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Xu B, Chen X, Lu F, Sun Y, Sun H, Zhang J, Shen L, Pan Q, Liu C, Zhang X. Comparative Genomics of Mycoplasma synoviae and New Targets for Molecular Diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:640067. [PMID: 33681335 PMCID: PMC7933220 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.640067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is an important pathogen of poultry, causing significant economic losses in this industry. Analysis of the unique genes and shared genes among different M. synoviae strains and among related species is helpful for studying the molecular pathogenesis of M. synoviae and provides valuable molecular diagnostic targets to facilitate the identification of M. synoviae species. We selected a total of 46 strains, including six M. synoviae strains, from 25 major animal (including avian) Mycoplasma species/subspecies that had complete genome sequences and annotation information published in GenBank, and used them for comparative genomic analysis. After analysis, 16 common genes were found in the 46 strains. Thirteen single-copy core genes and the 16s rRNA genes were used for genetic evolutionary analysis. M. synoviae was found to have a distant evolutionary relationship not only with other arthritis-causing mycoplasmas, but also with another major avian pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, that shares the major virulence factor vlhA with M. synoviae. Subsequently, six unique coding genes were identified as shared among these M. synoviae strains that are absent in other species with published genome sequences. Two of the genes were found to be located in the genetically stable regions of the genomes of M. synoviae and were determined to be present in all M. synoviae isolated strains (n = 20) and M. synoviae-positive clinical samples (n = 48) preserved in our laboratory. These two genes were used as molecular diagnostic targets for which SYBR green quantitative PCR detection methods were designed. The two quantitative PCR methods exhibited good reproducibility and high specificity when tested on positive plasmid controls and genomic DNA extracted from different M. synoviae strains, other major avian pathogenic bacteria/mycoplasmas, and low pathogenic Mycoplasma species. The detection limit for the two genes was 10 copies or less per reaction. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the quantitative PCR methods were both 100% based on testing chicken hock joint samples with positive or negative M. synoviae infection. This research provides a foundation for the study of species-specific differences and molecular diagnosis of M. synoviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Shen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunxing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Ishfaq M, Zhang W, Liu Y, Wang J, Wu Z, Shah SW, Li R, Miao Y, Chen C, Li J. Baicalin attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum-induced immune impairment in chicken bursa of fabricius through modulation of autophagy and inhibited inflammation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:880-890. [PMID: 32729138 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is the primary etiologic agent of chronic respiratory disease in poultry. However, the mechanism underlying MG-induced immune dysregulation in chicken is still elusive. Baicalin shows excellent anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-viral properties. In the present study, the preventive effects of baicalin against immune impairment in chicken bursa of fabricius (BF) were studied in an MG infection model. RESULTS Histopathological examination showed increased inflammatory cell infiltrations and fragmented nuclei in the model group. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the phenomenon of apoptosis in bursal cells, along with the deformation of mitochondrial membrane and swollen mitochondria in the model group. However, these abnormal morphological changes were partially alleviated by baicalin. Meanwhile, baicalin treatment attenuated the level of proinflammatory cytokines, and suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B expression at both protein and mRNA level. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling assay showed extensive apoptosis in BF in the model group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were upregulated in BF, while baicalin treatment significantly alleviated apoptosis in BF. In addition, alterations in mRNA and protein expression levels of autophagy-related genes and mitochondrial dynamics proteins were significantly alleviated by baicalin. Moreover, baicalin treatment significantly attenuated MG-induced decrease in CD8+ cells and reduced bacterial load in chicken BF compared to the model group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that baicalin could effectively inhibit MG-induced immune impairment and alleviate inflammatory responses and apoptosis in chicken BF. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Syed Wa Shah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yusong Miao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Ter Veen C, Dijkman R, de Wit JJ, Gyuranecz M, Feberwee A. Decrease of Mycoplasma gallisepticum seroprevalence and introduction of new genotypes in Dutch commercial poultry during the years 2001-2018. Avian Pathol 2020; 50:52-60. [PMID: 33016771 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1832958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Almost two decades ago, in addition to a compulsory M. gallisepticum (Mg) monitoring programme of breeding stock based on European Union regulations, the Dutch poultry industry added national regulations to further reduce the Mg prevalence in Dutch commercial poultry. Currently, all commercial chicken and turkey flocks except broilers are monitored for Mg. All breeding flocks on a farm where one or more flocks tested Mg positive are culled. Mg positive layer pullets are channelled and layer pullets placed on Mg positive multi-age farms are vaccinated. The monitoring data obtained were analysed covering a period of 17 years. Moreover, 31 Dutch Mg isolates from the same period were analysed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and compared to available PubMLST data. The results show that in breeding stock the seroprevalence decreased from 1.6% to 0.0%, in commercial layers from 6.3% to 1.9%, and in meat turkeys from 17.6% to 2.4%. The MLST results showed the presence of closely related and identical sequence types (STs) within the different Dutch poultry types. Similar STs were found in Northern and Southern Europe only. The results show a fast decline in the Mg prevalence since 2001, although in layers the Mg prevalence has stabilized and suggests backyard poultry might pose a risk for commercial poultry. The need for Mg control across poultry sectors and in trade was confirmed by the similarity in STs found in different types of poultry and regions. These results from the Dutch poultry industry can be extrapolated to Mg control in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J J de Wit
- Royal GD, Deventer, the Netherlands.,Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
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Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Waqas Ali Shah S, Wu Z, Wang J, Ishfaq M, Li J. Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection Impaired the Structural Integrity and Immune Function of Bursa of Fabricius in Chicken: Implication of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:225. [PMID: 32391391 PMCID: PMC7193947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) induces a dysregulated immune response in the lungs and air ways of poultry. However, the mechanism of MG-induced immune dysregulation is still not completely understood. In the present study, the effect of MG-infection on chicken bursa of fabricius (BOF) is investigated. Histopathology, electron microscopy, TUNEL assay, qRT-PCR and western blot were employed to examine the hallmarks of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The data revealed that MG-infection induced oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant responses in BOF tissues compared to control group. Histopathological study showed pathological changes including reduction in lymphocytes and increased inflammatory cell infiltration in MG-infection group. Ultrastructural assessment represents obvious signs of apoptosis such as mitochondrial swelling, shrinkage of nuclear membrane and fragmentation of nucleus. Increased cytokine activities were observed in MG-infection group compared to control group. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expression level of apoptosis-related genes were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in MG-infection group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay further confirmed that MG induced apoptosis in BOF tissues as TUNEL-stained positive nuclei were remarkably increased in MG-infection group. In addition, MG-infection significantly reduced the number of CD8+ lymphocytes in chicken BOF at day 7. Moreover, bacterial load significantly increased at day 3 and day 7 in MG-infection group compared to control group. These results suggested that MG-infection impaired the structural integrity, induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in chicken BOF tissues, which could be the possible causes of damage to immune function in chicken BOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaomei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Syed Waqas Ali Shah
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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5
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Garmyn A, Vereecken M, De Gussem K, Depondt W, Haesebrouck F, Martel A. Efficacy of Tylosin and Tilmicosin Against Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection in Chickens. Avian Dis 2020; 63:359-365. [PMID: 31251538 DOI: 10.1637/11991-110818-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the cause of chronic respiratory disease, remains one of the most important pathogens in the poultry industry. Controlling the impact of this disease is done by eradication of positive breeder flocks or by vaccination and medication. Tylosin and tilmicosin are often used in medication programs. However, recent data on the in vivo efficacy of these macrolide antibiotics are scarce. Therefore, two dose titration studies were conducted using a recently isolated M. gallisepticum strain belonging to the wild-type population with regard to its tilmicosin and tylosin minimal inhibitory concentration. In a first trial, broilers were infected with M. gallisepticum and treated with 10 or 20 mg tilmicosin/kg body weight (BW) in the drinking water for five successive days. In a second trial, broilers were infected with M. gallisepticum and treated with 35 or 100 mg tylosin/ kg BW in the drinking water for five successive days. Clinical scoring of respiratory signs, macroscopic scoring of respiratory tract lesions, M. gallisepticum isolation from the respiratory organs, weight gain, and mortality were monitored for efficacy evaluation. All tylosin and tilmicosin treatments significantly reduced the course of clinical respiratory disease, macroscopic lesions in the respiratory organs, and M. gallisepticum numbers in the respiratory tract and obtained higher weight gains compared with the Mycoplasma-infected untreated control group. A treatment of 100 mg tylosin/kg daily for 5 days was not more clinically efficacious than the dosage of 35 mg tylosin/kg daily for 5 days. At final necropsy, in animals treated with 20 mg/kg BW tilmicosin, significantly fewer respiratory tract lesions were present than in the animals treated with 10 mg/kg BW tilmicosin. Therefore, when tilmicosin is used to treat clinical outbreaks of M. gallisepticum in broilers, a dosing scheme of 20 mg tilmicosin/kg BW for five successive days seems to be the most recommended scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium,
| | - M Vereecken
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, B2600 Berchem, Belgium
| | - K De Gussem
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, B2600 Berchem, Belgium
| | - W Depondt
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, B2600 Berchem, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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6
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Bao J, Wu Z, Ishfaq M, Miao Y, Li R, Clifton AC, Ding L, Li J. Comparison of Experimental Infection of Normal and Immunosuppressed Chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:5-12. [PMID: 32138843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Four different models of infection of chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were evaluated. Normal or immunosuppressed chicks (10 days old) were infected with the MG Rlow strain via eye and nasal drops or by direct air sac injection. Bacterial load in the lungs was quantified and air sac and tracheal lesion scores, tracheal mucosal thickness and humoral immune responses were assessed. Serum antibody responses were assessed by use of a serum plate agglutination test. Three days post infection (dpi), all immunosuppressed chicks had developed significant respiratory signs. Chicks infected via air sac injection had significant differences in serum antibody and gross lesion scores at 5 dpi. All chicks had developed pathological changes by 7 dpi. Air sac inoculation of immunosuppressed chicks produced more significant (P ≤0.05) lesions, and these birds had the highest bacterial load in the lungs compared with other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - Z Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - M Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - Y Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - R Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | | | - L Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - J Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China.
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7
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Wu Q, Xu X, Chen Q, Zuo K, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Kan Y, Yao L, Ji J, Bi Y, Xie Q. Rapid and visible detection of Mycoplasma synoviae using a novel polymerase spiral reaction assay. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5355-5360. [PMID: 31222371 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a rapid, specific, and sensitive detection assay for Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was established using a polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) method. A pair of primers were designed according to the conserved region of the vlhA gene of MS, and PSR results were assessed using agarose gel electrophoresis and color rendering with a dye indicator. The optimum reaction temperature and time for PSR using the specific primers were 62°C and 40 min in a water bath, respectively. The sensitivity of the PSR assay for MS detection was 100 times more than that of the polymerase chain reaction assay based on agarose gel electrophoresis results and color change detected by the naked eye. Further experiments demonstrated that the primers specifically detected MS and showed no cross-reaction with other prevalent avian pathogens. Clinical sample testing confirmed that the MS-PSR assay is simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive, and thereby very suitable for application and promotion in the field and laboratories of grassroots units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Qinxi Chen
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Kejing Zuo
- Veterinary Laboratory, Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yiting Zhou
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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Garmyn A, Vereecken M, Degussem K, Depondt W, Haesebrouck F, Martel A. Efficacy of tiamulin alone or in combination with chlortetracycline against experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3367-3374. [PMID: 28431183 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) remains one of the most important diseases in poultry production. Controlling the impact of the disease is done by eradication of positive breeder flocks or by vaccination and medication. A widely used molecule in medication programs is tiamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic. Since recent data on the in vivo efficacy of this molecule are scarce, 2 challenge studies were conducted using a recently isolated M. gallisepticum strain belonging to the wildtype population with regard to its tiamulin and tetracycline minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In the first challenge study, the dose rate of tiamulin was tested. For this, broilers were infected with M. gallisepticum and treated with 10 mg or 25 mg tiamulin hydrogen fumarate (hf)/kg body weight (BW) for 5 successive days. In a second challenge study, the dose rate of tiamulin combined with chlortetracycline was tested. For this, broilers were infected with M. gallisepticum and treated with 6.25 mg tiamulin hf/18.75 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride (hcl)/kg BW or 12.5 mg tiamulin hf/37.5 mg chlortetracycline hcl/kg BW for 5 successive days. Clinical scoring of respiratory signs, macroscopic scoring of respiratory tract lesions, M. gallisepticum isolation from the respiratory organs, weight gain, and mortality were the monitored efficacy parameters. The first study demonstrated that a 5-day 10 mg/kg BW tiamulin hf treatment provided significant protection against the M. gallisepticum infection. However, since the 5-day 25 mg/kg BW group was significantly better than the 10 mg/kg BW for reducing the post-treatment clinical signs and the M. gallisepticum numbers in the respiratory organs, the 25 mg/kg BW treatment is recommended for clinical M. gallisepticum infections. In the second study, the combined 12.5 mg tiamulin hf/37.5 mg chlortetracycline hcl/kg BW resulted in a significant reduction of the severity of clinical respiratory disease post treatment and a significant reduction of the M. gallisepticum numbers in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garmyn
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - M Vereecken
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, B2600 Berchem, Belgium
| | - K Degussem
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, B2600 Berchem, Belgium
| | - W Depondt
- Huvepharma NV, Uitbreidingstraat 80, B2600 Berchem, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Xiao X, Sun J, Yang T, Fang X, Cheng J, Xiong YQ, Liu YH. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Tiamulin in an Experimental Intratracheal Infection Model of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:75. [PMID: 27656647 PMCID: PMC5012102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the most important pathogen in poultry among four pathogenic Mycoplasma species. Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic that shows a great activity against M. gallisepticum and has been approved for use in veterinary medicine particularly for poultry. However, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) profiles of tiamulin against M. gallisepticum are not well understood. Therefore, in the current studies, we investigated the in vivo PK/PD profiles of tiamulin using a well-established experimental intratracheal infection model of M. gallisepticum. The efficacy of tiamulin against M. gallisepticum was studied in 8-day-old chickens after intramuscular (i.m.) administration at 10 doses between 0–80 mg/kg. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to evaluate the PK parameters of tiamulin following i.m. administration at doses of 5, 40, and 80 mg/kg in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected neutropenic chickens. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used for quantitative detection of M. gallisepticum. The MIC of tiamulin against M. gallisepticum strain S6 was 0.03 μg/mL. The PK/PD index, AUC24h/MIC, correlated well with the in vivo antibacterial efficacy. The in vivo data suggest that animal dosage regimens should supply AUC24h/MIC of tiamulin of 382.68 h for 2 log10 ccu equivalents M. gallisepticum reduction. To attain that goal, the administered dose is expected to be 45 mg/kg b.w. for treatment of M. gallisepticum infection with an MIC90 of 0.03 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Tao Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xi Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang F, Bao S, Yu S, Cheng J, Tan L, Qiu X, Song C, Dai Y, Fei R, Ding C. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification targeting a gene within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pdhA gene, for rapid detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 27:260-7. [PMID: 26038479 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715584155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry. In the current study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and optimized to detect M. gallisepticum based on a gene within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the pdhA gene, which codes for the major subunit (E1α) in the complex. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the specificity was confirmed by successful amplification of several M. gallisepticum strains, while no amplification was detected with 20 other major bacterial and viral pathogens of poultry. Additionally, the LAMP assay achieved 10-fold higher sensitivity than an existing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The LAMP assay was applied to swab samples collected from poultry farms and compared with PCR. The positive detection rate was 20.2% (37/183) by LAMP and 13.1% (24/183) by PCR. The LAMP assay could provide a cost-effective, quick, and sensitive method for the detection of M. gallisepticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqing Zhang
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Shijun Bao
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Xvsheng Qiu
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Yabin Dai
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Rongmei Fei
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Poultry Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China (Zhang, Bao, Yu, Cheng, Tan, Qiu, Song, Ding)College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhang, Fei)Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China (Dai)
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In vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of valnemulin in an experimental intratracheal Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3754-60. [PMID: 25845865 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00200-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Valnemulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic derivative, is greatly active against Mycoplasma. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of valnemulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum in a neutropenic intratracheal model in chickens using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) method. The PK of valnemulin after intramuscular (i.m.) administration at doses of 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight in M. gallisepticum-infected neutropenic chickens was evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used for quantitative detection of M. gallisepticum. The ratio of the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve divided by the MIC (AUC24/MIC) correlated well with the in vivo antibacterial effectiveness of valnemulin (R(2) = 0.9669). The AUC24/MIC ratios for mycoplasmastasis (a reduction of 0 log10 color-changing unit [CCU] equivalents/ml), a reduction of 1 log10 CCU equivalents/ml, and a reduction of 2.5 log10 CCU equivalents/ml are 28,820, 38,030, and 56,256, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that valnemulin at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg resulted in a reduction of 2.5 log10 CCU equivalents/ml. These investigations provide a solid foundation for the usage of valnemulin in poultry with M. gallisepticum infections.
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Xiao X, Sun J, Chen Y, Zou M, Zhao DH, Liu YH. Ex vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of valnemulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum S6 in Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli co-infected chickens. Vet J 2015; 204:54-9. [PMID: 25744809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) S6 were investigated in an ex vivo PK/PD model following oral administration of valnemulin to chickens co-infected with M. gallisepticum and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for valnemulin against MG S6 in artificial medium and chicken serum were determined. In vitro time-killing curves were established according to a series of multiples of the MIC value in an artificial medium, and ex vivo time-killing curves were established in serum samples obtained from infected chickens at different time points after oral administration with an initial titer of 1 × 10(6) color change units (CCU)/mL MG S6. The sigmoid Emax model was used to provide 24 h area under concentration-time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration ratios (AUC0-24h/MIC) for mycoplasmastasis, mycoplasmacidal activity and mycoplasmal elimination, respectively. The inoculum size and micro or macro methods exhibited little effect on MIC determination of MG, whereas matrix had a large effect. The rapid killing activity observed in in vitro time-killing curves seems to indicate that valnemulin was mycoplasmacidal and concentration dependent against MG. The AUC0-24h/MIC ratio for mycoplasmacidal activity and mycoplasmal elimination was 1321 h and 1960 h, respectively. A dosage regimen of 12.4 mg/kg/day and 18.3 mg/kg/day valnemulin was calculated for mycoplasmacidal activity and mycoplasmal elimination against MG S6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengting Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dong-Hao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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13
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Khalifa R, Eissa S, El-Hariri M, Refai M. Sequencing Analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Wild Strains in Vaccinated Chicken Breeder Flocks. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 24:98-104. [DOI: 10.1159/000357733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Fraga AP, de Vargas T, Ikuta N, Fonseca ASK, Celmer ÁJ, Marques EK, Lunge VR. A Multiplex real-time PCR for detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in clinical samples from Brazilian commercial poultry flocks. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 44:505-10. [PMID: 24294247 PMCID: PMC3833153 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MS) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are important avian pathogens and cause economic losses to the poultry industry. Molecular biology techniques are currently used for a rapid detection of these pathogens and the adoption of control measures of the diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a technique for simultaneous detection of MG and MS by multiplex real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The complete assay (Multiplex MGMS) was designed with primers and probes specific for each pathogen and developed to be carried out in a single tube reaction. Vaccines, MG and MS isolates and DNA from other Mycoplasma species were used for the development and validation of the method. Further, 78 pooled clinical samples from different poultry flocks in Brazil were obtained and used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the technique in comparison to 2 real time PCR assays specific for MG (MG PCR) and MS (MS PCR). The results demonstrated an agreement of 100% (23 positive and 44 negative samples) between Multiplex MGMS and MG PCR in the analysis of 67 samples from MG positive and negative poultry flocks, and an agreement of 96.9% between Multiplex MGMS and MS PCR in the analysis of 64 samples from MS positive and negative poultry flocks. Considering the single amplification tests as the gold standard, the Multiplex MGMS showed 100% of specificity and sensitivity in the MG analysis and 94.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the MS analysis. This new assay could be used for rapid analysis of MG and MS in the poultry industry laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Padilha Fraga
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, RS, Brazil. ; Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, RS, Brazil
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15
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Dijkman R, Feberwee A, Landman WJM. Validation of a previously developed quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the detection and quantification of Mycoplasma synoviae in chicken joint specimens. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:100-7. [PMID: 23581436 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.766669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was validated for the detection of Mycoplasma synoviae (PCR equivalents of colony-forming units [CFU eq.]) in chicken joint specimens with time and compared with direct mycoplasma culture. Joint specimens were obtained from 70 layer pullets inoculated intravenously with M. synoviae at 6 weeks of age. Ten control birds were injected intra-articularly with Freund's complete adjuvant. Macroscopic joint lesions were observed in 54 infected birds, of which 11 showed positive M. synoviae culture. The specificity of direct mycoplasma culture was high (100%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 74 to 100), but its sensitivity low (16%, 95% CI = 8 to 26). Most positive results were obtained during the first 2 weeks after onset of joint swelling using synovial fluid. The qPCR was positive in 26 of 28 synovial fluid samples and in 51 of 70 joint swabs. The sterile joint samples obtained from Freund's complete adjuvant-injected birds were negative in the mycoplasma culture. The specificity and sensitivity of the qPCR for synovial fluid samples were 100% (95% CI = 65 to 100) and 93% (95% CI = 77 to 99); for joint swabs they were 100% (95% CI = 74 to 100) and 73% (95% CI = 61 to 83), respectively. Positive qPCR results (10(0.3) (to) (4.6) CFU eq./ml) were found until the end of the experiment (12 weeks post inoculation). At the end of the study, eight out of 16 joint swabs from birds without macroscopic joints lesions were positive in the qPCR (10(2.0) (to) (2.8) CFU eq./ml). Under the conditions of this study, the sensitivity of the qPCR was higher than that of direct mycoplasma culture (P< 0.0001) during the acute, subacute and chronic stages of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dijkman
- GD - Animal Health Service, Deventer, the Netherlands
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16
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Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in experimentally infected broiler chickens using Culture, SPA, ELISA, and PCR methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Blanco G, Lemus JA. Livestock drugs and disease: the fatal combination behind breeding failure in endangered bearded vultures. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14163. [PMID: 21152405 PMCID: PMC2994777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing concern about the impact of veterinary drugs and livestock pathogens as factors damaging wildlife health, especially of threatened avian scavengers feeding upon medicated livestock carcasses. We conducted a comprehensive study of failed eggs and dead nestlings in bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus) to attempt to elucidate the proximate causes of breeding failure behind the recent decline in productivity in the Spanish Pyrenees. We found high concentrations of multiple veterinary drugs, primarily fluoroquinolones, in most failed eggs and nestlings, associated with multiple internal organ damage and livestock pathogens causing disease, especially septicaemia by swine pathogens and infectious bursal disease. The combined impact of drugs and disease as stochastic factors may result in potentially devastating effects exacerbating an already high risk of extinction and should be considered in current conservation programs for bearded vultures and other scavenger species, especially in regards to dangerous veterinary drugs and highly pathogenic poultry viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Kahya S, Temelli S, Eyigor A, Carli KT. Real-time PCR culture and serology for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chicken breeder flocks. Vet Microbiol 2010; 144:319-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Feberwee A, Landman WJM. Induction of eggshell apex abnormalities in broiler breeder hens. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:133-7. [PMID: 20390548 DOI: 10.1080/03079451003657637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the causal relationship between eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) and Mycoplasma synoviae was described. This eggshell pathology has only been documented in table egg layers both spontaneously and experimentally infected with M. synoviae, suggesting that meat-type layers are less prone to this condition. In this study the susceptibility of specified pathogen free (SPF) broiler breeder hens to produce eggs with EAA after M. synoviae infection was assessed. Five groups of 12 hens each were made: a negative control group, a group inoculated intratracheally (i.t.) with a M. synoviae EAA strain at 19 weeks of age, a group inoculated i.t. with this strain at 19 and 26 weeks of age, a group inoculated with M. synoviae i.t. at 19 weeks of age and infected 5 days earlier with infectious bronchitis virus D1466 (IBV), and a fifth group similar to the former but inoculated i.t. twice with an M. synoviae EAA strain at 19 and 26 weeks of age. Eggs with EAA were only produced after a single i.t. inoculation with the M. synoviae EAA strain if preceded by an infection with IBV. The production of eggs with EAA started 6 weeks after M. synoviae EAA inoculation and the proportion of eggs with EAA during the experiment was 9/449 (2%), which was much lower than that in SPF layer hens (14-22%). The present results suggest that broiler breeder hens are less susceptible to producing eggs with EAA after an infection with a M. synoviae EAA strain preceded by an IBV infection, compared with table egg layers. Similar to SPF egg layers, the mean daily egg production per hen was significantly reduced by the M. synoviae EAA strain and there was a general negative effect on eggshell strength by this strain, suggesting it could also have a detrimental effect on hatching egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- Animal Health Service, GD, Deventer, EZ, the Netherlands.
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20
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Sprygin AV, Andreychuk DB, Kolotilov AN, Volkov MS, Runina IA, Mudrak NS, Borisov AV, Irza VN, Drygin VV, Perevozchikova NA. Development of a duplex real-time TaqMan PCR assay with an internal control for the detection ofMycoplasma gallisepticumandMycoplasma synoviaein clinical samples from commercial and backyard poultry. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:99-109. [DOI: 10.1080/03079451003604621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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ALCAIDE MIGUEL, LEMUS JESÚSA, BLANCO GUILLERMO, TELLA JOSÉL, SERRANO DAVID, NEGRO JUANJ, RODRÍGUEZ AIRAM, GARCÍA-MONTIJANO MARINO. Retracted:MHC diversity and differential exposure to pathogens in kestrels (Aves:Falconidae). Mol Ecol 2010; 19:691-705. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Feberwee A, Morrow CJ, Ghorashi SA, Noormohammadi AH, Landman WJM. Effect of a liveMycoplasma synoviaevaccine on the production of eggshell apex abnormalities induced by aM. synoviaeinfection preceded by an infection with infectious bronchitis virus D1466. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:333-40. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450903183652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Feberwee A, de Wit JJ, Landman WJM. Induction of eggshell apex abnormalities by Mycoplasma synoviae: field and experimental studies. Avian Pathol 2009; 38:77-85. [PMID: 19156584 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802662772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel eggshell pathology, characterized by an altered shell surface, thinning, increased translucency, and cracks and breaks in the eggshell apex, has become increasingly common in layer flocks of various breeds in The Netherlands. Two field studies found an association between the eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) and infection with Mycoplasma synoviae. M. synoviae was isolated from the oviduct of birds that produced abnormal eggs, but not from birds in control flocks, although both affected and control birds had agglutinating antibodies against M. synoviae. After a single injection with long-acting oxytetracycline, the production of abnormal eggs ceased, but then reoccurred about 12 days later. A causal relationship between EAA and M. synoviae infection was subsequently demonstrated experimentally. EAA occurred after intratracheal inoculation of birds with M. synoviae, and even more frequently in birds infected with infectious bronchitis virus 5 days before inoculation of M. synoviae. EAA also occurred, although less frequently, in birds inoculated intravenously with M. synoviae and infected with infectious bronchitis virus. EAA did not occur in birds only inoculated intravenously with M. synoviae. M. synoviae was only isolated from the oviducts of birds producing abnormal eggs. The mean daily egg production was reduced in all groups infected with M. synoviae. Examination of the eggshells by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the mammillary layer of the calcified zone was absent and that the inner eggshell membranes were thicker. Isolates of M. synoviae from the oviducts of birds from farms producing abnormal eggs were examined by amplified fragment-length polymorphism analysis and did not appear to be clonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- Animal Health Service (GD), AA Deventer, The Netherlands.
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24
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Evans JD, Leigh SA. Differentiation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine strains ts-11 and 6/85 from commonly used Mycoplasma gallisepticum challenge strains by PCR. Avian Dis 2008; 52:491-7. [PMID: 18939641 DOI: 10.1637/8187-120307-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen causing significant economic losses within the poultry industry. In an effort to develop tools to aid in MG research and diagnostics, we have compared sequences of the attenuated MG vaccine strain ts-11 to those of commonly used pathogenic challenge strains in search of a simple means of differentiation. Via gapA sequence alignments and comparisons, we have identified and designed primers facilitating strain differentiation. When applied to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay at low annealing temperature, the primer sets allow for the differentiation of MG attenuated vaccine strains ts-11 as well as the attenuated MG vaccine strain 6/85 from the commonly utilized MG challenge strains R(low), R, and S6. Conventional PCR differentiation is based on the visualization of sole products with the attenuated MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 and the lack of the corresponding products from MG strains R(low), R, and S6. When applied to MG strain F, product visualization varies with the applied primer set. The differentiation of MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 from the pathogenic challenge strains was also accomplished via real-time analyses, however, the primer sets were not able to differentiate MG strains ts-11 and 6/85 from selected MG field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Evans
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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26
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Landman WJM, Mevius DJ, Veldman KT, Feberwee A. In vitroantibiotic susceptibility of DutchMycoplasma synoviaefield isolates originating from joint lesions and the respiratory tract of commercial poultry. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:415-20. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802216637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Grodio JL, Dhondt KV, O'Connell PH, Schat KA. Detection and quantification ofMycoplasma gallisepticumgenome load in conjunctival samples of experimentally infected house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:385-91. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450802216629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Hess M, Neubauer C, Hackl R. Interlaboratory comparison of ability to detect nucleic acid of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by polymerase chain reaction. Avian Pathol 2007; 36:127-33. [PMID: 17479373 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701203082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have become widely used as methods to confirm the presence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry flocks, but there has been limited standardization of the protocols used. Thirteen laboratories from five different countries participated in an interlaboratory comparison of detection of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae DNA by PCR in samples that contained 10-fold dilutions of these bacteria. The concentration of bacteria ranged from 10(5) to 10(2) genome copies/100 microl sample, as quantified by real-time PCR, and the samples were supplied on dry cotton swabs. Each laboratory was asked to use its standard method for PCR testing of these pathogens. A questionnaire was supplied with the samples to obtain details of the methods that were used in testing. One-half of the laboratories used a commercially available test kit, while the others used an in-house protocol. The protocols used for DNA extraction varied greatly, even among those using commercially available test kits. Two laboratories had developed the primers for nucleic acid amplification themselves, and one of these used real-time PCR for amplification. While the majority of the laboratories detected M. synoviae down to the 100 copy limit of the comparison, the detection limit for M. gallisepticum was somewhat higher. Furthermore, different results were obtained from laboratories that used the same commercial test kit. To the best of our knowledge this is the first investigation of its kind in the field of avian diseases.
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MESH Headings
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Laboratories/standards
- Mycoplasma gallisepticum/genetics
- Mycoplasma gallisepticum/isolation & purification
- Mycoplasma synoviae/genetics
- Mycoplasma synoviae/isolation & purification
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/isolation & purification
- Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/veterinary
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hess
- Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Feberwee A, Landman WJM, von Banniseht-Wysmuller T, Klinkenberg D, Vernooij JCM, Gielkens ALJ, Stegeman JA. The effect of a live vaccine on the horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:359-66. [PMID: 16990145 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600924226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine on the horizontal transmission of this Mycoplasma species was quantified in an experimental animal transmission model in specific pathogen free White Layers. Two identical trials were performed, each consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups each consisted of 20 birds 21 weeks of age, which were housed following a pair-wise design. One group was vaccinated twice with a commercially available live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine, while the other group was not vaccinated. Each pair of the experimental group consisted of a challenged chicken (10(4) colony-forming units intratracheally) and a susceptible in-contact bird. The control group consisted of 10 twice-vaccinated birds housed in pairs and five individually housed non-vaccinated birds. The infection was monitored by serology, culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The vaccine strain and the challenge strain were distinguished by a specific polymerase chain reaction and by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. In both experiments, all non-vaccinated challenged chickens and their in-contact 'partners' became infected with M. gallisepticum. In the vaccinated challenged and corresponding in-contact birds, a total of 19 and 13 chickens, respectively, became infected with M. gallisepticum. Analysis of the M. gallisepticum shedding patterns showed a significant effect of vaccination on the shedding levels of the vaccinated in-contact chickens. Moreover, the Cox Proportional Hazard analysis indicated that the rate of M. gallisepticum transmission from challenged to in-contact birds in the vaccinated group was 0.356 times that of the non-vaccinated group. In addition, the overall estimate of R (the average number of secondary cases infected by one typical infectious case) of the vaccinated group (R = 4.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 49.9) was significantly lower than that of the non-vaccinated group (R = infinity, 95% confidence interval = 9.9 to infinity). However, the overall estimate of R in the vaccinated group still exceeded 1, which indicates that the effect of the vaccination on the horizontal transmission M. gallisepticum is insufficient to stop its spread under these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- Animal Health Service, Deventer, the Netherlands
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Feberwee A, von Banniseht-Wysmuller T, Vernooij JCM, Gielkens ALJ, Stegeman JA. The effect of vaccination with a bacterin on the horizontal transmission ofMycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:35-7. [PMID: 16448940 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500465700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of an inactivated vaccine on the horizontal transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum was quantified in a transmission model. Twenty non-vaccinated and 20 vaccinated 23-week-old specific pathogen free hens were housed in pairs, while five individually housed hens acted as a negative control group. Each pair consisted of a challenged chicken (10(4) colony forming units intratracheally) and a non-challenged susceptible contact bird. Infection was monitored by serology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and culture. All non-vaccinated and vaccinated in-contact chickens became infected with M. gallisepticum. The 95% confidence interval of the reproduction ratio, R (a measure of transmission defined as the average number of secondary cases caused by one infectious individual) was 4.48 to infinity in both groups. However, the logarithm of the area under the curve in the vaccinated group was 0.51 lower (P = 0.02) than in the non-vaccinated group, indicating that there was an effect of vaccination on the levels of potential shedding of M. gallisepticum. Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that the use of an inactivated M. gallisepticum vaccine will not reduce the horizontal transmission of M. gallisepticum between laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Feberwee
- Animal Health Service, P.O. Box 9, 7400, AA, Deventer, The Netherlands.
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Callison SA, Riblet SM, Sun S, Ikuta N, Hilt D, Leiting V, Kleven SH, Suarez DL, García M. Development and Validation of a Real-Time Taqman®Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Naturally Infected Birds. Avian Dis 2006; 50:537-44. [PMID: 17274291 DOI: 10.1637/7639-050106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the development and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using a Taqman-labeled probe for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MGLP assay). The MGLP assay was highly specific with a detection limit of 25 template copies per reaction and a quantification limit of 100 template copies per reaction. Validation of the assay was completed with 1247 samples (palatine cleft and tracheal swabs) from M. gallisepticum-positive and -negative chicken flocks. The MGLP assay was compared to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a conventional polymerase chain reaction assay (mgc2 PCR), and isolation of M. gallisepticum from naturally infected flocks. A total of 805 samples collected from negative flocks, as verified by ELISA and/or mgc2 PCR, were negative by the MGLP assay. A total of 442 samples were collected from positive flocks, of which a total of 228 samples were positive by the MGLP assay. These results agreed for 98.87% of the samples when tested by mgc2 PCR. When comparing the MGLP assay with M gallisepticum isolation, the MGLP assay was more sensitive than isolation for detecting positive birds from a positive flock, 172/265 and 50/265, respectively. Overall, the MGLP assay and M. gallisepticum isolation agreed for 52.8% of the samples tested. In conclusion, the MGLP assay was highly specific, sensitive, and reproducible, and allowed the quantification of template copies directly from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Callison
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Feberwee A, Dijkstra JR, von Banniseht-Wysmuller TE, Gielkens ALJ, Wagenaar JA. Genotyping of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis and digitalized Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:125-31. [PMID: 16236471 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) are the cause of considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Molecular differentiation of avian Mycoplasma strains may be helpful in tracing infections and in the evaluation of implemented intervention strategies. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) has shown to be a powerful typing technique but the application for poultry Mycoplasma strains is very limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and discriminatory power of AFLP HindIII/HhaI and AFLP BglII/Mfel for the inter- and intraspecies differentiation of avian mycoplasmas and to compare these test characteristics with digitalized Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The reproducibility of RAPD, AFLP HindIII/HhaI and AFLP BglII/Mfel was 50-100, 97-98 and 86-99%, respectively. RAPD and both AFLP enzyme combinations were able to differentiate between five avian Mycoplasma species. For AFLP, five MG and four MS clusters could be identified. The phylogenetic tree for both enzyme combinations was comparable. For RAPD, four MG clusters could be identified. For MS, however, due to the poor reproducibility of the RAPD technique, no clear genogroups could be identified. On basis of the results of this study it can be concluded that AFLP is a powerful technique for the genotyping of avian mycoplasmas and that, although AFLP HindIII/HhaI generated patterns with less fragments, the final results showed homologous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Feberwee
- Poultry Health Centre, Animal Health Service, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA Deventer, the Netherlands.
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