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Umthong S, Dunn JR, Cheng HH. Towards a mechanistic understanding of the synergistic response induced by bivalent Marek's disease vaccines to prevent lymphomas. Vaccine 2019; 37:6397-6404. [PMID: 31515142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marek's disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic α-herpesvirus. Since 1970, MD has been controlled by widespread vaccination; however, more effective MD vaccines are needed to counter more virulent MDV strains. The bivalent vaccine combination of SB-1 and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) strain FC126 has been widely used. Nonetheless, the mechanism(s) underlying this synergistic effect has not been investigated. METHODS Three experiments were conducted where SB-1 or HVT were administered as monovalent or bivalent vaccines to newly hatched chickens, then challenged five days later with MDV. In Experiment 1, levels of MDV replication in PBMCs were measured over time, and tumor incidence and vaccinal protection determined. In Experiment 2, MDV and vaccine strains replication levels in lymphoid organs were measured at 1, 5, 10, and 14 days post-challenge (DPC). In Experiment 3, to verify that the bursa was necessary for HVT protection, a subset of chicks were bursectomized and these birds plus controls were similarly vaccinated and challenged, and the levels of vaccinal protection determined. RESULTS The efficacy of bivalent SB-1 + HVT surpasses that of either SB-1 or HVT monovalent vaccines in controlling the level of pathogenic MDV in PBMCs until the end of the study, and this correlated with the ability to inhibit tumor formation. SB-1 replication in the spleen increased from 1 to 14 DPC, while HVT replicated only in the bursa at 1 DPC. The bursa was necessary for immune protection induced by HVT vaccine. CONCLUSION Synergy of SB-1 and HVT vaccines is due to additive influences of the individual vaccines acting at different times and target organs. And the bursa is vital for HVT to replicate and induce immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supawadee Umthong
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; USDA, ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John R Dunn
- USDA, ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hans H Cheng
- USDA, ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Chakraborty P, Kuo R, Vervelde L, Dutia BM, Kaiser P, Smith J. Macrophages from Susceptible and Resistant Chicken Lines have Different Transcriptomes following Marek's Disease Virus Infection. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020074. [PMID: 30678299 PMCID: PMC6409778 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite successful control by vaccination, Marek’s disease (MD) has continued evolving to greater virulence over recent years. To control MD, selection and breeding of MD-resistant chickens might be a suitable option. MHC-congenic inbred chicken lines, 61 and 72, are highly resistant and susceptible to MD, respectively, but the cellular and genetic basis for these phenotypes is unknown. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infects macrophages, B-cells, and activated T-cells in vivo. This study investigates the cellular basis of resistance to MD in vitro with the hypothesis that resistance is determined by cells active during the innate immune response. Chicken bone marrow-derived macrophages from lines 61 and 72 were infected with MDV in vitro. Flow cytometry showed that a higher percentage of macrophages were infected in line 72 than in line 61. A transcriptomic study followed by in silico functional analysis of differentially expressed genes was then carried out between the two lines pre- and post-infection. Analysis supports the hypothesis that macrophages from susceptible and resistant chicken lines display a marked difference in their transcriptome following MDV infection. Resistance to infection, differential activation of biological pathways, and suppression of oncogenic potential are among host defense strategies identified in macrophages from resistant chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chakraborty
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (P.C.); (R.K.); (L.V.); (B.M.D.)
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Richard Kuo
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (P.C.); (R.K.); (L.V.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (P.C.); (R.K.); (L.V.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Bernadette M. Dutia
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (P.C.); (R.K.); (L.V.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (P.C.); (R.K.); (L.V.); (B.M.D.)
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (P.C.); (R.K.); (L.V.); (B.M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)131-6519155
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Chakraborty P, Vervelde L, Dalziel RG, Wasson PS, Nair V, Dutia BM, Kaiser P. Marek's disease virus infection of phagocytes: a de novo in vitro infection model. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1080-1088. [PMID: 28548038 PMCID: PMC5656796 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that induces T-cell lymphomas in chickens. Natural infections in vivo are caused by the inhalation of infected poultry house dust and it is presumed that MDV infection is initiated in the macrophages from where the infection is passed to B cells and activated T cells. Virus can be detected in B and T cells and macrophages in vivo, and both B and T cells can be infected in vitro. However, attempts to infect macrophages in vitro have not been successful. The aim of this study was to develop a model for infecting phagocytes [macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs)] with MDV in vitro and to characterize the infected cells. Chicken bone marrow cells were cultured with chicken CSF-1 or chicken IL-4 and chicken CSF-2 for 4 days to produce macrophages and DCs, respectively, and then co-cultured with FACS-sorted chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) infected with recombinant MDV expressing EGFP. Infected phagocytes were identified and sorted by FACS using EGFP expression and phagocyte-specific mAbs. Detection of MDV-specific transcripts of ICP4 (immediate early), pp38 (early), gB (late) and Meq by RT-PCR provided evidence for MDV replication in the infected phagocytes. Time-lapse confocal microscopy was also used to demonstrate MDV spread in these cells. Subsequent co-culture of infected macrophages with CEFs suggests that productive virus infection may occur in these cell types. This is the first report of in vitro infection of phagocytic cells by MDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chakraborty
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Present address: Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Robert G. Dalziel
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter S. Wasson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Present address: MRC Technology, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2SP, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Virus Group, The Pirbright Institute, Guildford GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bernadette M. Dutia
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Haq K, Schat KA, Sharif S. Immunity to Marek's disease: where are we now? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:439-446. [PMID: 23588041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) in chickens was first described over a century ago and the causative agent of this disease, Marek's disease virus (MDV), was first identified in the 1960's. There has been extensive and intensive research over the last few decades to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between the virus and its host. We have also made considerable progress in terms of developing efficacious vaccines against MD. The advent of the chicken genetic map and genome sequence as well as development of approaches for chicken transcriptome and proteome analyses, have greatly facilitated the process of illuminating underlying genetic mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to disease. However, there are still major gaps in our understanding of MDV pathogenesis and mechanisms of host immunity to the virus and to the neoplastic events caused by this virus. Importantly, vaccines that can disrupt virus transmission in the field are lacking. The current review explores mechanisms of host immunity against Marek's disease and makes an attempt to identify the areas that are lacking in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Suzuki K, Mikami T, Onuma M, Kodama H, Izawa H. Properties of Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen of MSB-1 cells. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 2010; 28:684-92. [PMID: 7342579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1981.tb01797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Schat KA, Markowski-Grimsrud CJ. Immune responses to Marek's disease virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 255:91-120. [PMID: 11217429 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K A Schat
- Unit of Avian Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Schat KA. Importance of cell-mediated immunity in Marek's disease and other viral tumor diseases. Poult Sci 1991; 70:1165-75. [PMID: 1649464 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0701165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to viral tumor diseases are often used as examples of the importance of antiviral and antitumor immunity in chickens. Especially, reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) and Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) are used as models to study the development of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against viral and tumor antigens and activation of natural killer (NK) cells. Major histocompatibility complex Class I-restricted, antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocytes expressing CD4-/CD8+ markers are induced after infection with REV. Thus far, this is the only example of Class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in chickens. Antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocytes may be induced by infection with MDV or by vaccination, but conclusive evidence has not yet been provided. Antitumor responses have not been demonstrated against REV-induced tumors. Although Marek's disease is often used as an example for the importance of antitumor immunity, there is a lack of convincing data demonstrating antitumor immunity mediated by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Activation of NK cells by MDV infection or vaccination is probably an important part of CMI responses against Marek's disease viral antigens but not against tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Schat
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Yachida S, Hayashi Y, Izawa H, Mikami T. Further characterisation of a variant type of turkey herpesvirus which releases large quantities of cell‐free viruses into culture medium. Avian Pathol 1989; 18:99-112. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458908418583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Otaaki Y, Nunoya T, Tajima M, Kato A, Nomura Y. Depression of vaccinal immunity to marek's disease by infection with chicken Anaemia agent. Avian Pathol 1988; 17:333-47. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458808436452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Resistance to infectious agents may depend upon innate mechanisms or acquired immune responses. Inflammation, phagocytosis, cell-mediated immunity and antibodies are components of a complex reaction which result either in resistance or in susceptibility. Most infectious organisms stimulate immune responses within every compartment of the immune system. In rather few infections of poultry, it is possible to pinpoint a limited number of immune reactions that are primarily responsible for resistance. In some situations, autoimmunity may contribute to the pathology associated with infections.
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Yachida S, Kondo T, Hirai K, Izawa H, Mikami T. Establishment of a variant type of turkey herpesvirus which releases cell-free virus into the culture medium in large quantities. Brief report. Arch Virol 1986; 91:183-92. [PMID: 3753201 DOI: 10.1007/bf01316738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A variant turkey herpesvirus (HVT/VT) which releases 10(5.0) plaque-forming units per 0.1 ml of cell-free virus into the culture medium was established from the prototype HVT FC 126 strain (HVT/WT). Many enveloped and naked virions of HVT/VT but only naked virions of HVT/WT were found in the culture medium. By the HindIII restriction cleavage patterns, the HVT/VT DNAs were almost identical to those of HVT/WT. The HVT/VT was replication-defective in chickens.
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13
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Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2613-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
The article will review the salient features of pathogenesis of Marek's disease in terms of sequential events which occur from the time of virus entry to the development of frank lymphomas. A hypothesis will be presented which will offer a credible explanation for this specific sequence of changes. Then, various factors which influence the incidence of neoplasms will be identified and the possible mechanisms by which they are influential will be discussed. These include the variable oncogenic properties of different virus strains, the influence of host genotype, and immune responses.
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Fahey K, York J, Bagust T. Laryngotracheitis herpesvirus infection in the chicken. II. The adoptive transfer of resistance with immune spleen cells. Avian Pathol 1984; 13:265-75. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458408418530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Powell P, Mustill BM, Rennie M. The role of histocompatibility antigens in cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against marek's disease tumour‐derived lymphoblastoid cell lines. Avian Pathol 1983; 12:461-8. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458308436191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ozaki K, Kodama H, Onuma M, Izawa H, Mikami T. In vitro suppression of proliferation of Marek's disease lymphoma cell line (MDCC-MSB1) by peritoneal exudate cells from chickens infected with MDV or HVT. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1983; 30:223-31. [PMID: 6306959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1983.tb01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Powell PC, Rennie M, Ross LJ, Mustill BM. The effect of bursectomy on the adoptive transfer of resistance to Marek's disease. Int J Cancer 1980; 26:681-7. [PMID: 7239722 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910260522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunization with inactivated viral antigens protected chickens against Marek's disease. Non-immunized chickens could be protected by injections of spleen cells but not of serum from immunized, histocompatible donors. Chickens rendered agamma-globulinaemic by bursectomy and irradiation could also be immunized against Marek's disease by inoculation with viral antigens, but spleen cells from these immunized, bursectomized and irradiated donors did not confer protection on the recipients into which they were injected. It was concluded that, although in the bursectomized, immunized donors cell-mediated immunity alone was able to provide a fair degree of protection against Marek's disease, the protection afforded against the disease by spleen-cell transfer was at least partly attributable to the transfer of antibody-producing cells, and that humoral immunity, while not being an absolute requirement for resistance, is normally an important component of the resistance mechanism.
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Rennie M, Powell P, Mustill BM. The effect of bursectomy on vaccination against Marek's disease with the herpesvirus of Turkeys. Avian Pathol 1980; 9:557-66. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458008418443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schat KA, Murthy KK. In vitro cytotoxicity against Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines after enzymatic removal of Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen. J Virol 1980; 34:130-5. [PMID: 6966335 PMCID: PMC288678 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.34.1.130-135.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA) has been claimed to be the target of cytotoxic lymphocytes in in vitro tests for Marek's disease immunity. Treatment with papain, but not with trypsin or mixed glycosidases, removed MATSA from certain Marek's disease lymphoblastoid cell lines. Tumor cells with and without MATSA were used as target cells for in vitro studies on cell-mediated immune responses with sensitized spleen cells in a chromium release assay. The removal of MATSA did not influence the results of the chromium release assay. Attempts to block the cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro by coating tumor cells with an anti-MATSA serum failed. It was concluded that cell-mediated immune responses against Marek's disease tumor cells are directed against an as yet undefined antigen(s).
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