1
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Rahimi A, Dahlgren J, Faiyaz K, Stafslien SJ, VanderWal L, Bahr J, Safaripour M, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Webster DC. Amphiphilic Balance: Effect of the Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Ratio on Fouling-Release Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1117-1129. [PMID: 38115197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the importance of identifying the optimal balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in amphiphilic coatings to achieve fouling-release (FR) performance that surpasses that of traditional hydrophobic marine coatings. While there have been many reports on fouling-release properties of amphiphilic surfaces, the offered understanding is often limited. Hence, this work is focused on further understanding of the amphiphilic surfaces. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used to create a series of noncross-linked amphiphilic additives that were then added to a hydrophobic-designed siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) FR system. After being characterized by ATR-FTIR, XPS, contact angle analysis, and AFM, the FR performance was evaluated by using different marine organisms. The assessments showed that the closer the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in a system reached a relatively equalized level, the more desirable the FR performance of the coating system became. A balanced ratio of hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity in the system at around 10-15 wt % of each component had the best FR performance and was comparable to or better than commercial FR coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliReza Rahimi
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Joseph Dahlgren
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Kinza Faiyaz
- Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Lyndsi VanderWal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - James Bahr
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Maryam Safaripour
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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2
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Védie E, Barry-Martinet R, Senez V, Berglin M, Stenlund P, Brisset H, Bressy C, Briand JF. Influence of Sharklet-Inspired Micropatterned Polymers on Spatio-Temporal Variations of Marine Biofouling. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200304. [PMID: 36153836 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article aims to show the influence of surface characteristics (microtopography, chemistry, mechanical properties) and seawater parameters on the settlement of marine micro- and macroorganisms. Polymers with nine microtopographies, three distinct mechanical properties, and wetting characteristics are immersed for one month into two contrasting coastal sites (Toulon and Kristineberg Center) and seasons (Winter and Summer). Influence of microtopography and chemistry on wetting is assessed through static contact angle and captive air bubble measurements over 3-weeks immersion in artificial seawater. Microscopic analysis, quantitative flow cytometry, metabarcoding based on the ribulose biphosphate carboxylase (rbcL) gene amplification, and sequencing are performed to characterize the settled microorganisms. Quantification of macrofoulers is done by evaluating the surface coverage and the type of organism. It is found that for long static in situ immersion, mechanical properties and non-evolutive wettability have no major influence on both abundance and diversity of biofouling assemblages, regardless of the type of organisms. The apparent contradiction with previous results, based on model organisms, may be due to the huge diversity of marine environments, both in terms of taxa and their size. Evolutive wetting properties with wetting switching back and forth over time have shown to strongly reduce the colonization by macrofoulers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Védie
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.U. 4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, CS 60584, Toulon, 83041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Raphaëlle Barry-Martinet
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.U. 4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, CS 60584, Toulon, 83041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Senez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Mattias Berglin
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens backe 20, Göteborg, SE-413 46, Sweden
| | - Patrik Stenlund
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens backe 20, Göteborg, SE-413 46, Sweden
| | - Hugues Brisset
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.U. 4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, CS 60584, Toulon, 83041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.U. 4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, CS 60584, Toulon, 83041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-François Briand
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.U. 4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, CS 60584, Toulon, 83041 Cedex 9, France
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3
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Benda J, Narikiyo H, Stafslien SJ, VanderWal LJ, Finlay JA, Aldred N, Clare AS, Webster DC. Studying the Effect of Pre-Polymer Composition and Incorporation of Surface-Modifying Amphiphilic Additives on the Fouling-Release Performance of Amphiphilic Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37229-37247. [PMID: 35939765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combining amphiphilic fouling-release (FR) coatings with the surface-active nature of amphiphilic additives can improve the antifouling/fouling-release (AF/FR) properties needed to offer broad-spectrum resistance to marine biofoulants. This work is focused on further tuning the amphiphilic character of a previously developed amphiphilic siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coating by varying the amount of PDMS and PEG in the base system. Furthermore, surface-modifying amphiphilic additives (SMAAs) were incorporated into these amphiphilic FR SiPU coatings in varying amounts. ATR-FTIR, contact angle and surface energy measurements, and AFM were performed to assess changes in surface composition, wettability, and morphology. AF/FR properties were evaluated using laboratory biological assays involving Cellulophaga lytica, Navicula incerta, Ulva linza, Amphibalanus amphitrite, and Geukensia demissa. The surfaces of these coatings varied significantly upon changes in PDMS and PEG content in the coating matrix, as well as with changes in SMAA incorporation. AF/FR properties were also significantly changed, with formulations containing the highest amounts of SMAA showing very high removal properties compared to other experimental formulations, in some cases better than that of commercial standard FR coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Benda
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hayato Narikiyo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Lyndsi J VanderWal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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4
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Boyd LL, Zardus JD, Knauer CM, Wood LD. Evidence for Host Selectivity and Specialization by Epizoic Chelonibia Barnacles Between Hawksbill and Green Sea Turtles. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.807237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epibionts are organisms that utilize the exterior of other organisms as a living substratum. Many affiliate opportunistically with hosts of different species, but others specialize on particular hosts as obligate associates. We investigated a case of apparent host specificity between two barnacles that are epizoites of sea turtles and illuminate some ecological considerations that may shape their host relationships. The barnacles Chelonibia testudinaria and Chelonibia caretta, though roughly similar in appearance, are separable by distinctions in morphology, genotype, and lifestyle. However, though each is known to colonize both green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) sea turtles, C. testudinaria is >5 times more common on greens, while C. caretta is >300 times more common on hawksbills. Two competing explanations for this asymmetry in barnacle incidence are either that the species’ larvae are spatially segregated in mutually exclusive host-encounter zones or their distributions overlap and the larvae behaviorally select their hosts from a common pool. We indirectly tested the latter by documenting the occurrence of adults of both barnacle species in two locations (SE Florida and Nose Be, Madagascar) where both turtle species co-mingle. For green and hawksbill turtles in both locations (Florida: n = 32 and n = 275, respectively; Madagascar: n = 32 and n = 125, respectively), we found that C. testudinaria occurred on green turtles only (percent occurrence – FL: 38.1%; MD: 6.3%), whereas the barnacle C. caretta was exclusively found on hawksbill turtles (FL: 82.2%; MD: 27.5%). These results support the hypothesis that the larvae of these barnacles differentially select host species from a shared supply. Physio-biochemical differences in host shell material, conspecific chemical cues, external microbial biofilms, and other surface signals may be salient factors in larval selectivity. Alternatively, barnacle presence may vary by host micro-environment. Dissimilarities in scute structure and shell growth between hawksbill and green turtles may promote critical differences in attachment modes observed between these barnacles. In understanding the co-evolution of barnacles and hosts it is key to consider the ecologies of both hosts and epibionts in interpreting associations of chance, choice, and dependence. Further studies are necessary to investigate the population status and settlement spectrum of barnacles inhabiting sea turtles.
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5
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Gnanasampanthan T, Beyer CD, Yu W, Karthäuser JF, Wanka R, Spöllmann S, Becker HW, Aldred N, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Effect of Multilayer Termination on Nonspecific Protein Adsorption and Antifouling Activity of Alginate-Based Layer-by-Layer Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5950-5963. [PMID: 33969986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile platform for applying coatings and studying the properties of promising compounds for antifouling applications. Here, alginate-based LbL coatings were fabricated by alternating the deposition of alginic acid and chitosan or polyethylenimine to form multilayer coatings. Films were prepared with either odd or even bilayer numbers to investigate if the termination of the LbL coatings affects the physicochemical properties, resistance against the nonspecific adsorption (NSA) of proteins, and antifouling efficacy. The hydrophilic films, which were characterized using spectroscopic ellipsometry, water contact angle goniometry, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, AFM, XPS, and SPR spectroscopy, revealed high swelling in water and strongly reduced the NSA of proteins compared to the hydrophobic reference. While the choice of the polycation was important for the protein resistance of the LbL coatings, the termination mattered less. The attachment of diatoms and settling of barnacle cypris larvae revealed good antifouling properties that were controlled by the termination and the charge density of the LbL films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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6
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Benda J, Stafslien S, Vanderwal L, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Webster DC. Surface modifying amphiphilic additives and their effect on the fouling-release performance of siloxane-polyurethane coatings. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:309-326. [PMID: 33761816 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1901891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, surface-modifying amphiphilic additives (SMAAs) were synthesized via hydrosilylation using various polymethylhydrosiloxanes (PMHS) and allyl-terminated polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers (APEG) of varying molecular weights. The additives synthesized were incorporated into a hydrophobic, self-stratifying siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coating system to produce an amphiphilic surface. Contact angle experiments and atomic force microscopy (AFM), in a dry and hydrated state, were performed to assess changes in surface wettability and morphology. The antifouling and fouling-release (AF/FR) performances were evaluated by performing laboratory biological assays using the marine bacterium Cellulophaga lytica, the microalga Navicula incerta, the macroalga Ulva linza, the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite, and the marine mussel, Geukensia demissa. Several of the formulations showed improved AF/FR performance vs the base SiPU and performed better than some of the commercial standard marine coatings. Formulations containing SMAAs with a low grafting density of relatively high molecular weight PEG chains showed the best performance overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Benda
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Shane Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Lyndsi Vanderwal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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7
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Wanka R, Koc J, Clarke J, Hunsucker KZ, Swain GW, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Sol-Gel-Based Hybrid Materials as Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings for Marine Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53286-53296. [PMID: 33180471 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid materials (HMs) offer unique properties as they combine inorganic and organic components into a single material. Here, we developed HM coatings for marine antifouling applications using sol-gel chemistry and naturally occurring polysaccharides. The coatings were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, AFM, and ATR-FTIR, and their stability was tested in saline media. Marine antifouling and fouling-release properties were tested in laboratory assays against the settlement of larvae of the barnacle Balanus improvisus and against the settlement and removal of the diatom Navicula incerta. Furthermore, laboratory data were confirmed in short-term dynamic field assays in Florida, USA. All hybrid coatings revealed a superior performance in the assays compared to a hydrophobic reference. Within the hybrids, those with the highest degree of hydrophilicity and negative net charge across the surface performed best. Alginate and heparin showed good performance, making these hybrid materials promising building blocks for fouling-resistant coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Jessica Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli Z Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry-Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
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8
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Zeng F, Wunderer J, Salvenmoser W, Ederth T, Rothbächer U. Identifying adhesive components in a model tunicate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190197. [PMID: 31495315 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tunicates populate a great variety of marine underwater substrates worldwide and represent a significant concern in marine shipping and aquaculture. Adhesives are secreted from the anterior papillae of their swimming larvae, which attach and metamorphose into permanently adhering, filter-feeding adults. We recently described the cellular composition of the sensory adhesive organ of the model tunicate Ciona intestinalis in great detail. Notably, the adhesive secretions of collocytes accumulate at the tip of the organ and contain glycoproteins. Here, we further explore the components of adhesive secretions and have screened for additional specificities that may influence adhesion or cohesion of the Ciona glue, including other carbohydrate moieties, catechols and substrate properties. We found a distinct set of sugar residues in the glue recognized by specific lectins with little overlap to other known marine adhesives. Surprisingly, we also detect catechol residues that likely originate from an adjacent cellular reservoir, the test cells. Furthermore, we provide information on substrate preferences where hydrophobicity outperforms charge in the attachment. Finally, we can influence the settlement process by the addition of hydrophilic heparin. The further analysis of tunicate adhesive strategies should provide a valuable knowledge source in designing physiological adhesives or green antifoulants. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zeng
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Wunderer
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Ederth
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ute Rothbächer
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Liu H, Ma Z, Yang W, Pei X, Zhou F. Facile preparation of structured zwitterionic polymer substrate via sub-surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and its synergistic marine antifouling investigation. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Ederth T, Lerm M, Orihuela B, Rittschof D. Resistance of Zwitterionic Peptide Monolayers to Biofouling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1818-1827. [PMID: 30103609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in science and engineering, and recent progress has demonstrated the utility of zwitterionic peptides with alternating lysine (K) and glutamic acid (E) residues for antifouling purposes. Aiming at developing a peptide-based fouling-resistant SAM suitable for presentation of surface-attached pheromones for barnacle larvae, we have investigated five different peptide SAMs, where four are based on the EK motif, and the fifth was designed based on general principles for fouling resistance. The SAMs were formed by self-assembly onto gold substrates via cysteine residues on the peptides, and formation of SAMs was verified via ellipsometry, wettability, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Settlement of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite, the target of pheromone studies, was tested. SAMs were also subjected to fouling assays using protein solutions, blood serum, and the bacterium Mycobacterium marinum. The results confirm the favorable antifouling properties of EK-containing peptides in most of the assays, although this did not apply to the barnacle larvae settlement test, where settlement was low on only one of the peptide SAMs. The one peptide that had antifouling properties for barnacles did not contain a pheromone motif, and would not be susceptible to degredation by common serine proteases. We conclude that the otherwise broadly effective antifouling properties of EK-containing peptide SAMs is not directly applicable to barnacles, and that great care must be exercised in the design of peptide-based SAMs for presentation of barnacle-specific ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ederth
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , SE-581 83 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Beaufort , North Carolina 28516-9721 , United States
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Beaufort , North Carolina 28516-9721 , United States
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11
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Aldred N, Gatley-Montross CM, Lang M, Detty MR, Clare AS. Correlative assays of barnacle cyprid behaviour for the laboratory evaluation of antifouling coatings: a study of surface energy components. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:159-172. [PMID: 30855984 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1577394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory evaluation of antifouling coatings is underpinned by settlement studies with specific fouling organisms. Established methods provide insight into the likelihood of failure of a particular coating system, but can neglect the process of surface selection that often precedes attachment. The present approach for quantifying the exploratory behaviour of barnacle cypris larvae suggested that inspection behaviour can be a rapid and predictive proxy for settlement. Two series of xerogels with comparable total surface energy, but different dispersive and polar components, were evaluated. Settlement assays with three-day-old cyprids of Balanus improvisus demonstrated that while attachment was not linked directly to dispersive free energy, the composition of the xerogel was nevertheless significant. Behavioural analysis provided insight into the mechanism of surface rejection. In the case of a 50:50 PH/TEOS (phenyltriethoxysilane-based) xerogel vs a 50:50 TFP/TEOS (3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane-based) xerogel, wide-searching behaviour was absent on the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Aldred
- a School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Caitlyn M Gatley-Montross
- b Department of Natural Sciences , Daemen College , Amherst , NY , USA
- c Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Meredith Lang
- c Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Michael R Detty
- c Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Anthony S Clare
- a School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Aldred N, Alsaab A, Clare AS. Quantitative analysis of the complete larval settlement process confirms Crisp's model of surface selectivity by barnacles. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.1957. [PMID: 29445024 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For barnacle cypris larvae at the point of settlement, selection of an appropriate surface is critical. Since post-settlement relocation is usually impossible, barnacles have evolved finely tuned surface-sensing capabilities to identify suitable substrata, and a temporary adhesion system for extensive surface exploration. The pattern of exploratory behaviour appears complex and may last for several hours, imposing significant barriers to quantitative measurement. Here, we employ a novel tracking system that enables simultaneous analysis of the larval body movement of multiple individuals over their entire planktonic phase. For the first time, to our knowledge, we describe quantitatively the complete settlement process of cyprids as they explore and select surfaces for attachment. We confirm the 'classic' behaviours of wide searching, close searching and inspection that comprise a model originally proposed by Prof. Dennis Crisp FRS. Moreover, a short-term assay of cyprid body movement has identified inspection behaviour as the best indicator of propensity to settle, with more inspection-related movements occurring in conditions that also promote higher settlement. More than half a century after the model was first proposed by Crisp, there exists a precise method for quantifying cyprid settlement behaviour in wide-ranging investigations of barnacle ecology and applied studies of fouling management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ahmad Alsaab
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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13
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Guerin AJ, Clare AS. Mini-review: effect sizes and meta-analysis for antifouling research. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:1185-1199. [PMID: 30760037 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1550196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is widely recognised that findings from experimental studies should be replicated before their conclusions are accepted as definitive. In many research areas, synthesis of results from multiple studies is carried out via systematic review and meta-analysis. Some fields are also moving away from null hypothesis significance testing, which uses p values to identify 'significant' effects, towards an estimation approach concerned with effect sizes and confidence intervals. This review argues that these techniques are underused in biofouling and antifouling (AF) research and discusses potential benefits of their adoption. They enable comparison of test surfaces even when these are not tested simultaneously, and allow results from repeated tests on the same surfaces to be combined. They also enable the use of published data to explore effects of different variables on the functioning of AF surfaces. AF researchers should consider using these approaches and reporting results in ways that facilitate future research syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Guerin
- a School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- a School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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14
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Multivariate analysis of attachment of biofouling organisms in response to material surface characteristics. Biointerphases 2017; 12:051003. [DOI: 10.1116/1.5008988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Chan BKK, Sari A, Høeg JT. Cirripede Cypris Antennules: How Much Structural Variation Exists Among Balanomorphan Species from Hard-Bottom Habitats? THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 233:135-143. [PMID: 29373061 DOI: 10.1086/695689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Barnacle cypris antennules are important for substratum attachment during settlement and on through metamorphosis from the larval stage to sessile adult. Studies on the morphology of cirripede cyprids are mostly qualitative, based on descriptions from images obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). To our knowledge, our study is the first to use scanning electron microscopy to quantify overall structural diversity in cypris antennules by measuring 26 morphological parameters, including the structure of sensory organs. We analyzed cyprids from seven species of balanomorphan barnacles inhabiting rocky shore communities; for comparison, we also included a sponge-inhabiting balanomorphan and a verrucomorphan species. Multivariate analysis of the structural parameters resulted in two distinct clusters of species. From nonmetric multidimensional scaling plots, the sponge-inhabiting Balanus spongicola and Verruca stroemia formed one cluster, while the other balanomorphan species, all from hard bottoms, grouped together in the other cluster. The shape of the attachment disk on segment 3 is the key parameter responsible for the separation into two clusters. The present results show that species from a coastal hard-bottom habitat may share a nearly identical antennular structure that is distinct from barnacles from other habitats, and this finding supports the fact that such species also have rather similar reactions to substratum cues during settlement. Any differences that may be found in settlement biology among such species must therefore be due either to differences in the properties of their adhesive mechanisms or to the way that sensory stimuli are detected by virtually identical setae and processed into settlement behavior by the cyprid.
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Key Words
- AD, attachment disk
- ANOSIM, analysis of similarity
- RDS, radial disk setae
- RDS-5, radial disk seta 5
- SIMPER, similarity percentage
- TS-A+B, terminal setae A and B
- TS-D, terminal seta D
- as2, second antennular segment
- as3, third antennular segment
- nMDS, nonmetric multidimensional scaling
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16
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17
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Pansch C, Jonsson PR, Berglin M, Pinori E, Wrange AL. A new flow-through bioassay for testing low-emission antifouling coatings. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:613-623. [PMID: 28792237 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1349897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current antifouling (AF) technologies are based on the continuous release of biocides into the water, and consequently discharge into the environment. Major efforts to develop more environmentally friendly coatings require efficient testing in laboratory assays, followed by field studies. Barnacles are important fouling organisms worldwide, increasing hydrodynamic drag on ships and damaging coatings on underwater surfaces, and thus are extensively used as models in AF research, mostly in static, laboratory-based systems. Reliable flow-through test assays for the screening of biocide-containing AF paints, however, are rare. Herein, a flow-through bioassay was developed to screen for diverse low-release biocide paints, and to evaluate their effects on pre- and post-settlement traits in barnacles. The assay distinguishes between the effects from direct surface contact and bulk-water effects, which are crucial when developing low-emission AF coatings. This flow-through bioassay adds a new tool for rapid laboratory-based first-stage screening of candidate compounds and novel AF formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pansch
- a Department of Marine Ecology , GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , Kiel , Germany
- b Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö , University of Gothenburg , Strömstad , Sweden
| | - Per R Jonsson
- b Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö , University of Gothenburg , Strömstad , Sweden
| | - Mattias Berglin
- c Bioscience and Materials , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Borås , Sweden
| | - Emiliano Pinori
- c Bioscience and Materials , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Borås , Sweden
| | - Anna-Lisa Wrange
- c Bioscience and Materials , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Borås , Sweden
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18
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Yang W, Lin P, Cheng D, Zhang L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Pei X, Zhou F. Contribution of Charges in Polyvinyl Alcohol Networks to Marine Antifouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18295-18304. [PMID: 28488428 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semi-interpenetrated polyvinyl alcohol polymer networks (SIPNs) were prepared by integrating various charged components into polyvinyl alcohol polymer. Contact angle measurement, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and tensile tests were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the prepared SIPNs. To investigate the contribution of charges to marine antifouling, the adhesion behaviors of green algae Dunaliella tertiolecta and diatoms Navicula sp. in the laboratory and of the actual marine animals in field test were studied for biofouling assays. The results suggest that less algae accumulation densities are observed for neutral-, anionic-, and zwitterionic-component-integrated SIPNs. However, for the cationic SIPNs, despite the hydration shell induced by the ion-dipole interaction, the resistance to biofouling largely depends on the amount of cationic component because of the possible favorable electrostatic attraction between the cationic groups in SIPNs and the negatively charged algae. Considering that the preparation of novel nontoxic antifouling coating is a long-standing and cosmopolitan industrial challenge, the SIPNs may provide a useful reference for marine antifouling and some other relevant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daocang Cheng
- China Nuclear Power Design Company Ltd. , Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Longzhou Zhang
- China Nuclear Power Design Company Ltd. , Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000, China
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19
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PDMS-based films containing surface-active amphiphilic block copolymers to combat fouling from barnacles B. amphitrite and B. improvisus. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Nasrolahi A, Havenhand J, Wrange AL, Pansch C. Population and life-stage specific sensitivities to temperature and salinity stress in barnacles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32263. [PMID: 27582433 PMCID: PMC5007501 DOI: 10.1038/srep32263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and salinity shape the distribution and genetic structure of marine communities. Future warming and freshening will exert an additional stress to coastal marine systems. The extent to which organisms respond to these shifts will, however, be mediated by the tolerances of all life-stages and populations of species and their potential to adapt. We investigated nauplius and cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus from the Swedish west coast with respect to temperature (12, 20, and 28 °C) and salinity (5, 15, and 30) tolerances. Warming accelerated larval development and increased overall survival and subsequent settlement success. Nauplii developed and metamorphosed best at intermediate salinity. This was also observed in cypris larvae when the preceding nauplii stages had been reared at a salinity of 30. Direct comparisons of the present findings with those on a population from the more brackish Baltic Sea demonstrate contrasting patterns. We conclude that i) B. improvisus larvae within the Baltic region will be favoured by near-future seawater warming and freshening, that ii) salinity tolerances of larvae from the two different populations reflect salinities in their native habitats, but are nonetheless suboptimal and that iii) this species is generally highly plastic with regard to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nasrolahi
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonathan Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, 45296 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lisa Wrange
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Tjärnö, 45296 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Christian Pansch
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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21
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Kim KS, Gunari N, MacNeil D, Finlay J, Callow M, Callow J, Walker GC. Aqueous-Based Fabrication of Low-VOC Nanostructured Block Copolymer Films as Potential Marine Antifouling Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20342-20351. [PMID: 27388921 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to fabricate nanostructured films by exploiting the phenomenon of microphase separation has made block copolymers an invaluable tool for a wide array of coating applications. Standard approaches to engineering nanodomains commonly involve the application of organic solvents, either through dissolution or annealing protocols, resulting in the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this paper, an aqueous-based method of fabricating low-VOC nanostructured block copolymer films is presented. The reported procedure allows for the phase transfer of water insoluble triblock copolymer, poly(styrene-block-2 vinylpyridine-block-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO), from a water immiscible phase to an aqueous environment with the assistance of a diblock copolymeric phase transfer agent, poly(styrene-block-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO). Phase transfer into the aqueous phase results in self-assembly of PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO into core-shell-corona micelles, which are characterized by dynamic light scattering techniques. The films that result from coating the micellar solution onto Si/SiO2 surfaces exhibit nanoscale features that disrupt the ability of a model foulant, a zoospore of Ulva linza, to settle. The multilayered architecture consists of a pH-responsive P2VP-"shell" which can be stimulated to control the size of these features. The ability of these nanostructured thin films to resist protein adsorption and serve as potential marine antifouling coatings is supported through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and analysis of the settlement of Ulva linza zoospore. Field trials of the surfaces in a natural environment show the inhibition of macrofoulants for 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Nikhil Gunari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - Drew MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
| | - John Finlay
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen Callow
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - James Callow
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gilbert C Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H4, Canada
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22
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Yandi W, Mieszkin S, di Fino A, Martin-Tanchereau P, Callow ME, Callow JA, Tyson L, Clare AS, Ederth T. Charged hydrophilic polymer brushes and their relevance for understanding marine biofouling. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:609-25. [PMID: 27125564 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1170816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of charged polymers to biofouling was investigated by subjecting cationic (PDMAEMA), anionic (PSPMA), neutral (PHEMA-co-PEG10MA), and zwitterionic (PSBMA) brushes to assays testing protein adsorption; attachment of the marine bacterium Cobetia marina; settlement and adhesion strength of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza; settlement of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite and B. improvisus) cypris larvae; and field immersion tests. Several results go beyond the expected dependence on direct electrostatic attraction; PSPMA showed good resistance towards attachment of C. marina, low settlement and adhesion of U. linza zoospores, and significantly lower biofouling than on PHEMA-co-PEG10MA or PSBMA after a field test for one week. PDMAEMA showed potential as a contact-active anti-algal coating due to its capacity to damage attached spores. However, after field testing for eight weeks, there were no significant differences in biofouling coverage among the surfaces. While charged polymers are unsuitable as antifouling coatings in the natural environment, they provide valuable insights into fouling processes, and are relevant for studies due to charging of nominally neutral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wetra Yandi
- a Division of Molecular Physics , IFM, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Alessio di Fino
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Pierre Martin-Tanchereau
- c International Paint Ltd 1 , Gateshead , UK
- e Department of Applied Sciences , Northumbria University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Maureen E Callow
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - James A Callow
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | | | - Anthony S Clare
- d School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Thomas Ederth
- a Division of Molecular Physics , IFM, Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
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23
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Bauer S, Alles M, Arpa-Sancet MP, Ralston E, Swain GW, Aldred N, Clare AS, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Rosenhahn A. Resistance of Amphiphilic Polysaccharides against Marine Fouling Organisms. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:897-904. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bauer
- Analytical
Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Alles
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. P. Arpa-Sancet
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - E. Ralston
- Center
for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States
| | - G. W. Swain
- Center
for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, United States
| | - N. Aldred
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - A. S. Clare
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Finlay
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- School
of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - M. E. Callow
- School
of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J. A. Callow
- School
of
Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A. Rosenhahn
- Analytical
Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Institute
of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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24
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In vivo and in situ synchrotron radiation-based μ-XRF reveals elemental distributions during the early attachment phase of barnacle larvae and juvenile barnacles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1487-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Maleschlijski S, Bauer S, Aldred N, Clare AS, Rosenhahn A. Classification of the pre-settlement behaviour of barnacle cyprids. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20141104. [PMID: 25551141 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacle cyprids exhibit a complex swimming and exploratory behaviour on surfaces and settlement is a consequence of extensive surface probing and selection of suitable settlement sites. In this work, the behaviour of cyprids in their pre-settlement phase was studied by three-dimensional video stereoscopy. With this technique, three-dimensional trajectories were obtained that were quantitatively analysed. The velocity during vertical sinking of cyprids of Balanus amphitrite was used with a modified form of Stokes' law to calculate their mean body density. Furthermore, a classification of the swimming patterns allowed the extension of existing models describing cyprid locomotion and swimming behaviour. The patterns were characterized with respect to their occurrence, transition between patterns and their velocity distribution, and motions were identified that led to surface contacts. This analysis provides a classification framework, which can assist future attempts to identify behavioural responses of cyprids to specific settlement cues.
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26
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Natural antifouling compounds: Effectiveness in preventing invertebrate settlement and adhesion. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:343-57. [PMID: 25749324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling represents a major economic issue regarding maritime industries and also raise important environmental concern. International legislation is restricting the use of biocidal-based antifouling (AF) coatings, and increasing efforts have been applied in the search for environmentally friendly AF agents. A wide diversity of natural AF compounds has been described for their ability to inhibit the settlement of macrofouling species. However poor information on the specific AF targets was available before the application of different molecular approaches both on invertebrate settlement strategies and bioadhesive characterization and also on the mechanistic effects of natural AF compounds. This review focuses on the relevant information about the main invertebrate macrofouler species settlement and bioadhesive mechanisms, which might help in the understanding of the reported effects, attributed to effective and non-toxic natural AF compounds towards this macrofouling species. It also aims to contribute to the elucidation of promising biotechnological strategies in the development of natural effective environmentally friendly AF paints.
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27
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Petrone L, Aldred N, Emami K, Enander K, Ederth T, Clare AS. Chemistry-specific surface adsorption of the barnacle settlement-inducing protein complex. Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140047. [PMID: 25657832 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gregarious settlement in barnacle larvae (cyprids) is induced by a contact pheromone, the settlement-inducing protein complex (SIPC). The SIPC has been identified both in the cuticle of adult barnacles and in the temporary adhesive secretion (footprint) of cyprids. Besides acting as a settlement inducer, the presence of the SIPC in footprints points to its additional involvement in the adhesion process. SIPC adsorption behaviour was therefore investigated on a series of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by surface plasmon resonance at the pH of seawater (8.3). Fibrinogen and α2-macroglobulin (A2M) (blood complement protease inhibitors with which the SIPC shares 29% sequence homology) were used in the adsorption experiments as positive and negative standards, respectively. The mass uptake of the SIPC was comparable to that of fibrinogen, with adsorption observed even on the protein-resistant oligo(ethylene glycol) surface. Notably, on the positively charged SAM the SIPC showed a kinetic overshoot, indicating a metastable configuration causing the amount of adsorbed protein to temporarily exceed its equilibrium value. A2M adsorption was low or negligible on all SAMs tested, except for the positively charged surface, indicating that A2M adsorption is mainly driven by electrostatics. Evaluation of SIPC non-specific adsorption kinetics revealed that it adsorbed irreversibly and non-cooperatively on all surfaces tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Petrone
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , 58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle NE1 7RU , UK
| | - Kaveh Emami
- School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle NE1 7RU , UK
| | - Karin Enander
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , 58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Thomas Ederth
- Division of Molecular Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) , Linköping University , 58183 Linköping , Sweden
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle NE1 7RU , UK
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28
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Guo S, Puniredd SR, Jańczewski D, Lee SSC, Teo SLM, He T, Zhu X, Vancso GJ. Barnacle larvae exploring surfaces with variable hydrophilicity: influence of morphology and adhesion of "footprint" proteins by AFM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:13667-13676. [PMID: 25055115 DOI: 10.1021/am503147m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interaction forces of adhesive proteins employed by cyprid larvae of Amphibalanus amphitrite for temporary attachment during surface exploration in marine fouling were studied by AFM force spectroscopy using chemically modified, reactive colloidal probes. The proteins were covalently attached to the surfaces of the probes by incubation in the protein deposits (footprints) left behind at the surface by the cyprids. This covalent coupling enabled robust and reproducible probing of adhesion of the attachment proteins to model surfaces with variable hydrophilicity. Three model monolayer surfaces were designed and prepared that exhibited different wettabilities derived from variations in the monolayer chemical composition. The morphology and size of cyprid protein deposits was imaged by AFM. The deposits showed larger area of spreading on more hydrophobic surfaces, whereas the overall volume of the secreted proteins exhibited no significant variation. Notable difference in adhesion forces was found among the surfaces by force spectroscopy, with substantially higher values measured on the hydrophobic surface (21 ± 2 nN) than that measured on the more hydrophilic surface (7.2 ± 1 nN). The same surfaces were also tested in laboratory essays. Rather surprisingly, no significant differences were found in values of fractional cyprid settlement among the surfaces studied, indicating that variations of surface wettability and adhesion strength of settlement proteins may be insufficient to explain settlement trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Guo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) , 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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29
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Yandi W, Mieszkin S, Martin-Tanchereau P, Callow ME, Callow JA, Tyson L, Liedberg B, Ederth T. Hydration and chain entanglement determines the optimum thickness of poly(HEMA-co-PEG₁₀MA) brushes for effective resistance to settlement and adhesion of marine fouling organisms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11448-11458. [PMID: 24945705 DOI: 10.1021/am502084x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how surface physicochemical properties influence the settlement and adhesion of marine fouling organisms is important for the development of effective and environmentally benign marine antifouling coatings. We demonstrate that the thickness of random poly(HEMA-co-PEG10MA) copolymer brushes affect antifouling behavior. Films of thicknesses ranging from 50 to 1000 Å were prepared via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. The fouling resistance of these films was investigated by protein adsorption, attachment of the marine bacterium Cobetia marina, settlement and strength of attachment tests of zoospores of the marine alga Ulva linza and static immersion field tests. These assays show that the polymer film thickness influenced the antifouling performance, in that there is an optimum thickness range, 200-400 Å (dry thickness), where fouling of all types, as well as algal spore adhesion, was lower. Field test results also showed lower fouling within the same thickness range after 2 weeks of immersion. Studies by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and underwater captive bubble contact angle measurements show a strong correlation between lower fouling and higher hydration, viscosity and surface energy of the poly(HEMA-co-PEG10MA) brushes at thicknesses around 200-400 Å. We hypothesize that the reduced antifouling performance is caused by a lower hydration capacity of the polymer for thinner films, and that entanglement and crowding in the film reduces the conformational freedom, hydration capacity and fouling resistance for thicker films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wetra Yandi
- Division of Molecular Physics, IFM, Linköping University , 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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