1
|
Kanitsar G, Pfaff K. Is football coming out? Anti-gay attitudes, social desirability, and pluralistic ignorance in amateur and professional football. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2024; 117:102947. [PMID: 38049211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Past work consistently points to improved attitudes towards gay athletes and growing support for homosexuality, yet reports of a homophobic climate in amateur and professional football persist. Here, we explore two potential explanations for the prevalence of homophobia in football despite low levels of anti-gay attitudes: social desirability and pluralistic ignorance. We conduct an online survey among a football-affine and socio-demographically diverse sample in the UK. We find that anti-gay attitudes are rare. Importantly, estimates from a list experiment do not differ from the prevalence measured by direct questions, providing no evidence of social desirability. By contrast, second-order beliefs about anti-gay attitudes substantially and consistently exceed attitudes, pointing towards pluralistic ignorance as the most likely explanation. We conclude by emphasizing the need for transparent communication to reduce pluralistic ignorance and correct misperceptions among players, officials and supporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kanitsar
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Institute for Sociology and Social Research, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Advanced Studies, Josefstädter Straße 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Pfaff
- University of Vienna, Department of Government, Kolingasse 14-16, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Koehler WJ, Copp H. Observations of LGBT-specific bullying at a state university. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2020.1850594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Koehler
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hilary Copp
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salvati M, Piumatti G, Giacomantonio M, Baiocco R. Gender stereotypes and contact with gay men and lesbians: The mediational role of sexism and homonegativity. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Salvati
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and PsychologySapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Giovanni Piumatti
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical EducationUniversity of Geneva, Medical School (CMU) Geneva Switzerland
| | - Mauro Giacomantonio
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and PsychologySapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and PsychologySapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Internet Changed Chess Rules: Queen Is Equal to Pawn. How Social Media Influence Opinion Spreading. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.v13i4.25660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of social influence in large groups show that leaders are crucial in infecting followers with new ideas and that it requires time. This reflects social impact models based on Nowak, Szamrej, and Latané’s dynamic theory (1990), which are still being presented, modified and developed in the literature. However, recent mass events, e.g., the Arab Spring, 15-M Movement, protests in the Gezi Park in Turkey, Polish democratic movements (KOD, AkcjaDemokracja), do not seem to fit the aforementioned models: changes happened rapidly and without the presence of opinion leaders. In a series of simulation studies, we propose that global communication (Internet, mobiles, social media) is responsible for the difference between the theoretical model and recent mass events. Our results indicate that global communication dramatically decreases the role of leaders, increases the speed of spreading new ideas in the population, increases the influence of followers on the speed of social transformation, and that leaders who use the Internet can change their attitudes as quickly and as often as followers do.
Collapse
|
5
|
West K. Does Contact Matter?: The Relative Importance of Contact in Predicting Anti-Gay Prejudice in Jamaica. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 67:468-488. [PMID: 30526442 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1547559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Jamaica has been called one of the world's most anti-gay countries. However, little empirical research has investigated methods of reducing this prejudice. Intergroup contact-(positive) interaction with someone from a different social group-is one of the most widely tested and strongly favored methods of reducing prejudice. However, the role of contact in this specific context is not clear, particularly the relative importance of contact compared to other variables that predict (less) prejudice. This current cross-sectional research investigated that question using a large, representative sample of Jamaican participants (N = 942). As in prior research, contact predicted less anti-gay prejudice, and the (negative) relationship between contact and anti-gay behaviors was mediated by intergroup anxiety and attitudes, even when other important predictors were taken into account. However, contact was a less important predictor than gender, education, or religiosity. Implications for intergroup contact and prejudice-reduction strategies in Jamaica are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keon West
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flave-Novak DE, Coleman JM. Pluralistic Ignorance of Physical Attractiveness in the Gay Male Community. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 66:2002-2020. [PMID: 30307796 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1522811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have found that a disproportionate percentage of men diagnosed with eating disorders identify as gay, and there is extensive evidence that gay men have significantly more body image concerns than heterosexual men (Bosley, 2011). The current studies investigated whether pluralistic ignorance exists about what is considered attractive in the gay community. It was hypothesized that gay males would privately reject the notion that only a mesomorphic (thin and muscular) body type is attractive, yet incorrectly assume that their peers are attracted primarily to a mesomorphic body type. The studies found evidence for the existence of pluralistic ignorance about what is considered attractive in the gay community. Further, there was evidence for a significant association between pluralistic ignorance and body image concerns, particularly among men who were not in committed romantic relationships.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hall WJ, Rodgers GK. Teachers’ attitudes toward homosexuality and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer community in the United States. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-018-9463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Minnix GM. Reconciling Counselors’ Christian Beliefs and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Affirmation: A Grounded Theory. COUNSELING AND VALUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cvj.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gena M. Minnix
- Department of Counseling and Human Services; St. Mary's University
- Now at Department of Counselor Education; Seminary of the Southwest
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Halbrook MK, Watson JC, Voelker DK. High School Coaches' Experiences With Openly Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Athletes. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 66:838-856. [PMID: 29338643 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1423222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite reports that there has been a positive trend in perception and treatment of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals in recent years (Griffin, 2012 ; Loftus, 2001 ), sport, in general, is still an uncertain, and sometimes even hostile, environment for LGB athletes (Anderson, 2005 ; Waldron & Krane, 2005 ). To gain more information on coach understanding and perceptions of the team environment, 10 high school head coaches in the United States were interviewed to explore their experiences coaching openly LGB athletes. Qualitative analyses revealed four primary themes associated with coach experiences: team environment dogmas and observations, fundamental beliefs contributing to perceptions of LGB athletes, types and timing of sexual orientation disclosure, and differential LGB athlete characteristics. Future research should examine these primary themes in more detail through interviews with LGB athletes, as well as high school coaches in more traditionally masculine sports, such as football, men's basketball, and wrestling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Halbrook
- a Department of Physical Education , Randolph College , Lynchburg , Virginia , USA
| | - Jack C Watson
- b College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| | - Dana K Voelker
- b College of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences , West Virginia University , Morgantown , West Virginia , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lim AC, Trau RNC, Foo MD. Task interdependence and the discrimination of gay men and lesbians in the workplace. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hrm.21912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Cuifang Lim
- Chua Thian Poh Community Leadership Centre; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | | | - Maw-Der Foo
- Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management; Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore; Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anthenien AM, DeLozier SJ, Neighbors C, Rhodes MG. College student normative misperceptions of peer study habit use. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-017-9412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
12
|
Lytle A, Dyar C, Levy SR, London B. Contact with bisexual individuals reduces binegativity among heterosexuals and lesbian women and gay men. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Lytle
- Stevens Institute of Technology; Hoboken New Jersey USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Copp HL, Koehler WJ. Peer attitudes toward LGBT-identified university students as mediated by demographic factors. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2017.1320697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilary L. Copp
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William J. Koehler
- Department of Social Work, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ahuja KK. Development of Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale for Indians (AHSI). JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2017; 64:1978-1992. [PMID: 28151096 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1289006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Attitudes toward homosexuality vary across cultures, with the legal and societal position being rather complicated in India. This study describes the process of developing and validating a Likert-type scale to assess attitudes toward homosexuality among heterosexuals. Phase 1 describes the development of the scale. Items were written based on thematic analysis of narratives generated from 50 college students and reviewing existing scales. After administering the 70-item scale to 68 participants, item analysis yielded 20 statements with item-total correlations over .70. Cronbach's alpha was .97. In Phase 2, the 20-item Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale for Indians (AHSI) was administered to 142 participants. Analysis yielded a corrected split-half correlation of .91. Further, AHSI discriminated between women and men; between liberal arts and STEM/business students; and those who reported interpersonal contact with gay men and lesbian women and those who did not. The scale has satisfactory reliability and shows promising construct validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika K Ahuja
- a Department of Psychology, Lady Shri Ram College for Women , University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lytle A, Dyar C, Levy SR, London B. Essentialist beliefs: Understanding contact with and attitudes towards lesbian and gay individuals. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 56:64-88. [PMID: 27616360 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual prejudice remains a widespread problem worldwide. Past research demonstrates that cross-orientation contact (contact between heterosexuals and lesbian/gay individuals) reduces sexual prejudice among heterosexuals, especially when contact is high quality. This study extends the literature on the relationship between cross-orientation contact and sexual prejudice and the mediation of this relationship by intergroup anxiety by examining the role of a key ideology - essentialist beliefs about homosexuality (immutability, universality, and discreteness beliefs). Findings indicate that the mediation of the relationship between cross-orientation contact and sexual prejudice by intergroup anxiety differs by level of essentialist beliefs. Additionally, the relationship between cross-orientation contact and sexual prejudice appears to be mediated by essentialist beliefs as well as intergroup anxiety. These results suggest that individuals who endorse essentialist beliefs commonly associated with increased bias (high discreteness and low immutability and universality beliefs) may benefit the most from cross-orientation contact and resultant decreases in intergroup anxiety. Further, decreasing essentialist beliefs generally associated with increased bias may be a mechanism through which cross-orientation contact reduces sexual prejudice. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bourgeois MJ. Heritability of Attitudes Constrains Dynamic Social Impact. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/01461672022811005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three studies tested the hypothesis that there are genetic constraints on group-level self-organization. In Study 1, an analysis of archival data reported in Eaves, Eysenck, and Martin showed that large groups of monozygotic and dizygotic twins display greater group-level diversity of opinions on issues with higher heritabilities. Results of Study 2 suggested that small groups discussing opinion issues that were higher in heritability showed less tendency toward consolidation (reduction in diversity). Study 3 was a field study showing that students living in a campus housing complex showed less geographic clustering of attitudes on issues with a larger genetic component. Theoretical and practical implications of heritability constraints on dynamic social impact are discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Background and aims Personalized feedback interventions (PFI) have shown success as a low-cost, scalable intervention for reducing problematic and excessive consumption of alcohol. Recently, researchers have begun to apply PFI as an intervention method for problematic gambling behaviors. A systematic review of the literature on PFI as an intervention/prevention method for gambling behaviors was performed. Methods Studies were included if they met the following criteria: the design included both a PFI group and a comparison group, and the interventions focused on gambling prevention and/or reduction. Six relevant studies were found meeting all criteria. Results Results revealed that PFI treatment groups showed decreases in a variety of gambling behaviors as compared to control groups, and perceived norms on gambling behaviors significantly decreased after interventions as compared to control groups. Conclusions Overall, the research suggests that while PFI applied to gambling is still in its infancy, problematic gamblers appear to benefit from programs incorporating PFIs. Further, PFI may also be used as a promising source of preventative measures for individuals displaying at-risk gambling behaviors. While, evidence is still limited, and additional research needs to be conducted with PFI for gambling problems, the preliminary positive results along with the structure of PFI as a scalable and relatively inexpensive intervention method provides promising support for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Marchica
- Corresponding author: Loredana Marchica; International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High Risk Behaviors, McGill University, 3724 McTavish Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1Y2; Phone: +1 (514) 398-6830; E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Providing people with information about the behavior and attitudes of their peers is a strategy commonly employed by those seeking to reduce behavior deemed harmful either to individuals (e.g., high alcohol consumption) or the collective (e.g., high energy consumption). We review norm-based interventions, detailing the logic behind them and the various forms they can take. We give special attention to interventions designed to decrease college students' drinking and increase environment-friendly behaviors. We identify the conditions under which norm information has the highest likelihood of changing the targeted behavior and discuss why this is the case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale T Miller
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Deborah A Prentice
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mullins MH. Contextual Factors Impacting Practice Beliefs and Practice Behaviors among Social Workers with Lesbian and Gay Clients. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-INFORMED SOCIAL WORK 2015; 12:336-47. [PMID: 25661900 DOI: 10.1080/15433714.2014.950131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study the author explores contextual factors that impact practice beliefs and behaviors among social workers with lesbian and gay clients. The Gay Affirmative Practice scale was used to measure levels of gay affirmative practice beliefs and practice behaviors among social workers in a medical setting. A model is presented that illustrates how contextual factors related to education, training, relationships with lesbian and gay individuals, and religiosity affects social workers' practice behaviors. The results illustrate the importance of educational exposure and affirming practice beliefs on practice behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Mullins
- a Department of Social Work , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , Tennessee , USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
DiFonzo N, Suls J, Beckstead JW, Bourgeois MJ, Homan CM, Brougher S, Younge AJ, Terpstra-Schwab N. Network Structure Moderates Intergroup Differentiation of Stereotyped Rumors. SOCIAL COGNITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2014.32.5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
21
|
Ngamake ST, Walch SE, Raveepatarakul J. Validation of the Attitudes Toward Transgendered Individuals Scale in Thailand. Int J Transgend 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2013.834810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
22
|
Rogers A, Rebbe R, Gardella C, Worlein M, Chamberlin M. Older LGBT adult training panels: an opportunity to educate about issues faced by the older LGBT community. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2013; 56:580-95. [PMID: 23905835 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2013.811710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults face unique issues that can impede their well-being. Although many advances have helped address these issues, there is a need for education efforts that raise awareness of service providers about these issues. This study explores evaluation data of training panels provided by older LGBT adults and the views of training participants on issues faced by the older LGBT community after attending the panels. Participants were 605 students and professionals from over 34 education and communication settings. Implications for trainings on participants and older LGBT trainers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Rogers
- a Social Work Program , University of Portland , Portland , Oregon , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reysen S, Katzarska-Miller I. Perceived Relationship Dissolution and Sexual Orientation of a Hypothetical Ex-Partner as a Threat to Identity. INTERPERSONA: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2013. [DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v7i1.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
24
|
DiFonzo N, Bourgeois MJ, Suls J, Homan C, Stupak N, Brooks BP, Ross DS, Bordia P. Rumor clustering, consensus, and polarization: Dynamic social impact and self-organization of hearsay. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
This study explored male and female physical education majors' (149 men, 97 women) attitudes toward lesbians and gays in Turkey. The short form of the Attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale was used to assess attitudes toward lesbians and gay men in relation to the education majors' sex, year of schooling, and whether or not he/she had a lesbian/gay friend or acquaintance. Female students had more positive attitudes toward gay men compared with males, and male and female students' attitudes toward lesbians were similar. Furthermore, no significant differences were found among the different cohort years in terms of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Results also revealed that students who had lesbian/gay friends or acquaintances held more positive attitudes toward gay men than those who did not. However, their attitudes were similar toward lesbians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Saraç
- The School of Physical Education and Sport, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mange J, Lepastourel N. Gender effect and prejudice: when a salient female norm moderates male negative attitudes toward homosexuals. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2013; 60:1035-1053. [PMID: 23808349 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2013.776406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Men generally express more negative attitudes than women toward homosexuals. This study aims to determine if social norms saliency can rely on this "gender effect" and influence attitudes toward homosexuals. Gender characteristics (attitudes and lexical markers) concerning homosexuality were identified in Study 1 and used to construct male- (i.e., promoting a prejudice-related norm) and female-marked (i.e., promoting an anti-prejudice-related norm) messages. Social norms saliency was primed using these messages (Studies 2 and 3) and the participant's immediate context (Study 3). Results show that promoting a prejudiced norm eases expression of males' negative attitudes toward homosexuals, whereas the promotion of an anti-prejudice norm inhibits their attitudes. Theoretical elaborations and potential applications for promotion of tolerance are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mange
- Universitary Institute of Technology-Normandie Université, University of Caen, NIMEC, Caen, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sanders A, Stogner JM, Miller BL. Perception vs. reality: an investigation of the misperceptions concerning the extent of peer novel drug use. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2013; 43:97-120. [PMID: 25068165 DOI: 10.2190/de.43.2.a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Misperceptions of peer substance use have previously been implicated as significant influences on individual use of both alcohol and illicit drugs. However, research on perceived social norms and related interventions are typically limited to binge drinking and marijuana and no empirical studies have explored misperceptions related to "novel drugs." The present study explored the extent of use and perceptions of use among a college sample (N = 2,349) for three categories of novel drugs: synthetic cannabinoids (Spice, K2, Mr. Miyagi, Pot-Pourri, etc.), synthetic cathinones (commonly known as "bath salts"), and Salvia divinorum. Results indicate that overall perceived use was significantly higher than actual reported use. The frequency of overestimation of peer use was particularly large for the emerging drugs when compared to alcohol and marijuana. This finding is concerning as these misperceptions have the potential to influence students toward experimentation with these substances and suggests that a possible target for intervention is misperceptions of emerging novel substances.
Collapse
|
28
|
Hans JD, Kersey M, Kimberly C. Self-perceived origins of attitudes toward homosexuality. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2012; 59:4-17. [PMID: 22269045 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2012.638547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Undergraduate students (N = 417) at a large southern university responded to open-ended questions designed to assess self-perceived origins of attitudes toward homosexuality and circumstances that may prompt a shift in attitudes. Inductively coded responses pointed to a positive correlation between attitudes toward homosexuality and experience interacting with gay men or lesbians; this is discussed in the context of Allport's (1954 ) contact hypothesis and Herek's (1984 , 1986 ) theory of functional attitudes. Implications are discussed for education and intervention efforts aimed at facilitating understanding and tolerance of gay men and lesbians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Hans
- Department of Family Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0054, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Blosnich J, Bossarte R. Drivers of disparity: differences in socially based risk factors of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors among sexual minority college students. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:141-9. [PMID: 22316411 PMCID: PMC3340564 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2011.623332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (ie, sexual minority) populations have increased prevalence of both self-injurious and suicidal behaviors, but reasons for these disparities are poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To test the association between socially based stressors (eg, victimization, discrimination) and self-injurious behavior, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt. PARTICIPANTS A national sample of college-attending 18- to 24-year-olds. METHODS Random or census samples from postsecondary educational institutions that administered the National College Health Assessment during the Fall 2008 and Spring 2009 semesters. RESULTS Sexual minorities reported more socially based stressors than heterosexuals. Bisexuals exhibited greatest prevalence of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors. In adjusted models, intimate partner violence was most consistently associated with self-injurious behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Sexual minorities' elevated risks of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors may stem from higher exposure to socially based stressors. Within-group differences among sexual minorities offer insight to specific risk factors that may contribute to elevated self-injurious and suicidal behaviors in sexual minority populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Blosnich
- Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. john
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Licciardello O, Castiglione C, Rampullo A. Intergroup contact, value system and the representation of homosexuality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
31
|
|
32
|
Meaney GJ, Rye BJ. Gendered egos: attitude functions and gender as predictors of homonegativity. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2010; 57:1274-1302. [PMID: 21058147 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2010.517074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study used a correlational design with a sample of university students to clarify the relationships between attitude functions and homonegativity with respect to gender. Classic work on attitude functions posits that attitudes serve psychological needs for the attitude holder. Herek (1986b) adapted this theory to explain attitudes toward homosexuality. Herek (1987) identified four functions: ego-defensive (defense of threats to the self), value-expressive (expression of key values), social-expressive (expression of important social norms), and experiential (based on past experiences). Results suggested that men were more likely to attribute their attitudes to the ego-defensive function. Men and women were equally likely to attribute their attitudes to the experiential function. The ego-defensive function was the best predictor of homonegativity for men and women, whether they held generally positive or generally negative attitudes toward homosexuality. The experiential function did not predict homonegativity. Participants tended to be neither very homonegative nor very ego-defensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Meaney
- Department of Psychology and Sexuality, Marriage, and Family Studies, St. Jerome's University at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Many vaginal microbicide trial participants acknowledged they had misreported sensitive sexual behavior in face-to-face interviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2009; 62:759-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Rye BJ, Meaney GJ. Impact of a homonegativity awareness workshop on attitudes toward homosexuality. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2009; 56:31-55. [PMID: 19197642 DOI: 10.1080/00918360802551480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effects of a homonegativity awareness workshop on attitudes toward homosexuality and examined individual difference variables associated with attitude change. Participants included 71 female and 43 male students (approximate mean age = 23). Compared to a control group of introductory psychology students, participants were less homonegative and erotophobic (F(1, 359) = 62.47 and 15.92, ps < .001) after the workshop. Implications for contact with gay and lesbian persons through structured intervention programs on attitudes toward homosexuality are discussed in terms of both the practice and theory of reducing prejudice and discrimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B J Rye
- Department of Psychology and Sexuality, St. Jerome's University at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cardenas M, Barrientos JE. The attitudes toward lesbians and gay men scale (ATLG): adaptation and testing the reliability and validity in Chile. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2008; 45:140-9. [PMID: 18569535 DOI: 10.1080/00224490801987424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous researchers have used the attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (ATLG) scale (Herek, 1988) and reported their own reliability coefficients and validity measures, but research on this subject is scarce in Chile. In order to determine if ATLG scale was a reliable and valid instrument in our country, we adapted and examined the psychometrics properties using a sample composed of 142 psychology and economics undergraduate students. This study found the ATLG scale to be reliable (a = .90) and valid for the Chilean population and is a recommended instrument for measuring attitudes toward gay men and lesbians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Cardenas
- Psychology School, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 1280, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Eack SM, Newhill CE. An Investigation of the Relations Between Student Knowledge, Personal Contact, and Attitudes Toward Individuals with Schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION 2008; 44:10.5175/JSWE.2008.200700009. [PMID: 24353396 PMCID: PMC3864827 DOI: 10.5175/jswe.2008.200700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A survey of 118 MSW students was conducted to examine the relationship between social work students' knowledge about, contact with, and attitudes toward persons with schizophrenia. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that students' knowledge about and contact with persons with schizophrenia were significantly related to better attitudes toward this population. Moderated multiple regression analyses revealed a significant interaction between knowledge about and contact with persons with schizophrenia, such that knowledge was only related to positive attitudes among students who had more personal contact with persons with the illness. Implications for social work training in severe mental illness are discussed (99 words).
Collapse
|
38
|
Roper EA, Halloran E. Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians Among Heterosexual Male and Female Student-Athletes. SEX ROLES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
39
|
Do Third-Person Perceptions of Media Influence Contribute to Pluralistic Ignorance on the Norm of Ideal Female Thinness? SEX ROLES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
40
|
Cullum J, Harton HC. Cultural evolution: interpersonal influence, issue importance, and the development of shared attitudes in college residence halls. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:1327-39. [PMID: 17626890 DOI: 10.1177/0146167207303949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates cultural evolution in four college residence halls. Up to four attitude surveys were completed by 1,252 participants in a semester. Participants' attitudes became more similar to those living closest to them over time as a result of localized interpersonal influence processes. Correlations between attitudes also increased with time as these cultural attributes grew increasingly interdependent. These basic findings support the predictions of dynamic social impact theory. However, these effects were stronger for more important issues even when controlling for discussion. These findings are likely the result of (a) individual-level selective attention to personally important information, (b) greater attitude-behavior consistency for important issues, and/or (c) nonlinear attitude change processes for important issues as suggested by the catastrophe theory of attitudes. These results suggest that intrapsychic processes as well as interpersonal processes contribute to cultural evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Cullum
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, WY 82071, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cirakoğlu OC. Perception of homosexuality among Turkish university students: the roles of labels, gender, and prior contact. The Journal of Social Psychology 2006; 146:293-305. [PMID: 16783983 DOI: 10.3200/socp.146.3.293-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The author examined three questions: (a) What constitutes participants' causal attributions for the labels "gay," "lesbian," and "homosexual"?; (b) Do participants' attitudes vary by labels?; and (c) Do participants' attitudes vary with previous social contact with homosexuals? Participants were 334 university students (140 women, 194 men). Three labels--"gay," "lesbian," and "homosexual"--served as probes. The author investigated participants' attributions toward causes of homosexuality with Principal-Component Analysis (PCA) and obtained 4 components: disorder, problems, modeling or sensation seeking, and preference. The author found the most negative attitudes toward the label "gay." Finally, participants who had previous contact with homosexual people held more positive attitudes toward homosexuality than did the others. The author also obtained some gender differences. The author discussed the results in the light of the current literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okan Cem Cirakoğlu
- Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, ELYADAL Research Laboratory, Başkent University Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lemm KM. Positive associations among interpersonal contact, motivation, and implicit and explicit attitudes toward gay men. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2006; 51:79-99. [PMID: 16901868 DOI: 10.1300/j082v51n02_05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A correlational study explored the role of intergroup contact and motivation to respond without prejudice on heterosexuals' expression of explicit and implicit (unconscious) bias against gay men. Participants who reported having more relationships and closer relationships with gay, lesbian, or bisexual people tended to exhibit more favorable attitudes toward gay men on implicit as well as explicit attitude measures. Attitudes were also related to self-reported motivation to be non-prejudiced, including motivation stemming from sources internal as well as external to the individual. Multiple regression analyses showed that contact and motivation explain unique variance in attitude but that motivation is a relatively stronger predictor. The results are interpreted to suggest that implicit and explicit prejudice may be reduced through motivation coupled with positive contact experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M Lemm
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, 516 High St, MS 9089, Bellingham, 98225, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hicks GR, Lee TT. Public attitudes toward gays and lesbians: trends and predictors. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2006; 51:57-77. [PMID: 16901867 DOI: 10.1300/j082v51n02_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Public opinion about gay men and lesbians is a popular topic in both the popular press and academic journals. However, analyses of attitudinal trends are rare. Tracing changes in opinion polls on homosexuals in the United States between 1977 and 2003, the first part of the present study showed that public opinion of this minority group has become more positive over time. Part two of this research utilized a recent national survey to identify factors predicting anti-gay attitudes. The best predictors included respondents' sex, stance of anti-abortion and anti-women's equality, and religiosity. Implications for gay rights advocates were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hicks
- Department of Mass Communications, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Box 1775, 62026-1775, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Evans NJ, Broido EM. Encouraging the development of social justice attitudes and actions in heterosexual student. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ss.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
45
|
Ragins BR. SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN THE WORKPLACE: THE UNIQUE WORK AND CAREER EXPERIENCES OF GAY, LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL WORKERS. RESEARCH IN PERSONNEL AND HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0742-7301(04)23002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|