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Hopwood CJ, Lenhausen MR, Stahlmann AG, Bleidorn W. Personality aspects and proenvironmental attitudes. J Pers 2024; 92:784-799. [PMID: 36401807 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Climate change is a serious threat. Personality psychologists can help address this threat by understanding what kind of people tend to endorse proenvironmental attitudes and engage in sustainable behavior. Previous research supports reliable associations between proenvironmental attitudes and personality traits. However, this research has generally aggregated different kinds of attitudes into a single composite and has focused on the domain level of personality traits. METHOD This study explored how 10 lower-order aspects of the Big Five personality traits were related to eight different proenvironmental attitudes in three convenience samples from the United States (N = 1234; 1000) and the United Kingdom (N = 538). RESULTS All five trait domains were related to at least one proenvironmental attitude across all three samples. Seven of eight proenvironmental attitudes could be predicted by one or more traits in all three samples. We also found evidence that the Openness aspect of Openness to Experience was a more consistent predictor of proenvironmental attitudes than the Intellect aspect. In contrast, there was little benefit in distinguishing between the aspects of other trait domains. We did not find evidence that age or political orientation moderated the associations between proenvironmental attitudes and personality. CONCLUSION Results point to the need for more fine-grained research on individual differences in proenvironmental attitudes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madeline R Lenhausen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yang MZ, Sheeran P. Who follows through? Different factors predict initial commitment vs. Following through in a national survey of organ donor registration. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302587. [PMID: 38809885 PMCID: PMC11135768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little research has investigated factors that determine whether people falter in the face of an obstacle or successfully follow through on an initial commitment to act. We integrated multiple theories (the Reasoned Action Approach [RAA], Prototype Willingness Model, and anticipated regret theory) to test which factors predict initial commitment to register as an organ donor and to discover whether different factors predict initial commitment vs. following through with registration. METHODS Participants from a nationally representative UK sample (N = 1,008) reported their beliefs about organ donation and indicated their decision to register. An obstacle that participants could not foresee was that they had to complete registration in a second survey 3 days after making their initial commitment. RESULTS Findings showed that 14.8% of participants followed through, 19.7% demonstrated initial commitment, and 65.5% declined to register. Linear discriminant function analysis derived two functions that distinguished these registration patterns. The first function discriminated participants who declined to register from the other groups. The declined group had lower scores on RAA variables compared to their counterparts. The second function distinguished participants who made an initial commitment to register from those who followed through. Follow-through was associated with less anticipated negative affect, more favorable descriptive norms, and stronger identification with organ donors. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that even modest friction leads to a large reduction in follow-through. Moreover, different factors influence initial commitment vs. following through. Whereas RAA variables predicted initial commitment, following through was a function of anticipated negative affect and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Z. Yang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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Chideme C, Chikobvu D, Makoni T. Blood donation projections using hierarchical time series forecasting: the case of Zimbabwe's national blood bank. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:928. [PMID: 38556866 PMCID: PMC10983681 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discrepancy between blood supply and demand requires accurate forecasts of the blood supply at any blood bank. Accurate blood donation forecasting gives blood managers empirical evidence in blood inventory management. The study aims to model and predict blood donations in Zimbabwe using hierarchical time series. The modelling technique allows one to identify, say, a declining donor category, and in that way, the method offers feasible and targeted solutions for blood managers to work on. METHODS The monthly blood donation data covering the period 2007 to 2018, collected from the National Blood Service Zimbabwe (NBSZ) was used. The data was disaggregated by gender and blood groups types within each gender category. The model validation involved utilising actual blood donation data from 2019 and 2020. The model's performance was evaluated through the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), uncovering expected and notable discrepancies during the Covid-19 pandemic period only. RESULTS Blood group O had the highest monthly yield mean of 1507.85 and 1230.03 blood units for male and female donors, respectively. The top-down forecasting proportions (TDFP) under ARIMA, with a MAPE value of 11.30, was selected as the best approach and the model was then used to forecast future blood donations. The blood donation predictions for 2019 had a MAPE value of 14.80, suggesting alignment with previous years' donations. However, starting in April 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted blood collection, leading to a significant decrease in blood donation and hence a decrease in model accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The gradual decrease in future blood donations exhibited by the predictions calls for blood authorities in Zimbabwe to develop interventions that encourage blood donor retention and regular donations. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic distorted the blood donation patterns such that the developed model did not capture the significant drop in blood donations during the pandemic period. Other shocks such as, a surge in global pandemics and other disasters, will inevitably affect the blood donation system. Thus, forecasting future blood collections with a high degree of accuracy requires robust mathematical models which factor in, the impact of various shocks to the system, on short notice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coster Chideme
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Delson Chikobvu
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Tendai Makoni
- Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Ferguson E, Dawe-Lane E, Ajayi O, Osikomaiya B, Mills R, Okubanjo A. The importance of need-altruism and kin-altruism to blood donor behaviour for black and white people. Transfus Med 2024; 34:112-123. [PMID: 38305071 DOI: 10.1111/tme.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Need-altruism (a preference to help people in need) and kin-altruism (a preference to help kin over non-kin) underlie two hypotheses for voluntary blood donation: (i) Need-altruism underlies motivations for volunteer blood donation and (ii) Black people express a stronger preference for kin-altruism, which is a potential barrier to donation. This paper tests these hypotheses and explores how need- and kin-altruism are associated with wider altruistic motivations, barriers, and strategies to encourage donation. METHODS We assessed need- and kin-altruism, other mechanisms-of-altruism (e.g., reluctant-altruism), barriers, strategies to encourage donation, donor status, and willingness-to-donate across four groups based on ethnicity (Black; White), nationality (British; Nigerian), and country-of-residence: (i) Black-British people (n = 395), and Black-Nigerian people (ii) in the UK (n = 97) or (iii) across the rest of the world (n = 101), and (v) White-British people in the UK (n = 452). We also sampled a Black-Nigerian Expert group (n = 60). RESULTS Need-altruism was higher in donors and associated with willingness-to-donate in non-donors. Levels of kin-altruism did not differ between Black and White people, but need-altruism was lower in Black-British people. Kin-altruism was associated with a preference for incentives, and need-altruism with a preference for recognition (e.g., a thank you) as well as an increased willingness-to-donate for Black non-donors. Need-altruism underlies a blood-donor-cooperative-phenotype. CONCLUSION Need-altruism is central to blood donation, in particular recruitment. Lower need-altruism may be a specific barrier for Black-British people. Kin-altruism is important for Black non-donors. The blood donor cooperative phenotype deserves further consideration. Implications for blood services are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erin Dawe-Lane
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Oluwafemi Ajayi
- Blood Sciences, Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorchester, UK
| | - Bodunrin Osikomaiya
- Lagos State Blood Transfusion Service, Gbagada Centre, General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Richard Mills
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Tesema B, Bogale EK, Wasihun Y, Anagaw TF. Intention to Donate Kidney and Associated Factors Among Students in Bahir Dar University: Application of Theory of Planned Behavior. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:5363-5376. [PMID: 38021069 PMCID: PMC10674569 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s441636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidney donation is the donation of a kidney from a living or dead person to another living person who requires transplantation. The scarcity of kidneys is a great public health concern worldwide, owing to an increase in end-stage renal failure. There is no sufficient evidence regarding the intention to donate kidneys in Ethiopia. Objective To assess the intention to donate kidneys and its associated factors among Bahir Dar University students in Ethiopia in 2023 by the application of theory of planned behavior. Method and Materials This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 7 to April 5, 2023. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 630 participants. Self-administered structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed. Findings with a p-value <0.05 at the 95% confidence interval were considered statistically significant and interpreted by the unstandardized beta (ß) coefficient. Results The mean score of intention to donate the kidney was 12.9 ± 4.1 standard deviation. Direct attitude (B = 0.341, 95% CI = 0.265, 0.416), direct subjective norm (B = 0.088, 95% CI = 0.010, 0.167), direct perceived behavioral control (B = 0.353, 95% CI 0.251, 0.455), knowledge (B = 0.417, 95% CI 0.251, 0.583), and previous experience of blood donation (B = 0.915, 95% CI 0.321, 1.510) were factors associated with intention to kidney donation. Conclusion The mean score of intention to donate kidneys was 12.9 ± 4.1 SD. Direct attitude, direct subjective norm, direct perceived behavioral control, experience with blood donation, and knowledge of participants were significant factors for the intention to donate kidneys. Therefore, social and behavioral change communication strategies should address these factors in order to increase kidney donation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete Tesema
- Department Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Ketema Bogale
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yosef Wasihun
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Fentabil Anagaw
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Shepherd L, O'Carroll RE, Ferguson E. Assessing the influence of affective attitudes, demography and blood donor status on organ donor registration active decisions in opt-out systems. J Health Psychol 2023:13591053231208531. [PMID: 37968921 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231208531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to opt-in systems, relatively little is known about what influences whether or not people register a decision about organ donation in opt-out systems. We address this gap in the literature. Participants (N = 756) living in a country with opt-out consent (Wales, UK) provided information on demographics and blood donor status. Participants indicated whether they had opted-in or opted-out (i.e. active decision), or not registered a decision under the assumption of deemed consent. Subsequently, their negative emotional beliefs (or affective attitudes) towards organ donation were measured. Opting-in was associated with being younger, having donated blood and holding superstitious beliefs about donation (jinx). Disgust (ick factor) deterred opting-in, and bodily integrity concerns increased opting-out. Positive affective attitudes increased opting-in and deterred opting-out. Actively opting-in increases the likelihood of organs being transplanted, thus, modifying affective attitudes and targeting blood donors should enhance the number of donors available under opt-out systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eamonn Ferguson
- University of Nottingham, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, UK
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Ferguson E, Lawrence C, Bowen S, Gemelli CN, Rozsa A, Niekrasz K, van Dongen A, Williams LA, Thijsen A, Guerin N, Masser B, Davison TE. Warming up cool cooperators. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1917-1932. [PMID: 37710031 PMCID: PMC10663147 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Explaining why someone repeats high-cost cooperation towards non-reciprocating strangers is difficult. Warm glow offers an explanation. We argue that warm glow, as a mechanism to sustain long-term cooperation, cools off over time but can be warmed up with a simple intervention message. We tested our predictions in the context of repeat voluntary blood donation (high-cost helping of a non-reciprocating stranger) across 6 studies: a field-based experiment (n = 5,821) comparing warm-glow and impure-altruism messages; an implementation study comparing a 3-yr pre-implementation period among all first-time donors in Australia (N = 270,353) with a 2-yr post-implementation period (N = 170, 317); and 4 studies (n = 716, 1,124, 932, 1,592) exploring mechanisms. We show that there are relatively warm and cool cooperators, not cooling cooperators. Cooperation among cool cooperators is enhanced by a warm-glow-plus-identity message. Furthermore, the behavioural facilitation of future cooperation, by booking an appointment, is associated with being a warm cooperator. Societal implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Sarah Bowen
- School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Carley N Gemelli
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Rozsa
- Corporate Strategy and Transformation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Konrad Niekrasz
- Corporate Strategy and Transformation, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne van Dongen
- Department of Psychology, Health, and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A Williams
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amanda Thijsen
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Guerin
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara Masser
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Art, Design, and Architecture, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Hill EM, Prosser NS, Brown PE, Ferguson E, Green MJ, Kaler J, Keeling MJ, Tildesley MJ. Incorporating heterogeneity in farmer disease control behaviour into a livestock disease transmission model. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106019. [PMID: 37699310 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Human behaviour is critical to effective responses to livestock disease outbreaks, especially with respect to vaccination uptake. Traditionally, mathematical models used to inform this behaviour have not taken heterogeneity in farmer behaviour into account. We address this by exploring how heterogeneity in farmers vaccination behaviour can be incorporated to inform mathematical models. We developed and used a graphical user interface to elicit farmers (n = 60) vaccination decisions to an unfolding fast-spreading epidemic and linked this to their psychosocial and behavioural profiles. We identified, via cluster analysis, robust patterns of heterogeneity in vaccination behaviour. By incorporating these vaccination behavioural groupings into a mathematical model for a fast-spreading livestock infection, using computational simulation we explored how the inclusion of heterogeneity in farmer disease control behaviour may impact epidemiological and economic focused outcomes. When assuming homogeneity in farmer behaviour versus configurations informed by the psychosocial profile cluster estimates, the modelled scenarios revealed a disconnect in projected distributions and threshold statistics across outbreak size, outbreak duration and economic metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Hill
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - Naomi S Prosser
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul E Brown
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Tildesley
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Zeng M, Li H, Song X, Jiang J, Chen Y. Factors Associated with Willingness toward Organ Donation in China: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Analysis Using a Social–Ecological Framework. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060824. [PMID: 36981481 PMCID: PMC10048496 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving public willingness toward organ donation is an important solution to the low organ donation rate. This study aimed to explore factors impacting public willingness for organ donation in China from a multi-agent perspective and further explore the impact of these factors on high or low willingness, using a social–ecological framework. Data from a total of 11,028 (effective rate, 94.18%) participants were analysed. Generalised linear model (GLM) and quantile regression were used to explore factors associated with willingness and high/low willingness toward organ donation, respectively. The mean willingness toward organ donation was 56.9 (range, 0–100) points. GLM regression revealed that age, family health, males, lower educational levels, and agricultural hukou were negatively associated with willingness. For personality, conscientiousness was negatively associated with willingness, whereas openness was positively associated with willingness. Health literacy perceived social support, and media utilisation were positively associated with willingness. Quantile regression further indicated that educational levels of college, bachelor, master’s, and PhD, openness, health literacy, perceived social support, and media utilisation were positively associated with organ donation willingness at all percentiles. It is necessary to adopt more targeted and diversified publicity, education, and guidance for different types of individuals. Meanwhile, social support needs to be strengthened. To enhance the willingness of the residents to donate organs, media publicity should be strengthened, particularly by using modern ways to improve their health literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Zeng
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Haomiao Li
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jipin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Research Centre for Rural Health Service, Key Research Institute of Humanities & Social Sciences of Hubei Provincial Department of Education, Wuhan 430030, China
- Correspondence: (J.J.); (Y.C.)
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10
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Assessing the factors that influence the donation of a deceased family member's organs in an opt-out system for organ donation. Soc Sci Med 2023; 317:115545. [PMID: 36436261 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Family, and sometimes longstanding friends, have considerable influence over organ donation, through agreeing or disagreeing to the donation of a deceased individual's organs. To date, most research has been undertaken within opt-in systems. OBJECTIVE This study advances on previous research by assessing next-of-kin approval under opt-out legislation. We tested whether next-of-kin approval varies when the deceased is a registered donor (opted-in), registered non-donor (opted-out) or has not registered a decision under an opt-out policy (deemed consent). We also tested if the deceased's wishes influenced next-of-kin approval through relatives anticipating regret for not donating and feelings of uncertainty. Finally, we assessed whether next-of-kin's own beliefs about organ donation influenced whether they followed the deceased's wishes. METHODS Participants (N = 848) living in a country with opt-out legislation (Wales, UK) were asked to imagine a relative had died under an opt-out system and decided if their relatives' organs should be donated. Participants were randomly allocated to imagine the deceased had either (i) opted-in, (ii) opted-out or (iii) not registered a decision (deemed consent). The outcome variable was next-of-kin approval, with uncertainty and anticipated regret as potential mediators and next-of-kin's beliefs about organ donation as moderators. RESULTS Next-of-kin approval was lower when the deceased had opted-out than under deemed consent. This was due to next-of-kin anticipating more regret for not donating under deemed consent than opt-out. Further analyses revealed the deceased's wishes influence next-of-kin approval, via anticipated regret, when next-of-kin did not hold negative beliefs about organ donation. CONCLUSIONS The deceased's wishes were less likely to be followed when next-of-kin had negative beliefs towards donation. Developing large-scale campaigns to improve these beliefs in the general public should make people more likely to follow the deceased's wishes. As a result, these campaigns should improve the availability of donor organs.
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11
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Brodersen T, Rostgaard K, Lau CJ, Juel K, Erikstrup C, Nielsen KR, Ostrowski SR, Titlestad K, Saekmose SG, Pedersen OBV, Hjalgrim H. The healthy donor effect and survey participation, becoming a donor and donor career. Transfusion 2023; 63:143-155. [PMID: 36479702 PMCID: PMC10107247 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healthy donor effect (HDE) is a selection bias caused by the health criteria blood donors must meet. It obscures investigations of beneficial/adverse health effects of blood donation and complicates the generalizability of findings from blood donor cohorts. To further characterize the HDE we investigated how self-reported health and lifestyle are associated with becoming a blood donor, lapsing, and donation intensity. Furthermore, we examined differences in mortality based on donor status. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The Danish National Health Survey was linked to the Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions (SCANDAT) database and Danish register data. Logistic- and normal regression was used to compare baseline characteristics and participation. Poisson regression was used to investigate future donation choices. Donation intensity was explored by the Anderson-Gill model and Poisson regression. Mortality was investigated using Poisson regression. RESULTS Blood donors were more likely to participate in the surveys, OR = 2.45 95% confidence interval (2.40-2.49) than non-donors. Among survey participants, better self-reported health and healthier lifestyle were associated with being or becoming a blood donor, donor retention, and to some extent donation intensity, for example, current smoking conveyed lower likelihood of becoming a donor, OR = 0.70 (0.66-0.75). We observed lower mortality for donors and survey participants, respectively, compared with non-participating non-donors. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that blood donation is associated with increased likelihood to participate in health surveys, possibly a manifestation of the HDE. Furthermore, becoming a blood donor, donor retention, and donation intensity was associated with better self-reported health and healthier lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Brodersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Klaus Rostgaard
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Juel Lau
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Knud Juel
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Rene Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjell Titlestad
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne G Saekmose
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Ole B V Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Maes G, Oude Voshaar R, Bollen J, Marijnissen R. Burden of organ donation after euthanasia in patients with psychiatric disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e246754. [PMID: 35787499 PMCID: PMC9255367 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-246754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ donation after euthanasia (ODE) is rarely performed but the number has gradually increased over the years. It has been suggested that the preparatory investigations for organ donation parallel to the medical-legal procedures for euthanasia may be too much of a burden for the patients and their relatives. Furthermore, dying in an intensive care unit might contribute to this burden. Based on two patients who were granted euthanasia based on a psychiatric disorder, we show that the actual burden may be minimal for some patients and their relatives and may even be helpful in their process of euthanasia. Therefore, we propose that providing patients with information about donation of organs after euthanasia may be important to incorporate early in the medical-legal process of euthanasia instead of waiting for the patient to bring up organ donation, as currently advised in the Dutch guideline for ODE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Maes
- University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Oude Voshaar
- University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Bollen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Radboud Marijnissen
- University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Moussaoui LS, Blondé J, Chaduc-Lemoine C, Baldelli S, Desrichard O, Waldvogel S. How to increase first-time donors' returns? The postdonation letter's content can make a difference. Transfusion 2022; 62:1377-1387. [PMID: 35676888 PMCID: PMC9543148 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Retention of first‐time donors is pivotal for blood collection centers. The present study built on research showing the importance of donor identity among regular donors and sought to compare the effectiveness of various communication strategies on return rate. Study Design and Methods Postal letters were sent to a large sample of first‐time whole blood donors (N = 1219) a few weeks following their first donation. Four versions of this letter were differently constructed in a way to boost the acquisition of donor identity (i.e., by including information about their ABO and Rh(D) blood group, emphasizing the salience of donor identity, offering a keyring with personalized information, or specifying the percentage of those sharing the same ABO and Rh(D) blood group). One version with no identity‐related information served as a control condition. Participants' subsequent blood donations were tracked for 5–22 months after receiving the letter. Results Survival analysis showed that the return rate was significantly higher among those who had received information about the percentage of the country's population with the same ABO and Rh(D) blood group (in comparison with the four other versions). There was no significant effect on the blood type rarity. Conclusion Blood collection centers could orient the strategy employed to communicate with first‐time donors to improve donors' retention. Arousing a sense of social identification with others with the same blood type may reveal a promising avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Moussaoui
- Health Psychology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jerôme Blondé
- Social Influence Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Chaduc-Lemoine
- Blood Transfusion Center, Department of Medical Specialties, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serena Baldelli
- Directorate of Communications and Marketing, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Desrichard
- Health Psychology Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Waldvogel
- Blood Transfusion Center, Department of Medical Specialties, HUG - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Moloney G, Sutherland M, Upcroft L, Clark R, Punjabi-Jagdish P, Rienks S, Bowling A, Walker I. Respect, interaction, immediacy and the role community plays in registering an organ donation decision. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263096. [PMID: 35081162 PMCID: PMC8791491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Registering a donation decision is fundamental to increasing the number of people who donate the organs and tissues essential for transplantation, but the number of registered organ donors is insufficient to meet this demand. Most people in Australia support organ donation, but only a third have registered their decision on the Australian Organ Donor Register (AODR). We addressed this paradox by investigating how feelings of community, engendered through an ethic of hospitality and care and a non-proselytizing dialogue about organ donation, facilitated the decision to register. Methods An Immediate Registration Opportunity was set up in a large public hospital in NSW, Australia. The public was approached and invited to engage in an open, respectful dialogic interaction that met people where their beliefs were and allowed their concerns and fears about donation to be discussed. This included a survey that measured positive and negative beliefs about organ donation, mood, atmosphere, and feelings of community coupled with an on-the-spot opportunity to register their donation decision. Results Over four days, we interacted with 357 participants; 75.5% (210) of eligible-to-register participants registered on the AODR. Generalized Structural Equation Modelling highlighted that as connection to community increased, so did the salience of positive beliefs about organ donation. Positive beliefs, in turn, were negatively correlated with negative beliefs about donation and, as the strength of negative beliefs decreased, the probability of registration on the AODR increased. Participants who registered on the AODR reported stronger connection to the broader community than participants who did not register. Conclusion A respectful non-judgmental interaction that allows beliefs and concerns about organ donation to be discussed, coupled with an immediate opportunity to register, encouraged registration. Within this framework, feelings of belonging to a community were a key determinant that enabled many to make the decision to register.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Moloney
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael Sutherland
- Intensive Care Unit, Mid North Coast Local Health District, NSW, Australia
| | - Leah Upcroft
- NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, NSW Australia
| | - Rachel Clark
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Parul Punjabi-Jagdish
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Rienks
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison Bowling
- Faculty of Health, Discipline of Psychology, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Iain Walker
- Research School of Psychology, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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15
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France CR, France JL, Ysidron DW, Samstein B. Assessing motivations for non-living and living organ donation among individuals with and without a history of blood donation. Transfus Med 2022; 32:120-127. [PMID: 35170103 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study investigated relationships between a history of blood donation, registration as a non-living and living organ donor, and differential motivations. BACKGROUND Motivational commonalities exist between blood and organ donors, but there is no prior data on the relationships between blood donation history and both living and non-living organ donor registration and motivation. METHODS/MATERIALS Participants completed online surveys assessing blood donation history, organ donor registration and interest, and motivations related to donation behaviour. RESULTS Blood donation history was not significantly related to registration as either a non-living organ donor (blood donors = 81.4%; non-blood donors = 76.4%) or as a living organ donor (blood donors = 14.0%; non-blood donors = 10.9%). Further, blood donation history was not related to interest in learning more about being an organ donor. Compared to those not registered as an organ donor, those who were registered reported more positive organ donation motivations, but these relationships were unrelated to prior blood donation history. CONCLUSION The present findings are consistent with existing research on attitudes, warm glow, and identity as organ donation motivators, and provide novel information regarding the importance of independent assessment of motivations for non-living and living organ donation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janis L France
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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16
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Bakhos JJ, Khalife M, Teyrouz Y, Saliba Y. Blood Donation in Lebanon: A Six-Year Retrospective Study of a Decentralized Fragmented Blood Management System. Cureus 2022; 14:e21858. [PMID: 35273839 PMCID: PMC8901104 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In developing countries, the lack of a sufficient and safe blood supply is a significant impediment to providing health care. Lebanon is notable for its absence of a Donor Management System to ensure continuous donor recruitment and scheduling. Herein, we report the findings of Lebanon's first large retrospective population-based study to investigate blood types and donation that is critical for managing community blood supply. Methods The non-remunerated voluntary blood donors were recruited by the non-profit organization “Donner Sang Compter”. The study spanned six years, from August 2015 to May 2021, and included 36,002 people from 18 districts throughout Lebanon's nine governorates. Results The most prevalent blood type was A (42%), followed by O (37.48%), B (13.86%), and the AB group (6.84%). RhD+ groups were predominant (88.45%), with A+ being the most (37.84%) and AB- being the least prevalent (1.05%). Furthermore, blood type and donation profiling revealed a substantial geographical variation in the frequency of blood groups, despite the relatively small country’s area. As for blood donation, when gender and age were considered, young male donors dominated the pool across the country. Conclusion This study on blood type prevalence and blood donor demographics may pave the way for the development of a more coherent and integrated blood management system in Lebanon, as opposed to the fragmented and decentralized system now in existence. These findings also provide crucial clinical information for the country's future transfusion medicine policies and practices, which is vital in such a precarious part of the world.
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17
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Akbuğa GA, Sürme Y. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Organ Bağışına Yönelik Tutumları: Dini inanç bir engel mi? / University students' attitude towards organ donation: Is religious belief an obstacle? Transpl Immunol 2022; 71:101552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Hyde MK, Masser BM, Coundouris SP. A review of whole-blood donors' willingness, motives, barriers and interventions related to donating another substance of human origin. Transfus Med 2022; 32:95-114. [PMID: 35068004 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diversification of blood collection agencies' (BCAs) core business requires donors to donate substances of human origin (SoHO) beyond whole-blood. Whole-blood donors are assumed to be willing to convert to donate other SoHO as well as whole-blood. However, no reviews consider the evidence on conversion (i.e., willingness/intention, behaviour, retention, attrition). This rapid review provides a narrative synthesis of whole-blood donors' conversion to another SoHO, characteristics contributing to conversion, motives and deterrents, and interventions encouraging conversion. Sixty-five studies were reviewed. Most were cross-sectional and examined whole-blood donor conversion to organ (willingness/pledge for deceased donation), plasma or stem cell donation. Most examined conversion rather than characteristics contributing to conversion, motives, deterrents or interventions. Whole-blood donors appear willing to donate another SoHO, yet conversion rates are unclear. Besides self-efficacy, there is little consistency in reported characteristics of donors converting, and few theories applied to understand characteristics encouraging conversion. Intrinsic (altruism, self-esteem, curiosity) and extrinsic (perceived need, service experience, direct requests) motives and barriers (lifestyle, fearing reduced health) appear important and require further research. Interventions encouraging conversion need replication and may include in-person, in-centre approaches, raising awareness of the functional benefits of other SoHO (high need, usefulness), and developing promotional materials that pique donors' curiosity, invite questions, and encourage donor-initiated conversations about conversion. Centralising BCAs as a single business or partnering with other organisations appears mutually beneficial to encourage conversion and sustainable panels/resources. Research is needed to understand the impact of encouraging conversion on donors and organisations, and identify optimal management strategies for multi-SoHO donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Hyde
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, Australia
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19
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What blood and organ donation can tell us about cooperation? Curr Opin Psychol 2021; 44:202-207. [PMID: 34715540 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High-cost cooperation directed towards strangers is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective. Here, it is argued that by studying the behaviours, motivations, and preferences of real-world high-cost cooperators - blood and organ donors - insights can be uncovered into the mechanisms supporting cooperation. In this respect, this article details two novel mechanisms to enhance cooperation in the face of free-riding, (1) 'reactive reluctant altruism' whereby people help because they do not trust others to help and (2) the 'Good Shepherd' effect whereby cooperation is enhanced when people observed others cooperate although the social norm is to free-ride. Finally, it is argued that repeated acts of high-cost cooperation are sustained by a self-selection process based on the reinforcing effect of warm-glow.
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20
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van Dongen A, Williams LA, Masser BM, Briggs N, Thijsen A, Davison TE. The Impact of Temporal Trajectories of Emotional Experience on Blood Donor Return. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:686-692. [PMID: 32945862 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recognition that blood donation is an affectively poignant process, many aspects of donors' emotional experiences and their consequences remain unexamined. PURPOSE This study tracked the donor's experience of several positive and negative emotions live as they arose during the donation process and tracked the impact of that experience on donor return. METHODS New whole blood donors (N = 414) reported their experience of 10 positive and 10 negative discrete emotions before, during, and after donation. Return behavior of these donors and a business-as-usual control group was tracked over the next 6 months. RESULTS In total, 46.4% of participants and 43.2% of the control group returned to donate within 6 months. On the basis of established relevance to blood donation and statistical considerations, group-based latent trajectories of three emotions (joy, calm, and stress) were modeled over time, revealing five classes of emotion trajectories. A trajectory of low/increasing joy and calm and high/decreasing stress was associated with significantly lower probability of return (preturn = .28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.20, 0.38) relative to all but one other trajectory group and the control group. A trajectory of medium-high/increasing joy, high calm, and low/decreasing stress was associated with a significantly greater probability of return (preturn = .59, 95% CI = 0.49, 0.69) relative to two other trajectory classes and the control group. CONCLUSIONS By identifying blood donors' emotion trajectories over time and the impact of those trajectories on return behavior, this research paves the way for the development of effective emotion-focused interventions to boost retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa A Williams
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Thijsen
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Australia
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Australia
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21
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Ferguson E, Edwards ARA, Masser BM. Simple Reciprocal Fairness Message to Enhance Non-Donor's Willingness to Donate Blood. Ann Behav Med 2021; 56:89-99. [PMID: 34050653 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Against a background of declining blood donor numbers, recruiting new donors is critical for the effective operations of healthcare providers. Thus, interventions are needed to recruit new blood donors. PURPOSE We provide initial evidence for Voluntary Reciprocal Altruism (VRA) to enhance nondonors' willingness to become blood donors. VRA interventions involve asking two questions: one on accepting a blood transfusion if needed and one on willingness to donate. As early trials often use self-reports of willingness to perform blood donation behavior, we derive a correction factor to better estimate actual behavior. Finally, we explore the effect of VRA interventions on two prosocial emotions: gratitude and guilt. METHODS Across three experiments (two in the UK and one in Australia: Total N = 1,208 nondonors) we manipulate VRA messages and explore how they affect both reported willingness to make a one-off or repeat blood donation and influence click through to blood donation, organ donation and volunteering registration sites (behavioral proxies). We report data from a longitudinal cohort (N = 809) that enables us to derive a correction for self-reported behavioral willingness. RESULTS Across the three experiments, we show that exposure to a question that asks about accepting a transfusion if needed increased willingness to donate blood with some spillover to organ donor registration. We also show that gratitude has an independent effect on donation and report a behavioral correction factor of .10. CONCLUSIONS Asking nondonors about accepting a transfusion if needed is likely to be an effective strategy to increase new donor numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Abigail R A Edwards
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067, Australia
| | - Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4067, Australia.,Australia and Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne 3004, Australia
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22
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Veseli B, Koch E, Soliman M, Sandner S, Studte S, Clement M. The role of affect, satisfaction and internal drive on personal moral norms during COVID‐19. ISBT SCIENCE SERIES 2021; 16:158-167. [PMID: 34230832 PMCID: PMC8250538 DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Societies require prosocial activities during crises. The COVID‐19 pandemic presents individuals with unique challenges that may affect their emotional state leading to reformed personal moral norms. Crucially, personal moral norms are important predictors of moral behaviour. Given the longevity of the pandemic, studying its impact on affect, satisfaction and internal drive of (non‐)donors during COVID‐19 and if personal moral norms are affected is paramount. Material and Methods This study relies on longitudinal data, consisting of six waves carried out biweekly. Our panel is representative for the German population, capturing changes in affect, satisfaction, internal drive and personal moral norms. We compare the emotional state and personal moral norms of (non‐)donors in the pandemic to pre‐pandemic phase. Moreover, we analyse changes in emotional state and personal moral norms during the pandemic and investigate the role of emotional state on personal moral norms. Results Firstly, our results show that personal moral norms of (non‐)donors drop compared to pre‐pandemic. Within pandemic, personal moral norms of active donors are not further altered. Secondly, we find significant changes of emotional state in the pandemic compared to pre‐pandemic phase, for example individuals feel more optimistic, but less satisfied and less energetic. Thirdly, we find that feeling more grateful increases personal moral norms of non‐donors. Conclusion This study provides insights into how crises shape (non‐)donors’ emotional state and its impact on relevant donor motivations, that is, personal moral norms. Blood banks can use this knowledge to enhance recruiting and retention efforts during crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Besarta Veseli
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Elena Koch
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Meikel Soliman
- Faculty of Business and Economics Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Sabrina Sandner
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Sinika Studte
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Michel Clement
- Institute for Marketing University of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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23
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Didriksen M, Thørner LW, Larsen MAH, Sørensen E, Burgdorf K, Mikkelsen S, Rostgaard K, Banasik K, Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Nielsen KR, Bruun MT, Hjalgrim H, Ullum H. The impact of health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms on blood donor career-Results from the Danish blood donor study. Transfusion 2021; 61:1479-1488. [PMID: 33650703 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood donors report better health-related quality of life (HRQL) than non-donors. Likewise, donors reporting good health are less likely to stop donating and have a higher donation frequency. This is evidence of the healthy donor effect (HDE). This study is the first to investigate the impact of HRQL and depressive symptoms on subsequent donor career. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective cohort study includes 102,065 participants from the Danish Blood Donor Study applying the 12-item short-form health survey (SF-12) measuring a mental (MCS) and a physical component score (PCS) and the Major Depression Inventory (MDI). Poisson and Cox regression models were used to assess the effect of SF-12 and MDI scores on donation frequency and donor cessation. Higher MCS/PCS scores indicate good HRQL, while higher MDI score indicates higher experience of depressive symptoms. RESULTS For both sexes, MCS was positively correlated with donation frequency for up to 5 years, and similarly for PCS among women. A negative correlation between MDI score and donation frequency in the year following assessment was observed only among men. No correlation was observed among women. An increase in both MCS and PCS was associated with a lower risk of donation cessation in both sexes, while an increase in MDI score was only associated with an increased risk of donation cessation in men. CONCLUSION MCS, PCS, and MDI score affect donor career. Thus, adjusting for donation frequency may reduce HDE-bias in donor health research. However, because of the small effect sizes, other ways of quantifying HDE may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Didriksen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise W Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margit A H Larsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Burgdorf
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Klaus Rostgaard
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Naestved Sygehus, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaspar R Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mie T Bruun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hjalgrim
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Masser BM, Ferguson E, Thorpe R, Lawrence C, Davison TE, Hoad V, Gosbell IB. Motivators of and barriers to becoming a COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor: A survey study. Transfus Med 2020; 31:176-185. [PMID: 33368777 DOI: 10.1111/tme.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the motivators and barriers to COVID-19 convalescent plasma donation by those in the United Kingdom who have been diagnosed with or who have had symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) but who have not donated. BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma from people recovered from COVID-19 with sufficient antibody titres is a potential option for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. However, to date, recruiting and retaining COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors has been challenging. Understanding why those eligible to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma have not donated is critical to developing recruitment campaigns. METHODS/MATERIALS A total of 419 UK residents who indicated that they had been infected with COVID-19 and who lived within 50 km of sites collecting COVID-19 convalescent plasma completed an online survey between 25th June and 5th July 2020. Respondents completed items assessing their awareness of convalescent plasma, motivations and barriers to donation and intention to donate COVID-19 convalescent plasma. RESULTS Awareness of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was low. Exploratory factor analysis identified six motivations and seven barriers to donating. A stronger sense of altruism through adversity and moral and civic duty were positively related to intention to donate, whereas generic donation fears was negatively related. CONCLUSIONS Once potential donors are aware of convalescent plasma, interventions should focus on the gratitude and reciprocity that those eligible to donate feel, along with a focus on (potentially) helping family and norms of what people ought to do. Fears associated with donation should not be neglected, and strategies that have been successfully used tor recruit whole-blood donors should be adapted and deployed to recruit COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Masser
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachel Thorpe
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Lawrence Psych Advisory, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tanya E Davison
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veronica Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain B Gosbell
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Omidkhoda A, Razi B, Arabkhazaeli A, Amini Kafi-Abad S. Trends and epidemiological analysis of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus among Iranian blood donors: strategies for improving blood safety. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:736. [PMID: 33028232 PMCID: PMC7542770 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood transfusion is associated with potential risks of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). Different strategies are needed to monitor blood safety and screen the donors’ efficacy, such as evaluation of the prevalence and trends of TTIs. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and trends of TTIs, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV 1/2), and the impact of the donors’ characteristics such as age, sex, and donor status on the prevalence of TTIs in blood donors in seven large provinces of Iran from 2010 to 2018. Methods This study was conducted on the data collected from all blood donations in seven Iranian Blood Transfusion Centers including Ardabil, Alborz, Guilan, West Azarbaijan, North, Razavi, and South Khorasan from April 2010 to March 2018. Demographic characteristics, number of donations, donor status, and screening and confirmatory serological results of all blood donations were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organizations (IBTO) national database. The prevalence and trend of HBV, HCV, HIV, and HTLV 1/2 infections were reported according to the donation year and donor’s characteristics. Results The analysis of the prevalence and trend of TTIs in 3,622,860 blood donors showed a significant decreasing trend in first-time and regular donors. Additionally, compared to first- time donors, regular donors made safer blood donations with lower risks of HBV, HIV, HCV and HTLV 1/2 (P < 0.0001). Although the prevalence of HTLV 1/2 and HBV was higher in females, TTIs had a significant decreasing trend in males and females. Finally, it was found that the prevalence of HBV and HTLV 1/2 increased with age up to 40–49 years and then decreased thereafter. Conclusions The decreasing trends of TTIs in Iranian donors during 9 years may indicate that the various strategies implemented by IBTO have been effective in recent years. Other factors such as a decrease in the prevalence of specific TTIs in the general population might have also contributed to these declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Omidkhoda
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Razi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Arabkhazaeli
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Amini Kafi-Abad
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.
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Ferguson E, Hill A, Lam M, Reynolds C, Davison K, Lawrence C, Brailsford SR. A typology of blood donor motivations. Transfusion 2020; 60:2010-2020. [PMID: 32618010 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the need for whole blood is declining, so too are the number of first-time and repeat blood donors. To develop new recruitment and retention strategies, therefore, we need to draw on as wide a variation in blood donor motivations as possible. The primary aim of this study is to draw on a large survey of donors to develop a broad, theoretically instantiated typology of donor motivations to identify new and less common, yet practically important, motivations that have not been previously reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Using data from the UK Blood Donor Survey run by NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit (N = 61 123 donors), we analyze fixed (N = 52 225) and free (N = 8867) responses to develop a more comprehensive typology of blood donor motivations based on theories from the biology, psychology, philosophy, economics, and sociology of altruism. RESULTS We identified 54 motivations, including a number of newly identified motivations, for blood donations which we organized into 12 superordinate categories (eg, "inspiration via moral elevation," "perceived social closeness," and "fungibility of donations"). These are linked to intervention suggestions such as donating blood in memoriam or donating blood as an alternative to other charitable acts. CONCLUSION We present the most comprehensive account of blood donor motivations to-date. This work also offers a structure for coding free-text responses, developing motivational measures, and identifying tangible interventions. Thus, we feel that this is a valuable resource for blood donor researchers, marketers, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Ferguson
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexandra Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Lam
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Reynolds
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Katy Davison
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Claire Lawrence
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan R Brailsford
- NHS Blood and Transplant/Public Health England Epidemiology Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
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Mughal F, Majeed A. Organ donation: the clock is ticking for public awareness. BMJ 2020; 368:m1209. [PMID: 32220896 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Mughal
- School of Primary, Community, and Social Care, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London
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28
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Conner M, Norman P. Health behaviour: cancer screening, blood and organ donation, and opioid (mis)use. Psychol Health 2019; 34:1029-1035. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1649408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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