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Iyer A, Mukherjee A, Gómez-Sala B, O'Connor EM, Kenny JG, Cotter PD. The impact of live dietary microbes on health: A scoping review. J Food Sci 2024; 89:773-792. [PMID: 38174642 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A systematic approach to collect, peruse, and summarize the available information relating to the potential benefits of consuming dietary microbes was pursued in this scoping review. This review focused on the research endpoints, experimental designs, and microbial exposure in experimental as well as observational research work. Using a structured- set of keywords, scientific databases were systematically searched to retrieve publications reporting outcomes pertaining to the use of dietary microbes in healthy, nonpatient populations. Searches were further tailored to focus on eight different health categories, namely, "antibiotic associated diarrhoea" (AAD), "gastrointestinal health" (GIH), "immunological health" (ImH), "cardiovascular health and metabolic syndrome" (CvHMS), "cancer prevention" (CanPr), "respiratory health" (ReH), "weight management" (WtMgt), and "urogenital health" (UrGH). Quality of evidence available in each publication was assessed using the Jadad scoring system. The search yielded 228 relevant publications describing 282 experimental cases comprising 62 research endpoints overall. A microbial dose of≥ 2 × 10 9 $\ge 2\times 10^9$ CFU.day-1 was associated with non-negative reported outcomes. Older population groups with a median age of 39 years were associated with positive outcomes. More high-quality research is required investigating the role of dietary microbes in maintaining general health, particularly in the health categories of UrGH, WtMgt, and CanPr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Iyer
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Arghya Mukherjee
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Sala
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eibhlís M O'Connor
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John G Kenny
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- VistaMilk SFI Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
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Farajipour H, Sadr S, Matin HR, Aschner M, Asemi Z, Banikazemi Z, Mirzaei H, Taghizadeh M. Therapeutic effect of probiotics on metabolic indices and clinical signs in age-related macular degeneration. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2022; 44:229-241. [PMID: 36576143 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2022.2159765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics positively influence age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) given their propensity to attenuate oxidative and inflammatory stress. We addressed the impact of probiotics on metabolic profiles, clinical indices, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in ARMD patients. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial analyzing 57 subjects with ARMD aged between 50 and 85 years. Subjects were randomized into two groups, and received daily for 8 weeks either probiotic capsule or placebo. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after the 8-week intervention for the determination of metabolic profiles and oxidative stress biomarkers. After the 8-week intervention, compared with the placebo, probiotic supplementation significantly increased means HDL-cholesterol (Probiotic group: +3.86±4.42 vs. Placebo group: -0.55±4.93 mg/dL, P = .001), plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (Probiotic group: +77.43±168.30 vs. Placebo group: -23.12±169.22 mmol/L, P = .02) and significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (Probiotic group: -0.18±0.46 vs. Placebo group: +0.18±0.25 µmol/L, P = .001). There was no significant effect of probiotic administration on other metabolic profiles and clinical symptoms. Overall, an eight-week probiotic administration among ARMD patients had beneficial effects on TAC, MDA and HDL-cholesterol levels; however, it did not affect clinical signs and other metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Farajipour
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Matini Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadr
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Matin
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zarrin Banikazemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Ali SM, Salem FE, Aboulwafa MM, Shawky RM. Hypolipidemic activity of lactic acid bacteria: Adjunct therapy for potential probiotics. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269953. [PMID: 35737711 PMCID: PMC9223303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with hyperlipidemia are two times more likely to develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) as opposed to those with controlled serum total cholesterol (TC) levels. Considering the documented adverse events of the current lipid-lowering medications which ultimately affect patient’s compliance, substantial efforts have been made to develop new therapeutic strategies. Probiotics, on the other hand, are reported to have lipid-lowering activity with the added benefit of being generally well-tolerated making it an appealing adjuvant therapy. Methods A total of fifty Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from raw milk (human and animal) and dairy products. Isolates demonstrating promising in vitro cholesterol removal capabilities were morphologically and biochemically characterized. Lastly, two bacterial candidates were selected for evaluation of their potential hypolipidemic activity using a laboratory animal model. Statistical differences between the means were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Most of the isolates demonstrated an in vitro cholesterol removal activity. The six LAB isolates showing the highest cholesterol removal activity (36.5–55.6%) were morphologically and biochemically identified as Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Lactococcus species. The results demonstrated two promising antihyperlipidemic candidates, a Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis with an in vivo significant reduction of serum triglycerides (TG) levels by 34.3%, and a Pediococcus sp. that was able to significantly reduce both the serum TC and TG levels by 17.3% and 47.0%, respectively, as compared to the diet-induced hyperlipidemic animal group. Conclusion This study further supports the growing evidence regarding the antihyperlipidemic activity among probiotics, presenting them as a promising therapeutic approach for the management of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Mahmoud Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma E. Salem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad M. Aboulwafa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University, Ras Sudr, South Sinai, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ain Shams University, Al Khalifa Al Ma’moun St., Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Riham M. Shawky
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Helwan University, Ain-Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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Davoodvandi A, Fallahi F, Tamtaji OR, Tajiknia V, Banikazemi Z, Fathizadeh H, Abbasi-Kolli M, Aschner M, Ghandali M, Sahebkar A, Taghizadeh M, Mirzaei H. An Update on the Effects of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680400. [PMID: 34992527 PMCID: PMC8724544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their increasing prevalence, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are regarded as an important global health challenge. Microorganisms residing in the human GI tract, termed gut microbiota, encompass a large number of living organisms. The role of the gut in the regulation of the gut-mediated immune responses, metabolism, absorption of micro- and macro-nutrients and essential vitamins, and short-chain fatty acid production, and resistance to pathogens has been extensively investigated. In the past few decades, it has been shown that microbiota imbalance is associated with the susceptibility to various chronic disorders, such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psychiatric disorders, and various types of cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that oral administration of various strains of probiotics can protect against cancer development. Furthermore, clinical investigations suggest that probiotic administration in cancer patients decreases the incidence of postoperative inflammation. The present review addresses the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action of probiotics against GI cancers. The safety of the most commercial probiotic strains has been confirmed, and therefore these strains can be used as adjuvant or neo-adjuvant treatments for cancer prevention and improving the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, well-designed clinical studies are still needed for a better understanding of the properties and mechanisms of action of probiotic strains in mitigating GI cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fallahi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zarrin Banikazemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan Faculty of Medicine Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasi-Kolli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Sehrawat N, Yadav M, Singh M, Kumar V, Sharma VR, Sharma AK. Probiotics in microbiome ecological balance providing a therapeutic window against cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 70:24-36. [PMID: 32574811 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota composition and dietary factors in our food along with the use of prebiotics and probiotics play an important role in the maintenance of human health. A well-balanced gut microbial population is necessary for the host and the microbiota to coexist in a mutually beneficial relationship maintaining homeostasis. Considering the potential of modern technological tools, it is possible nowadays to engineer prebiotic bacteria having a positive influence on the microbiome on one hand while on the other one may have the ease to get rid of the pathogenic proinflammatory microbes or elements causing dysbiosis. Past studies have seen that in cancer there is a loss of inter-microbial relationship cum interactions within microbiota members, the metabolic products produced by them and the host immune system in a microbial ecosystem, leading to dysbiosis. Current review highlights the importance of probiotics in the management of cancer by bringing together majority of the studies together at a single platform and moreover, stresses upon the need to maintain eubiosis in order to evade and inhibit the progression of cancer. Continuous expansion in knowledge about probiotics, their effect on various cancers and the underlying mechanism of action has raised the global scientific interest towards their possible use against different cancers. Furthermore, the article emphasizes upon the need to explore newer therapeutic targets comprising of the microbiome which could further pave the way to the concept of personalized medicines for various kinds of malignancies so as to derive maximum benefits of a treatment modality and to preserve the microbial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Sehrawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Mukesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India
| | - Var Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College Sector-26, Chandigarh, UT 160019, India
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.
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Strain-Specific Effects of Bifidobacterium longum on Hypercholesterolemic Rats and Potential Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031305. [PMID: 33525627 PMCID: PMC7866116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease, which is among the major causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore whether Bifidobacterium longum strains exerted intra-species differences in cholesterol-lowering effects in hypercholesterolemic rats and to investigate the potential mechanisms. SD rats underwent gavage with each B. longum strain (CCFM 1077, I3, J3 and B3) daily for 28 days. B. longum CCFM 1077 exerted the most potent cholesterol-lowering effect, followed by B. longum I3 and B3, whereas B. longum B3 had no effect in alleviating hypercholesterolemia. Divergent alleviation of different B. longum strains on hypercholesterolemia can be attributed to the differences in bile salt deconjugation ability and cholesterol assimilation ability in vitro. By 16S rRNA metagenomics analysis, the relative abundance of beneficial genus increased in the B. longum CCFM 1077 treatment group. The expression of key genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were also altered after the B. longum CCFM 1077 treatment. In conclusion, B. longum exhibits strain-specific effects in the alleviation of hypercholesterolemia, mainly due to differences in bacterial characteristics, bile salt deconjugation ability, cholesterol assimilation ability, expressions of key genes involved in cholesterol metabolism and alterations of gut microbiota.
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Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Kaczmarczyk M, Śliwa-Dominiak J, Maciejewska D, Janda K, Stachowska E, Łoniewska B, Malinowski D, Borecki K, Marlicz W, Łoniewski I. The Effect of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Risk Factors Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases in Healthy People-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061788. [PMID: 32521799 PMCID: PMC7357153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of probiotic/synbiotic formulations to counteract cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in healthy people not receiving adjunctive medication. The systematic search (PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase) until 1 August 2019 was performed for randomized controlled trials in >20 adult patients. Random-effect meta-analysis subgroup and meta-regression analysis of co-primary (haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), glucose, insulin, body weight, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides, and blood pressure) and secondary outcomes (uric acid, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-PAI-1, fibrinogen, and any variable related to inflammation/endothelial dysfunction). We included 61 trials (5422 persons). The mean time of probiotic administration was 67.01 ± 38.72 days. Most of probiotic strains were of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera. The other strains were Streptococci, Enterococci, and Pediococci. The daily probiotic dose varied between 106 and 1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/gram. Probiotics/synbiotics counteracted CMR factors (endpoint data on BMI: standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.156, p = 0.006 and difference in means (DM) = -0.45, p = 0.00 and on WC: SMD = -0.147, p = 0.05 and DM = -1.21, p = 0.02; change scores on WC: SMD = -0.166, p = 0.04 and DM = -1.35, p = 0.03) in healthy persons. Overweight/obese healthy people might additionally benefit from reducing total cholesterol concentration (change scores on WC in overweight/obese: SMD: -0.178, p = 0.049). Poor quality of probiotic-related trials make systematic reviews and meta-analyses difficult to conduct and draw definite conclusions. "Gold standard" methodology in probiotic studies awaits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | | | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | | | - Dominika Maciejewska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Janda
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Beata Łoniewska
- Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Damian Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Borecki
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (I.Ł.); Tel.: +48-91-425-3231 (W.M.)
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (K.S.-Ż.); (D.M.); (K.J.); (E.S.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (I.Ł.); Tel.: +48-91-425-3231 (W.M.)
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Rad AH, Aghebati-Maleki L, Kafil HS, Abbasi A. Molecular mechanisms of postbiotics in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1787-1803. [PMID: 32410512 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1765310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been rising expeditiously and anticipated that 2.4 million new occasions of CRC will be detected yearly around the world until the year 2035. Due to some side-effects and complications of conventional CRC therapies, bioactive components such as microbial-derived biomolecules (postbiotics) have been attaining great significance by researchers for adjuvant therapy in CRC patients. The term 'postbiotics' encompasses an extensive range of complex micro- and macro-molecules (<50, 50-100, and 100< kDa) such as inactivated microbial cells, cell fractions or metabolites, which confer various physiological health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Postbiotics modulate the composition of the gut microbiota and the functionality of the immune system, as well as promote the CRC treatment effectiveness and reduces its side-effects in CRC patients due to possessing anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Presently scientific literature confirms that postbiotics with their unique characteristics in terms of clinical (safe origin), technological (stability), and economic (low production costs) aspects can be used as promising tools for both prevent and adjuvant treat strategies in CRC patients without any serious undesirable side-effects. This review provides an overview of the concept and safety issues regarding postbiotics, with emphasis on their biological role in the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Homayouni Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Abbasi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's research committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Updates in understanding the hypocholesterolemia effect of probiotics on atherosclerosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5993-6006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Effect of probiotics on lipid profiles in hypercholesterolaemic adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Mo R, Zhang X, Yang Y. Effect of probiotics on lipid profiles in hypercholesterolaemic adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 152:473-481. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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The Role of the Microbiota in the Diabetic Peripheral Artery Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4128682. [PMID: 31205450 PMCID: PMC6530226 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4128682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus represent a major public health problem. Although many steps forward have been made to define the causes and to find the best possible therapies, the problem remains crucial. In recent years, more and more evidences have defined a link between microbiota and the initiation, promotion, and evolution of atherosclerotic disease, even in the diabetic scenario. There is an urgency to develop the knowledge of modern medicine about the link between gut microbiota and its host's metabolic pathways, and it would be useful to understand and justify the interindividual diversity of clinical disease presentation of diabetic vascular complication even if an optimization of pharmacological treatment has been made or in the case of young patients where hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes are not able to justify a very quick progress of atherosclerotic process. The aim of the present review is to gather all the best available evidence in this regard and to define a new role of the microbiota in this field, from biomarker to possible therapeutic target.
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Influence of Probiotics Administration on Gut Microbiota Core: A Review on the Effects on Appetite Control, Glucose, and Lipid Metabolism. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52 Suppl 1, Proceedings from the 9th Probiotics, Prebiotics and New Foods, Nutraceuticals and Botanicals for Nutrition & Human and Microbiota Health Meeting, held in Rome, Italy from September 10 to 12, 2017:S50-S56. [PMID: 29864068 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies has shown that dietary probiotics exert beneficial health effects in both humans and animals. It is well established that gut microbiota play a pivotal role in regulating host metabolism, and a growing number of studies has elucidated that probiotics positively interfere with gut microbiota. Accumulating evidence shows that probiotics, through their metabolic activity, produce metabolites that in turn contribute to positively affect host physiology. For these reasons, probiotics have shown significant potential as a therapeutic tool for a diversity of diseases, but the mechanisms through which probiotics act has not been fully elucidated yet. The goal of this review was to provide evidence on the effects of probiotics on gut microbiota changes associated with host metabolic variations, specifically focusing on feed intake and lipid and glucose metabolism. In addition, we review probiotic interaction with the gut microbiota. The information collected here will give further insight into the effects of probiotics on the gut microbiota and their action on metabolite release, energy metabolism, and appetite. This information will help to improve knowledge to find better probiotic therapeutic strategies for obesity and eating disorders.
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Fortes PM, Marques SM, Viana KA, Costa LR, Naghettini AV, Costa PS. The use of probiotics for improving lipid profiles in dyslipidemic individuals: an overview protocol. Syst Rev 2018; 7:165. [PMID: 30326965 PMCID: PMC6192191 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor in triggering cardiovascular events, which can lead to the death of millions of people around the world. Thus, several pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies have been developed in recent decades with the objective of improving lipid profiles, including the use of probiotics. Therefore, the purpose of this protocol is to describe the steps that will guide the construction of an overview to demonstrate the scientific evidence of the efficacy of probiotics in improving the lipid profile of dyslipidemic individuals and to propose specific recommendations regarding their use. METHODS The search will be conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, PROSPERO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, Google Scholar, and CADTH. Reviewers will select systematic evaluations and data analyses from randomized clinical trials that evaluated the effects of probiotics on lipid profiles. The studies will be analyzed for methodology quality by the AMSTAR 2 tool and risk of bias by ROBIS. The data will be extracted by three independent reviewers based on a data extraction sheet, which will include the most relevant variables for the analysis and interpretation of the results. The variables will be categorized and described in narrative form or in tables. DISCUSSION There are some systematic reviews about the use of probiotics to prevent and/or treat dyslipidemia; however, their outcomes related to the ability of probiotics to improve lipid profiles are conflicting. So, an overview on this topic is needed to clarify this important issue. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017080328.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Fortes
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Medicine School, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-050, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Hospital das Clinicas, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-020, Brazil
| | - Solomar M Marques
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital das Clinicas, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-020, Brazil
| | - Karolline A Viana
- Dentistry Graduate Program, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, esquina com Praça Universitária, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Luciane R Costa
- Dentistry Graduate Program, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, esquina com Praça Universitária, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-220, Brazil.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculdade de Odontologia, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, esquina com Praça Universitária, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Alessandra V Naghettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital das Clinicas, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-020, Brazil.,Health Education Graduate Program, Medicine School, UFG, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sucasas Costa
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Medicine School, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-050, Brazil. .,Department of Pediatrics, Hospital das Clinicas, UFG, Primeira Avenida, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP 74605-020, Brazil.
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15
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Effects of products designed to modulate the gut microbiota on hyperlipidaemia. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:2713-2729. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Sangwan S, Singh R. Synergistic effect of oats and LGG fermented milk on lowering hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Rabiei S, Hedayati M, Rashidkhani B, Saadat N, Shakerhossini R. The Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Body Mass Index, Metabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Appetite in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Triple-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:294-306. [PMID: 29672196 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1455788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown recently that metabolic syndrome is associated with gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiota may be the main target for prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome. We investigated the effects of synbiotic supplementation on metabolic syndrome. In this triple-blinded clinical trial, 46 Iranian patients with metabolic syndrome, from both sexes, aged 25-70 years, who fulfilled inclusion criteria were randomly categorized to receive either the synbiotic or a placebo capsule, twice a day for three months, plus a weight-loss diet using stratified random sampling based on body mass index (BMI). Each synbiotic capsule consisted of seven strains probiotic bacteria (2× 108) plus fructooligosaccharide as a prebiotic. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were assessed at baseline and at the end of week 12 for fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The mean changes of weight, BMI, FBS, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and GLP-1 between the two groups was statistically significant (p < .001). Furthermore, peptide YY (PYY) increased significantly in the synbiotic group (p ≤ .05). The trend of weight loss in the synbiotic group was significant until the end of the study (p < .001) while it stopped at week 6 in the placebo group. Synbiotic treatment may improve the status of BMI, FBS, insulin resistance, HOMA-IR, GLP-1, and PYY in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Rabiei
- a National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- b Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services , Tehran , Iran
| | - Bahram Rashidkhani
- c Department of Community Nutrition , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services , Tehran , Iran
| | - Navid Saadat
- b Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services , Tehran , Iran
| | - Rahebeh Shakerhossini
- d Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services , Tehran , Iran
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18
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Battson ML, Lee DM, Weir TL, Gentile CL. The gut microbiota as a novel regulator of cardiovascular function and disease. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 56:1-15. [PMID: 29427903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical regulator of human physiology. Deleterious changes to the composition or number of gut bacteria, commonly referred to as gut dysbiosis, has been linked to the development and progression of numerous diet-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most CVD risk factors, including aging, obesity, certain dietary patterns, and a sedentary lifestyle, have been shown to induce gut dysbiosis. Dysbiosis is associated with intestinal inflammation and reduced integrity of the gut barrier, which in turn increases circulating levels of bacterial structural components and microbial metabolites that may facilitate the development of CVD. The aim of the current review is to summarize the available data regarding the role of the gut microbiome in regulating CVD function and disease processes. Particular emphasis is placed on nutrition-related alterations in the microbiome, as well as the underlying cellular mechanisms by which the microbiome may alter CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah L Battson
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Dustin M Lee
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Tiffany L Weir
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.
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19
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Ahmed RM, Elsanhoty RM, Al-Saman MAA, Ramadan MF. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of probiotic yogurt enriched with barley β-glucan in rats fed on a high-cholesterol diet. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-16114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rushdy Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Special food and nutrition, Food Technology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rafaat M. Elsanhoty
- Max-Rubner Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abd-Alhameid Al-Saman
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Scientific Research Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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20
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Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Vaghef-Mehrabany L, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Homayouni-Rad A, Issazadeh K, Alipour B. Effects of probiotic supplementation on lipid profile of women with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Health Promot Perspect 2017; 7:95-101. [PMID: 28326290 PMCID: PMC5350556 DOI: 10.15171/hpp.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Probiotics are live beneficial microorganisms which may exert hypolipidemic effects through many mechanisms. Lipid profile disturbances are frequently reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus casei on serum lipids of RA women. Methods: In the present parallel randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 RA patients were recruited and divided into 2 groups. They received either a daily capsule containing 108 CFU of L. casei 01, or identical capsules containing maltodextrin, for 8 weeks. Anthropometric parameters, dietary intake and physical activity were assessed at 2 ends of the study. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were measured. Independent-samples t test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test, and paired t test were used to test between- and within-group differences, respectively. Results: There were no significant between- or within-group differences for demographic and anthropometric parameters, physical activity and dietary intakes, throughout the study. No statistically significant within-group changes were observed for serum lipids in either group; between-group differences were also insignificant by the end of study period (TC: -0.18 [-0.65, 0.29], P = 0.801, HDL-C: -1.66 [-19.28, 15.59], P = 0.663, LDL-C: -2.73 [-19.17, 13.73], P = 0.666, TG: 0.12 [-19.76, 20.00], P = 0.900). Conclusion: Lactobacillus casei 01 could not improve serum lipids in RA
patients. Further studies using probiotic foods and different probiotic strains are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany
- Department of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Aziz Homayouni-Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Issazadeh
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Beitullah Alipour
- Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Homayoni Rad A, Vaghef Mehrabany E, Alipoor B, Vaghef Mehrabany L. The Comparison of Food and Supplement as Probiotic Delivery Vehicles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:896-909. [PMID: 25117939 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.733894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are live bacteria which have frequently been reported to be beneficial in preventing a wide range of diseases as well as playing a major role in treating the existing ailments. Thus far, a variety of probiotic products have been developed which can be categorized into two groups: probiotic foods and supplements. Both foods and supplements have been able to confer the health benefits claimed for them. However, it is not known which one can be clinically more efficient, and to the best of our knowledge, until now no research has been conducted to investigate this issue. The present review aims to discuss this matter, based on the evidence available in the literature. To do so, articles indexed in PubMed and ScienceDirect between 2000 and 2011 were reviewed. The articles included the clinical trials in which either foods or supplements were used to administer the probiotics to either patients suffering from different diseases or healthy subjects. Although both foods and supplements seem to have been efficient carriers for the beneficial bacteria, to generally promote public health in communities, probiotic foods appear to be preferred to probiotic supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Homayoni Rad
- a Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Technology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Elnaz Vaghef Mehrabany
- b Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Beitullah Alipoor
- b Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Leila Vaghef Mehrabany
- c School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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22
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Koopen AM, Groen AK, Nieuwdorp M. Human microbiome as therapeutic intervention target to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:615-622. [PMID: 27676197 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The absolute burden of cardiovascular risk remains high despite currently available preventive and therapeutic options. In search for novel therapeutic leads, mounting evidence has linked the gut microbiota as well as their metabolites to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS The intestinal microbiota influences the host via different metabolic pathways as inducer of endotoxemia, formation of trimethylamine-N-oxide, production of short chain fatty acids, and is a regulator in intestinal bile acid metabolism. Disruption of the gut microbiome may disturb the homeostasis of the microbial ecosystem to an alternative stable state associated with pathophysiological traits in microbiota and host. However, causality has not been shown yet. SUMMARY We are just beginning to understand how the gut microbiota influence our cardiometabolic health and various innovative therapeutic options are in the developing (preclinical) phase. This review focuses on the current evidence whether and to what extent the intestinal microbiota are involved in cardiovascular disease and whether this is based on merely association or causal relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annefleur M Koopen
- aDepartment of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam bLaboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands cWallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden dDepartment of Internal Medicine eICAR, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Chan YK, Brar MS, Kirjavainen PV, Chen Y, Peng J, Li D, Leung FCC, El-Nezami H. High fat diet induced atherosclerosis is accompanied with low colonic bacterial diversity and altered abundances that correlates with plaque size, plasma A-FABP and cholesterol: a pilot study of high fat diet and its intervention with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) or telmisartan in ApoE -/- mice. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:264. [PMID: 27821063 PMCID: PMC5100306 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis appears to have multifactorial causes - microbial component like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and other pathogen associated molecular patterns may be plausible factors. The gut microbiota is an ample source of such stimulants, and its dependent metabolites and altered gut metagenome has been an established link to atherosclerosis. In this exploratory pilot study, we aimed to elucidate whether microbial intervention with probiotics L. rhamnosus GG (LGG) or pharmaceuticals telmisartan (TLM) could improve atherosclerosis in a gut microbiota associated manner. METHODS Atherosclerotic phenotype was established by 12 weeks feeding of high fat (HF) diet as opposed to normal chow diet (ND) in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. LGG or TLM supplementation to HF diet was studied. RESULTS Both LGG and TLM significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque size and improved various biomarkers including endotoxin to different extents. Colonial microbiota analysis revealed that TLM restored HF diet induced increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and decrease in alpha diversity; and led to a more distinct microbial clustering closer to ND in PCoA plot. Eubacteria, Anaeroplasma, Roseburia, Oscillospira and Dehalobacteria appeared to be protective against atherosclerosis and showed significant negative correlation with atherosclerotic plaque size and plasma adipocyte - fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and cholesterol. CONCLUSION LGG and TLM improved atherosclerosis with TLM having a more distinct alteration in the colonic gut microbiota. Altered bacteria genera and reduced alpha diversity had significant correlations to atherosclerotic plaque size, plasma A-FABP and cholesterol. Future studies on such bacterial functional influence in lipid metabolism will be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Kwan Chan
- 5S12, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Manreetpal Singh Brar
- 5N01, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Pirkka V Kirjavainen
- Food and Research Health Centre, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Yan Chen
- L943, Laboratory Block, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jiao Peng
- L943, Laboratory Block, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Daxu Li
- L943, Laboratory Block, Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Frederick Chi-Ching Leung
- 5N01, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- 5S12, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. .,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,5S13, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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24
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Ichim TE, Patel AN, Shafer KA. Experimental support for the effects of a probiotic/digestive enzyme supplement on serum cholesterol concentrations and the intestinal microbiome. J Transl Med 2016; 14:184. [PMID: 27333764 PMCID: PMC4918082 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated levels of blood cholesterol are associated with cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current therapies for addressing elevated blood cholesterol can be inadequate, ineffective or associated with side effects; therefore, the search for additional therapies is ongoing. This study evaluated Daily Body Restore (DBR), a proprietary blend of 9 probiotic organisms of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and 10 digestive enzymes, for its effects on cholesterol metabolism using an in vitro system and a mouse model. Methods We used a murine model of hypercholesterolemia induced by a high fat diet to evaluate the effects of DBR on blood cholesterol concentrations. Hypercholesterolemic mice were supplemented with DBR in their drinking water for 8 weeks and compared to control mice given low fat diets or unsupplemented high fat diets. To evaluate the effects of DBR on the activity of gut microbiota in vitro, the Shime® system consisting of sequential colon reactors was supplemented with DBR for analysis of short chain fatty acid production. Results Analysis of hypercholesterolemic mice after 4 and 8 weeks of DBR supplementation revealed significant decreases in blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) while triglyceride concentrations were unaltered. Specifically, after 4 weeks of DBR supplementation, there was a 47 % decrease in LDL and a 32 % increase in HDL in peripheral blood compared to unsupplemented, high fat diet-fed mice. After 8 weeks of DBR treatment, LDL concentrations were dramatically reduced by 78 % and HDL was increased by 52 % relative to control mice. Addition of DBR to the Shime® system led to significantly increased production of propionate in colon reactors, indicative of microbial production of short chain fatty acids known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis. Conclusions DBR, a probiotic and digestive enzyme supplement, lowered harmful LDL and increased HDL levels in a mouse model and also exerted in vitro effects consistent with cholesterol-lowering activity. Given the magnitude of the effects of DBR, these findings are promising for clinical implementation of DBR for treating hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Ichim
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA.
| | - Amit N Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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25
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Yoo JY, Kim SS. Probiotics and Prebiotics: Present Status and Future Perspectives on Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients 2016; 8:173. [PMID: 26999199 PMCID: PMC4808900 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), present an increasing public health concern and can significantly undermine an individual's quality of life. The relative risk of CVD, the primary cause of death in T2DM patients, is two to four times higher in people with T2DM compared with those who are non-diabetic. The prevalence of metabolic disorders has been associated with dynamic changes in dietary macronutrient intake and lifestyle changes over recent decades. Recently, the scientific community has considered alteration in gut microbiota composition to constitute one of the most probable factors in the development of metabolic disorders. The altered gut microbiota composition is strongly conducive to increased adiposity, β-cell dysfunction, metabolic endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and oxidative stress. Probiotics and prebiotics can ameliorate T2DM and CVD through improvement of gut microbiota, which in turn leads to insulin-signaling stimulation and cholesterol-lowering effects. We analyze the currently available data to ascertain further potential benefits and limitations of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of metabolic disorders, including T2DM, CVD, and other disease (obesity). The current paper explores the relevant contemporary scientific literature to assist in the derivation of a general perspective of this broad area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youn Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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26
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Senan S, Prajapati JB, Joshi CG, Sreeja V, Gohel MK, Trivedi S, Patel RM, Pandya H, Singh US, Phatak A, Patel HA. Geriatric Respondents and Non-Respondents to Probiotic Intervention Can be Differentiated by Inherent Gut Microbiome Composition. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:944. [PMID: 26441879 PMCID: PMC4561823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope Probiotic interventions are known to have been shown to influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota in geriatrics. The growing concern is the apparent variation in response to identical strain dosage among human volunteers. One factor that governs this variation is the host gut microbiome. In this study, we attempted to define a core gut metagenome, which could act as a predisposition signature marker of inherent bacterial community that can help predict the success of a probiotic intervention. Methods and results To characterize the geriatric gut microbiome, we designed primers targeting the 16S rRNA hypervariable region V2–V3 followed by semiconductor sequencing using Ion Torrent PGM. Among respondents and non-respondents, the chief genera of phylum Firmicutes that showed significant differences are Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Eubacterium, and Blautia (q < 0.002), while in the genera of phylum Proteobacteria included Shigella, Escherichia, Burkholderia and Camphylobacter (q < 0.002). Conclusion We have identified potential microbial biomarkers and taxonomic patterns that correlate with a positive response to probiotic intervention in geriatric volunteers. Future work with larger cohorts of geriatrics with diverse dietary influences could reveal the potential of the signature patterns of microbiota for personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suja Senan
- Department of Dairy Science, South Dakota State University , Brookings, SD , USA
| | | | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Anand Agricultural University , Anand , India
| | - V Sreeja
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, Anand Agricultural University , Anand , India
| | - Manisha K Gohel
- Department of Community Medicine, H. M Patel Center for Medical Care and Education , Karamsad , India
| | - Sunil Trivedi
- Department of Microbiology, H. M Patel Center for Medical Care and Education , Karamsad , India
| | - Rupal M Patel
- Department of Microbiology, H. M Patel Center for Medical Care and Education , Karamsad , India
| | - Himanshu Pandya
- Department of Medicine, H. M Patel Center for Medical Care and Education , Karamsad , India
| | - Uday Shankar Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, H. M Patel Center for Medical Care and Education , Karamsad , India
| | - Ajay Phatak
- Central Research Services, Charutar Arogya Mandal , Karamsad , India
| | - Hasmukh A Patel
- Department of Dairy Science, South Dakota State University , Brookings, SD , USA
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27
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Dong Z, Zhang J, Du G, Chen J, Li H, Lee B. Periplasmic Export of Bile Salt Hydrolase in Escherichia coli by the Twin-Arginine Signal Peptides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 26198023 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH, EC 3.5.1.24) is considered as an ideal way with lower cost and less side effects to release the risk of coronary heart disease caused by hypercholesterolemia. As bile salt hydrolase from Lactobacillus plantarum BBE7 could not be efficiently exported by PelB signal peptide of the general secretory (Sec) pathway, three twin-arginine signal peptides from twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway were synthesized, fused with bsh gene, inserted into expression vectors pET-20b(+) and pET-22b(+), and transformed into four different Escherichia coli hosts, respectively. Among the 24 recombinant bacteria obtained, E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS (pET-20b(+)-dmsA-bsh) showed the highest BSH activity in periplasmic fraction, which was further increased to 1.21 ± 0.03 U/mL by orthogonal experimental design. And, signal peptide dimethyl sulfoxide reductase subunit DmsA (DMSA) had the best activity of exported BSH. More importantly, the presence of BSH in the periplasm had proven to be caused by the export rather than cell leakage. For the first time, we report the periplasmic expression of BSH by signal peptides from the Tat pathway. This will lay a solid foundation for the purification and biochemical characterization of BSH from the supernatant, and strategies adopted here could be used for the periplasmic expression of other proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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Xie Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Xiong L, Gao X, Jia H, Lian Z, Tong N, Han T. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus M3 isolated from Tibetan mushrooms on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rat. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:389-95. [PMID: 26273253 PMCID: PMC4507530 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220131278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of Kluyveromyces marxianus M3
isolated from Tibetan mushrooms on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats,
female Wistar rats were fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 28 d to generate
hyperlipidemic models. Hyperlipidemic rats were assigned to four groups, which
were individually treated with three different dosages of K.
marxianus M3+HCD or physiological saline+HCD via oral gavage for 28
d. The total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in
the serum and liver of the rats were measured using commercially available
enzyme kits. In addition, the liver morphology was also examined using
hematoxylin and eosin staining and optical microscopy. According to our results,
the serum and liver TC, TG, LDL-C levels and atherogenic index (AI) were
significantly decreased in rats orally administered K.
marxianus M3 (p <0.01), and the HDL-C levels and anti
atherogenic index (AAI) were significantly increased (p <0.01) compared to
the control group. Moreover, K. marxianus M3 treatment also
reduced the build-up of lipid droplets in the liver and exhibited normal
hepatocytes, suggesting a protective effect of K. marxianus M3
in hyperlipidemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Xie
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Gao
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- China Agriculture University, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nengsheng Tong
- Beijing China Investment Corporation Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China, Beijing China Investment Corporation Clinical Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Rerksuppaphol S, Rerksuppaphol L. A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus Plus Bifidobacterium bifidum versus Placebo in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:KC01-4. [PMID: 25954637 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11867.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Not all patients respond well to traditional cholesterol lowering medications. Probiotics have been evaluated for their cholesterol-lowering effects in humans with variable results. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of two probiotics in lowering the serum cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted comparing placebo to Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Bifidobacterium bifidum in patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolemia. Placebo or probiotic capsules were taken three times daily for six weeks. Pre- and post-treatment total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels and demographic parameters of the two groups were compared. From a total of 70 participants, 64 completed the assigned treatment (31 in probiotics group and 33 in the control group).The two treatment groups were matched for age, sex, weight, height, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure. RESULTS Baseline evaluation revealed no difference between the probiotics group and control group levels of TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG. TC levels in the probiotics group decreased during treatment (237.2 vs. 212.7 mg/dL, p<0.05). TC and LDL-C levels in the control group increased significantly from their baseline levels during treatment. TC (212.7 vs 252.8 mg/dL, p<0.001), HDL-C (52.0 vs 59.1 mg/dL, p=0.04) and LDL-C (153.9 vs 182.1 mg/dL, p<0.01) levels in the probiotics group were significantly lower at the end of treatment than the corresponding levels in the control group. CONCLUSION A combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic patients over a six week period. There was no effect on serum triglyceride or fasting blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lakkana Rerksuppaphol
- Faculty, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University , Thailand
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30
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Ishimwe N, Daliri EB, Lee BH, Fang F, Du G. The perspective on cholesterol-lowering mechanisms of probiotics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:94-105. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Ishimwe
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; College of Science and Technology; University of Rwanda; Rwanda
| | - Eric B. Daliri
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Byong H. Lee
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
- Department of Food Science; McGill University; Montreal Canada
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Guocheng Du
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan University; Wuxi P. R. China
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31
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Ivanovic N, Minic R, Dimitrijevic L, Radojevic Skodric S, Zivkovic I, Djordjevic B. Lactobacillus rhamnosus LA68 and Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 differently influence metabolic and immunological parameters in high fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and hepatic steatosis. Food Funct 2015; 6:558-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
TwoLactobacillusstrains were evaluated for their effects on high fat diet induced pathology in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Ivanovic
- Department of Bromatology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Belgrade
- Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Rajna Minic
- Department of Research and Development
- Institute of Virology
- Belgrade
- Serbia
| | | | | | - Irena Zivkovic
- Department of Research and Development
- Institute of Virology
- Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Brizita Djordjevic
- Department of Bromatology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Belgrade
- Belgrade
- Serbia
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Nabavi S, Rafraf M, Somi MH, Homayouni-Rad A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on metabolic factors in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7386-93. [PMID: 25306266 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic yogurt consumption on some metabolic factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 72 patients with NAFLD (33 males and 39 females) aged 23 to 63 yr. Subjects in the intervention group (n=36) consumed 300 g/d of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and those in the control group (n=36) consumed 300 g/d of conventional yogurt for 8 wk. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and dietary records (24h/d for 3 d) were collected at baseline and at the end of the trial. Probiotic yogurt consumption resulted in reductions of 4.67, 5.42, 4.1, and 6.92% in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, compared with control group. No significant changes were observed in levels of serum glucose, triglycerides, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in either group. Probiotic yogurt consumption improved hepatic enzymes, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in studied subjects and might be useful in management of NAFLD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nabavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14711 Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Rafraf
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14711 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - M H Somi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14711 Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Homayouni-Rad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14711 Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Health Management of National Center and Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51666-14711 Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract
It is important to maintain healthy blood lipid profiles in order to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. This article explores some of the evidence for natural cholesterol lowering products as a possible alternative to cholesterol lowering medication. Probiotics have been investigated for their effect on cholesterol levels and there is increasing evidence to support their use as a natural cholesterol lowering alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Mistry
- The University of Nottingham, The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Medicines Management Dietitian, Nutrition and Dietetic Department, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton
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34
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Singh TP, Malik RK, Katkamwar SG, Kaur G. Hypocholesterolemic effects of Lactobacillus reuteri LR6 in rats fed on high-cholesterol diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 66:71-5. [PMID: 25265203 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.953450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri LR6, an isolate from breast-fed human infant feces, was tested positive for bile tolerance and bile salt hydrolase activity. It was also evaluated as a potential probiotic with cholesterol-lowering effect in vivo. In this study, 32 male Albino rats were divided into four groups consisting of eight mice per group. For 60 d, group I was fed with normal synthetic diet, group II was fed with cholesterol-enriched diet only, group III was fed with cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with skimmed milk, and group IV was fed with cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with L. reuteri LR6-fermented skimmed milk (10(8) cfu/mL). Blood samples were taken to study lipid profile on 0th, 15th, 30th and 60th day. Compared with the control group, the values for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and LDL were reduced significantly in group fed with L. reuteri LR6 but for HDL this difference was not significant. The results indicated that L. reuteri LR6 might be effective as a probiotic with cholesterol-lowering activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Singh
- Microbial Metabolites Laboratory, Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal, Haryana , India
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Effect of probiotic (VSL#3) and omega-3 on lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory markers, and gut colonization in overweight adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:348959. [PMID: 24795503 PMCID: PMC3984795 DOI: 10.1155/2014/348959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of probiotic (VSL#3) and omega-3 fatty acid on insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, and inflammation, we conducted a clinical trial in 60 overweight (BMI > 25), healthy adults, aged 40–60 years. After initial screening the subjects were randomized into four groups with 15 per group. The four groups received, respectively, placebo, omega-3 fatty acid, probiotic VSL#3, or both omega-3 and probiotic, for 6 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected at baseline and after 6 weeks. The probiotic (VSL#3) supplemented group had significant reduction in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL and had increased HDL (P < 0.05) value. VSL#3 improved insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01), decreased hsCRP, and favorably affected the composition of gut microbiota. Omega-3 had significant effect on insulin sensitivity and hsCRP but had no effect on gut microbiota. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid with VSL#3 had more pronounced effect on HDL, insulin sensitivity and hsCRP. Subjects with low HDL, insulin resistance, and high hsCRP had significantly lower total lactobacilli and bifidobacteria count and higher E. coli and bacteroides count.
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36
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The effects of two Lactobacillus plantarum strains on rat lipid metabolism receiving a high fat diet. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:135142. [PMID: 24470789 PMCID: PMC3891428 DOI: 10.1155/2013/135142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of the different probiotic strains, Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and Lactobacillus plantarum Biocenol LP96, on lipid metabolism and body weight in rats fed a high fat diet. Compared with the high fat diet group, the results showed that Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 reduced serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, but Lactobacillus plantarum Biocenol LP96 decreased triglycerides and VLDL, while there was no change in the serum HDL level and liver lipids. Both probiotic strains lowered total bile acids in serum. Our strains have no significant change in body weight, gain weight, and body fat. These findings indicate that the effect of lactobacilli on lipid metabolism may differ among strains and that the Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 and Lactobacillus plantarum Biocenol LP96 can be used to improve lipid profile and can contribute to a healthier bowel microbial balance.
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Saraoui T, Parayre S, Guernec G, Loux V, Montfort J, Le Cam A, Boudry G, Jan G, Falentin H. A unique in vivo experimental approach reveals metabolic adaptation of the probiotic Propionibacterium freudenreichii to the colon environment. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:911. [PMID: 24365073 PMCID: PMC3880035 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a food grade bacterium consumed both in cheeses and in probiotic preparations. Its promising probiotic potential, relying largely on the active release of beneficial metabolites within the gut as well as the expression of key surface proteins involved in immunomodulation, deserves to be explored more deeply. Adaptation to the colon environment is requisite for the active release of propionibacterial beneficial metabolites and constitutes a bottleneck for metabolic activity in vivo. Mechanisms allowing P. freudenreichii to adapt to digestive stresses have been only studied in vitro so far. Our aim was therefore to study P. freudenreichii metabolic adaptation to intra-colonic conditions in situ. Results We maintained a pure culture of the type strain P. freudenreichii CIRM BIA 1, contained in a dialysis bag, within the colon of vigilant piglets during 24 hours. A transcriptomic analysis compared gene expression to identify the metabolic pathways induced by this environment, versus control cultures maintained in spent culture medium. We observed drastic changes in the catabolism of sugars and amino-acids. Glycolysis, the Wood-Werkman cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathways were down-regulated but induction of specific carbohydrate catabolisms and alternative pathways were induced to produce NADH, NADPH, ATP and precursors (utilizing of propanediol, gluconate, lactate, purine and pyrimidine and amino-acids). Genes involved in stress response were down-regulated and genes specifically expressed during cell division were induced, suggesting that P. freudenreichii adapted its metabolism to the conditions encountered in the colon. Conclusions This study constitutes the first molecular demonstration of P. freudenreichii activity and physiological adaptation in vivo within the colon. Our data are likely specific to our pig microbiota composition but opens an avenue towards understanding probiotic action within the gut in further studies comparing bacterial adaptation to different microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hélène Falentin
- INRA, UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F 35042 Rennes, France.
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DiRienzo DB. Effect of probiotics on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: implications for heart-healthy diets. Nutr Rev 2013; 72:18-29. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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39
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Dong Z, Zhang J, Lee BH, Li H, Du G, Chen J. Secretory expression and characterization of a bile salt hydrolase from Lactobacillus plantarum in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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Chen L, Liu W, Li Y, Luo S, Liu Q, Zhong Y, Jian Z, Bao M. Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 attenuates the atherosclerotic progression through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory process. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:108-15. [PMID: 23747589 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus (L.) acidophilus ATCC 4356 on the progression of atherosclerosis in Apoliprotein-E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice and the underlying mechanisms. Eight week-old ApoE(-/-) mice were treated with L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 daily for 12 weeks. The wild type (WT) mice or ApoE(-/-) mice in the vehicle group were treated with saline only. Body weights, serum lipid levels, aortic atherosclerotic lesions, and tissue oxidative and inflammatory statuses were examined among the groups. As compared to ApoE(-/-) mice in the vehicle group, ApoE(-/-) mice treated with L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 had no changes in body weights and serum lipid profiles, but showed decreased atherosclerotic lesion size in en face aorta. In comparison with WT mice, ApoE(-/-) mice in the vehicle group showed higher levels of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), but lower levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in serum. Administration of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 could reverse these trends in a dose-dependent manner in ApoE(-/-) mice. Furthermore, ApoE(-/-) mice treated with L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 showed an inhibition of translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus, suppression of degradation of aortic IκB-α, and improvements of gut microbiota distribution, as compared to ApoE(-/-) mice in the vehicle group. Our findings suggest that administration of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 can attenuate the development of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE(-/-) mice through reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
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41
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Hu X, Wang T, Li W, Jin F, Wang L. Effects of NS Lactobacillus strains on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:67. [PMID: 23656797 PMCID: PMC3667092 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated serum cholesterol level is generally considered to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases which seriously threaten human health. The cholesterol-lowering effects of lactic acid bacteria have recently become an area of great interest and controversy for many researchers. In this study, we investigated the effects of two NS lactobacillus strains, Lactobacillus plantarum NS5 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NS12, on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high cholesterol diet. METHODS Thirty-two SD rats were assigned to four groups and fed either a normal or a high-cholesterol diet. The NS lactobacillus treated groups received the high-cholesterol diet supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum NS5 or Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NS12 in drinking water. The rats were sacrificed after a 6-week feeding period. Body weights, visceral organ and fat weights, serum and liver cholesterol and lipid levels, intestinal microbiota and liver mRNA expression levels related to cholesterol metabolism were analyzed. Liver lipid deposition and adipocyte size were evaluated histologically. RESULTS Compared with rats fed a high cholesterol diet, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and free fatty acids levels were decreased and apolipoprotein A-I level was increased in NS5 or NS12 strain treated rats, and with no significant change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also significantly decreased in NS lactobacillus strains treated groups. Meanwhile, the NS lactobacillus strains obviously alleviated hepatic injuries, decreased liver lipid deposition and reduced adipocyte size of high cholesterol diet fed rats. NS lactobacillus strains restored the changes in intestinal microbiota compositions, such as the increase in Bacteroides and the decrease in Clostridium. NS lactobacillus strains also regulated the mRNA expression levels of liver enzymes related to cholesterol metabolism, including the down regulation of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and the upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). CONCLUSION This study suggested that the two NS lactobacillus strains may affect lipid metabolism and have cholesterol-lowering effects in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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42
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Effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS supplementation on intestinal and systemic markers of inflammation in ApoE*3Leiden mice consuming a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr 2012; 110:77-85. [PMID: 23211714 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-fat diet disturbs the composition and function of the gut microbiota and generates local gut-associated and also systemic responses. Intestinal mast cells, for their part, secrete mediators which play a role in the orchestration of physiological and immunological functions of the intestine. Probiotic bacteria, again, help to maintain the homeostasis of the gut microbiota by protecting the gut epithelium and regulating the local immune system. In the present study, we explored the effects of two probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii spp. shermanii JS (PJS), on high fat-fed ApoE*3Leiden mice by estimating the mast cell numbers and the immunoreactivity of TNF-α and IL-10 in the intestine, as well as plasma levels of several markers of inflammation and parameters of lipid metabolism. We found that mice that received GG and PJS exhibited significantly lower numbers of intestinal mast cells compared with control mice. PJS lowered intestinal immunoreactivity of TNF-α, while GG increased intestinal IL-10. PJS was also observed to lower the plasma levels of markers of inflammation including vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and also the amount of gonadal adipose tissue. GG lowered alanine aminotransferase, a marker of hepatocellular activation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that probiotic GG and PJS tend to down-regulate both intestinal and systemic pro-inflammatory changes induced by a high-fat diet in this humanised mouse model.
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Probiotics—Interactions with Bile Acids and Impact on Cholesterol Metabolism. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1880-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics: gut and beyond. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:872716. [PMID: 23049548 PMCID: PMC3459241 DOI: 10.1155/2012/872716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal tract has been colonized by thousands of species of bacteria during the coevolution of man and microbes. Gut-borne microbes outnumber the total number of body tissue cells by a factor of ten. Recent metagenomic analysis of the human gut microbiota has revealed the presence of some 3.3 million genes, as compared to the mere 23 thousand genes present in the cells of the tissues in the entire human body. Evidence for various beneficial roles of the intestinal microbiota in human health and disease is expanding rapidly. Perturbation of the intestinal microbiota may lead to chronic diseases such as autoimmune diseases, colon cancers, gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, functional bowel diseases, and obesity. Restoration of the gut microbiota may be difficult to accomplish, but the use of probiotics has led to promising results in a large number of well-designed (clinical) studies. Microbiomics has spurred a dramatic increase in scientific, industrial, and public interest in probiotics and prebiotics as possible agents for gut microbiota management and control. Genomics and bioinformatics tools may allow us to establish mechanistic relationships among gut microbiota, health status, and the effects of drugs in the individual. This will hopefully provide perspectives for personalized gut microbiota management.
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A bile salt hydrolase gene of Lactobacillus plantarum BBE7 with high cholesterol-removing activity. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Do probiotics act more efficiently in foods than in supplements? Nutrition 2012; 28:733-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, Niafar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mofid V, Akbarian-Moghari A. Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3288-94. [PMID: 21700013 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic and conventional yogurt on the lipid profile in type 2 diabetic people. In a randomized double-blind controlled trial, 60 people (23 males and 37 females) with type 2 diabetes and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) greater than 2.6 mmol/L were assigned to 2 groups. Participants consumed daily 300 g of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g of conventional yogurt for 6 wk. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements and 3-d, 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial. Probiotic yogurt consumption caused a 4.54% decrease in total cholesterol and a 7.45% decrease in LDL-C compared with the control group. No significant changes from baseline were shown in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the probiotic group. The total cholesterol:HDL-C ratio and LDL-C:HDL-C ratio as atherogenic indices significantly decreased in the probiotic group compared with the control group. Probiotic yogurt improved total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations in type 2 diabetic people and may contribute to the improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Ejtahed
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Development of a novel probiotic delivery system based on microencapsulation with protectants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1447-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Xie N, Cui Y, Yin YN, Zhao X, Yang JW, Wang ZG, Fu N, Tang Y, Wang XH, Liu XW, Wang CL, Lu FG. Effects of two Lactobacillus strains on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Altern Ther Health Med 2011; 11:53. [PMID: 21722398 PMCID: PMC3144010 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background The hypocholesterolemic effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have now become an area of great interest and controversy for many scientists. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 9-41-A and Lactobacillus fermentum M1-16 on body weight, lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Methods Forty rats were assigned to four groups and fed either a normal or a high-cholesterol diet. The LAB-treated groups received the high-cholesterol diet supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum 9-41-A or Lactobacillus fermentum M1-16. The rats were sacrificed after a 6-week feeding period. Body weights, visceral organ and fat pad weights, serum and liver cholesterol and lipid levels, and fecal cholesterol and bile acid concentrations were measured. Liver lipid deposition and adipocyte size were evaluated histologically. Results Compared with rats fed a high-cholesterol diet but without LAB supplementation, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides levels were significantly decreased in LAB-treated rats (p < 0.05), with no significant change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels and liver lipid deposition were significantly decreased in the LAB-treated groups (p < 0.05). Accordingly, both fecal cholesterol and bile acids levels were significantly increased after LAB administration (p < 0.05). Intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium colonies were increased while Escherichia coli colonies were decreased in the LAB-treated groups. Fecal water content was higher in the LAB-treated groups. Compared with rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, administration of Lactobacillus plantarum 9-41-A resulted in decreases in the body weight gain, liver and fat pad weight, and adipocytes size (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study suggests that LAB supplementation has hypocholesterolemic effects in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. The ability to lower serum cholesterol varies among LAB strains. Our strains might be able to improve the intestinal microbial balance and potentially improve intestinal transit time. Although the mechanism is largely unknown, L. plantarum 9-41-A may play a role in fat metabolism.
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Ooi LG, Liong MT. Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2499-522. [PMID: 20640165 PMCID: PMC2904929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that promote health benefits upon consumption, while prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics and/or prebiotics could be used as alternative supplements to exert health benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects on humans. Past in vivo studies showed that the administration of probiotics and/or prebiotics are effective in improving lipid profiles, including the reduction of serum/plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides or increment of HDL-cholesterol. However, other past studies have also shown that probiotics and prebiotics had insignificant effects on lipid profiles, disputing the hypocholesterolemic claim. Additionally, little information is available on the effective dosage of probiotics and prebiotics needed to exert hypocholesterolemic effects. Probiotics and prebiotics have been suggested to reduce cholesterol via various mechanisms. However, more clinical evidence is needed to strengthen these proposals. Safety issues regarding probiotics and/or prebiotics have also been raised despite their long history of safe use. Although probiotic-mediated infections are rare, several cases of systemic infections caused by probiotics have been reported and the issue of antibiotic resistance has sparked much debate. Prebiotics, classified as food ingredients, are generally considered safe, but overconsumption could cause intestinal discomfort. Conscientious prescription of probiotics and/or prebiotics is crucial, especially when administering to specific high risk groups such as infants, the elderly and the immuno-compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lay-Gaik Ooi
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Min-Tze Liong
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; E-Mail:
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