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Yakoob MY, Qadir M, Hany OE. Vitamin A Supplementation for Prevention and Treatment of Malaria during Pregnancy and Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019; 8:20-28. [PMID: 30859783 PMCID: PMC7325808 DOI: 10.2991/j.jegh.2018.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that vitamin A plays a role in immunity and protection against infectious diseases. Its role reducing incidence of diarrhea and measles, and childhood mortality is known, but its role in relation to malaria is unclear. Thus, a comprehensive, systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the role of vitamin A during pregnancy and childhood for prevention and treatment of malaria. A total of 107 titles/abstracts were identified, of which 15 articles (11 studies) were selected for final inclusion. Based on the meta-analysis, vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy had no benefit for placental infection (relative risk = 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.95–1.25; fixed effects, I2 = 0; 2 RCTs). Similarly, there was no effect on peripheral parasitemia or episodes of new clinical malaria. Preventive vitamin A supplementation in children younger than 5 years did not reduce the incidence of peripheral parasitemia or malaria mortality (latter rate ratio = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.07–3.26; random effects, I2 = 72%, 2 RCTs). Vitamin A as an adjunct treatment for cerebral or severe malaria in children did not have benefit on survival, fever resolution time, parasite clearance time, or incidence of neurological or other complications. Vitamin A has no benefit for malarial infection either as prevention or treatment in pregnancy or childhood based on RCT evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yawar Yakoob
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Murad Qadir
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Omm E Hany
- Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Wu B, Du Y, Feng Y, Wang Q, Pang W, Qi Z, Wang J, Yang D, Liu Y, Cao Y. Oral administration of vitamin D and importance in prevention of cerebral malaria. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 64:356-363. [PMID: 30243072 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a serious and fatal malaria-associated syndrome caused by the development of an overwhelming proinflammatory response. Vitamin D (Vit.D; cholecalciferol) has regulatory functions associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses. Prevention is better than cure, in this experiment, we evaluated prophylactic oral Vit.D as a means of preventing CM presentation before infection of C57BL/6 mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) by modulating the host proinflammatory response. Mice that were supplemented with oral Vit.D has reduce death rate and ameliorated the integrity of the blood brain barrier. Prophylactic oral vitamin D relieved the symptoms of brain malaria and avoided death, gained valuable time for the diagnosis and treatment post infection. The robust Th1 response was attenuated in the Vit.D + PbA group. Furthermore, T-cell trafficking to the brain was diminished before PbA infection using Vit.D. The results suggest that Vit.D supplementation mediates the development of an anti-inflammatory environment that improves CM severity. In summary, the use of Vit.D as a nutritional supplement in malaria-endemic regions may help reduce the severity and mortality of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China; Department of Anus & Intestine Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunting Du
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yonghui Feng
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Zanmei Qi
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Environmental and Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental and Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine College of China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
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Hollm-Delgado MG, Piel FB, Weiss DJ, Howes RE, Stuart EA, Hay SI, Black RE. Vitamin A supplements, routine immunization, and the subsequent risk of Plasmodium infection among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. eLife 2015; 4:e03925. [PMID: 25647726 PMCID: PMC4383226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies, partly based on murine models, suggest childhood immunization and
vitamin A supplements may confer protection against malaria infection, although
strong evidence to support these theories in humans has so far been lacking. We
analyzed national survey data from children aged 6–59 months in four
sub-Saharan African countries over an 18-month time period, to determine the risk of
Plasmodium spp. parasitemia (n=8390) and Plasmodium
falciparum HRP-2 (PfHRP-2)-related antigenemia
(n=6121) following vitamin A supplementation and standard vaccination. Bacille
Calmette Guerin-vaccinated children were more likely to be PfHRP-2
positive (relative risk [RR]=4.06, 95% confidence interval
[CI]=2.00–8.28). No association was identified with parasitemia. Measles
and polio vaccination were not associated with malaria. Children receiving vitamin A
were less likely to present with parasitemia (RR=0.46, 95%
CI=0.39–0.54) and antigenemia (RR=0.23, 95%
CI=0.17–0.29). Future studies focusing on climate seasonality, placental
malaria and HIV are needed to characterize better the association between vitamin A
and malaria infection in different settings. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03925.001 More than half of the world's population is at risk of malaria, with an estimated 198
million clinical cases each year. A vaccine that fully prevents it has not yet been
discovered. Most cases of malaria occur among children living in sub-Saharan Africa,
a region where many receive routine vaccinations designed to prevent other diseases;
for example, 75% of children in sub-Saharan Africa receive measles vaccines. Many
also receive vitamin A supplements, which have been linked not only to the protection
of a child's vision, but also to a lower risk of death and an improved ability to
fight off infections. Some researchers have suggested that vitamin A supplements and routine childhood
vaccinations for other diseases may also provide some protection against malaria. For
example, some studies performed in mice have shown that a commonly used tuberculosis
vaccine may eliminate Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria
infections. However, this effect depended on several factors, including how the
vaccine was administered and whether the vaccination was given before or after the
mouse developed malaria. It is less clear whether vaccines or vitamin A have antimalarial effects in humans.
To address this, Hollm-Delgado et al. analyzed national survey data collected from
thousands of children aged between 6 months and 5 years old who lived in four
different countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The surveys contained information about
the vaccines and supplements the children received, and whether their blood showed
signs of infection with malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites. Hollm-Delgado et al. found that routine vaccinations did not affect the likelihood of
malaria parasites being detected in the child's blood. However, children vaccinated
against tuberculosis were more likely to have a specific type of protein released
when malaria infects the blood. Hollm-Delgado et al. suspect that the tests may
actually have inadvertently detected other parasitic infections in the children, such
as Schistosoma, producing false-positive results for malaria. In contrast, Hollm-Delgado et al. found that children who received vitamin A
supplements were less likely to become infected with malaria. The benefits of the
supplements appeared to be affected by several conditions, including the time of year
when the children received their supplements or when they were tested for malaria,
and whether their mother had malaria when pregnant. Clinical trials are now needed to
confirm these results and investigate how effectively vitamin A prevents malaria. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03925.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Graciela Hollm-Delgado
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Frédéric B Piel
- Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Disease Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Weiss
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind E Howes
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Departments of Mental Health and Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E Black
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Ndeezi G, Tumwine JK. Effect of vitamin A adjunct therapy for cerebral malaria in children admitted to Mulago hospital: a randomized controlled trial. Afr Health Sci 2012; 12:90-7. [PMID: 23056012 PMCID: PMC3462531 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v12i2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a leading cause of mortality in Uganda accounting for 25% of deaths among children. Hitherto no adjunct therapy has been identified to improve outcome of cerebral malaria. Retinol suppresses growth of P.falciparum, scavenges free radicals, and exhibits synergistic action with quinine in parasite clearance. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of vitamin A supplementation on treatment outcome of cerebral malaria METHODS In this randomised double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial we studied 142 children aged 6-59 months admitted with cerebral malaria in Mulago Hospital, Kampala. Children were randomised to either vitamin A or placebo and followed for 7 days. The main outcome measures were coma recovery time, time for convulsions to stop, and parasite and fever clearance. Secondary outcomes were overall mortality and time taken to start oral feeds. RESULTS There was no difference in the coma recovery time (p=0.44), resolution of convulsions (p=0.37), fever clearance (p=0.92), parasite clearance (p=0.12), and starting oral feeds between the two treatment groups. Mortality was higher (16.2%) in the placebo than in the vitamin A group (8.1%): RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.1. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin A as adjunct therapy did not significantly reduce coma duration but there were fewer deaths in the vitamin A arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mwanga-Amumpaire
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
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Kerschbaumer G, Wernsdorfer G, Wiedermann U, Congpuong K, Sirichaisinthop J, Wernsdorfer WH. Synergism between mefloquine and artemisinin and its enhancement by retinol in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 122 Suppl 3:57-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Carneiro I, Roca-Feltrer A, Griffin JT, Smith L, Tanner M, Schellenberg JA, Greenwood B, Schellenberg D. Age-patterns of malaria vary with severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and pooled analysis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8988. [PMID: 20126547 PMCID: PMC2813874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that the age-pattern of Plasmodium falciparum malaria varies with transmission intensity. A better understanding of how this varies with the severity of outcome and across a range of transmission settings could enable locally appropriate targeting of interventions to those most at risk. We have, therefore, undertaken a pooled analysis of existing data from multiple sites to enable a comprehensive overview of the age-patterns of malaria outcomes under different epidemiological conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Methodology/Principal Findings A systematic review using PubMed and CAB Abstracts (1980–2005), contacts with experts and searching bibliographies identified epidemiological studies with data on the age distribution of children with P. falciparum clinical malaria, hospital admissions with malaria and malaria-diagnosed mortality. Studies were allocated to a 3×2 matrix of intensity and seasonality of malaria transmission. Maximum likelihood methods were used to fit five continuous probability distributions to the percentage of each outcome by age for each of the six transmission scenarios. The best-fitting distributions are presented graphically, together with the estimated median age for each outcome. Clinical malaria incidence was relatively evenly distributed across the first 10 years of life for all transmission scenarios. Hospital admissions with malaria were more concentrated in younger children, with this effect being even more pronounced for malaria-diagnosed deaths. For all outcomes, the burden of malaria shifted towards younger ages with increasing transmission intensity, although marked seasonality moderated this effect. Conclusions The most severe consequences of P. falciparum malaria were concentrated in the youngest age groups across all settings. Despite recently observed declines in malaria transmission in several countries, which will shift the burden of malaria cases towards older children, it is still appropriate to target strategies for preventing malaria mortality and severe morbidity at very young children who will continue to bear the brunt of malaria deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Carneiro
- Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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Roca-Feltrer A, Schellenberg JRMA, Smith L, Carneiro I. A simple method for defining malaria seasonality. Malar J 2009; 8:276. [PMID: 19958535 PMCID: PMC3224898 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is currently no standard way of defining malaria seasonality, resulting in a wide range of definitions reported in the literature. Malaria cases show seasonal peaks in most endemic settings, and the choice and timing for optimal malaria control may vary by seasonality. A simple approach is presented to describe the seasonality of malaria, to aid localized policymaking and targeting of interventions. Methods A series of systematic literature reviews were undertaken to identify studies reporting on monthly data for full calendar years on clinical malaria, hospital admission with malaria and entomological inoculation rates (EIR). Sites were defined as having 'marked seasonality' if 75% or more of all episodes occurred in six or less months of the year. A 'concentrated period of malaria' was defined as the six consecutive months with the highest cumulative proportion of cases. A sensitivity analysis was performed based on a variety of cut-offs. Results Monthly data for full calendar years on clinical malaria, all hospital admissions with malaria, and entomological inoculation rates were available for 13, 18, and 11 sites respectively. Most sites showed year-round transmission with seasonal peaks for both clinical malaria and hospital admissions with malaria, with a few sites fitting the definition of 'marked seasonality'. For these sites, consistent results were observed when more than one outcome or more than one calendar year was available from the same site. The use of monthly EIR data was found to be of limited value when looking at seasonal variations of malaria transmission, particularly at low and medium intensity levels. Conclusion The proposed definition discriminated well between studies with 'marked seasonality' and those with less seasonality. However, a poor fit was observed in sites with two seasonal peaks. Further work is needed to explore the applicability of this definition on a wide-scale, using routine health information system data where possible, to aid appropriate targeting of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Roca-Feltrer
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Gruber M, Wernsdorfer G, Satimai W, Wiedermann U, Congpuong K, Wernsdorfer WH. Pharmacodynamic interaction between mefloquine and retinol in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 121 Suppl 3:27-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-009-1231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Proell P, Congpuong K, Reinthaler FF, Wernsdorfer G, Wiedermann U, Wernsdorfer WH. Synergism between pyronaridine and retinol in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009; 121 Suppl 3:32-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-009-1232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Synergism between quinine and retinol in fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2008; 120:69-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-008-1078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Roca-Feltrer A, Carneiro I, Armstrong Schellenberg JRM. Estimates of the burden of malaria morbidity in Africa in children under the age of 5 years. Trop Med Int Health 2008; 13:771-83. [PMID: 18363586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the direct burden of malaria among children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for the year 2000, as part of a wider initiative on burden estimates. METHODS A systematic literature review was undertaken in June 2003. Severe malaria outcomes (cerebral malaria, severe malarial anaemia and respiratory distress) and non-severe malaria data were abstracted separately, together with information on the characteristics of each study and its population. Population characteristics were also collated at a national level. A meta-regression model was used to predict the incidence of malaria fevers at a national level. For severe outcomes, results were presented as median rates as data were too sparse for modelling. RESULTS For the year 2000, an estimated 545,000 (uncertainty interval: 105,000-1,750,000) children under the age of 5 in SSA experienced an episode of severe malaria for which they were admitted to hospital. A total of 24,000 (interquartile range: 12,000-37,000) suffered from persistent neurological deficits as a result of cerebral malaria. The number of malaria fevers associated with high parasite density in under-5s in SSA in 2000 was estimated as 115,750,000 (uncertainty interval: 91,243,000-257,957,000). CONCLUSION Our study predicts a lower burden than previous estimates of under-5 malaria morbidity in SSA. As there is a lack of suitable data to enable comprehensive estimates of annual malaria incidence, we describe the information needed to improve the validity of future estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Roca-Feltrer
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Synergistic interaction between atovaquone and retinol in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007; 119:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-007-0868-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hamzah J, Batty KT, Davis WA, Mori TA, Ching SYL, Croft KD, Davis TME. Retinol supplementation in murine Plasmodium berghei malaria: Effects on tissue levels, parasitaemia and lipid peroxidation. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:525-37. [PMID: 17157853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reduced plasma retinol concentrations occur in human malaria but the benefits of supplementation remain uncertain. We assessed the in vivo efficacy of retinol administration, and its effect on lipid peroxidation, in a Plasmodium berghei murine model. Animals received vehicle (n=17) or retinol (i) before P. berghei inoculation (four doses), (ii) at parasitaemia 10-15% (three to four doses) or (iii) before and after inoculation (six to seven doses; n=15 in each group), with euthanasia on day 8 post-inoculation or when the parasitaemia exceeded 50%. Multiple-dose pre-inoculation retinol reduced endpoint parasitaemia by 24% (P=0.001 versus controls). A reduction of 18% (P=0.042) was observed when retinol was given to parasitaemic animals. Retinol was ineffective when given both before and after infection (11% reduction; P=0.47). Although retinol supplementation did not change plasma retinol concentrations, liver retinol content increased and correlated inversely with endpoint parasitaemia (r=-0.45, P=0.001). Malaria infection augmented concentrations of the free radical lipid peroxidation end-product F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma, erythrocytes and liver by 1.8-, 2.8- and 4.9-fold, respectively, but retinol supplementation had no effect on these increases. Consistent with some human malaria studies, prophylactic retinol reduces P. berghei parasitaemia. This effect relates to augmentation of tissue retinol stores rather than to retinol-associated changes in oxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hamzah
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
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Villamor E, Fawzi WW. Effects of vitamin a supplementation on immune responses and correlation with clinical outcomes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:446-64. [PMID: 16020684 PMCID: PMC1195969 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.3.446-464.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A supplementation to preschool children is known to decrease the risks of mortality and morbidity from some forms of diarrhea, measles, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and malaria. These effects are likely to be the result of the actions of vitamin A on immunity. Some of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of vitamin A have been described in clinical trials and can be correlated with clinical outcomes of supplementation. The effects on morbidity from measles are related to enhanced antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation. Benefits for severe diarrhea could be attributable to the functions of vitamin A in sustaining the integrity of mucosal epithelia in the gut, whereas positive effects among HIV-infected children could also be related to increased T-cell lymphopoiesis. There is no conclusive evidence for a direct effect of vitamin A supplementation on cytokine production or lymphocyte activation. Under certain circumstances, vitamin A supplementation to infants has the potential to improve the antibody response to some vaccines, including tetanus and diphtheria toxoids and measles. There is limited research on the effects of vitamin A supplementation to adults and the elderly on their immune function; currently available data provide no consistent evidence for beneficial effects. Additional studies with these age groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Villamor E, Fataki MR, Mbise RL, Fawzi WW. Malaria parasitaemia in relation to HIV status and vitamin A supplementation among pre-school children. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 8:1051-61. [PMID: 14641839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1360-2276.2003.01134.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain whether malaria parasitaemia in children is associated with HIV status. To examine the effect of vitamin A supplementation on malaria parasitaemia in children. METHODS We studied the cross-sectional associations between HIV status and malaria parasitaemia among 546 children 6-60 months of age who participated in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial of vitamin A supplementation. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for the presence of malaria parasites at baseline by HIV status in uni- and multivariate models that adjusted for sociodemographic and environmental variables. Among children with malaria, correlates of high parasite loads were identified. Next, we examined the effect of vitamin A supplementation on the risk of malaria parasitaemia and high parasite density at 4-8 months of the first dose in a subset of children. RESULTS The prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was 11.4% among HIV-infected children, compared with 27.6% among uninfected. After adjusting for season, anaemia, use of bednets, maternal education and indicators of socioeconomic status, we found some evidence for lower prevalence of parasitaemia among HIV positive compared with HIV-negative children (prevalence ratio=0.56; 95% CI=0.29, 1.09; P=0.09). Other important correlates of malaria parasitaemia at baseline included low level of maternal education, poor quality of water supply, and the presence of animals at home. Vitamin A supplementation did not have a significant effect on malaria parasitaemia at 4-8 months of follow-up, overall or within levels of potential effect modifiers. CONCLUSION HIV infection appears to be negatively correlated with malaria parasitaemia in this group of children. Investing in women's education is likely to decrease the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in children. Vitamin A supplementation does not seem to have an effect on malaria parasitaemia in this population; possible benefits against clinical episodes and severe malaria deserve further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Perrotta S, Nobili B, Rossi F, Di Pinto D, Cucciolla V, Borriello A, Oliva A, Della Ragione F. Vitamin A and infancy. Biochemical, functional, and clinical aspects. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2003; 66:457-591. [PMID: 12852263 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(03)01013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is a very intriguing natural compound. The molecule not only has a complex array of physiological functions, but also represents the precursor of promising and powerful new pharmacological agents. Although several aspects of human retinol metabolism, including absorption and tissue delivery, have been clarified, the type and amounts of vitamin A derivatives that are intracellularly produced remain quite elusive. In addition, their precise function and targets still need to be identified. Retinoic acids, undoubtedly, play a major role in explaining activities of retinol, but, recently, a large number of physiological functions have been attributed to different retinoids and to vitamin A itself. One of the primary roles this vitamin plays is in embryogenesis. Almost all steps in organogenesis are controlled by retinoic acids, thus suggesting that retinol is necessary for proper development of embryonic tissues. These considerations point to the dramatic importance of a sufficient intake of vitamin A and explain the consequences if intake of retinol is deficient. However, hypervitaminosis A also has a number of remarkable negative consequences, which, in same cases, could be fatal. Thus, the use of large doses of retinol in the treatment of some human diseases and the use of megavitamin therapy for certain chronic disorders as well as the growing tendency toward vitamin faddism should alert physicians to the possibility of vitamin overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silverio Perrotta
- Department of Pediatric, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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