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Saraceni PR, Miccoli A, Bada A, Taddei AR, Mazzonna M, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Polystyrene nanoplastics as an ecotoxicological hazard: cellular and transcriptomic evidences on marine and freshwater in vitro teleost models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173159. [PMID: 38761939 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of marine and freshwater environments by nanoplastics is considered a global threat for aquatic biota. Taking into account the most recent concentration range estimates reported globally and recognizing a knowledge gap in polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) ecotoxicology, the present work investigated the harmful effects of 20 nm and 80 nm PS-NPs, at increasing biological complexity, on the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss RTG-2 and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata SAF-1 cell lines. Twenty nm PS-NPs exerted a greater cytotoxicity than 80 nm ones and SAF-1 were approximately 4-fold more vulnerable to PS-NPs than RTG-2. The engagement of PS-NPs with plasma membranes was accompanied by discernible uptake patterns and morphological alterations along with a nuclear translocation already within a 30-min exposure. Cells were structurally damaged only by the 20 nm PS-NPs in a time-dependent manner as indicated by distinctive features of the execution phase of the apoptotic cell death mechanism such as cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the cell membrane and DNA fragmentation. At last, functional analyses unveiled marked transcriptional impairment at both sublethal and lethal doses of 20 nm PS-NPs, with the latter impacting the "Steroid biosynthesis", "TGF-beta signaling pathway", "ECM-receptor interaction", "Focal adhesion", "Regulation of actin cytoskeleton" and "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum" pathways. Overall, a distinct ecotoxicological hazard of PS-NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations was thoroughly characterized on two piscine cell lines. The effects were demonstrated to depend on size, exposure time and model, emphasizing the need for a comparative evaluation of endpoints between freshwater and marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Saraceni
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Department of Sustainability, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - A Miccoli
- National Research Council, Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology (IRBIM), 60125 Ancona, Italy
| | - A Bada
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - A R Taddei
- Center of Large Equipments, Section of Electron Microscopy, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - M Mazzonna
- National Research Council, Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Picchietti
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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2
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Padilla D, Acosta Hernández B, Ramos Vivas J, Déniz S, Rosario I, Martín Barrasa JL, Henao AS, Silva Sergent F, Ramos Sosa MJ, García Álvarez N, Real F. Kinetics of the invasion of a non-phagocytic fish cell line, RTG-2 by Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1 biotype 1. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895532 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Yersiniosis, caused by the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri, is a serious bacterial septicaemia affecting mainly salmonids worldwide. The acute infection may result in high mortality without apparent external disease signs, while the chronic one causes moderate to considerable mortality. Survivors of yersiniosis outbreaks become carriers. Y. ruckeri is able to adhere to, and to invade, phagocytic and non-phagocytic fish cells by using unknown molecular mechanisms. The aim of this study was to describe the kinetics of cell invasion by Y. ruckeri serotype O1 biotype 1 in a fish cell line (RTG-2) originating from rainbow trout gonads. The efficiency of invasion by Y. ruckeri was found to be temperature dependent, having a maximum at 20 °C. The bacterium was able to survive up to 96 h postinfection. The incubation of the cells at 4 °C and the pre-incubation of the bacteria with sugars or heat-inactivated antiserum significantly decreased the efficiency of invasion or even completely prevented the invasion of RTG-2 cells. These findings indicate that Y. ruckeri is capable of adhering to, entering and surviving within non-phagocytic cells, and that the intracellular environment may constitute a suitable niche for this pathogen that can favour the spread of infection and/or the maintenance of a carrier state of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Padilla
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Begoña Acosta Hernández
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - José Ramos Vivas
- 2 Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
- 3 Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche, 24560, Mexico
| | - Soraya Déniz
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rosario
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - José Luís Martín Barrasa
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
- 4 Experimental Animal Facility, Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Andrés Sánchez Henao
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Freddy Silva Sergent
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - María José Ramos Sosa
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Natalia García Álvarez
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
| | - Fernando Real
- 1 Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Arucas, 35412, Spain
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3
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Heckman TI, Shahin K, Henderson EE, Griffin MJ, Soto E. Development and efficacy of Streptococcus iniae live-attenuated vaccines in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:152-162. [PMID: 34965443 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a re-emerging bacterial pathogen in freshwater and marine aquaculture worldwide. There are no commercial vaccines available for S. iniae in the United States, and autogenous vaccines are restricted to inactivated whole-cell preparations with limited protection against heterogenous strains. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent an advantageous alternative to these bacterins, as they induce robust cellular and humoral immunity, and may provide longer lasting protection through less stressful routes of administration. We investigated whether accumulation of mutations in S. iniae by serial passage in the presence of rifampin can generate immunogenic LAV conferring protection against challenge with heterologous wild-type (WT) S. iniae strains in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three lineages of rifampin-resistant S. iniae strains were generated from three genetically distinct parent strains (n = 9) by multiple passages in increments of Rifamycin SV sodium salt. Growth in liquid media, extent of capsulation, antimicrobial susceptibility, survival in Nile tilapia whole blood, and cytotoxicity in an O. mossambicus endothelial cell line were compared between the passaged and WT strains. Nile tilapia challenges were used to assess strain virulence, generation of anti-S. iniae IgM, and the protection conferred by LAV candidates against virulent S. iniae. Rifampin-resistant strains demonstrated changes in growth rate and cytotoxicity in endothelial cells, as well as significant reductions in whole blood survival (p < 0.05). Selected strains also showed attenuated virulence in the Nile tilapia challenge model, and anti-S. iniae IgM generated against these strains demonstrated cross-reactivity against heterologous bacteria. Immunization by intracoelomic injection induced protection against a virulent WT strain of S. iniae, with relative percent survival up to 95.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I Heckman
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Khalid Shahin
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Aquatic Animals Diseases Laboratory, Aquaculture Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, P.O. Box 43511, Suez, Egypt
| | - Eileen E Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 92408, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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4
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Ruiz-Palacios M, Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A. Establishment of a brain cell line (SaB-1) from gilthead seabream and its application to fish virology. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:161-166. [PMID: 32771610 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is among the most important cultured fish species in the Mediterranean area and pathogen diseases one of the bottlenecks to the aquaculture sector. For this reason, generation of laboratory tools for diagnostic and research applications would be beneficial to improve the seabream aquaculture. In this sense, we aimed to generate a seabream cell line for biological studies. Thus, we have obtained a brain-derived cell line (SaB-1) that is continuously growing for more than 4 years. Cellular characterization of the SaB-1 cells shows that they express both neural and glial cell markers, suggesting they are neural-stem cells, have a neuron-like morphology and show a rapid growth in culture. We evaluated their susceptibility to the main fish viruses: nervous necrosis virus (NNV), spring viremia carp virus (SVCV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). SaB-1 cells are susceptible to all the tested viruses. In addition, the transcription of genes related to the type I interferon (IFN) is greatly up-regulated by the NNV infection whilst the viral infection with SVCV, IPNV or VHSV failed to do so. These data demonstrate that the seabream SaB-1 cell line is continuous, stable and could be useful, at least, for fish virology and immunity applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ruiz-Palacios
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cellular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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5
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Fazio A, Cerezuela R, Panuccio MR, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. In vitro effects of Italian Lavandula multifida L. leaf extracts on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) leucocytes and SAF-1 cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:334-344. [PMID: 28522420 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lavandula multifida is very appreciated by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In Italy is only found in Calabria and Sicily and, at present, urge its valorization due to its high extinction and genetic erosion risks. Possible applications of L. multifida extracts as immunostimulant in fish aquaculture were assayed by using gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as a marine fish model, due to its importance in fish aquaculture. The in vitro effects of both aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts obtained from two Italian populations of L. multifida on head kidney leucocyte activities (viability, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and peroxidase content) were assessed. Furthermore, the possible cytotoxic effects of the extracts on SAF-1 cells and their bactericidal effects on three fish pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio anguillarum, Aeromonas salmonicida) were also evaluated. All the assays were performed in comparison with leaf extracts obtained from a widely-distributed species as L. angustifolia. Results showed that water and ethanolic leaf extracts obtained from L. multifida enhanced innate immune activities of S. aurata HK leucocytes. Furthermore, SAF-1 cell viability was not affected significantly after being incubated with the extracts. These extracts did not exert any bactericidal activity on the pathogenic bacterial strains tested in the present study. Results obtained in the present work suggested the possibility of use such extracts in in vivo studies in order to corroborate the possibility of their use in aquaculture. Their use could prevent to improve fish defense against pathogenic infections through enhancement of the fish immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fazio
- Department of Innovation for Biological, Agrofood and Forestry Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Cerezuela
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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6
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Yu G, Wang X, Dou Y, Wang S, Tian M, Qi J, Li T, Ding C, Wu Y, Yu S. Riemerella anatipestifer M949_1360 Gene Functions on the Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Bacterial Virulence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160708. [PMID: 27500736 PMCID: PMC4976936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer causes septicemic and exudative diseases in poultry, resulting in major economic losses to the duck industry. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as an important virulence factor in Gram-negative bacteria, can be recognized by the immune system and plays a crucial role in many interactions between bacteria and animal hosts. In this study, we screened out one LPS defective mutant strain RAΔ604 from a random transposon mutant library of R. anatipestifer serotype 1 strain CH3, which did not react with the anti-CH3 LPS monoclonal antibody 1C1 in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the genome of RAΔ604 contained a single Tn4351 insert. Then, we found that the M949_1360 gene was inactivated by insertion of the transposon. Using silver staining and western blot analyses, we found that the LPS pattern of RAΔ604 was defective, as compared with that of the wild-type (WT) strain CH3. The mutant strain RAΔ604 showed no significant influence on bacterial growth, while bacterial counting and Live/dead BacLight Bacterial Viability staining revealed that bacterial viability was decreased, as compared with the WT strain CH3. In addition, the abilities of the mutant strain RAΔ604 to adhere and invade Vero cells were significantly decreased. Animal studies revealed that the virulence of the mutant strain RAΔ604 was decreased by more than 200-fold in a duck infection model, as compared with the WT strain CH3. Furthermore, immunization with live bacteria of the mutant strain RAΔ604 protected 87.5% ducks from challenge with R. anatipestifer serotype 1 strain WJ4, indicating that the mutant strain RAΔ604 could be used as a potential vaccine candidate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Dou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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El Aamri F, Real F, Acosta F, Bravo J, Román L, Déniz S, Padilla D. Differential innate immune response of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) against Streptococcus iniae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:436-441. [PMID: 26099220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive bacteria that causes invasive infections with severe septicemia and meningitis, producing high economic losses in marine and continental aquaculture. Head kidney leukocytes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were used to measure the differential innate immune response upon infection with S. iniae. The complete inhibition in the production of intracellular superoxide radicals and total peroxidase content was observed in infected cells. This study also elucidates changes in the relative expression of some immune-related genes. Interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 reached a peak of expression at 4-8 h post-infection, subsequently decreasing significantly up to 48 h post-infection. However, interleukin-10 and Mx protein increased over time, reaching the pick of expression at 48 h post-infection, whereas caspase-3 showed down regulation until 48 h post-infection. The in vivo study of immune related genes show the same kinetics of mRNAs expression as in vitro experience. The proinflammatory cytokines mRNA transcription levels peaked at an earlier time in vivo than in vitro system. Our findings indicate that there is a direct relationship between the dissemination of bacteria and the resulting infection-associated inhibition of respiratory burst, apoptosis, and the pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F El Aamri
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - F Real
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - F Acosta
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
| | - J Bravo
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - L Román
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - S Déniz
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - D Padilla
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
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8
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El Aamri F, Remuzgo-Martínez S, Acosta F, Real F, Ramos-Vivas J, Icardo JM, Padilla D. Interactions of Streptococcus iniae with phagocytic cell line. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Experimental Lactococcus garvieae infection in zebrafish and first evidence of its ability to invade non-phagocytic cells. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:248-54. [PMID: 24768002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish has been used for studying infections and host-pathogen interactions in different bacterial fish pathogens. In the present study we evaluated the ability of Lactococcus garvieae to infect zebrafish when inoculated intraperitoneally with 2 × 10(7)UFC of this pathogen. L. garvieae can colonize and invade zebrafish at multiple anatomical sites causing a lethal acute septicemic infection with clinical signs and lesions consistent with those observed in lactococcosis outbreaks. Immunohistochemical studies showed the presence of L. garvieae into macrophages as well as into non-phagocytic zebrafish cells of liver (hepatocytes). The internalization capacity showed by L. garvieae in zebrafish cells was confirmed in the rainbow trout cell line RTG-2. Our results provide the first evidence that L. garvieae is able to invade non-phagocytic host cells.
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10
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Aamri FE, Caballero MJ, Real F, Acosta F, Déniz S, Román L, Padilla D. Streptococcus iniae in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) and red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, L.): ultrastructural analysis. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:209-12. [PMID: 24496225 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814520638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcosis caused by Streptococcus iniae has become one of the most serious marine and freshwater aquatic diseases in the past decade, causing large losses in farmed and wild fish worldwide. In this study, we performed an ultrastructural study of major lesions in gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and red porgy Pagrus pagrus experimentally infected with the S. iniae IUSA-1 strain, isolated in a natural outbreak in Spain in the mentioned species. The transmission electron micrographs revealed the resistance of this pathogen inside the phagosome, indicating that the macrophage may provide a significant bacterial reservoir for continuing infection, disease dissemination, and tissue injury by crossing the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- F El Aamri
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - M J Caballero
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - F Real
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - F Acosta
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - S Déniz
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - L Román
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - D Padilla
- Institute of Animal Health (IUSA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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