce Cao
- Global Post Market Safety Surveillance, Herbalife Nutrition, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | - Andrew Shao
- Independent Consultant, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90505, USA.
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Arnold SM, Greggs B, Goyak KO, Landenberger BD, Mason AM, Howard B, Zaleski RT. A quantitative screening-level approach to incorporate chemical exposure and risk into alternative assessment evaluations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:1007-1022. [PMID: 28294522 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As the general public and retailers ask for disclosure of chemical ingredients in the marketplace, a number of hazard screening tools were developed to evaluate the so-called "greenness" of individual chemical ingredients and/or formulations. The majority of these tools focus only on hazard, often using chemical lists, ignoring the other part of the risk equation: exposure. Using a hazard-only focus can result in regrettable substitutions, changing 1 chemical ingredient for another that turns out to be more hazardous or shifts the toxicity burden to others. To minimize the incidents of regrettable substitutions, BizNGO describes "Common Principles" to frame a process for informed substitution. Two of these 6 principles are: "reduce hazard" and "minimize exposure." A number of frameworks have emerged to evaluate and assess alternatives. One framework developed by leading experts under the auspices of the US National Academy of Sciences recommended that hazard and exposure be specifically addressed in the same step when assessing candidate alternatives. For the alternative assessment community, this article serves as an informational resource for considering exposure in an alternatives assessment using elements of problem formulation; product identity, use, and composition; hazard analysis; exposure analysis; and risk characterization. These conceptual elements build on practices from government, academia, and industry and are exemplified through 2 hypothetical case studies demonstrating the questions asked and decisions faced in new product development. These 2 case studies-inhalation exposure to a generic paint product and environmental exposure to a shampoo rinsed down the drain-demonstrate the criteria, considerations, and methods required to combine exposure models addressing human health and environmental impacts to provide a screening level hazard and exposure (risk) analysis. This article informs practices for these elements within a comparative risk context to improve alternatives assessment evaluation and decision making. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:1007-1022. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Arnold
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Katy O Goyak
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bryce D Landenberger
- Toxicology and Environmental Research & Consulting, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, USA
| | - Ann M Mason
- Chemical Products and Technology Division, American Chemistry Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brett Howard
- Value Chain Outreach, American Chemistry Council, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rosemary T Zaleski
- Occupational and Public Health Division, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
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45
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Zu K, Pizzurro DM, Lewandowski TA, Goodman JE. Pharmacokinetic data reduce uncertainty in the acceptable daily intake for benzoic acid and its salts. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:83-94. [PMID: 28720346 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current acceptable daily intake (ADI) for benzoic acid and its salts as food additives is 0-5 mg/kg body weight. This accounts for a total uncertainty factor (UF) of 100, which includes a default factor of 10 for interspecies differences. Based on pharmacokinetic data in rodents and humans, we derived a chemical-specific adjustment factor (CSAF) of 2 for the pharmacokinetic component of the interspecies UF. Additional analyses indicate that this CSAF is conservative and interspecies differences between rats and humans are likely closer to unity. Human clinical studies indicate that the pharmacokinetics of benzoic acid and its salts are similar in children and adults, and that there is a lack of adverse events in humans at doses comparable to the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in rodents; this suggests that the pharmacokinetic UF for intraspecies variability, as well as the pharmacodynamic components of the UFs, may also be reduced, although we did not calculate to what degree. In conclusion, the total UF can be reduced to 50 (2 for interspecies differences in pharmacokinetics, 2.5 for interspecies differences in pharmacodynamics, and 10 for intraspecies variability), which would increase the ADI to 0-10 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zu
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - D M Pizzurro
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - T A Lewandowski
- Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - J E Goodman
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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46
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Bhat VS, Meek M(B, Valcke M, English C, Boobis A, Brown R. Evolution of chemical-specific adjustment factors (CSAF) based on recent international experience; increasing utility and facilitating regulatory acceptance. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:729-749. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1303818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virunya S. Bhat
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Water and Indoor Air Quality and Food Safety, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M.E. (Bette) Meek
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mathieu Valcke
- Toxicological and Radiological Risk Assessment Group, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de Santé Publique, Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline English
- WHO Collaborating Centre on Water and Indoor Air Quality and Food Safety, NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Richard Brown
- International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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47
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Constable A, Mahadevan B, Pressman P, Garthoff JA, Meunier L, Schrenk D, Speijers G, O’Sullivan A, Hayes AW. An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847317707370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of international standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, infant foods and their constituent ingredients are subject to rigorous risk analysis and are strictly regulated by many authorities. Various jurisdictions have approved only a limited number of additives specifically with regard to infant foods to fulfill specific technical requirements of quality. As part of the approval process, a rigorous safety assessment is essential to confirm that the use of additives does not pose any health risk for the consumer. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) may be derived from the toxicological databases. However, the ADI may not be applicable to infants because of the possible developmental sensitivities and potentially high exposure scenarios, leading to possible lower margins of safety than would often be determined for adult populations. There is interest in defining better food safety assessment approaches for pre-weaned infants aged less than 12–16 weeks. To confirm safe use in infants, we reviewed the suitability of the existing safety databases of six additives with historical uses in infant nutrition products. To determine further toxicity testing strategies, it is necessary to understand whether the chemical used in the additives is identical to endogenous physiological metabolites and/or whether immature organs of infants are targets of toxicity. Combined with an in-depth review of the existing relevant toxicological and nutritional studies, this integrated approach will facilitate decision-making. We propose a decision tree as a tool within this approach to help guide appropriate data requirements and identify data gaps. In cases of reasonable uncertainty, studies of targeted juvenile should be considered to investigate the safe use levels in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Pressman
- Division of Medicine, Public Health & Nutrition, The Daedalus Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | | | - Leo Meunier
- Danone Food Safety Center, Uppsalalaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Gerrit Speijers
- General Health Effects Toxicology Safety Food (GETS), Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron O’Sullivan
- Danone Trading Medical BV, Schiphol Boulevard, Schiphol Airport, The Netherlands
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA and Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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48
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Streeter AJ, Faria EC. Analysis of the variability of the pharmacokinetics of multiple drugs in young adult and elderly subjects and its implications for acceptable daily exposures and cleaning validation limits. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:659-672. [PMID: 28396010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The elderly constitute a significant, potentially sensitive, subpopulation within the general population, which must be taken into account when performing risk assessments including determining an acceptable daily exposure (ADE) for the purpose of a cleaning validation. Known differences in the pharmacokinetics of drugs between young adults (who are typically the subjects recruited into clinical trials) and the elderly are potential contributors affecting the interindividual uncertainty factor (UFH) component of the ADE calculation. The UFH values were calculated for 206 drugs for young adult and elderly groups separately and combined (with the elderly assumed to be a sensitive subpopulation) from published studies where the pharmacokinetics of the young adult and elderly groups were directly compared. Based on the analysis presented here, it is recommended to use a default UFH value of 10 for worker populations (which are assumed to be approximately equivalent to the young adult groups) where no supporting pharmacokinetic data exist, while it is recommended to use a default UFH value of 15 for the general population, to take the elderly into consideration when calculating ADE values. The underlying reasons for the large differences between the exposures in the young adult and elderly subjects for the 10 compounds which show the greatest separation are different in almost every case, involving the OCT2 transporter, glucuronidation, hydrolysis, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4 or CYP3A5. Therefore, there is no consistent underlying mechanism which appears responsible for the largest differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between young adult and elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Streeter
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA and Raritan, NJ, USA.
| | - Ellen C Faria
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA and Raritan, NJ, USA.
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49
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Mortensen A. Sweeteners permitted in the European Union: safety aspects. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD & NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17482970600982719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Mortensen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk AssessmentDanish Institute for Food and Veterinary ResearchSøborgDenmark
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50
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Dourson ML, Gadagbui BK, Thompson RB, Pfau EJ, Lowe J. Managing risks of noncancer health effects at hazardous waste sites: A case study using the Reference Concentration (RfC) of trichloroethylene (TCE). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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