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Austah ON, Lillis KV, Akopian AN, Harris SE, Grinceviciute R, Diogenes A. Trigeminal neurons control immune-bone cell interaction and metabolism in apical periodontitis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:330. [PMID: 35639178 PMCID: PMC9156470 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease occurring following tooth infection with distinct osteolytic activity. Despite increasing evidence that sensory neurons participate in regulation of non-neuronal cells, their role in the development of AP is largely unknown. We hypothesized that trigeminal ganglia (TG) Nav1.8+ nociceptors regulate bone metabolism changes in response to AP. A selective ablation of nociceptive neurons in Nav1.8Cre/Diphtheria toxin A (DTA)Lox mouse line was used to evaluate the development and progression of AP using murine model of infection-induced AP. Ablation of Nav1.8+ nociceptors had earlier progression of AP with larger osteolytic lesions. Immunohistochemical and RNAscope analyses demonstrated greater number of macrophages, T-cells, osteoclast and osteoblast precursors and an increased RANKL:OPG ratio at earlier time points among Nav1.8Cre/ DTALox mice. There was an increased expression of IL-1α and IL-6 within lesions of nociceptor-ablated mice. Further, co-culture experiments demonstrated that TG neurons promoted osteoblast mineralization and inhibited osteoclastic function. The findings suggest that TG Nav1.8+ neurons contribute to modulation of the AP development by delaying the influx of immune cells, promoting osteoblastic differentiation, and decreasing osteoclastic activities. This newly uncovered mechanism could become a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AP and minimize the persistence of osteolytic lesions in refractory cases. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00018-022-04335-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obadah N Austah
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katherine V Lillis
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Armen N Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Stephen E Harris
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruta Grinceviciute
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Middleton SJ, Perez-Sanchez J, Dawes JM. The structure of sensory afferent compartments in health and disease. J Anat 2021; 241:1186-1210. [PMID: 34528255 PMCID: PMC9558153 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory neurons are a heterogeneous population of cells able to respond to both innocuous and noxious stimuli. Like most neurons they are highly compartmentalised, allowing them to detect, convey and transfer sensory information. These compartments include specialised sensory endings in the skin, the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons, the cell soma and their central terminals in the spinal cord. In this review, we will highlight the importance of these compartments to primary afferent function, describe how these structures are compromised following nerve damage and how this relates to neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Middleton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - John M Dawes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
The sensation of touch is mediated by mechanosensory neurons that are embedded in skin and relay signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. During embryogenesis, axons elongate from these neurons to make contact with the developing skin. Concurrently, the epithelium of skin transforms from a homogeneous tissue into a heterogeneous organ that is made up of distinct layers and microdomains. Throughout this process, each neuronal terminal must form connections with an appropriate skin region to serve its function. This Review presents current knowledge of the development of the sensory microdomains in mammalian skin and the mechanosensory neurons that innervate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair A Jenkins
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ellen A Lumpkin
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics and Department of Dermatology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Olson W, Dong P, Fleming M, Luo W. The specification and wiring of mammalian cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:389-404. [PMID: 26992078 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cutaneous low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) are a diverse set of primary somatosensory neurons that function to sense external mechanical force. Generally, LTMRs are composed of Aβ-LTMRs, Aδ-LTMRs, and C-LTMRs, which have distinct molecular, physiological, anatomical, and functional features. The specification and wiring of each type of mammalian cutaneous LTMRs is established during development by the interplay of transcription factors with trophic factor signalling. In this review, we summarize the cohort of extrinsic and intrinsic factors generating the complex mammalian cutaneous LTMR circuits that mediate our tactile sensations and behaviors. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Fleming
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Murakami K, Nakagawa H, Nishimura K, Matsuo S. Changes in peptidergic fiber density in the synovium of mice with collagenase-induced acute arthritis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:435-41. [PMID: 25909759 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acute osteoarthritis (OA) on peripheral nerve fibers (NFs) in synovial tissue, and their association with histological changes were investigated in collagenase-induced OA mice. Collagenase (10 U in 5 μL saline) was injected into the right knee, and the same volume of saline was injected into the left knee as the control. Mice were sacrificed 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after the collagenase injection. Histopathological changes in the knee joints were evaluated. The numbers of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5-, calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and substance P (SP)-positive NFs in the synovial tissue were determined, and their densities in the tissue were calculated. The densities of PGP 9.5- and CGRP-positive NFs in the synovium were drastically decreased 1 week after the collagenase injection. However, by week 4, the density of PGP 9.5- and CGRP-positive NFs had recovered to 84% and 79% of their normal levels, respectively. Despite the poor correlation between the synovitis score and the density of CGRP- or SP-positive NFs in the synovium, the ossification rate of chondrophytes in chondro/osteophyte lesions correlated strongly with the density of CGRP-positive NFs (R = 0.855). These results suggest that the ossification of chondrophytes occurred in parallel with the increase in CGRP-positive fiber density in the synovium during the acute phase of collagenase-induced OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Murakami
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan., Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Fleming MS, Luo W. The anatomy, function, and development of mammalian Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 8. [PMID: 24376457 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-013-1271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Touch sensation is critical for our social and environmental interactions. In mammals, most discriminative light touch sensation is mediated by the Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors. Cell bodies of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors are located in the dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia, which extend a central projection innervating the spinal cord and brain stem and a peripheral projection innervating the specialized mechanosensory end organs. These specialized mechanosensory end organs include Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, lanceolate endings, Merkel cells, and Ruffini corpuscles. The morphologies and physiological properties of these mechanosensory end organs and their innervating neurons have been investigated for over a century. In addition, recent advances in mouse genetics have enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the development of Aβ low-threshold mechanoreceptors, which highlight the crucial roles of neurotrophic factor signaling and transcription factor activity in this process. Here, we will review the anatomy, physiological properties, and development of mammalian low-threshold Aβ mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Fleming
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
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Moe K, Shrestha A, Kvinnsland IH, Luukko K, Kettunen P. Developmentally regulated expression of Sema3A chemorepellant in the developing mouse incisor. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:184-9. [PMID: 21793640 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.600717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is an essential chemorepellant controlling peripheral axon pathfinding and patterning, but also serves non-neuronal cellular functions. Incisors of rodent are distinctive from molars as they erupt continuously, have only one root and enamel is present only on the labial side. The aim of this study is to address putative regulatory roles of Sema3A chemorepellant in the development of incisor innervation and formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study analyzed expression of Sema3A mRNAs during embryonic and early post-natal stages of mouse mandibular incisor using sectional radioactive in situ hybridization. RESULTS Although Sema3A mRNAs were observed in condensed dental mesenchyme during the early bud stage, they were absent in dental papilla or pulp at later stages. Sema3A mRNAs were observed in the dental epithelium including the cervical loops and a prominent expression was also seen in alveolar bone. Interestingly, transcripts were absent from the mesenchymal dental follicle target area (future periodontal ligament) throughout the studied stages. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of Sema3A indicate that it may control the timing and patterning of the incisor innervation. In particular, Sema3A appears to regulate innervation of the periodontal ligament, while nerve penetration into the incisor dental pulp appears not to be dependent on Sema3A. Moreover, Sema3A may regulate the functions of cervical loops and the development of alveolar bone. Future study with Sema3A deficient mice will help to elucidate the putative neuronal and non-neuronal functions of Sema3A in incisor tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Moe
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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Development of primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal nervous system; dependency on neurotrophins and other substances. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Montaño JA, Pérez-Piñera P, García-Suárez O, Cobo J, Vega JA. Development and neuronal dependence of cutaneous sensory nerve formations: Lessons from neurotrophins. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:513-29. [PMID: 19839059 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Null mutations of genes from the NGF family of NTs and their receptors (NTRs) lead to loss/reduction of specific neurons in sensory ganglia; conversely, cutaneous overexpression of NTs results in skin hyperinnervation and increase or no changes in the number of sensory neurons innervating the skin. These neuronal changes are paralleled with loss of specific types of sensory nerve formations in the skin. Therefore, mice carrying mutations in NT or NTR genes represent an ideal model to identify the neuronal dependence of each type of cutaneous sensory nerve ending from a concrete subtype of sensory neuron, since the development, maintenance, and structural integrity of sensory nerve formations depend upon sensory neurons. Results obtained from these mouse strains suggest that TrkA positive neurons are connected to intraepithelial nerve fibers and other sensory nerve formations depending from C and Adelta nerve fibers; the neurons expressing TrkB and responding to BDNF and NT-4 innervate Meissner corpuscles, a subpopulation of Merkell cells, some mechanoreceptors of the piloneural complex, and the Ruffini's corpuscles; finally, a subpopulation of neurons, which are responsive to NT-3, support postnatal survival of some intraepithelial nerve fibers and Merkel cells in addition to the muscle mechanoreceptors. On the other hand, changes in NTs and NTRs affect the structure of non-nervous structures of the skin and are at the basis of several cutaneous pathologies. This review is an update about the role of NTs and NTRs in the maintenance of normal cutaneous innervation and maintenance of skin integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montaño
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
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Ohishi M, Harada F, Rahman F, Saito I, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. GDNF Expression in Terminal Schwann Cells Associated With the Periodontal Ruffini Endings of the Rat Incisors During Nerve Regeneration. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1185-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maruyama Y, Harada F, Jabbar S, Saito I, Aita M, Kawano Y, Suzuki A, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. Neurotrophin-4/5-depletion induces a delay in maturation of the periodontal Ruffini endings in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 68:267-88. [PMID: 16477147 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.68.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) - a member of the neurotrophic factors - is a ligand for TrkB, which has been reported to be expressed in the mechanoreceptive Ruffini endings of the periodontal ligament. The present study examined developmental changes in the terminal morphology and neural density in homozygous mice with a targeted disruption of the nt-4/5 gene and wild-type mice by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, and by quantitative analysis using an image analyzer. Postnatal development of terminal Schwann cells was also investigated by enzymatic histochemistry for non-specific cholinesterase activity (ChE). Furthermore, the immuno-expression of TrkB and low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75-NGFR) was surveyed in the periodontal Ruffini endings as well as trigeminal ganglion. At postnatal 1 week, the lingual periodontal ligament of both types of mice contained PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers showing a tree-like ramification with axonal swellings in their course. In both types of mice at 2 weeks of age, comparatively thick nerve fibers with a smooth outline increased in number, and frequently ramified to form nerve terminals with dendritic profiles. However, no typical Ruffini endings with irregular outlines observed in the adult wild-type mice were found in the periodontal ligament at this stage. At postnatal 3 weeks, typical Ruffini endings with irregular outlines were discernable in the periodontal ligament of the wild-type mice while the dendritic endings showing smooth outlines were restricted to the homozygous mice. After postnatal 8 weeks, both types of mice showed an increase in the number of Ruffini endings, but the morphology differed between the wild-type and NT-4/5 homozygous mice. In the wild-type mice, a major population of the Ruffini endings expanded their axonal branches and developed many microprojections, resulting in a reduction of endings with smooth outlines. In contrast, we failed to find such typical Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament of the homozygous mice: A majority of the periodontal Ruffini endings continued to show smooth outlines at postnatal 12 weeks. Quantitative analysis on neural density demonstrated a reduction in the homozygous mice with a significant difference by postnatal 8 weeks. Enzymatic histochemistry for non-specific ChE did not exhibit a distinct difference in the distribution and density of terminal Schwann cells between wild-type and homozygous mice. Furthermore, TrkB and p75-NGFR mRNA and proteins did not differ in the trigeminal ganglion between the two types. The periodontal Ruffini endings also displayed immunoreactivities for TrkB and p75- NGFR in both phenotypes. These findings suggest that the nt-4/5 gene depletion caused a delay in the formation and maturation of the periodontal Ruffini endings in the mice by inhibiting the growth of the periodontal nerves at an early stage, and indicate that multiple neurotrophins such as NT- 4/5 and BDNF might play roles in the development and/or maturation of the periodontal Ruffini endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maruyama
- Divisions of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Moe K, Kettunen P, Kvinnsland IH, Luukko K. Development of the pioneer sympathetic innervation into the dental pulp of the mouse mandibular first molar. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:865-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Higuchi K, Santiwong P, Tamaki H, Terashima T, Nakayama H, Notani T, Iseki H, Baba O, Takano Y. Development and terminal differentiation of pulp and periodontal nerve elements in subcutaneous transplants of molar tooth germs and incisors of the rat. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:324-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2008.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shimizu S, Ichikawa H, Nakagawa H, Kiyomiya KI, Matsuo S. Effect of BDNF depletion on the formation of Ruffini endings in vibrissa follicles and the survival of their mechanoreceptive neurons in trigeminal ganglion. Brain Res 2007; 1154:95-104. [PMID: 17499226 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 10/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the influence of BDNF depletion in peripheral tissues on the formation of Ruffini endings and their neuronal survival by injections of neutralizable anti-BDNF antibody into mouse mystacial pads for periods of 5 days at different developmental stages of the Ruffini endings (the pre-formation stage from the 2nd to 6th day after birth, the formation stage from the 4th to 8th, or the post-formation stage from the 10th to 14th). The treatment at the pre-formation and formation stages caused a significant decrease in the number of Ruffini endings in vibrissa follicles. This decrease in Ruffini endings was accompanied with a significant increase in neuron apoptosis in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in both stages. However, at the post-formation stage, the anti-BDNF injection showed no effect on the formation of the mechanoreceptors nor their neuronal survival. In the post-formation stage, the axoplasmic spins of Ruffini endings were circumferentially embraced with the cytoplasmic processes of terminal Schwann cells. The present study indicates that target-derived BDNF is essential for survival of mechanoreceptive nerves in the pre-formation and formation stages, but not in the post-formation stages of their development. It seems that Schwann cells participate in this switch-over of neuronal dependency on brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenaga Shimizu
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Biosciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Cyuoku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
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Igarashi Y, Aita M, Suzuki A, Nandasena T, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. Involvement of GDNF and its receptors in the maturation of the periodontal Ruffini endings. Neurosci Lett 2007; 412:222-6. [PMID: 17178438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study revealed an intense immunoreaction for GDNF and its receptors in the Ruffini endings, primary mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament, of young rats. However, no information is available for the expression of GDNF and its receptors during their development. The present study aimed to reveal postnatal changes in the immuno-expression of GDNF, GFRalpha1 and RET in the periodontal Ruffini endings of the rat incisors by double immunofluorescent staining. At postnatal day 3 (PO 3d), no structure with GDNF-, GFRalpha1-, or RET-immunoreaction existed in the periodontal ligament. The PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers without GDNF- and RET-immunoreaction displayed a dendritic fashion at PO 1w, with a GFRalpha1-reaction found around these nerves. At PO 2w, GDNF-positive terminal Schwann cells occurred near the thick and dendritic axons, a part of which showed a RET-reaction, with no reactive cells near the thin nerves. The terminal Schwann cells became positive for GFRalpha1, but lacked RET-immunoreaction. At PO 3w, when the formation of the periodontal Ruffini endings had proceeded, GDNF-positive terminal Schwann cells began to increase in number. This stage-specific immuno-expression pattern suggests that GDNF is a key molecule for the maturation and maintenance of the periodontal Ruffini endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Igarashi
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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Jabbar S, Harada F, Aita M, Ohishi M, Saito I, Kawano Y, Suzuki A, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. Involvement of neurotrophin-4/5 in regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings at the early stage. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:400-12. [PMID: 17245704 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5) in the regeneration of mechanoreceptors. Therefore, the present study examined the regeneration process of Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament in nt-4/5-deficient and wildtype mice following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a general neuronal marker, and by computer-assisted quantitative image analysis. Furthermore, rescue experiments by a continuous administration of recombinant NT-4/5 were performed and analyzed quantitatively. At postoperative day 3 (PO 3d), almost all PGP 9.5-positive neural elements had disappeared; they began to appear in both types of animals at PO 7d. At PO 10d, almost all nerve fibers showed a beaded appearance, with fewer ramifications in both types of mice. Although the regeneration proceeded in the wildtype, a major population of the periodontal Ruffini endings continued to display smooth outlines at PO 28d in the nt-4/5 homozygous mice. The reduction ratio of neural density reached a maximum at PO 3d, decreased at PO 10d, and later showed a plateau. In a rescue experiment, an administration of NT-4/5 showed an acceleration of nerve regeneration in the homozygous mice. These findings indicate that the nt-4/5-depletion causes a delay in the regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings, but the delay is shortened by an exogenous administration of NT-4/5. Combined with our previous findings of bdnf-deficient mice (Harada et al. [2003] Arch Histol Cytol 66:183-194), these morphological and numerical data suggest that multiple neurotrophins such as NT-4/5 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play roles in their regeneration in a stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahiqul Jabbar
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Shi L, Atsumi Y, Kodama Y, Honma S, Wakisaka S. Requirement of proper occlusal force for morphological maturation of neural components of periodontal Ruffini endings of the rat incisor. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:681-8. [PMID: 16566892 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of reduced occlusal force on morphological maturation of periodontal Ruffini endings, primary mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament, of the rat incisor. The reduction of occlusal force was induced by grinding the cutting edges of unilateral incisors of the rat from postnatal day 14 (PN14d), when periodontal Ruffini endings are immature. Under normal development, the axon terminals of Ruffini endings gradually ramified with the passage of time, and showed ruffled outlines having numerous dot-like structures around PN28d. When the mechanical stimulation was reduced, appearance of dot-like structures at the axon terminals delayed. Quantitative analysis elucidated that the percentages of immunoreactive areas for protein gene product 9.5, a marker protein of neural elements, at ground side were significantly smaller than those at non-ground side 14 days following the initial grinding. The distribution and morphology of terminal Schwann cells was not apparently affected. The present results indicate that the proper mechanical stimulation to the ligament contributes to the morphological maturation of the periodontal Ruffini endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Hagert E, Forsgren S, Ljung BO. Differences in the presence of mechanoreceptors and nerve structures between wrist ligaments may imply differential roles in wrist stabilization. J Orthop Res 2005; 23:757-63. [PMID: 16022987 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze human wrist ligaments with regard to presence of general innervation and mechanoreceptors. The ligaments studied were: dorsal radiocarpal (DRC), dorsal intercarpal (DIC), long radiolunate (LRL), radioscaphocapitate (RSC), ulnocarpal (UC), scapholunate interosseous (SLI) and lunotriquetral interosseous (LTI) ligaments. Specific immunohistochemical markers were used to target neural/perineurial structures. Both Ruffini and Pacini-like mechanoreceptors (sensory corpuscles) as well as nerve fascicles/free nerve fibers were identified. Ruffini corpuscles were primarily identified via their dendritic intracapsular nerve endings, whereas the Pacini-like corpuscles were identified through their thick perineurial capsules with marked p75 immunoreaction. The wrist ligaments were found to vary in innervation, the DIC, DRC and SLI being richly innervated, whereas the LRL being almost without innervation. The difference in innervation between the ligaments might reflect differential function. Ligaments without innervation might act as structures of passive restraint, whereas ligaments with rich innervation are proposed to also provide proprioceptive information. Wrist ligament injuries should, therefore, be regarded as a disturbance not only of the intrinsic carpal kinematics, but also of the coordination and proprioception of the entire wrist joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Hagert
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Hand Surgery, Stockholm Söder Hospital, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ichikawa H, Matsuo S, Silos-Santiago I, Jacquin MF, Sugimoto T. The development of myelinated nociceptors is dependent upon trks in the trigeminal ganglion. Acta Histochem 2005; 106:337-43. [PMID: 15530548 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell size of primary sensory neurons and distribution patterns of neurons that are immunopositive (ip) for VRL-1, a newly cloned capsaicin-receptor homologue, were examined in trigeminal ganglia (TGs) of knockout mice for trkA, trkB or trkC to determine the developmental dependency of myelinated nociceptors on expression of the genes. The number of TG neurons was strongly decreased in the knockout mice as compared to wildtype and heterozygous mice (82%, 39%, and 48% reduction for trkA, trkB and trkC, respectively). The absence of trkA and trkC reduced the number of TG neurons in all cell-size ranges. The number of medium-sized and large TG neurons was decreased in trkB-knockout mice, whereas that of small TG neurons was barely affected by trkB deficiency. TG contained abundant VRL-1-ip neurons in wildtype and heterozygous mice; 9% of TG neurons exhibited immunopositivity. In trkA-knockout mice, VRL-1-ip neurons almost disappeared (1% of TG neurons were VRL-1-ip). However, 13% and 9% of TG neurons in trkB- and trkC-knockout mice, respectively, were immunostained for the ion channel protein. In trkC-knockout mice, the proportion of large VRL-1-ip neurons decreased whereas that of small and medium-sized VRL-1-ip neurons increased. In addition, immunohistochemistry of the protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) demonstrated that trkA deficiency caused a marked reduction of varicose endings in the epithelium of the palatal mucosa. Loss of trkC diminished the number of PGP 9.5-ip varicose fibers in the deep layer of mucosal connective tissue of the palate. In tooth pulp, PGP 9.5-ip nerve fibers were absent in trkA-knockout mice but abundant in trkB- and trkC-knockout mice. The present study suggests that the development of myelinated nociceptors is dependent on trkA and trkC but not on trkB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700, Japan.
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Shi L, Kodama Y, Atsumi Y, Honma S, Wakisaka S. Requirement of occlusal force for maintenance of the terminal morphology of the periodontal Ruffini endings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 68:289-99. [PMID: 16477148 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.68.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether mechanical stimulation is required for morphological maintenance of the Ruffini endings--primary mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisors, using a hypofunctional model by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5. The periodontal Ruffini endings of adult rats were observed to be restricted to the alveolar half of the lingual ligament where they displayed a dendritic arborization of expanded axon terminals with threadlike microprojections. In the experimental group, the tips of the upper and lower incisors were unilaterally ground to reduce mechanical stimulation of the ligament, i.e. occlusal force. A reduction in the occlusal force induced morphological changes in the terminal morphology of the periodontal Ruffini endings: they became smooth, unlike the irregular profiles exclusively observed in the control group. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significantly lower percentages of immunoreactive areas in the restricted portion on the ground sides than in normal animals. When incisor occlusion was re-established, the terminal portions of the Ruffini endings returned to their normal appearance, and the percentages of immunoreactive areas also recovered. The present results confirm the reduced size and number of axon terminals of periodontal Ruffini endings following reduced occlusal force and restoration of the morphological alteration after the re-establishment of incisor occlusion, indicating that proper mechanical stimulation is an important factor for maintaining the morphology of mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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González-Martínez T, Fariñas I, Del Valle ME, Feito J, Germanà G, Cobo J, Vega JA. BDNF, but not NT-4, is necessary for normal development of Meissner corpuscles. Neurosci Lett 2004; 377:12-5. [PMID: 15722178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meissner corpuscles are rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors depending for development on TrkB expressing sensory neurons, but it remains to be established which of the known TrkB ligands, BDNF or NT-4, is responsible of this dependence. In this study we analyze Meissner corpuscles in the digital pads of mice with target mutations in the genes encoding for either BDNF or NT-4, using immunohistochemistry and transmission-electron microscopy, and they were identified based on their morphology and expression of S100 protein. All wild-type animals as well as NT-4(-/-) animals and BDNF and NT4 heterozygous animals have Meissner corpuscles that are normal in number and size. However, Meissner corpuscles are absent the BDNF(-/-) mice. These results suggest that BDNF is the only TrkB ligand involved in the development of Meissner corpuscles in murine glabrous skin, and it probably regulates the development of the sensory neurons that innervate Meissner corpuscles.
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González-Martínez T, Germanà GP, Monjil DF, Silos-Santiago I, de Carlos F, Germanà G, Cobo J, Vega JA. Absence of Meissner corpuscles in the digital pads of mice lacking functional TrkB. Brain Res 2004; 1002:120-8. [PMID: 14988041 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The TrkB-expressing sensory neurons seem to be involved in touch and other discriminative sensibilities. Thus, several slowly and rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors, as well as muscle spindles, are reduced or absent in the territory of the trigeminal nerve in functionally TrkB-deficient mice. Whether this also occurs in the cutaneous or muscular territories of dorsal root ganglia has not been analyzed. Here we used immunohistochemistry and transmission-electron microscopy to analyze the impact of a mutation in the gene coding for TrkB on Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles, and muscle spindles. The animals were studied at the post-natal days 15 and 25, because at this time all the mechanoreceptors examined are fully developed. Typical Meissner's corpuscles, displaying S-100 protein immunoreactivity, were found in the digital pads of wild-type and TrkB+/- mice whereas they were absent in the TrkB-/- animals. Regarding Pacinian corpuscles, the mutation in the trkB gene does not alter either the immunohistochemical or the ultrastructural characteristics. Finally, in muscle spindles the arrangement of the intrafusal muscle fibers and nerve fibers was unchanged in the mutated animals. Nevertheless, about 10% of muscle spindles showed increased number of the intrafusal cells (between 6 and 12) and were supplied by more than one large myelinic nerve fiber. The present results strongly suggest that TrkB-expressing sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia, like those of the trigeminal ganglion, are responsible for the development and maintenance of several rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors, i.e. Meissner's corpuscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana González-Martínez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, C/ Julián Clavería, s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Hoshino N, Harada F, Alkhamrah BA, Aita M, Kawano Y, Hanada K, Maeda T. Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the development of periodontal Ruffini endings. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD. PART A, DISCOVERIES IN MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2003; 274:807-16. [PMID: 12923891 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal Ruffini ending has been reported to show immunoreactivity for tyrosine kinase B (trkB), the high-affinity receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor. Furthermore, adult heterozygous BDNF-mutant mice showed malformation and reduction of the periodontal Ruffini endings. To investigate further roles of BDNF in these structures, the development, distribution, and terminal morphology of Ruffini endings were examined in the incisor periodontal ligament of heterozygous and homozygous BDNF mutant mice, as well as in the wild-type littermate by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product (PGP) 9.5, a general neuronal marker. A similar distribution and terminal formation of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers was recognized in the periodontal ligament of all phenotypes at postnatal week (PW) 1. At this stage, the nerve fibers had a beaded appearance, but did not form the periodontal Ruffini endings. At PW2, the heterozygous and wild-type mice started to show ramified nerve fibers resembling the mature shape of periodontal Ruffini endings. At PW3, the Ruffini endings occurred in the periodontal ligament of the wild-type and heterozygous mice. While the Ruffini endings of the wild-type mice appeared either ruffled or smooth, as reported previously, most of these structures showed a smooth outline in the heterozygous mice. The homozygous mice lacked the typical Ruffini endings at PW3. In the quantitative analysis, homozygous mice had the smallest percentages of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive areas at the same postnatal periods, but there were no significant differences between wild-type and heterozygous mice during PW1-3. These findings suggest a possible involvement of BDNF during the postnatal development and, in particular, the maturation of periodontal Ruffini endings. Furthermore, other neurotrophins may play a role in the development and/or early maturation of the periodontal nerve fibers, as indicated by the presence of nerve fibers in the BDNF-homozygous mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hoshino
- Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Harada F, Hoshino N, Hanada K, Kawano Y, Atsumi Y, Wakisaka S, Maeda T. The involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the regeneration of periodontal Ruffini endings following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2003; 66:183-94. [PMID: 12846558 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.66.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study employed immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) to examine the regeneration process of Ruffini endings, the primary mechanoreceptor in the periodontal ligament, in heterozygous mice with targeted disruption of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and their littermates, following transection of the inferior alveolar nerve. When immunostained for PGP 9.5, periodontal Ruffini endings appeared densely distributed in the periodontal ligament of the heterozygous mice, but the density of the positively stained nerve fibers in the ligament was 20% lower than that in the control littermates. At 3 days after surgery, the PGP 9.5-positive neural elements had disappeared; they began to appear in the periodontal ligament of both animals at 7 days. However, the recovery pattern of the PGP 9.5-positive nerves differed between heterozygous and wild type mice, typical periodontal Ruffini endings morphologically identical to those in the control group appeared in the wild-type mice at 7 days, whereas such Ruffini endings were detectable in the heterozygous mice at 28 days, though much smaller in number. On day 28, when PGP 9.5-positive nerves were largely regenerated in wild type mice, their distribution was much less dense in the ligament of the heterozygous mice than in the non-treated heterozygous mice. The density of PGP 9.5-positive nerve fibers was significantly lower in the heterozygous mice than in wild type mice at any stage examined. These data showing that a reduced expression of BDNF causes delayed regeneration of the periodontal Ruffini endings suggest the involvement of BDNF in the regeneration process of these mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Harada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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