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Abstract
Macrophages are an abundant population in the tumor-infiltrating immune cells. The transcription factor NF-κB plays an important role in the response of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to the tumor environmental cues. Detecting NF-κB activity in TAMs will help define the functional status of the TAMs. In this article, we describe several methods to detect NF-κB activity in TAM populations.
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MYC as a Multifaceted Regulator of Tumor Microenvironment Leading to Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207710. [PMID: 33081056 PMCID: PMC7589112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Myc family of oncogenes is deregulated in many types of cancer, and their over-expression is often correlated with poor prognosis. The Myc family members are transcription factors that can coordinate the expression of thousands of genes. Among them, c-Myc (MYC) is the gene most strongly associated with cancer, and it is the focus of this review. It regulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, self-renewal, survival, metabolism, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. More recently, novel studies have shown that MYC plays a role not only in tumor initiation and growth but also has a broader spectrum of functions in tumor progression. MYC contributes to angiogenesis, immune evasion, invasion, and migration, which all lead to distant metastasis. Moreover, MYC is able to promote tumor growth and aggressiveness by recruiting stromal and tumor-infiltrating cells. In this review, we will dissect all of these novel functions and their involvement in the crosstalk between tumor and host, which have demonstrated that MYC is undoubtedly the master regulator of the tumor microenvironment. In sum, a better understanding of MYC’s role in the tumor microenvironment and metastasis development is crucial in proposing novel and effective cancer treatment strategies.
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Zhang S, Liu W, Hu B, Wang P, Lv X, Chen S, Shao Z. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating Natural Killer Cells in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1242. [PMID: 32714321 PMCID: PMC7343909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells (TINKs) are crucial immune cells in tumor defense, and might be related to tumor prognosis. However, the results were discrepant among different studies. The present meta-analysis was performed to comprehensively assess the prognostic value of NK cell markers in solid tumor tissues. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched to identify original researches reporting the prognostic significance of TINKs in solid tumors. NK cell markers CD56, CD57, NKp30, and NKp46 were included in the analysis. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pooled overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were calculated by STATA software 14.0 to assess the prognostic significance. Results : Of the 56 included studies, there were 18 studies on CD56, 31 studies on CD57, 1 study on NKp30, and 7 studies on NKp46. High levels of CD56, CD57, NKp30, and NKp46 were significantly correlated with better OS of patients with solid malignancies (HR = 0.473, 95%CI: 0.315–0.710, p < 0.001; HR = 0.484, 95%CI: 0.380–0.616, p < 0.001; HR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.14–0.80, p = 0.014; HR = 0.622, 95%CI: 0.470–0.821, p < 0.001, respectively). Our results also revealed that CD56, CD57, and NKp46 could act as independent prognostic predictors for favorable OS (HR = 0.372, 95%CI: 0.261–0.531, p < 0.001; HR = 0.525, 95%CI: 0.346–0.797, p = 0.003; HR = 0.559, 95%CI: 0.385–0.812, p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions : Our results indicated that high levels of NK cell markers in solid tumor tissues could predict favorable prognosis for solid tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binwu Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hu G, Wang S. Prognostic role of tumor-infiltrating CD57-positive lymphocytes in solid tumors: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 9:8111-8119. [PMID: 29487719 PMCID: PMC5814286 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognostic role of tumor-infiltrating CD57-positive lymphocytes (CD57+ lymphocytes) in human solid tumors remains controversial. Herein, we conducted a meta-analysis including 26 published studies with 7656 patients identified from PubMed and EBSCO to assess the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating CD57+ lymphocytes in human solid tumors. We found that CD57+ lymphocyte infiltration significantly improved overall survival (OS) including 1 – year, 3 – year and 5 – year survival, and disease – free survival (DFS) in all types of solid tumors. In stratified analyses, CD57+ lymphocyte infiltration was significantly associated with better OS in hepatocellular, esophageal, head and neck carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, 5 – year survival in colorectal cancer, and 3 – year and 5 – year survival in gastric cancer, but not with 1 – year survival in gastric cancer, or 1 – year or 3 – year survival in colorectal cancer. In addition, high density of intratumoral CD57+ lymphocytes was significantly inversely correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage of solid tumor. In conclusion, CD57+ lymphocyte infiltration leads to a favorable clinical outcome in solid tumors, implicating that it is a useful biomarker for prognosis and adoptive immunotherapy based on these cells may be a promising choice for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoming Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, 312000, Zhejiang, China
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Singh M, Khong H, Dai Z, Huang XF, Wargo JA, Cooper ZA, Vasilakos JP, Hwu P, Overwijk WW. Effective innate and adaptive antimelanoma immunity through localized TLR7/8 activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4722-31. [PMID: 25252955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral immune activation can induce local and systemic antitumor immunity. Imiquimod is a cream-formulated, TLR7 agonist that is Food and Drug Administration approved for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancers, but it has limited activity against melanoma. We studied the antitumor activity and mechanism of action of a novel, injectable, tissue-retained TLR7/8 agonist, 3M-052, which avoids systemic distribution. Intratumoral administration of 3M-052 generated systemic antitumor immunity and suppressed both injected and distant, uninjected wild-type B16.F10 melanomas. Treated tumors showed that an increased level of CCL2 chemokines and infiltration of M1 phenotype-shifted macrophages, which could kill tumor cells directly through production of NO and CCL2, were essential for the antitumor activity of 3M-052. CD8(+) T cells, B cells, type I IFN, IFN-γ, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were contributed to efficient tumor suppression, whereas perforin, NK cells, and CD4 T cells were not required. Finally, 3M-052 therapy potentiated checkpoint blockade therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-programmed death ligand 1 Abs, even when checkpoint blockade alone was ineffective. Our findings suggest that intratumoral treatment with 3M-052 is a promising approach for the treatment of cancer and establish a rational strategy and mechanistic understanding for combination therapy with intratumoral, tissue-retained TLR7/8 agonist and checkpoint blockade in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hiep Khong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zhimin Dai
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xue-Fei Huang
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Zachary A Cooper
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - John P Vasilakos
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems Division, 3M Company, St. Paul, MN 55144
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;
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Pello OM, Chèvre R, Laoui D, De Juan A, Lolo F, Andrés-Manzano MJ, Serrano M, Van Ginderachter JA, Andrés V. In vivo inhibition of c-MYC in myeloid cells impairs tumor-associated macrophage maturation and pro-tumoral activities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45399. [PMID: 23028984 PMCID: PMC3447925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are involved in tumor growth and metastasis, the mechanisms controlling their pro-tumoral activities remain largely unknown. The transcription factor c-MYC has been recently shown to regulate in vitro human macrophage polarization and be expressed in macrophages infiltrating human tumors. In this study, we exploited the predominant expression of LysM in myeloid cells to generate c-Mycfl/fl LysMcre/+ mice, which lack c-Myc in macrophages, to investigate the role of macrophage c-MYC expression in cancer. Under steady-state conditions, immune system parameters in c-Mycfl/fl LysMcre/+ mice appeared normal, including the abundance of different subsets of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, precursors and circulating cells, macrophage density, and immune organ structure. In a model of melanoma, however, TAMs lacking c-Myc displayed a delay in maturation and showed an attenuation of pro-tumoral functions (e.g., reduced expression of VEGF, MMP9, and HIF1α) that was associated with impaired tissue remodeling and angiogenesis and limited tumor growth in c-Mycfl/fl LysMcre/+ mice. Macrophage c-Myc deletion also diminished fibrosarcoma growth. These data identify c-Myc as a positive regulator of the pro-tumoral program of TAMs and suggest c-Myc inactivation as an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Pello
- Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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Mukhtar RA, Moore AP, Nseyo O, Baehner FL, Au A, Moore DH, Twomey P, Campbell MJ, Esserman LJ. Elevated PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer are associated with early recurrence and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:635-44. [PMID: 21717106 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
African American and Hispanic women develop more triple negative breast cancer at younger ages than Caucasian women. The frequently observed association between race and socioeconomic status (SES) has confounded our understanding of the outcomes disparities seen in these groups. Given the association between inflammatory cells and high-grade, triple negative tumors, we sought to investigate whether differences in the presence of these cells varies by race. We evaluated breast tumor specimens for the presence PCNA+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in consecutive cases from a county hospital serving primarily un- or under-insured patients. All patients in this cohort had elevated PCNA + TAM levels. Higher PCNA + TAM counts were associated with hormone receptor (HR) negative tumors and non-Caucasian ethnicity. Hispanic women specifically had significantly higher PCNA + TAM counts than Caucasian patients and shorter disease-free survival. These findings implicate immune function in the development of aggressive breast cancer and suggest a possible link between SES and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Mukhtar
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Mukhtar RA, Nseyo O, Campbell MJ, Esserman LJ. Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer as potential biomarkers for new treatments and diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:91-100. [PMID: 21171924 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While several inflammatory cell types participate in cancer development, macrophages specifically play a key role in breast cancer, where they appear to be part of the pathogenesis of high-grade tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) produce factors that promote angiogenesis, remodel tissue and dampen the immune response to tumors. Specific macrophage types contribute to increased metastases in animal models, while human studies show an association between TAMs and tumors with poor prognostic features. Macrophages display a spectrum of phenotypic states, with the tumor microenvironment skewing TAMs towards a 'nonclassical' activation state, known as the M2, or wound healing/regulatory state. These TAMs are found in high-risk breast cancers, making them an important therapeutic target to explore. Improved techniques for identifying TAMs should translate into clinical applications for prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Mukhtar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1710 UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143-1710, USA
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El Khoury D, Destouches D, Lengagne R, Krust B, Hamma-Kourbali Y, Garcette M, Niro S, Kato M, Briand JP, Courty J, Hovanessian AG, Prévost-Blondel A. Targeting surface nucleolin with a multivalent pseudopeptide delays development of spontaneous melanoma in RET transgenic mice. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:325. [PMID: 20573279 PMCID: PMC2912263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of cell-surface nucleolin in cancer biology was recently highlighted by studies showing that ligands of nucleolin play critical role in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. By using a specific antagonist that binds the C-terminal tail of nucleolin, the HB-19 pseudopeptide, we recently reported that HB-19 treatment markedly suppressed the progression of established human breast tumor cell xenografts in the athymic nude mice without apparent toxicity. METHODS The in vivo antitumoral action of HB-19 treatment was assessed on the spontaneous development of melanoma in the RET transgenic mouse model. Ten days old RET mice were treated with HB-19 in a prophylactic setting that extended 300 days. In parallel, the molecular basis for the action of HB-19 was investigated on a melanoma cell line (called TIII) derived from a cutaneous nodule of a RET mouse. RESULTS HB-19 treatment of RET mice caused a significant delay in the onset of cutaneous tumors, several-months delay in the incidence of large tumors, a lower frequency of cutaneous nodules, and a reduction of visceral metastatic nodules while displaying no toxicity to normal tissue. Moreover, microvessel density was significantly reduced in tumors recovered from HB-19 treated mice compared to corresponding controls. Studies on the melanoma-derived tumor cells demonstrated that HB-19 treatment of TIII cells could restore contact inhibition, impair anchorage-independent growth, and reduce their tumorigenic potential in mice. Moreover, HB-19 treatment caused selective down regulation of transcripts coding matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the TIII cells and in melanoma tumors of RET mice. CONCLUSIONS Although HB-19 treatment failed to prevent the development of spontaneous melanoma in the RET mice, it delayed for several months the onset and frequency of cutaneous tumors, and exerted a significant inhibitory effect on visceral metastasis. Consequently, HB-19 could provide a novel therapeutic agent by itself or as an adjuvant therapy in association with current therapeutic interventions on a virulent cancer like melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diala El Khoury
- UPR 2228 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Damien Destouches
- EAC 7149 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 61 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Renée Lengagne
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Krust
- UPR 2228 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Yamina Hamma-Kourbali
- EAC 7149 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 61 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Marylène Garcette
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Niro
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
| | - Masashi Kato
- Unit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | | | - José Courty
- EAC 7149 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 61 avenue du général de Gaulle, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Ara G Hovanessian
- UPR 2228 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Armelle Prévost-Blondel
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France
- Armelle Prévost-Blondel, Institut Cochin, Département Immunologie/Hématologie, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, F-75014 France
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Siveen KS, Kuttan G. Role of macrophages in tumour progression. Immunol Lett 2009; 123:97-102. [PMID: 19428556 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is now becoming clear that the inflammatory cells that exist in the tumour microenvironment play an indispensable role in cancer progression. Tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a prominent component of the mononuclear leukocyte population of solid tumours, which displays an ambivalent relationship with tumours. They originate in the circulation and are recruited to the tumour site by tumour-derived attractants such as chemokines and interact with the tumour cells and preferentially localize at the tumour-host tissue interface, in regions often associated with low oxygen tensions. The tumour microenvironment, including cytokines and hypoxia, regulates the localization and function of TAMs. Upon activated by cancer cells, the TAMs can release a vast diversity of growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Many of these factors are key agents in cancer metastasis. Substantial evidence suggests that TAMs can interact with cancer cells, modify the ECM, and promote cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Several natural products have shown ability to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors by TAMs. The presence of extensive TAM infiltration has been shown to correlate with cancer metastasis and poor prognosis in a variety of human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Siveen
- Dept. of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar Post, Thrissur 680 555, Kerala, India
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Hernberg M, Mattila PS, Rissanen M, Hansson J, Aamdal S, Bastholt L, von der Maase H, Schmidt H, Stierner U, Tarkkanen J. The prognostic role of blood lymphocyte subset distribution in patients with resected high-risk primary or regionally metastatic melanoma. J Immunother 2007; 30:773-9. [PMID: 17893569 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31814e0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the profile of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of patients with high-risk malignant melanoma is associated with prognosis. Blood samples were systematically obtained from 31 patients with high-risk melanoma eligible for the Nordic Melanoma Cooperative Group adjuvant interferon study. The frequencies of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were monitored by flow cytometry using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, and CD69 monoclonal antibodies. Patients with low proportions of CD3+CD4+CD69+ cells and of CD3+CD56+ cells before treatment had an improved disease-free survival compared to those with high proportions [77.7 vs. 16.8 mo, hazard ratio (HR) 0.25, confidence interval (CI) 0.09-0.71, P=0.005 and 77.2 vs. 16.0 mo, HR: 0.25, CI 0.086-0.73, P=0.001, respectively]. Low pretreatment levels of these cell populations also correlated with a better overall survival (79.2 vs. 22.6 mo, HR: 0.17, CI 0.05-0.52, P=0.0005 and 78.2 vs. 21.4 mo, HR: 0.2, CI 0.07-0.59, P=0.001, respectively). In the multivariate analysis both the pretreatment proportion of CD3+CD4+CD69+ cells (P=0.01, HR: 0.21, CI 0.07-0.67) and CD3+CD56+ cells (P=0.01, HR: 0.22, CI 0.062-0.65) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Our data show that both the proportions of CD3+CD4+CD69+ cells and of CD3+CD56+ cells seem to have a prognostic potential in the natural course of melanoma. These results need to be confirmed in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Hernberg
- Department of Oncology, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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