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Age at Menarche in Urban Girls Exposed to Lead in the Copper Basin, Poland. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040584. [PMID: 35453783 PMCID: PMC9025223 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lead negatively affects human growth and development. In this research, we aimed to assess the effect of elevated blood lead level on age at menarche (AM), controlling for body mass index (BMI) and estimated fatness. The sample included 490 girls aged 7−16 examined in Polkowice town (Copper Basin, Poland) in 2008. Measurements included height, weight, skinfold thicknesses and estimated percentage of body fat. AM was assessed using the status quo method. Blood samples were taken for lead level assessment. Two groups were defined based on the median blood lead level for the total sample of children (3.7 µg/dL). Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between AM and independent variables. The results indicated that menarche in the higher blood lead level group was significantly later compared to the lower blood lead level group (p < 0.01). This relationship remained only marginally significant when BMI (p < 0.10), sum of skinfolds (p < 0.09) or percentage of fat (p < 0.08) were controlled. The results revealed that a lower blood lead level (3.7 µg/dL) than the currently acceptable threshold (5 µg/dL) is related to a later AM; however, this relationship is moderated by body fatness, which may decrease its significance.
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Signes-Pastor AJ, Desai G, García-Villarino M, Karagas MR, Kordas K. Exposure to a mixture of metals and growth indicators in 6-11-year-old children from the 2013-16 NHANES. EXPOSURE AND HEALTH 2021; 13:173-184. [PMID: 34151044 PMCID: PMC8210664 DOI: 10.1007/s12403-020-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and fluoride (F) exposure during childhood is of concern owing to their toxicity. Also, evidence suggests that high and low exposure levels to manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se) during this vulnerable period are associated with an increased risk of adverse health effects. A reduced growth is associated with high Pb and F exposure; however, little is known about their impact on children's body size, and there is a lack of consensus on the effects of Hg, Mn, and Se exposure on children's anthropometric measures. This is particularly true for childhood metal co-exposures at levels relevant to the general population. We investigated the joint effects of exposure to a metal mixture (Pb, Mn, Hg, and Se in blood and F in plasma) on 6-11-year-old US children's anthropometry (n = 1,634). Median F, Pb, Mn, Hg, and Se concentrations were 0.3 μmol/L, 0.5 μg/dL, 10.2 μg/L, 0.3 μg/L, and 178.0 μg/L, respectively. The joint effects of the five metals were modeled using Bayesian kernel machine and linear regressions. Pb and Mn showed opposite directions of associations with all outcome measured, where Pb was inversely associated with anthropometry. For body mass index and waist circumference, the effect estimates for Pb and Mn appeared stronger at high and low concentrations of the other metals of the mixture, respectively. Our findings suggest that metal co-exposures may influence children's body mass and linear growth indicators, and that such relations may differ by the exposure levels of the components of the metal mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gauri Desai
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Miguel García-Villarino
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology- IUOPA-CIBERESP, Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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Uche UI, Suzuki S, Fulda KG, Zhou Z. Environment-wide association study on childhood obesity in the U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110109. [PMID: 32841636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a national public health issue with increasing prevalence. It has been linked to diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, with more recent evidence that it could also result from environmental factors. Studies linking it to environmental factors are limited, unsystematic, incomprehensive, and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To conduct an environment-wide association study (EWAS) to comprehensively investigate all the environmental factors available in a nationally representative sample of children to determine factors associated with childhood obesity. METHODS We utilized the 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets and included all children/adolescents (6-17 years). Obesity was measured using body mass index and waist to height ratio. A multinomial and binary logistic regression were used adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, creatinine, calorie intake, physical activity, screen time, limitation to physical activities, and socioeconomic status. We then controlled for multiple hypothesis testing and validated our findings on a different cohort of children. RESULTS We found that metals such as beryllium (OR: 3.305 CI: 1.460-7.479) and platinum (OR: 1.346 CI: 1.107-1.636); vitamins such as gamma-tocopherol (OR: 8.297 CI: 5.683-12.114) and delta-tocopherol (OR: 1.841 CI:1.476-2.297); heterocyclic aromatic amines such as 2-Amino-9H-pyrido (2,3-b) indole (OR: 1.323 CI: 1.083-1.617) and 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyriodo(2,3-b)indole (OR: 2.799 CI: 1.442-5.433); polycyclic aromatic amines such as 9- fluorene (OR: 1.509 CI: 1.230-1.851) and 4-phenanthrene (OR: 2.828 CI: 1.632-4.899); and caffeine metabolites such as 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (OR: 1.22 CI: 1.029-1.414) and 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (OR: 1.258 CI: 1.075-1.473) were positively and significantly associated with childhood obesity. CONCLUSION Following the unique concept of EWAS, certain environmental factors were associated with childhood obesity. Further studies are required to confirm these associations while investigating their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma Igara Uche
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly G Fulda
- Department of Family Medicine and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine; North Texas Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (NorTex) University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Kuang W, Chen Z, Shi K, Sun H, Li H, Huang L, Bi J. Adverse health effects of lead exposure on physical growth, erythrocyte parameters and school performances for school-aged children in eastern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106130. [PMID: 32971417 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study with 395 completely matched student samples enrolled from a public primary school in Nanjing of eastern China, including questionnaires, blood samples, growth indexes and school performances, all of which were used for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and general linear model (GLM). The results showed that factors, such as gender, age, parents' education, residential passive smoking and picky eaters, had significant impacts on the blood lead levels (BPbs). As for the linear and non-linear dose-response relationship between BPbs and erythrocyte parameters, we found a positive association between BPbs and red blood cell count (RBC count) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) but a negative association between BPbs and hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). When BPbs increased by 10 μg/L, the RBC count increased by 0.18 × 1012/L, while HGB and HCT decreased by 1.19 g/L and 0.41% for boys, respectively. As for girls, corresponding increases in RBC count was 0.05 × 1012/L, while HGB and HCT decreased by 0.82 g/L and 0.23%. Meanwhile, for both boys and girls, MCHC increased by 2.55 g/L, while MCV and MCH levels decreased by 0.41 fL and 0.12 pg each. Furthermore, a remarkable adverse effect (p < 0.05) was observed on children's school performances as a result of increased BPbs. As BPbs increased by 10 μg/L, children's scores for Chinese, Math and English decreased by 0.42 points, 0.39 points and 0.87 points, respectively. In summary, our study indicated that lead exposure can have adverse health effects on children's erythrocyte parameters, BMI, and school performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhaofang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Kexin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, P.O. Box 1000, 61 Rt. 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Klis K, Wronka I. Associations between childhood and adolescence exposure to air pollution and adult height in polish women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109965. [PMID: 32739685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne substances harmful to health during pre- and postnatal stage may significantly affect the correct development of organs and systems. Many studies analyze the relationship between air quality and health, but data on the impact of air pollution on human biological development are scanty. The aim of the study was to assess the relationships between adult body height and air quality in the place of residence during childhood and adolescence. The parameters measured included absolute stature (cm) and relative stature defined as a percentage of mean stature of both parents. The analysis covered data collected from 1257 women. Subject's height was measured. Data on parental height were obtained using a questionnaire. The level of each analysed environmental pollution in the place of residence during childhood and adolescence: particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric dioxide (NO2) and benzene (C6H6) in the place of residence during childhood and adolescence was determined on the basis of the data made available by the Polish Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection. Results of our study show that mean stature decreases with growing air pollution level. Significant differences were observed both in absolute stature and relative stature (expressed as percentage of mean stature of both parents) depending on PM10 and PM2.5 levels in place of residence during childhood and adolescence as well as on the total index of air quality. The differences remain statistically significant also after adjustment for the degree of urbanisation of the place of residence and factors related to socio-economic status. Our findings suggest that air pollution level in the place of residence during childhood and adolescence has significant impact on the children growth, potentially leading to worse health status later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klis
- Department of Human Biology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Wronka
- Department of Anthropology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Vigeh M, Yokoyama K, Matsukawa T, Shinohara A, Ohtani K, Shariat M. Hair Metal Levels and Childhood Weight Gain. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:1510-1519. [PMID: 33083328 PMCID: PMC7554378 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i8.3895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to toxic metals remains a public health problem with lifelong impacts on childhood growth and development. We aimed to investigate metals effects on preschool children’s anthropometric variables. Methods: The study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, from Jul 2013 to Mar 2016. We measured scalp hair metal concentrations (lead, cadmium, arsenic, zinc, manganese, and cobalt), using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, in 207 preschool children’s (36 to 72 months old). Results: A significant negative correlation between children’s hair lead levels and children’s weight was found (r= −0.178, P<0.05). Linear regression analysis confirmed the relationship when adjusted for the confounders, including children’s age, sex, height, family income, and maternal education (β= −0.191; t= −3.426, P< 0.01). The ANOVA analysis showed a significant (P<0.01) difference between hair lead level and children’s weight-for-age percentiles. Totally and separately, in almost all weight percentiles, hair lead levels were higher in girls than boys. Conclusion: The present study on Iranian children showed the current levels of lead exposure might negatively influence on children growth, with higher risk for girls than boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Vigeh
- Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shinohara
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Ohtani
- Occupational Epidemiology Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Mamak Shariat
- Maternal, Fetal, and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Association between urine lead levels and cardiovascular disease risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and young adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:248-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Related Risk Factors among Thai Children Residing in a Fishing Community. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7040054. [PMID: 31614792 PMCID: PMC6958338 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored environmental and behavioral factors associated with elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in 311 children (151 girls and 160 boys), aged 3–7 years, who lived in a coastal fishing community of the Pakpoon Municipality, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. The geometric mean for blood Pb was 2.81 µg/dL, ranging between 0.03 and 26.40 µg/dL. The percentage of high blood Pb levels, defined as blood Pb ≥ 5 µg/dL, was 10.0% in boys and 13.9% in girls. Parental occupation in producing fishing nets with lead weights was associated with a marked increase in the prevalence odds ratio (POR) for high blood Pb (POR 17.54, 95%; CI: 7.093, 43.390; p < 0.001), while milk consumption was associated with 61% reduction in the POR for high blood Pb (POR 0.393, 95%; CI: 0.166, 0.931; p = 0.034). High blood Pb was associated with an increased risk for abnormal growth (POR 2.042, 95%; CI: 0.999, 4.174; p = 0.050). In contrast, milk consumption was associated with a 43% reduction in POR for abnormal growth (POR 0.573, 95%; CI: 0.337, 0.976; p = 0.040). After adjustment for age, the mean (standard error of mean, SE) values for blood Pb were 6.22 (0.50) μg/dL in boys and 6.72 (0.49) μg/dL in girls of parents with an occupation in making fishing nets with lead weights. These mean blood Pb values were respectively 2.3 and 2.5 times higher than similarly aged boys and girls of parents with other occupations. These data are essential for setting surveillance and programmes to prevent toxic Pb exposure, especially in children of coastal fishing communities in southern Thailand.
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Deierlein AL, Teitelbaum SL, Windham GC, Pinney SM, Galvez MP, Caldwell KL, Jarrett JM, Gajek R, Kushi LH, Biro F, Wolff MS. Lead exposure during childhood and subsequent anthropometry through adolescence in girls. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:310-315. [PMID: 30503317 PMCID: PMC6366327 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cross-sectional studies suggest that postnatal blood lead (PbB) concentrations are negatively associated with child growth. Few studies prospectively examined this association in populations with lower PbB concentrations. We investigated longitudinal associations of childhood PbB concentrations and subsequent anthropometric measurements in a multi-ethnic cohort of girls. METHODS Data were from The Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program at three sites in the United States (U.S.): New York City, Cincinnati, and San Francisco Bay Area. Girls were enrolled at ages 6-8 years in 2004-2007. Girls with PbB concentrations collected at ≤10 years old (mean 7.8 years, standard deviation (SD) 0.82) and anthropometry collected at ≥3 follow-up visits were included (n = 683). The median PbB concentration was 0.99 μg/d (10th percentile = 0.59 μg/dL and 90th percentile = 2.00 μg/dL) and the geometric mean was 1.03 μg/dL (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.99, 1.06). For analyses, PbB concentrations were dichotomized as <1 μg/dL (n = 342) and ≥1 μg/dL (n = 341). Anthropometric measurements of height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and percent body fat (%BF) were collected at enrollment and follow-up visits through 2015. Linear mixed effects regression estimated how PbB concentrations related to changes in girls' measurements from ages 7-14 years. RESULTS At 7 years, mean difference in height was -2.0 cm (95% CI: -3.0, -1.0) for girls with ≥1 μg/dL versus <1 μg/dL PbB concentrations; differences persisted, but were attenuated, with age to -1.5 cm (95% CI: -2.5, -0.4) at 14 years. Mean differences for BMI, WC, and BF% at 7 years between girls with ≥1 μg/dL versus <1 μg/dL PbB concentrations were -0.7 kg/m2 (95% CI: -1.2, -0.2), -2.2 cm (95% CI: -3.8, -0.6), and -1.8% (95% CI: -3.2, -0.4), respectively. Overall, these differences generally persisted with advancing age and at 14 years, differences were -0.8 kg/m2 (95% CI: -1.5, -0.02), -2.9 cm (95% CI: -4.8, -0.9), and -1.7% (95% CI: -3.1, -0.4) for BMI, WC, and BF%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that higher concentrations of PbB during childhood, even though relatively low by screening standards, may be inversely associated with anthropometric measurements in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Deierlein
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, NY, NY, USA.
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Gayle C Windham
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Pinney
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maida P Galvez
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen L Caldwell
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffery M Jarrett
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ryszard Gajek
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | | | - Frank Biro
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY, USA
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Reilly R, Spalding S, Walsh B, Wainer J, Pickens S, Royster M, Villanacci J, Little BB. Chronic Environmental and Occupational Lead Exposure and Kidney Function among African Americans: Dallas Lead Project II. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122875. [PMID: 30558242 PMCID: PMC6313544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: We examined the effects of lead on kidney function in occupationally and environmentally exposed adults from a Dallas lead smelter community that was the site of an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund clean-up. All subjects were African Americans—a racial group that bears a disproportionate burden of kidney disease. Methods: A two-phase health screening was conducted. Phase II included a physical examination and laboratory tests. Study subjects were African Americans residents, aged ≥19 years to ≤89 years. Of 778 subjects, 726 were environmentally exposed and 52 were both occupationally and environmentally exposed. The effects of lead exposure on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were examined in three groups: male and female smelter-community residents, as well as males with both occupational and environmental exposure. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the dependence of eGFR on log (blood lead level), duration of residence in the community, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Results: There was a statistically significant negative effect on kidney function for all three groups. Comparison of female and male residents showed a slightly larger negative effect of blood lead level on eGFR in females versus males, with the largest effect seen in male smelter-working residents. For each unit increase (log10 10 µg/dL = 1) in blood lead level, age-adjusted eGFR was reduced 21.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in male residents, 25.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in female residents and 59.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 in male smelter-working residents. Conclusions: Chronic lead exposure is associated with worsening kidney function in both African American male and female residents, as well as male workers in Dallas smelter communities. This effect is slightly, but not statistically significantly, worse in female residents than male residents, and significantly worse in males that both worked and resided in the smelter community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Reilly
- Nephrology Division, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
- Medical Service, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | | | - Brad Walsh
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Jeanne Wainer
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | - Sue Pickens
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
| | | | - John Villanacci
- Environmental and Injury Epidemiology and Toxicology Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX 78756 USA.
| | - Bert B Little
- Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
- Medical Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216, USA.
- Department of Health Management and Systems Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Lead Environmental Pollution and Childhood Lead Poisoning at Ban Thi Commune, Bac Kan Province, Vietnam. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5156812. [PMID: 30581854 PMCID: PMC6276492 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5156812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lead poisoning is a public health problem in many areas of the world. Children are at particularly high risk for adverse effects of lead exposure; even at low concentrations, lead can affect physical, mental, and behavioral development. Children living near lead-zinc mines are at high risk for environmental lead poisoning, especially the contaminated soil. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in Ban Thi Commune, northern Vietnam. 195 children (92,9% participation) aged 3-14 years old (average: 7.69 ± 2.90) were randomly selected from a list of all children prepared by the village health collaborators. 109 (55.90%) were boys and 86 (44.10%) were girls. The research measures were the lead concentration in native soil and the children's total blood lead concentration determined by the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The results showed that lead content in soil was many times higher than American Environmental Protection Agency and Vietnam standards (average 2980.23 ± 6092.84 mg/kg dry weight of soil (range 80.05 – 33820.62)). Average blood lead levels for children were 15.42 ± 6.45 μg/dL (95% CI: 14.50 -16.33 μg/dL). The percentage of children with lead levels >10 μg/dL (value considered to be lead poisoning for children according to the Ministry of Health of Vietnam) was 79.49% of the total number of children. None of the children in this study had blood lead level (BLL) that required chelation treatment according to Vietnam MOH guideline (BLL ≥45 μg/dL). There is weakly evidence that lead exposure relates to the physical development of children. Children with low lead concentrations (less than 10 μg/dL) had height and weight of 1.47-3.51 cm and 1.19-2.81 kg, greater than those with BLL >10 μg/dL (p>0.05).
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A Systematic Review of the Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Chemical Factors, and Climate Changes on Children’s Height. HEALTH SCOPE 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Little BB, Ignasiak Z, Sławinska T, Posłuszny P, Malina RM, Wiegman DL. Blood lead levels, pulmonary function and agility in Polish schoolchildren. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:723-728. [PMID: 29082756 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1387284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) are associated with lead (Pb) exposure. AIM The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of Pb on FVC and the shuttle run performance. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data were available for 184 male and 189 female Polish schoolchildren aged 10-15 years. Regression analysis was performed of shuttle run performance (dependent) on Pb and FVC. RESULTS Shuttle run time increased by 1.75 (± 0.77) and 1.97 (± 0.77) seconds for each 10 µg/dL increase in Pb blood among males and females, respectively. Higher shuttle run times indicate poorer performance. Average unadjusted blood Pb level in the sample was 5.27 μg/dL (± 0.19 SE) and 3.82 μg/dL (± 0.10 SE), respectively. Path analysis was used to assess the association of Pb level with shuttle run time. Blood Pb had a significant negative effect on VC (B= -13.60 ± 3.28 [SE], p < 0.0001) and FVC (B = -13.08 ± 3.27, p < 0.0001). FVC had a small but significant effect on shuttle run time (B = -0.04 ± 0.007, p < 0.0001). Pb had a significant effect on the residual of shuttle run time among males (B = 1.59 ± 0.75, p < 0.03) and females after the effect of FVC was removed (B = 1.49 ± 0.73, p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Thus, Pb had direct and indirect effects that increased shuttle run time, i.e. negatively affected performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert B Little
- a School of Public Health and Information Sciences , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.,b Department of Anthropology , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- c Department of Biostructure , University School of Physical Education , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Teresa Sławinska
- c Department of Biostructure , University School of Physical Education , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Pawel Posłuszny
- c Department of Biostructure , University School of Physical Education , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - R M Malina
- a School of Public Health and Information Sciences , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.,b Department of Anthropology , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.,d Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas-Austin , Bay City , TX , USA
| | - David L Wiegman
- e School of Medicine , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
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Montrose L, Faulk C, Francis J, Dolinoy D. Perinatal lead (Pb) exposure results in sex and tissue-dependent adult DNA methylation alterations in murine IAP transposons. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:540-550. [PMID: 28833526 PMCID: PMC5784428 DOI: 10.1002/em.22119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal data suggest that adult chronic disease is influenced by early-life exposure-induced changes to the epigenome. Previously, we observed that perinatal lead (Pb) exposure results in persistent murine metabolic- and activity-related effects. Using phylogenetic and DNA methylation analysis, we have also identified novel intracisternal A particle (IAP) retrotransposons exhibiting regions of variable methylation as candidate loci for environmental effects on the epigenome. Here, we now evaluate brain and kidney DNA methylation profiles of four representative IAPs in adult mice exposed to human physiologically relevant levels of Pb two weeks prior to mating through lactation. When IAPs across the genome were evaluated globally, average (sd) methylation levels were 92.84% (3.74) differing by tissue (P < 0.001), but not sex or dose. By contrast, the four individual IAPs displayed tissue-specific Pb and sex effects. Medium Pb-exposed mice had 3.86% less brain methylation at IAP 110 (P < 0.01), while high Pb-exposed mice had 2.83% less brain methylation at IAP 236 (P = 0.01) and 1.77% less at IAP 506 (P = 0.05). Individual IAP DNA methylation differed by sex for IAP 110 in the brain and kidney, IAP 236 in the kidney, and IAP 1259 in the kidney. Using Tomtom, we identified three binding motifs that matched to each of our novel IAPs impacted by Pb, one of which (HMGA2) has been linked to metabolic-related conditions in both mice and humans. Thus, these recently identified IAPs display tissue-specific environmental lability as well as sex-specific differences supporting an epigenetic link between early exposure to Pb and later-in-life health outcomes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:540-550, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Montrose
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan
| | - C. Faulk
- Animal Science, University of Minnesota
| | - J. Francis
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan
| | - D.C. Dolinoy
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan
- Corresponding author: Dana C. Dolinoy, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, Tel: 734 647-3155,
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Burns JS, Williams PL, Lee MM, Revich B, Sergeyev O, Hauser R, Korrick SA. Peripubertal blood lead levels and growth among Russian boys. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 106:53-59. [PMID: 28599171 PMCID: PMC5561550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood blood lead levels (BLL) have been associated with growth impairment. OBJECTIVES We assessed associations of peripubertal BLL with adolescent growth and near adult height in a longitudinal cohort of Russian boys. METHODS 481 boys were enrolled at ages 8-9years and followed annually to age 18. At enrollment, BLL was measured, and height, weight, and pubertal staging were obtained annually during 10years of follow-up. Mixed effects models were used to assess the associations of BLL with longitudinal age-adjusted World Health OrganizationZ-scores for height (HT-Z) and body mass index (BMI-Z), and annual height velocity (HV). Interactions between boys' age and BLL on growth outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS The median (range) BLL was 3.0 (0.5-31.0) μg/dL. At age 18years, 79% of boys had achieved near adult height (HV <1.0cm/year), and means (SD) for HT-Z and BMI-Z were 0.15 (0.92) and -0.32 (1.24). Over 10years of follow-up, after covariate adjustment, boys with higher (≥5μg/dL) BLL compared with lower BLL were shorter (adjusted mean difference in HT-Z=-0.43, 95% CI -0.60, -0.25, p-value <0.001), translating to a 2.5cm lower height at age 18years. The decrement in height for boys with higher BLL was most pronounced at 12 to 15years of age (interaction p=0.03). Boys with higher BLL were leaner (adjusted mean difference in BMI-Z=-0.22, 95% CI: -0.45, 0.01, p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Higher peripubertal BLLs were associated with shorter height through age 18years, suggesting a persistent effect of lead on linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Burns
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary M Lee
- Pediatric Endocrine Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 N Lake Avenue, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Boris Revich
- Institute for Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Nakhimovsky Prosp, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Oleg Sergeyev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow 119333, Russia; Chapaevsk Medical Association, Meditsinskaya Str., 3a, Chapaevsk, Samara Region 446100, Russia
| | - Russ Hauser
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan A Korrick
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kopeć A, Sikora E, Piątkowska E, Borczak B, Czech T. Possible protective role of elderberry fruit lyophilizate against selected effects of cadmium and lead intoxication in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8837-8848. [PMID: 26810666 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was the investigation whether the administration of the elderberry fruit lyophilizate under exposure to cadmium(Cd) and (Pb) lead may protect against some effects of their toxic action in Wistar rats. Rats were fed with diets containing Cd (Cd 0.025 mg/kg b.m.) or Pb (Pb 0.025 mg /kg b.m.) with the addition of the freeze-dried elderberry fruits (BEF) in the amount of 5 %. BEF added to the diet with Cd significantly decreased the activity of AST and ALT compared to the rats fed with the control diet with Cd (C + Cd). Activity of glutathione peroxidase was significantly higher in the blood of rats fed with BEF diet compared with animals fed with BEF + Cd, BEF + Pb, and C + Pb diets. Addition of BEF to the diets with Cd or Pb significantly decreased the uric acid concentration compared to the level of this parameter in the serum of animals fed with control diets containing Cd or Pb. The level of the Cd significantly decreased in the livers of rodents fed with BEF + Cd diet as compared to the concentration of this metal in the livers of rats fed with C + Cd diet. Elderberry fruit lyophilizate did not protect against the increased concentration of Cd or Pb in kidneys and bones of experimental rats; however, it improved the function of livers and kidneys, especially of rats intoxicated with Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kopeć
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Sikora
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Piątkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Borczak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Czech
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 30-120, Krakow, Poland
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Brink LA, Talbott EO, Marsh GM, Sharma R, Benson S, Wu WC, Duan C. Revisiting Nonresidential Environmental Exposures and Childhood Lead Poisoning in the US: Findings from Kansas, 2000-2005. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 2016:8791686. [PMID: 27042184 PMCID: PMC4793145 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8791686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although blood lead levels (BLLs) in US children have dramatically declined over the past 40 years, there remain pockets of children living in areas with elevated BLLs. While some increases (≥ 10 μg/dL) may be associated with legacy lead paint, ambient air lead may be contributing to the problem. A deidentified dataset of information on over 60,000 Kansas children under 3 years of age who were tested for BLL was provided through the Kansas Environmental Public Health Tracking Network for the period 2000-2005. Using ArcGIS, we calculated distance (in miles) from a lead-emitting industry referred to as a toxic release inventory (TRI) site. The USEPA TRI database tracks the management of certain toxic chemicals that may pose a threat to human health. US facilities in different industry sectors must report annually amount of substances like lead into the environment including their exact location. Distance from a TRI site was inversely related to BLL after controlling for area-level poverty and pre-1950 housing. The results of our evaluation indicate there is a significant relationship between proximity to lead industry and childhood BLLs. Proximity to sources of lead emissions should be evaluated as a possible factor when identifying children for targeted BLL testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ann Brink
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Evelyn O. Talbott
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gary M. Marsh
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Sharma
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Benson
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wen Chi Wu
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chunzhe Duan
- University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Faulk C, Barks A, Sánchez BN, Zhang Z, Anderson OS, Peterson KE, Dolinoy DC. Perinatal lead (Pb) exposure results in sex-specific effects on food intake, fat, weight, and insulin response across the murine life-course. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104273. [PMID: 25105421 PMCID: PMC4126699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental lead (Pb) exposure has been associated with lower body weight in human infants and late onset obesity in mice. We determined the association of perinatal Pb exposure in mice with changes in obesity-related phenotypes into adulthood. Mice underwent exposure via maternal drinking water supplemented with 0 (control), 2.1 (low), 16 (medium), or 32 (high) ppm Pb-acetate two weeks prior to mating through lactation. Offspring were phenotyped at ages 3, 6, and 9 months for energy expenditure, spontaneous activity, food intake, body weight, body composition, and at age 10 months for glucose tolerance. Data analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for litter effects. Exposed females and males exhibited increased energy expenditure as compared to controls (p<0.0001 for both). In females, horizontal activity differed significantly from controls (p = 0.02) over the life-course. Overall, food intake increased in exposed females and males (p<0.0008 and p<0.0001, respectively) with significant linear trends at 9 months in females (p = 0.01) and 6 months in males (p<0.01). Body weight was significantly increased in males at the medium and high exposures (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006). Total body fat differed among exposed females and males (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Insulin response was significantly increased in medium exposure males (p<0.05). Perinatal Pb exposure at blood lead levels between 4.1 µg/dL and 32 µg/dL is associated with increased food intake, body weight, total body fat, energy expenditure, activity, and insulin response in mice. Physiological effects of developmental Pb exposure persist and vary according to sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Faulk
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amanda Barks
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brisa N. Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Olivia S. Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Anthropologists have long known that human activity driven by culture changes the environment. This is apparent in the archaeological record and through the study of the modern environment. Perhaps the largest change since the paleolithic era is the organization of human populations in cities. New environments can reshape human biology through evolution as shown by the evolution of the hominid lineage. Evolution is not the only process capable of reshaping our biology. Some changes in our human biology are adaptive and evolutionary while others are pathological. What changes in human biology may be wrought by the modern urban environment? One significant new change in the environment is the introduction of pollutants largely through urbanization. Pollutants can affect human biology in myriad ways. Evidence shows that human growth, reproduction, and cognitive functioning can be altered by some pollutants, and altered in different ways depending on the pollutant. Thus, pollutants have significance for human biologists and anthropologists generally. Further, they illustrate the bio-cultural interaction characterizing human change. Humans adapt by changing the environment, a cultural process, and then change biologically to adjust to that new environment. This ongoing, interactive process is a fundamental characteristic of human change over the millennia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Schell
- Department of Anthropology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, 12222, USA
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20
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Anticona C, San Sebastian M. Anemia and malnutrition in indigenous children and adolescents of the Peruvian Amazon in a context of lead exposure: a cross-sectional study. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:22888. [PMID: 24560254 PMCID: PMC3925814 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous children and adolescents of the Peruvian Amazon live in precarious conditions that could increase the risk of malnutrition. A particular problem in the Corrientes river communities is the high exposure to lead among children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the nutritional status of children and adolescents in indigenous communities in the Corrientes river basin and examine risk factors for anemia, stunting, underweight, and wasting. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional assessment in children and adolescents aged 0-17 years from six communities (n=330). Data collection included measurement of hemoglobin levels, anthropometrics, blood lead levels (BLLs); a parental questionnaire including demographic and dwelling information; parents' occupation; and the child's duration of breastfeeding and food consumption. Analysis included univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, anemia prevalence was 51.0%, stunting (proxy for chronic malnutrition) 50.0%, and underweight 20.0%. Bivariate analysis showed that anemia and underweight prevalence was higher in the 0-4 years group (p<0.05). No association was found between anemia, stunting, or underweight with gender, community exposure to oil activity, or consumption of river water. Stunting prevalence was higher in the group whose BLLs were >5 µg/dL (p<0.05). In the logistic regression analysis, no variable was associated with anemia or underweight. The group 5-11 years and >12 years had 1.9 and 3.1 times higher risk of stunting than the group under five years, respectively. Children and adolescents with BLLs >5 µg/dL had twice the risk of stunting compared to those with lower BLLs. CONCLUSIONS Half of the study population was found with anemia and stunting. Anemia was more prevalent in the 0- to 5-year age group and stunting in the 12- to 17-year group. The association between stunting and BLLs might be attributed to a direct effect of lead on human growth. Also, poor nutrition and other socioeconomic-related factors may contribute to the simultaneous existence of stunting and elevated BLLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Anticona
- Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Fundación Cayetano Heredia, Casa Honorio Delgado, Lima, Perú;
| | - Miguel San Sebastian
- Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Salinas-Miranda AA, Storch EA, Nelson R, Evans-Baltodano C. Challenges for Evidence-Based Care for Children With Developmental Delays in Nicaragua. J Cogn Psychother 2014; 28:226-237. [PMID: 32759158 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.28.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of successful models for promoting early childhood development and for effectively addressing developmental delays is available, yet the adoption of evidence-based strategies is limited in low-income countries. Nicaragua, a low-income country on the Central American isthmus, faces policy-, organizational-, and community-level obstacles which prevent families from receiving the benefits of early child development programs as well as other necessary services for children at risk of or with developmental delays. Failing to address developmental delays in a timely manner leads to detrimental social and economic consequences for families and society at large. In this article, we examine existing information on early childhood development in Nicaragua and discuss some programmatic implications for the recognition and early intervention of developmental delays in Nicaragua.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric A Storch
- University of South Florida.,College of Medicine, American University, Nicaragua
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Scinicariello F, Buser MC, Mevissen M, Portier CJ. Blood lead level association with lower body weight in NHANES 1999-2006. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:516-23. [PMID: 24099784 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead exposure is associated with low birth-weight. The objective of this study is to determine whether lead exposure is associated with lower body weight in children, adolescents and adults. METHODS We analyzed data from NHANES 1999-2006 for participants aged ≥3 using multiple logistic and multivariate linear regression. Using age- and sex-standardized BMI Z-scores, overweight and obese children (ages 3-19) were classified by BMI ≥85 th and ≥95 th percentiles, respectively. The adult population (age ≥20) was classified as overweight and obese with BMI measures of 25-29.9 and ≥30, respectively. Blood lead level (BLL) was categorized by weighted quartiles. RESULTS Multivariate linear regressions revealed a lower BMI Z-score in children and adolescents when the highest lead quartile was compared to the lowest lead quartile (β (SE)=-0.33 (0.07), p<0.001), and a decreased BMI in adults (β (SE)=-2.58 (0.25), p<0.001). Multiple logistic analyses in children and adolescents found a negative association between BLL and the percentage of obese and overweight with BLL in the highest quartile compared to the lowest quartile (OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.30-0.59; and OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.52-0.88, respectively). Adults in the highest lead quartile were less likely to be obese (OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.35-0.50) compared to those in the lowest lead quartile. Further analyses with blood lead as restricted cubic splines, confirmed the dose-relationship between blood lead and body weight outcomes. CONCLUSIONS BLLs are associated with lower body mass index and obesity in children, adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scinicariello
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Fleisch AF, Burns JS, Williams PL, Lee MM, Sergeyev O, Korrick SA, Hauser R. Blood lead levels and serum insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations in peripubertal boys. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2013; 121:854-8. [PMID: 23632160 PMCID: PMC3702001 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1206105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood lead exposure has been associated with growth delay. However, the association between blood lead levels (BLLs) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has not been characterized in a large cohort with low-level lead exposure. METHODS We recruited 394 boys 8-9 years of age from an industrial Russian town in 2003-2005 and followed them annually thereafter. We used linear regression models to estimate the association of baseline BLLs with serum IGF-1 concentration at two follow-up visits (ages 10-11 and 12-13 years), adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic covariates. RESULTS At study entry, median BLL was 3 μg/dL (range, < 0.5-31 μg/dL), most boys (86%) were prepubertal, and mean ± SD height and BMI z-scores were 0.14 ± 1.0 and -0.2 ± 1.3, respectively. After adjustment for covariates, the mean follow-up IGF-1 concentration was 29.2 ng/mL lower (95% CI: -43.8, -14.5) for boys with high versus low BLL (≥ 5 μg/dL or < 5 μg/dL); this difference persisted after further adjustment for pubertal status. The association of BLL with IGF-1 was stronger for mid-pubertal than prepubertal boys (p = 0.04). Relative to boys with BLLs < 2 μg/dL, adjusted mean IGF-1 concentrations decreased by 12.8 ng/mL (95% CI: -29.9, 4.4) for boys with BLLs of 3-4 μg/dL; 34.5 ng/mL (95% CI: -53.1, -16.0) for BLLs 5-9 μg/dL; and 60.4 ng/mL (95% CI: -90.9, -29.9) for BLLs ≥ 10 μg/dL. CONCLUSIONS In peripubertal boys with low-level lead exposure, higher BLLs were associated with lower serum IGF-1. Inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-growth axis may be one possible pathway by which lead exposure leads to growth delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby F Fleisch
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Afeiche M, Peterson KE, Sánchez BN, Schnaas L, Cantonwine D, Ettinger AS, Solano-González M, Hernández-Avila M, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM. Windows of lead exposure sensitivity, attained height, and body mass index at 48 months. J Pediatr 2012; 160:1044-9. [PMID: 22284921 PMCID: PMC3360798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine longitudinal associations of prenatal, infancy, and early childhood lead exposure during sensitive periods with height and body mass index (BMI). STUDY DESIGN A total of 773 participants were recruited between 1994 and 2005 in Mexico City. Lead exposure history categories were constructed for the prenatal period (maternal patellar lead concentration) and for infancy and childhood (mean child blood lead concentration at birth to 24 months and 30-48 months, respectively). Linear regression models were used to study lead exposure history with height and BMI at 48 months. RESULTS Mean height at age 48 months was significantly lower in children with a blood lead level exceeding the median during infancy (-0.84 cm; 95% CI, -1.42 to -0.25) than in children with a level below the median. Prenatal lead exposure was not associated with height at 48 months. Results for attained BMI generally trended in the same direction as for height. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest an effect of lead exposure early in life on height attainment at 48 months, with the exposure window of greatest sensitivity in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Afeiche
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brisa N Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research on Public Health, National Institute of Perinatology, Mexico City, México
| | - David Cantonwine
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adrienne S Ettinger
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maritsa Solano-González
- Division of Statistics, Center for Surveys and Evaluation Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | | | - Howard Hu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Division of Statistics, Center for Surveys and Evaluation Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Sławińska T, Ignasiak Z, Little BB, Malina RM. Short‐term secular variation in menarche and blood lead concentration in school girls in the copper basin of southwestern poland: 1995 and 2007. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:587-94. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Sławińska
- Department of Biostructure, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zofia Ignasiak
- Department of Biostructure, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
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Afeiche M, Peterson KE, Sánchez BN, Cantonwine D, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Schnaas L, Ettinger AS, Hernández-Avila M, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM. Prenatal lead exposure and weight of 0- to 5-year-old children in Mexico city. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1436-41. [PMID: 21715242 PMCID: PMC3230436 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cumulative prenatal lead exposure, as measured by maternal bone lead burden, has been associated with smaller weight of offspring at birth and 1 month of age, but no study has examined whether this effect persists into early childhood. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association of perinatal maternal bone lead, a biomarker of cumulative prenatal lead exposure, with children's attained weight over time from birth to 5 years of age. METHODS Children were weighed at birth and at several intervals up until 60 months. Maternal tibia and patella lead were measured at 1 month postpartum using in vivo K-shell X-ray fluorescence. We used varying coefficient models with random effects to assess the association of maternal bone lead with weight trajectories of 522 boys and 477 girls born between 1994 and 2005 in Mexico City. RESULTS After controlling for breast-feeding duration, maternal anthropometry, and sociodemographic characteristics, a 1-SD increase in maternal patella lead (micrograms per gram) was associated with a 130.9-g decrease in weight [95% confidence interval (CI), -227.4 to -34.4 g] among females and a 13.0-g nonsignificant increase in weight among males (95% CI, -73.7 to 99.9 g) at 5 years of age. These associations were similar after controlling for concurrent blood lead levels between birth and 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Maternal bone lead was associated with lower weight over time among female but not male children up to 5 years of age. Given that the association was evident for patellar but not tibial lead levels, and was limited to females, results need to be confirmed in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Afeiche
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Malina RM, Peña Reyes ME, Chavez GB, Little BB. Secular change in height and weight of indigenous school children in Oaxaca, Mexico, between the 1970s and 2007. Ann Hum Biol 2011; 38:691-701. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2011.608379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Tarleton State University,
Stephenville, TX, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Peña Reyes
- Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico
| | | | - Bertis B. Little
- Departments of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering, and Academic Affairs, Tarleton State University,
Stephenville, TX, USA
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Sanna E, Vallascas E. Hair lead levels to evaluate the subclinical impact of lead on growth in Sardinian children (Italy). Am J Hum Biol 2011; 23:740-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Shire JD, Marsh GM, Talbott EO, Sharma RK. Advances and current themes in occupational health and environmental public health surveillance. Annu Rev Public Health 2011; 32:109-32. [PMID: 21219165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-082310-152811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The essential purpose of public health surveillance is to monitor important health outcomes and risk factors and provide actionable information to practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and the public to prevent or ameliorate exposure, disease, and death. Although separate 1970s-era acts of Congress made possible the creation of modern occupational health and environmental public health surveillance, these acts also led to fragmented responsibilities and unconnected data across federal agencies. Having a well-defined purpose for systematically collecting relevant data is key, and state and local programs play a crucial role in conducting meaningful surveillance and connecting it with evidence-based outreach and interventions. Congress has directed monies to environmental public health surveillance and capacity has improved, yet no analagous funding has occurred to address the fragmentation found within occupational health surveillance. This article provides a review of the advances and important themes within occupational health and environmental public health surveillance over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Shire
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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Burns JS, Williams PL, Sergeyev O, Korrick S, Lee MM, Revich B, Altshul L, Del Prato JT, Humblet O, Patterson DG, Turner WE, Needham LL, Starovoytov M, Hauser R. Serum dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls are associated with growth among Russian boys. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e59-68. [PMID: 21187307 PMCID: PMC3010086 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the associations of serum dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with longitudinally assessed growth measurements among peripubertal Russian boys. METHODS A total of 499 boys from Chapaevsk, Russia, aged 8 to 9 years were enrolled in the study from 2003 to 2005 and were followed prospectively for 3 years. Blood samples were collected and physical examinations were conducted at entry and repeated at annual study visits. Multivariate mixed-effects regression models for repeated measures were used to examine the associations of serum dioxins and PCBs with longitudinal measurements of BMI, height, and height velocity. RESULTS Serum dioxin (total 2005 toxic equivalency [TEQ] median: 21.1 pg/g lipid) and PCBs (median sum of PCBs: 250 ng/g lipid) were measured in 468 boys. At study entry and during 3 years of follow-up, >50% of the boys had age-adjusted BMI and height z scores within 1 SD of World Health Organization-standardized mean values for age. Boys in the highest exposure quintile of the sum of dioxin and PCB concentrations and total TEQs had a significant decrease in mean BMI z scores of 0.67 for dioxins and TEQs and 1.04 for PCBs, compared with boys in the lowest exposure quintile. Comparison of the highest versus the lowest quintile revealed that higher serum PCB concentrations were associated with significantly lower height z scores (mean z-score decrease: 0.41) and height velocity (mean decrease: 0.19 cm/year) after 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that exposures to dioxins and PCBs are associated with reduced growth during the peripubertal period and may compromise adult body mass, stature, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S. Burns
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, and
| | - Paige L. Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oleg Sergeyev
- Department of Physical Education and Health, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia; ,Chapaevsk Medical Association, Chapaevsk, Samara Region, Russia
| | - Susan Korrick
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, and ,Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary M. Lee
- Pediatric Endocrine Division, Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Boris Revich
- Centers for Demography and Human Ecology, Institute for Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa Altshul
- Environmental Health and Engineering, Inc, Needham, Massachusetts
| | - Julie T. Del Prato
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, and
| | - Olivier Humblet
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, and
| | | | - Wayman E. Turner
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Larry L. Needham
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Organic Analytical Toxicology Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | | | - Russ Hauser
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, and
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Hermanussen M, Godina E, Rühli F, Blaha P, Boldsen J, van Buuren S, MacIntyre M, Aßmann C, Ghosh A, de Stefano G, Sonkin V, Tresguerres J, Meigen C, Scheffler C, Geiger C, Lieberman L. Growth variation, final height and secular trend. Proceedings of the 17th Aschauer Soiree, 7th November 2009. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2010; 61:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reyes MEP, Chavez GB, Little BB, Malina RM. Community well-being and growth status of indigenous school children in rural Oaxaca, southern Mexico. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2010; 8:177-187. [PMID: 20579945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between community well-being based on an index of marginalization and growth status of indigenous rural school children in Oaxaca. METHODS Heights and weights of a cross-sectional sample of 11,454 children, 6-14 years, from schools for indigenous rural children (escuelas albergue) in 158 municipios in Oaxaca were measured in 2007. Tertiles of an index of marginalization were used to classify the 158 municipios into three categories of community well-being: lowest (highest marginalization), low, and moderate (lowest marginalization). Multivariate analysis of covariance, controlling for age, relative isolation and population size, was used to compare body size of children by category of community well-being. Contributions of marginalization, isolation and population size to variation in body size were estimated with sex-specific linear regression. RESULTS Children from municipios lowest in well-being were shorter and lighter than children from municipios low and moderate in well-being. Marginalization and relative isolation accounted for 23% (boys) and 21% (girls) of the variance in height and for 21% of the variance in weight of girls. Marginalization was the predictor of weight in boys (23%). CONCLUSION Community well-being was reflected in the growth status of rural indigenous school children. Compromised growth status was consistent with poor health and nutritional conditions that were and are characteristic of rural areas in the state of Oaxaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Peña Reyes
- Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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