1
|
Chen H, Zhao X, Yang W, Zhang Q, Hao R, Jiang S, Han H, Yu Z, Xing S, Feng C, Wang Q, Lu H, Li Y, Quan C, Lu Y, Zhou G. RNA N6-methyladenosine modification-based biomarkers for absorbed ionizing radiation dose estimation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6912. [PMID: 37903783 PMCID: PMC10616291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation triage and biological dosimetry are critical for the medical management of massive potentially exposed individuals following radiological accidents. Here, we performed a genome-wide screening of radiation-responding mRNAs, whose N6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels showed significant alteration after acute irradiation. The m6A levels of three genes, Ncoa4, Ate1 and Fgf22, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of mice showed excellent dose-response relationships and could serve as biomarkers of radiation exposure. Especially, the RNA m6A of Ncoa4 maintained a high level as long as 28 days after irradiation. We demonstrated its responsive specificity to radiation, conservation across the mice, monkeys and humans, and the dose-response relationship in PBMCs from cancer patients receiving radiation therapy. Finally, NOCA4 m6A-based biodosimetric models were constructed for estimating absorbed radiation doses in mice or humans. Collectively, this study demonstrated the potential feasibility of RNA m6A in radiation accidents management and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rongjiao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science, University of Hebei, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Siao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science, University of Hebei, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Huihui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zuyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science, University of Hebei, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Gangqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences at Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.
- School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China.
- School of Life Science, University of Hebei, Baoding City, Hebei Province, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fardid R, Janipour S, Haddadi G, Mahdavi M, Sharifzadeh S, Lotfi M, Rostamyari M. Evaluation of the relationship between γ-H2AX biomarker levels and dose received after radiation exposure in abdominal-pelvic and chest CT scans. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1392-1397. [PMID: 37787314 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_950_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Background As one of the most informative diagnostic radiation instruments, computed tomography (CT) has seen considerable improvement since its implementation in the 1970s; however, the possibility of low-dose radiation risk after CT procedures is still challenging and little is known about the biological effects of CT exposure on patients. As a result, this research aimed to look at the biological and cytogenetic effects of low-dose abdominal-pelvic and chest CT scans on adults, focusing on the number of γ-H2AX foci formation. Materials and Methods Blood tests were taken before and 10 min after CT exams on patients aged 25-55 who were undergoing abdominal-pelvic and chest CT exams with very low-ionizing radiation exposure (TLD doses of 15.67-63.45 mGy). Blood lymphocytes that had been isolated, fixed, and stained were dyed with γ-H2AX antibodies. Finally, the percentage of phosphorylation of histone H2AX as an indicator of double-strand breaks was determined using a cytometry technique. Results Our findings showed that after CT examination, the mean value of γ-H2AX foci in patients increased (P < 0.0001). A statistically significant correlation between dose radiation and the number of γ-H2AX foci was also found (P = 0.047, r = 0.4731). The current study also found a pattern of elevated γ-H2AX foci in patients over 40 years of age relative to younger patients. Conclusion A Significant activation of γ-H2AX foci was found in lymphocytes of peripheral blood samples of patients after CT compared to before CT scan. This increase in γ-H2AX foci levels in blood cells may be a useful quantitative biomarker of low-level radiation exposure in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fardid
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences; Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Janipour
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Golamhassan Haddadi
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences; Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maziyar Mahdavi
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sharifzadeh
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Lotfi
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maliheh Rostamyari
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
López-Riego M, Płódowska M, Lis-Zajęcka M, Jeziorska K, Tetela S, Węgierek-Ciuk A, Sobota D, Braziewicz J, Lundholm L, Lisowska H, Wojcik A. The DNA damage response to radiological imaging: from ROS and γH2AX foci induction to gene expression responses in vivo. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2023:10.1007/s00411-023-01033-4. [PMID: 37335333 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-023-01033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Candidate ionising radiation exposure biomarkers must be validated in humans exposed in vivo. Blood from patients undergoing positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan (PET-CT) and skeletal scintigraphy (scintigraphy) was drawn before (0 h) and after (2 h) the procedure for correlation analyses of the response of selected biomarkers with radiation dose and other available patient information. FDXR, CDKN1A, BBC3, GADD45A, XPC, and MDM2 expression was determined by qRT-PCR, DNA damage (γH2AX) by flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by flow cytometry using the 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate test in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). For ROS experiments, 0- and 2-h samples were additionally exposed to UVA to determine whether diagnostic irradiation conditioned the response to further oxidative insult. With some exceptions, radiological imaging induced weak γH2AX foci, ROS and gene expression fold changes, the latter with good coherence across genes within a patient. Diagnostic imaging did not influence oxidative stress in PBMC successively exposed to UVA. Correlation analyses with patient characteristics led to low correlation coefficient values. γH2AX fold change, which correlated positively with gene expression, presented a weak positive correlation with injected activity, indicating a radiation-induced subtle increase in DNA damage and subsequent activation of the DNA damage response pathway. The exposure discrimination potential of these biomarkers in the absence of control samples as frequently demanded in radiological emergencies, was assessed using raw data. These results suggest that the variability of the response in heterogeneous populations might complicate identifying individuals exposed to low radiation doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milagrosa López-Riego
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magdalena Płódowska
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Milena Lis-Zajęcka
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Kamila Jeziorska
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Sylwia Tetela
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Aneta Węgierek-Ciuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Daniel Sobota
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Janusz Braziewicz
- Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine With Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Unit, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, Kielce, Poland
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Halina Lisowska
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khodamoradi E, Afrashi S, Khoshgard K, Fathi F, Shahasavari S, Azmoonfar R, Najafi M. Simultaneous effect of gamma and Wi-Fi radiation on gamma-H2Ax expression in peripheral blood of rat: A radio-protection note. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101232. [PMID: 35243013 PMCID: PMC8881645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nuclear medicine patients are isolated in a room after the injection of a radiopharmaceutical. They may be active Wi-Fi option of its smartphone mobile or other environmental radiofrequency waves. The hypothesis of this study was the evaluation of increased biological effects of the simultaneous exposure to gamma-ray and the Wi-Fi waves by measuring the level of the increased double strand-breaks DNA in peripheral blood lymphocyte in the rat. Materials and methods Fifty male Wistar rats were exposed for 2, 24, and 72 h only by Wi-Fi, 99m Tc, and simultaneously by Wi-Fi and 99m Tc. The power density levels of Wi-Fi emitter at 15 cm was 4.2nW/ cm2. An activity of 100 μCi of 99m Tc was injected intraperitoneally. Blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture following general anesthesia. Mononuclear cells are extraction by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. The number of gamma-H2AX foci per nucleus was counted by flow cytometry. The statistical differences between experimental groups at 2, 24, and 72 h were determined with a repeated measure's analysis of variance. The significant difference between groups at the same time was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results The manner of gamma-H2AX expression was not the same for three groups in time. The number of gamma-H2AX foci between the three groups was a significant difference after 72 h. Conclusion Simultaneous Wi-Fi and gamma-ray exposures can increase the number of double-strand break DNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes to exposure of gamma-ray to 72 h after technetium injection in the rat. Simultaneous Wi-Fi and gamma-ray exposures may increase the more number of DNA double-strand break. Wi-Fi radiation can induce biological effect such as DSBs on blood lymphocyte of mice. Gamma–emitter radiopharmaceuticals can induce biological effect such as DSBs on blood lymphocyte of mice.
Collapse
|
5
|
Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. The paradox of radiation and T cells in tumors. Neoplasia 2022; 31:100808. [PMID: 35691060 PMCID: PMC9194456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we consider what appears to be a paradox in immunotherapies based around radiation therapy. The paradox is based on three main points. 1. That T cells are needed for radiation's efficacy; 2. That tumor-specific T cells are enriched in the field of treatment; and 3. That radiation kills T cells in the treatment field. We discuss evidence of the effect of radiation on T cells in the field given their ongoing movement in and out of tissues and the tumor, and how the movement of T cells impacts the treated primary tumor and untreated distant metastases. Given this evidence, we revisit the paradox to understand how the extraordinary efficacy of radiation and immunity in preclinical models is dependent on this radiation sensitive cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA.
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, USA; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A deep learning model (FociRad) for automated detection of γ-H2AX foci and radiation dose estimation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5527. [PMID: 35365702 PMCID: PMC8975967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal form of damage to cells from irradiation. γ-H2AX (phosphorylated form of H2AX histone variant) has become one of the most reliable and sensitive biomarkers of DNA DSBs. However, the γ-H2AX foci assay still has limitations in the time consumed for manual scoring and possible variability between scorers. This study proposed a novel automated foci scoring method using a deep convolutional neural network based on a You-Only-Look-Once (YOLO) algorithm to quantify γ-H2AX foci in peripheral blood samples. FociRad, a two-stage deep learning approach, consisted of mononuclear cell (MNC) and γ-H2AX foci detections. Whole blood samples were irradiated with X-rays from a 6 MV linear accelerator at 1, 2, 4 or 6 Gy. Images were captured using confocal microscopy. Then, dose-response calibration curves were established and implemented with unseen dataset. The results of the FociRad model were comparable with manual scoring. MNC detection yielded 96.6% accuracy, 96.7% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity. γ-H2AX foci detection showed very good F1 scores (> 0.9). Implementation of calibration curve in the range of 0-4 Gy gave mean absolute difference of estimated doses less than 1 Gy compared to actual doses. In addition, the evaluation times of FociRad were very short (< 0.5 min per 100 images), while the time for manual scoring increased with the number of foci. In conclusion, FociRad was the first automated foci scoring method to use a YOLO algorithm with high detection performance and fast evaluation time, which opens the door for large-scale applications in radiation triage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Marczyk M, Polańska J, Wojcik A, Lundholm L. Analysis of the Applicability of microRNAs in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes as Biomarkers of Sensitivity and Exposure to Fractionated Radiotherapy towards Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8705. [PMID: 34445424 PMCID: PMC8395710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for predicting individual response to radiation and for dose verification are needed to improve radiotherapy. A biomarker should optimally show signal fidelity, meaning that its level is stable and proportional to the absorbed dose. miRNA levels in human blood serum were suggested as promising biomarkers. The aim of the present investigation was to test the miRNA biomarker in leukocytes of breast cancer patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy. Leukocytes were isolated from blood samples collected prior to exposure (control); on the day when a total dose of 2 Gy, 10 Gy, or 20 Gy was reached; and one month after therapy ended (46-50 Gy in total). RNA sequencing was performed and univariate analysis was used to analyse the effect of the radiation dose on the expression of single miRNAs. To check if combinations of miRNAs can predict absorbed dose, a multinomial logistic regression model was built using a training set from eight patients (representing 40 samples) and a validation set with samples from the remaining eight patients (15 samples). Finally, Broadside, an explorative interaction mining tool, was used to extract sets of interacting miRNAs. The most prominently increased miRNA was miR-744-5p, followed by miR-4461, miR-34a-5p, miR-6513-5p, miR-1246, and miR-454-3p. Decreased miRNAs were miR-3065-3p, miR-103a-2-5p, miR-30b-3p, and miR-5690. Generally, most miRNAs showed a relatively strong inter-individual variability and different temporal patterns over the course of radiotherapy. In conclusion, miR-744-5p shows promise as a stable miRNA marker, but most tested miRNAs displayed individual signal variability which, at least in this setting, may exclude them as sensitive biomarkers of radiation response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Marczyk
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (J.P.)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Joanna Polańska
- Department of Data Science and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (M.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Lovisa Lundholm
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bogdanova NV, Jguburia N, Ramachandran D, Nischik N, Stemwedel K, Stamm G, Werncke T, Wacker F, Dörk T, Christiansen H. Persistent DNA Double-Strand Breaks After Repeated Diagnostic CT Scans in Breast Epithelial Cells and Lymphocytes. Front Oncol 2021; 11:634389. [PMID: 33968734 PMCID: PMC8103218 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.634389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) induction and repair have been widely studied in radiation therapy (RT); however little is known about the impact of very low exposures from repeated computed tomography (CT) scans for the efficiency of repair. In our current study, DSB repair and kinetics were investigated in side-by-side comparison of RT treatment (2 Gy) with repeated diagnostic CT scans (≤20 mGy) in human breast epithelial cell lines and lymphoblastoid cells harboring different mutations in known DNA damage repair proteins. Immunocytochemical analysis of well known DSB markers γH2AX and 53BP1, within 48 h after each treatment, revealed highly correlated numbers of foci and similar appearance/disappearance profiles. The levels of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci after CT scans were up to 30% of those occurring 0.5 h after 2 Gy irradiation. The DNA damage repair after diagnostic CT scans was monitored and quantitatively assessed by both γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in different cell types. Subsequent diagnostic CT scans in 6 and/or 12 weeks intervals resulted in elevated background levels of repair foci, more pronounced in cells that were prone to genomic instability due to mutations in known regulators of DNA damage response (DDR). The levels of persistent foci remained enhanced for up to 6 months. This “memory effect” may reflect a radiation-induced long-term response of cells after low-dose x-ray exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Bogdanova
- Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Jguburia
- Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nora Nischik
- Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Stemwedel
- Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Stamm
- Department of Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Werncke
- Department of Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Wacker
- Department of Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Christiansen
- Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in peripheral leukocytes and therapeutic response of heel spur patients treated by orthovoltage X-rays or a linear accelerator. Strahlenther Onkol 2020; 196:1116-1127. [PMID: 32651595 PMCID: PMC7686210 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-020-01662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Biodosimetric assessment and comparison of radiation-induced deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double-strand breaks (DSBs) by γH2AX immunostaining in peripheral leukocytes of patients with painful heel spur after radiation therapy (RT) with orthovoltage X‑rays or a 6-MV linear accelerator (linac). The treatment response for each RT technique was monitored as a secondary endpoint. Patients and methods 22 patients were treated either with 140-kV orthovoltage X‑rays (n = 11) or a 6-MV linac (n = 11) with two weekly fractions of 0.5 Gy for 3 weeks. In both scenarios, the dose was prescribed to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) dose reference point. Blood samples were obtained before and 30 min after the first RT session. γH2AX foci were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy to assess the yield of DSBs at the basal level and after radiation exposure ex vivo or in vivo. The treatment response was assessed before and 3 months after RT using a five-level functional calcaneodynia score. Results RT for painful heel spurs induced a very mild but significant increase of γH2AX foci in patients’ leukocytes. No difference between the RT techniques was observed. High and comparable therapeutic responses were documented for both treatment modalities. This trial was terminated preliminarily after an interim analysis (22 patients randomized). Conclusion Low-dose RT for painful heel spurs with orthovoltage X‑rays or a 6-MV linac is an effective treatment option associated with a very low and comparable radiation burden to the patient, as confirmed by biodosimetric measurements.
Collapse
|
10
|
The kinetics of γ-H2AX during radiotherapy of head and neck cancer potentially allow for prediction of severe mucositis. Radiol Oncol 2020; 54:96-102. [PMID: 32061167 PMCID: PMC7087415 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in γ-H2AX expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) according to severity of radiation-induced mucositis. Patients and method Fifty patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiation were included in the study. Blood samples were collected before treatment to measure baseline γ-H2AX levels. Second sample was taken 45 minutes after the first RT fraction and then once a week, 45 min after irradiation. In patients treated with chemoradiation the blood sample was taken the day after chemotherapy. Mucositis was evaluated once a week and reported according to CTCAE v4 and RTOG/EORTC scales. PBL were analyzed with flow cytometry and level of H2AX phosphorylation at every time point was evaluated. Results In 35 patients mild to moderate (grade 1–2) mucositis was observed and 15 patients developed severe (grade 3) mucositis. No cases of grade 4 mucositis were observed. The difference in baseline levels of γ-H2AX between groups with mild and severe mucositis was statistically insignificant (p = 0.25). The statistically significant difference in γ-H2AX level was observed in week 7 of treatment (p = 0.01). No significant differences in γ-H2AX level were found neither between group treated with concomitant chemoradiation or RT alone neither between groups with and without common comorbidities. In the analysis of the kinetics of γ-H2AX during treatment, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0088) between groups with mild and severe mucositis was observed. After fourth week of treatment levels of γ-H2AX decreased significantly in the group with severe mucositis and increased in patients with mild side effects. The observed difference was not caused by the decrease in peripheral lymphocyte count, which was similar in both groups. Conclusions Presented results indicate that severity of radiation-induced mucositis does not correlate directly with γ-H2AX levels measured in vivo in PBL. Prediction of mucositis grade based on γ-H2AX level is not yet possible, either before treatment or early during treatment, but preliminary results, indicating significant differences in γ-H2AX kinetics between groups, encourage further studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lorat Y, Fleckenstein J, Görlinger P, Rübe C, Rübe CE. Assessment of DNA damage by 53PB1 and pKu70 detection in peripheral blood lymphocytes by immunofluorescence and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Strahlenther Onkol 2020; 196:821-833. [PMID: 32006067 PMCID: PMC7449954 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-020-01576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose 53BP1 foci detection in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) by immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) is a sensitive and quantifiable DNA double-strand break (DSB) marker. In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with immunogold labeling of 53BP1 and DSB-bound phosphorylated Ku70 (pKu70) can be used to determine the progression of the DNA repair process. To establish this TEM method in the PBLs of patients with cancer, we analyzed and characterized whether different modes of irradiation influence the formation of DSBs, and whether accompanying chemotherapy influences DSB formation. Methods We obtained 86 blood samples before and 0.1, 0.5, and 24 h after irradiation from patients (n = 9) with head and neck or rectal cancers receiving radiotherapy (RT; n = 4) or radiochemotherapy (RCT; n = 5). 53BP1 foci were quantified by IFM. In addition, TEM was used to quantify gold-labelled pKu70 dimers and 53BP1 clusters within euchromatin and heterochromatin of PBLs. Results IFM analyses showed that during radiation therapy, persistent 53BP1 foci in PBLs accumulated with increasing numbers of administered RT fractions. This 53BP1 foci accumulation was not influenced by the irradiation technique applied (3D conformal radiotherapy versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy), dose intensity per fraction, number of irradiation fields, or isodose volume. However, more 53BP1 foci were detected in PBLs of patients treated with accompanying chemotherapy. TEM analyses showed that DSBs, indicated by pKu70, were present for longer periods in PBLs of RCT patients than in PBLs of RT only patients. Moreover, not every residual 53BP1 focus was equivalent to a remaining DSB, since pKu70 was not present at every damage site. Persistent 53BP1 clusters, visualized by TEM, without colocalizing pKu70 likely indicate chromatin alterations after repair completion or, possibly, defective repair. Conclusion IFM 53BP1 foci analyses alone are not adequate to determine individual repair capacity after irradiation of PBLs, as a DSB may be indicated by a 53BP1 focus but not every 53BP1 focus represents a DSB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-020-01576-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lorat
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jochen Fleckenstein
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Patric Görlinger
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, DRK Hospitals Berlin Westend, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Melo AM, Maher SG, O'Leary SM, Doherty DG, Lysaght J. Selective effects of radiotherapy on viability and function of invariant natural killer T cells in vitro. Radiother Oncol 2020; 145:128-136. [PMID: 31962255 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Immunotherapies involving the adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous invariant natural killer (iNKT) cells are a potential option for cancer patients and are under investigation in clinical trials. Most cancer patients receive radiotherapy at some point during their treatment. We investigated the effects of therapeutic doses of radiation on the viability and function of human primary cultures of iNKT cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS iNKT cell lines generated from 6 healthy donors were subjected to therapeutically-relevant doses of radiation. Cell cycle arrest and cell death were assessed by flow cytometry. Double strand DNA breaks were analysed by measuring phosphorylated histone H2AX expression by fluorescence microscopy. Cytolytic degranulation, cytokine production and cytotoxicity by antigen-stimulated iNKT cells were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Radiation inhibited viability of iNKT cells in a dose-dependent manner. Radiation caused double strand DNA breaks, which were rapidly repaired, and affected the cell cycle at high doses. Moderate doses of radiation did not inhibit degranulation or cytotoxicity by iNKT cells, but induced perforin expression and inhibited proliferation and interferon-γ production by surviving iNKT cells. DISCUSSION Exposure of iNKT cell to radiation can negatively affect their viability and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashanty M Melo
- Department of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland; Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Stephen G Maher
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Seónadh M O'Leary
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Department of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Joanne Lysaght
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raavi V, Surendran J, Karthik K, Paul SFD, Thayalan K, Arunakaran J, Venkatachalam P. Measurement of γ-H2AX foci, miRNA-101, and gene expression as a means to quantify radiation-absorbed dose in cancer patients who had undergone radiotherapy. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:69-80. [PMID: 30467642 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-018-0767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiological accidents and nuclear terrorism pose an increased threat to members of the public who, following such an event, would need to be assessed for medical care by fast triage. Assay methods such as chromosome aberrations (CA), cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques have been well established for dose estimation and their potential for handling more samples has also been proved with automation. However, culturing of lymphocytes is an inevitable step, which limits the potential of these markers for triage. In vitro analysis of gamma-H2AX (γ-H2AX), gene and microRNA (miRNA) markers do not require culturing of lymphocytes, and as such have been suggested as attractive tools for triage. Despite studies reporting in vitro dose-response curves, limited evidence is available evaluating the suitability of these assays in real situations. In this study, we have measured the absorbed dose using γ-H2AX, gene (GADD45A, FDXR, and CDKN1A) and miRNA-101 expression in blood samples of cancer patients (n = 20) who had undergone partial-body radiotherapy and compared with the derived equivalent whole-body doses (EWBD). The obtained results from all patients showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase of γ-H2AX foci in post-irradiated as compared to pre-irradiated samples. Moreover, estimated doses using γ-H2AX foci showed a correlation with the derived EWBD (r2 = 0.60, p = 0.0003) and was also shown to be dependent on the irradiated body volume. Consistent with γ-H2AX foci frequency, an increase in fold change expression of genes and miRNA-101 was observed. However, the estimated dose significantly varied among the subjects and showed poor correlation (r2 = 0.09, 0.04, 0.01 and 0.03 for GADD45A, FDXR, CDKN1A and miRNA-101, respectively) with EWBD. The overall results suggest that the established in vitro γ-H2AX assay is suitable for the detection of radiation exposure and can also provide an estimate of the dose in in vivo irradiated samples. The genes and miRNA-101 markers showed increased expression; nevertheless, there is a need for further improvements to measure doses accurately using these markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - J Surendran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - K Karthik
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Solomon F D Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - K Thayalan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - J Arunakaran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM PGIBMS, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113, India
| | - Perumal Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
El-Sayed T, Patel AS, Cho JS, Kelly JA, Ludwinski FE, Saha P, Lyons OT, Smith A, Modarai B. Radiation-Induced DNA Damage in Operators Performing Endovascular Aortic Repair. Circulation 2017; 136:2406-2416. [PMID: 29054934 PMCID: PMC5753831 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.029550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Radiation exposure during fluoroscopically guided interventions such as endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) is a growing concern for operators. This study aimed to measure DNA damage/repair markers in operators perfoming EVAR. Methods: Expression of the DNA damage/repair marker, γ-H2AX and DNA damage response marker, phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (pATM), were quantified in circulating lymphocytes in operators during the peri-operative period of endovascular (infrarenal, branched, and fenestrated) and open aortic repair using flow cytometry. These markers were separately measured in the same operators but this time wearing leg lead shielding in addition to upper body protection and compared with those operating with unprotected legs. Susceptibility to radiation damage was determined by irradiating operators’ blood in vitro. Results: γ-H2AX and pATM levels increased significantly in operators immediately after branched endovascular aortic repair/fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (P<0.0003 for both). Only pATM levels increased after infrarenal endovascular aortic repair (P<0.04). Expression of both markers fell to baseline in operators after 24 hours (P<0.003 for both). There was no change in γ-H2AX or pATM expression after open repair. Leg protection abrogated γ-H2AX and pATM response after branched endovascular aortic repair/fenestrated endovascular aortic repair. The expression of γ-H2AX varied significantly when operators’ blood was exposed to the same radiation dose in vitro (P<0.0001). Conclusions: This is the first study to detect an acute DNA damage response in operators performing fluoroscopically guided aortic procedures and highlights the protective effect of leg shielding. Defining the relationship between this response and cancer risk may better inform safe levels of chronic low-dose radiation exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamer El-Sayed
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish S Patel
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun S Cho
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - James A Kelly
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca E Ludwinski
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver T Lyons
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bijan Modarai
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, BHF Centre of Excellence at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Manivannan B, Kuppusamy T, Venkatesan S, Perumal V. A comparison of estimates of doses to radiotherapy patients obtained with the dicentric chromosome analysis and the γ-H2AX assay: Relevance to radiation triage. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 131:1-7. [PMID: 29080427 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The γ-H2AX assay was investigated as an alternative to the time-consuming dicentric chromosome assay (DCA). Radiation doses to 25 radiotherapy patients were estimated in parallel by DCA and the γ-H2AX assay. The γ-H2AX assay yielded doses in line with the calculated equivalent whole body doses in 92% of the patients, whereas the success rate of DCA was only 76%. The result shows that the γ-H2AX assay can be effectively used as a rapid and more precise alternative to DCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani Manivannan
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thayalan Kuppusamy
- Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Srinivasan Venkatesan
- Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Pallikaranai, Chennai 600100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Venkatachalam Perumal
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600116, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Campbell K, Karski EE, Olow A, Edmondson DA, Kohlgruber AC, Coleman M, Haas-Kogan DA, Matthay KK, DuBois SG. Peripheral Blood Biomarkers Associated With Toxicity and Treatment Characteristics After 131 I- Metaiodobenzylguanidine Therapy in Patients With Neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 99:468-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
17
|
Fahrig A, Koch T, Lenhart M, Rieckmann P, Fietkau R, Distel L, Schuster B. Lethal outcome after pelvic salvage radiotherapy in a patient with prostate cancer due to increased radiosensitivity : Case report and literature review. Strahlenther Onkol 2017; 194:60-66. [PMID: 28887683 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-017-1207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In general, late side effects after salvage radiotherapy (RT) for prostate cancer are below 10%. Patients with impaired DNA repair ability and genetic instability can have significantly increased reactions after RT. CASE, CLINICAL FOLLOW-UP, AND EXAMINATION We present a patient who experienced severe side effects after additive RT for prostate cancer and died from the complications 25 months after RT. Imaging (MR) is shown as well as three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. The blood sample testing revealed that radiosensitivity was increased by 35-55%. We undertook a review of the literature to give an overview over the tests established that are currently considered useful. CONCLUSION This case highlights that the identification of patients with increased radiosensitivity is an important task in radiation protection. Groups of patients who should be screened have to be found and corresponding research facilities have to be set up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antje Fahrig
- Klinik und Praxis für Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - T Koch
- Klinik und Praxis für Radioonkologie und Strahlentherapie, Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
| | - M Lenhart
- Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie, Interventionelle Radiologie und Neuroradiologie, Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
| | - P Rieckmann
- Neurologische Klinik, Klinikum Bamberg, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Straße 80, 96049, Bamberg, Germany
| | - R Fietkau
- Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - B Schuster
- Strahlenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Universitätsstraße 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang YR, Li YY, Wang JY, Wang HW, Wang HN, Kang XM, Xu WQ. Synthesis and Characterization of a Rosmarinic Acid Derivative that Targets Mitochondria and Protects against Radiation-Induced Damage In Vitro. Radiat Res 2017; 188:264-275. [PMID: 28657498 DOI: 10.1667/rr14590.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in gamma-radiation-induced mediating oxidative stress. Scavenging radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) can help mitochondria to maintain their physiological function. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol antioxidant that can scavenge radiation-induced ROS, but the structure prevents it from accumulating in mitochondria. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel rosmarinic acid derivative (Mito-RA) that could use the mitochondrial membrane potential to enter the organelle and scavenge ROS. The DCFH-DA assay revealed that Mito-RA was more effective than rosmarinic acid at scavenging ROS. DNA double-strand breaks, chromosomal aberration, micronucleus and comet assays demonstrated the ability of Mito-RA to protect against radiation-induced oxidative stress in vitro. These findings demonstrate the potential of Mito-RA as an antioxidant, which can penetrate mitochondria, scavenge ROS and protect cells against radiation-induced oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rui Zhang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Jun-Ying Wang
- b Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Hua-Nan Wang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Kang
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xu
- a Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zahnreich S, Ebersberger A, Karle H, Kaina B, Schmidberger H. Quantification of Radiation Biomarkers in Leukocytes of Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Different Modalities of 3D-CRT or IMRT. Radiat Res 2016; 186:508-519. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14475.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heiko Karle
- Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy and
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Toxicology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jakl L, Lobachevsky P, Vokálová L, Durdík M, Marková E, Belyaev I. Validation of JCountPro software for efficient assessment of ionizing radiation-induced foci in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:766-773. [PMID: 27648492 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1222093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF) known also as DNA repair foci represent the most sensitive and specific assay for assessing DNA double-strand break (DSB). IRIF are usually visualized and enumerated with the aid of fluorescence microscopy using antibodies to phosphorylated γH2AX and 53BP1. Although several approaches and software packages were developed for quantification of IRIF, not one of them was commonly accepted and inter-laboratory variability in the outputs was reported. In this study, JCountPro software was validated for IRIF enumeration in two independent laboratories. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human lymphocytes were γ-irradiated at doses of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 50 cGy. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and IRIF were immunostained using appropriate antibodies. Cell images were acquired with automatic Metafer system. Endogenous and radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci were enumerated using JCountPro. This analysis was performed from the same cell galleries by the researchers from two laboratories. Yield of foci was analyzed by either arithmetic mean (AM) value (foci/cell) or principal average (PA) derived from the approximation of foci distribution with Poisson statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using factorial ANOVA. RESULTS Enumeration of 53BP1, γH2AX and co-localized 53BP1/γH2AX foci by JCountPro was essentially the same between laboratories. IRIF were detected at all doses and linear dose response was obtained in the studied dose range. PA values from Poisson distribution fitted the data better as compared to AM values and were more powerful and sensitive for IRIF analysis than the AM values. All JCountPro data were confirmed by visual focus enumeration. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the JCountPro software was efficient in objectively enumerating IRIF regardless of an individual researcher's bias and has a potential for usage in clinics and molecular epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Jakl
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- b Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Lenka Vokálová
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,c Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Matúš Durdík
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Eva Marková
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,d Laboratory of Radiobiology , General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science , Moscow , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Raavi V, Basheerudeen SAS, Jagannathan V, Joseph S, Chaudhury NK, Venkatachalam P. Frequency of gamma H2AX foci in healthy volunteers and health workers occupationally exposed to X-irradiation and its relevance in biological dosimetry. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:339-47. [PMID: 27287768 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-H2AX (γ-H2AX) assay is a marker to measure double-strand breaks in the deoxyribonucleic acid. Variables such as age, oxidative stress, temperature, genetic factors and inter-individual variation have been reported to influence the baseline γ-H2AX focus levels. Therefore, knowledge on baseline frequency of γ-H2AX foci in a targeted population would facilitate reliable radiation triage and dose estimation. The objective of the present study was to establish the baseline data using blood samples from healthy volunteers (n = 130) differing in age, occupation and lifestyle as well as from occupationally exposed health workers (n = 20). The γ-H2AX focus assay was performed using epifluorescence microscopy. In vitro dose-response curve for γ-H2AX foci was constructed in blood samples (n = 3) exposed to X-rays (30 min post-exposure). The mean γ-H2AX focus frequency obtained in healthy volunteers was 0.042 ± 0.001 and showed an age-related increase (p < 0.001). Significantly higher (p < 0.005) focus frequencies were observed in health workers (0.066 ± 0.005) than in healthy volunteers. A sub-group analysis did not show a significant (p > 0.1) difference in γ-H2AX focus frequency among sexes. Blood exposed in vitro to X-rays showed dose-dependent increase in γ-H2AX foci frequency (Y = 0.1902 ± 0.1363 + 2.9020 ± 0.3240 * D). Baseline frequency of γ-H2AX foci obtained from different age groups showed a significant (p < 0.01) influence on the dose-response coefficients. The overall results demonstrated that the γ-H2AX assay can be used as a reliable biomarker for radiation triage and estimating the radiation absorbed dose by considering variables such as age, occupation and lifestyle factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | | | | | - Santosh Joseph
- Department of Neuro Interventional Radiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Nabo Kumar Chaudhury
- Chemical Radio Protector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110 054, India
| | - Perumal Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Achel DG, Serafin AM, Akudugu JM. Flow cytometry-assisted quantification of γH2AX expression has potential as a rapid high-throughput biodosimetry tool. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:349-357. [PMID: 27262315 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale radiological events require immediate and accurate estimates of doses received by victims, and possibly the first responders, to assist in treatment decisions. Although there are numerous efforts worldwide to develop biodosimetric tools to adequately handle triage needs during radiological incidents, such endeavours do not seem to actively involve sub-Saharan Africa which currently has a significant level of nuclear-related activity. To initiate a similar interest in Africa, ex vivo radiation-induced γH2AX expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from fourteen healthy donors was assessed using flow cytometry. While the technique shows potential for use as a rapid high-throughput biodosimetric tool for radiation absorbed doses up to 5 Gy, significant inter-individual differences in γH2AX expression emerged. Also, female donors exhibited higher levels of γH2AX expression than their male counterparts. To address these shortcomings, gender-based in-house dose-response curves for γH2AX induction in lymphocytes 2, 4, and 6 h after X-ray irradiation are proposed for the South African population. The obtained results show that γH2AX is a good candidate biomarker for biodosimetry, but might need some refinement and validation through further studies involving a larger cohort of donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Achel
- Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
- Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Antonio M Serafin
- Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - John M Akudugu
- Division of Radiobiology, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Saha J, Davis AJ. Unsolved mystery: the role of BRCA1 in DNA end-joining. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57 Suppl 1:i18-i24. [PMID: 27170701 PMCID: PMC4990114 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Heritable mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 increase a woman's lifetime risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1's tumor suppressor function is directly linked to its myriad of functions in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). BRCA1 interacts with an extensive array of DNA damage responsive proteins and plays important roles in DSB repair, mediated by the homologous recombination pathway, and in the activation of cell cycle checkpoints. However, the role of BRCA1 in the other two DSB repair pathways, classical non-homologous end-joining (C-NHEJ) and alternative NHEJ (A-NHEJ), remains unclear. In this review, we will discuss the current literature on BRCA1's potential role(s) in modulating both C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ. We also present a model showing that BRCA1 contributes to genomic maintenance by promoting precise DNA repair across all cell cycle phases via the direct modulation of DNA end-joining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janapriya Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Rd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9187, USA
| | - Anthony J Davis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Rd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9187, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Siva S, Lobachevsky P, MacManus MP, Kron T, Möller A, Lobb RJ, Ventura J, Best N, Smith J, Ball D, Martin OA. Radiotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Induces DNA Damage Response in Both Irradiated and Out-of-field Normal Tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4817-4826. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
25
|
Lopez Perez R, Best G, Nicolay NH, Greubel C, Rossberger S, Reindl J, Dollinger G, Weber KJ, Cremer C, Huber PE. Superresolution light microscopy shows nanostructure of carbon ion radiation-induced DNA double-strand break repair foci. FASEB J 2016; 30:2767-76. [PMID: 27166088 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500106r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon ion radiation is a promising new form of radiotherapy for cancer, but the central question about the biologic effects of charged particle radiation is yet incompletely understood. Key to this question is the understanding of the interaction of ions with DNA in the cell's nucleus. Induction and repair of DNA lesions including double-strand breaks (DSBs) are decisive for the cell. Several DSB repair markers have been used to investigate these processes microscopically, but the limited resolution of conventional microscopy is insufficient to provide structural insights. We have applied superresolution microscopy to overcome these limitations and analyze the fine structure of DSB repair foci. We found that the conventionally detected foci of the widely used DSB marker γH2AX (Ø 700-1000 nm) were composed of elongated subfoci with a size of ∼100 nm consisting of even smaller subfocus elements (Ø 40-60 nm). The structural organization of the subfoci suggests that they could represent the local chromatin structure of elementary DSB repair units at the DSB damage sites. Subfocus clusters may indicate induction of densely spaced DSBs, which are thought to be associated with the high biologic effectiveness of carbon ions. Superresolution microscopy might emerge as a powerful tool to improve our knowledge of interactions of ionizing radiation with cells.-Lopez Perez, R., Best, G., Nicolay, N. H., Greubel, C., Rossberger, S., Reindl, J., Dollinger, G., Weber, K.-J., Cremer, C., Huber, P. E. Superresolution light microscopy shows nanostructure of carbon ion radiation-induced DNA double-strand break repair foci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Lopez Perez
- Clinical Cooperation Unit and Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gerrit Best
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Clinical Cooperation Unit and Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Greubel
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany; and
| | - Sabrina Rossberger
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Reindl
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany; and
| | - Günther Dollinger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany; and
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Clinical Cooperation Unit and Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Cremer
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Superresolution Microscopy of Functional Nuclear Nanostructure, Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Clinical Cooperation Unit and Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Genomic instability and cellular stress in organ biopsies and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with colorectal cancer and predisposing pathologies. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14852-64. [PMID: 26046795 PMCID: PMC4558120 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and polyps, are common colorectal pathologies in western society and are risk factors for development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Genomic instability is a cancer hallmark and is connected to changes in chromosomal structure, often caused by double strand break formation (DSB), and aneuploidy. Cellular stress, may contribute to genomic instability. In colorectal biopsies and peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with IBD, polyps and CRC, we evaluated 1) genomic instability using the γH2AX assay as marker of DSB and micronuclei in mononuclear lymphocytes kept under cytodieresis inhibition, and 2) cellular stress through expression and cellular localization of glutathione-S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1). Colon biopsies showed γH2AX increase starting from polyps, while lymphocytes already from IBD. Micronuclei frequency began to rise in lymphocytes of subjects with polyps, suggesting a systemic genomic instability condition. Colorectal tissues lost GSTO1 expression but increased nuclear localization with pathology progression. Lymphocytes did not change GSTO1 expression and localization until CRC formation, where enzyme expression was increased. We propose that the growing genomic instability found in our patients is connected with the alteration of cellular environment. Evaluation of genomic damage and cellular stress in colorectal pathologies may facilitate prevention and management of CRC.
Collapse
|
27
|
Viau M, Testard I, Shim G, Morat L, Normil MD, Hempel WM, Sabatier L. Global quantification of γH2AX as a triage tool for the rapid estimation of received dose in the event of accidental radiation exposure. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
28
|
Durdik M, Kosik P, Gursky J, Vokalova L, Markova E, Belyaev I. Imaging flow cytometry as a sensitive tool to detect low-dose-induced DNA damage by analyzing 53BP1 and γH2AX foci in human lymphocytes. Cytometry A 2015; 87:1070-8. [PMID: 26243567 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF) are considered the most sensitive indicator for DNA double-strand break (DSB) detection. Monitoring DSB induction by low doses of ionizing radiation is important due to the increasing exposure in the general population. γH2AX and 53BP1 are commonly used molecular markers for in situ IRIF assessment. Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) via ImageStream system provides a new opportunity in this field. We analyzed the formation of 53BP1, γH2AX foci and their co-localization induced by γ-rays (2, 5, 10, 50, 200 cGy) in human lymphocytes using ImageStream and the automated microscopic system Metafer. We observed very similar sensitivity of both systems for the detection of endogenous and low-dose-induced IRIF. Statistically significant induction of γH2AX foci was found at doses of 2 and 10 cGy using ImageStream and Metafer, respectively. Statistically significant induction of 53BP1 foci was evident at doses ≥ 5 cGy when analyzed by IFC. Analysis of the co-localizing foci by ImageStream and Metafer showed statistical significance at doses ≥ 2 cGy, suggesting that foci co-localization is a sensitive parameter for DSB quantification. Assessment of γH2AX, 53BP1 foci and their co-localization by Metafer and ImageStream showed similar linear dose responses in the low-dose range up to 10 cGy, although IFC showed slightly better resolution for IRIF in this dose range. At higher doses, IFC underestimated IRIF numbers. Using the imaging ability of ImageStream, we introduced an optimized assay by gating γH2AX foci positive (with 1 or more γH2AX foci) and negative (cells without foci) cells. This assay resulted in statistically significant IRIF induction at doses ≥ 5cGy and a linear dose response up to 50 cGy. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the use of IFC as an accurate high throughput assay for the prompt detection and enumeration of endogenous and low-dose induced IRIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matus Durdik
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kosik
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Gursky
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Vokalova
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Markova
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Siddiqui MS, François M, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Persistent γH2AX: A promising molecular marker of DNA damage and aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:1-19. [PMID: 26596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (termed γH2AX). Persistent γH2AX is the level of γH2AX above baseline, measured at a given time-point beyond which DNA DSBs are normally expected to be repaired (usually persist for days to months). This review summarizes the concept of persistent γH2AX in the context of exogenous source induced DNA DSBs (e.g. ionizing radiation (IR), chemotherapeutic drugs, genotoxic agents), and endogenous γH2AX levels in normal aging and accelerated aging disorders. Summary of the current literature demonstrates the following (i) γH2AX persistence is a common phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals; (ii) nuclei retain persistent γH2AX foci for up to several months after IR exposure, allowing for retrospective biodosimetry; (iii) the combination of various radiosensitizing drugs with ionizing radiation exposure leads to persistent γH2AX response, thus enabling the potential for monitoring cancer patients' response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as tailoring cancer treatments; (iv) persistent γH2AX accumulates in telomeric DNA and in cells undergoing cellular senescence; and (v) increased endogenous γH2AX levels may be associated with diseases of accelerated aging. In summary, measurement of persistent γH2AX could potentially be used as a marker of radiation biodosimetry, evaluating sensitivity to therapeutic genotoxins and radiotherapy, and exploring the association of unrepaired DNA DSBs on telomeres with diseases of accelerated aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rothkamm K, Barnard S, Moquet J, Ellender M, Rana Z, Burdak-Rothkamm S. DNA damage foci: Meaning and significance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:491-504. [PMID: 25773265 DOI: 10.1002/em.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of DNA damage response proteins such as γH2AX, ATM, 53BP1, RAD51, and the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, that accumulate and/or are modified in the vicinity of a chromosomal DNA double-strand break to form microscopically visible, subnuclear foci, has revolutionized the detection of these lesions and has enabled studies of the cellular machinery that contributes to their repair. Double-strand breaks are induced directly by a number of physical and chemical agents, including ionizing radiation and radiomimetic drugs, but can also arise as secondary lesions during replication and DNA repair following exposure to a wide range of genotoxins. Here we aim to review the biological meaning and significance of DNA damage foci, looking specifically at a range of different settings in which such markers of DNA damage and repair are being studied and interpreted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ellender
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Zohaib Rana
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wojewodzka M, Sommer S, Kruszewski M, Sikorska K, Lewicki M, Lisowska H, Wegierek-Ciuk A, Kowalska M, Lankoff A. Defining Blood Processing Parameters for Optimal Detection of γ-H2AX Foci: A Small Blood Volume Method. Radiat Res 2015; 184:95-104. [PMID: 26121226 DOI: 10.1667/rr13897.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biodosimetric methods used to measure the effects of radiation are critical for estimating the health risks to irradiated individuals or populations. The direct measurement of radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci in peripheral blood lymphocytes is one approach that provides a useful end point for triage. Despite the documented advantages of the γ-H2AX assay, there is considerable variation among laboratories regarding foci formation in the same exposure conditions and cell lines. Taking this into account, the goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of different blood processing parameters on the frequency of γ-H2AX foci and optimize a small blood volume protocol for the γ-H2AX assay, which simulates the finger prick blood collection method. We found that the type of fixative, temperature and blood processing time markedly affect the results of the γ-H2AX assay. In addition, we propose a protocol for the γ-H2AX assay that may serve as a potential guideline in the event of large-scale radiation incidents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wojewodzka
- a Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Sommer
- a Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- a Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland;,b Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- a Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Lewicki
- c Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Wroclaw, 0-204 Wroclaw, Poland; and
| | - Halina Lisowska
- d Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Aneta Wegierek-Ciuk
- d Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kowalska
- d Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- a Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Warsaw, Poland;,d Jan Kochanowski University, Institute of Biology, Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tommasino F, Friedrich T, Jakob B, Meyer B, Durante M, Scholz M. Induction and Processing of the Radiation-Induced Gamma-H2AX Signal and Its Link to the Underlying Pattern of DSB: A Combined Experimental and Modelling Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129416. [PMID: 26067661 PMCID: PMC4465900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here an analysis of DSB induction and processing after irradiation with X-rays in an extended dose range based on the use of the γH2AX assay. The study was performed by quantitative flow cytometry measurements, since the use of foci counting would result in reasonable accuracy only in a limited dose range of a few Gy. The experimental data are complemented by a theoretical analysis based on the GLOBLE model. In fact, original aim of the study was to test GLOBLE predictions against new experimental data, in order to contribute to the validation of the model. Specifically, the γH2AX signal kinetics has been investigated up to 24 h after exposure to increasing photon doses between 2 and 500 Gy. The prolonged persistence of the signal at high doses strongly suggests dose dependence in DSB processing after low LET irradiation. Importantly, in the framework of our modelling analysis, this is related to a gradually increased fraction of DSB clustering at the micrometre scale. The parallel study of γH2AX dose response curves shows the onset of a pronounced saturation in two cell lines at a dose of about 20 Gy. This dose is much lower than expected according to model predictions based on the values usually adopted for the DSB induction yield (≈ 30 DSB/Gy) and for the γH2AX foci extension of approximately 2 Mbp around the DSB. We show and discuss how theoretical predictions and experimental findings can be in principle reconciled by combining an increased DSB induction yield with the assumption of a larger genomic extension for the single phosphorylated regions. As an alternative approach, we also considered in our model the possibility of a 3D spreading-mechanism of the H2AX phosphorylation around the induced DSB, and applied it to the analysis of both the aspects considered. Our results are found to be supportive for the basic assumptions on which GLOBLE is built. Apart from giving new insights into the H2AX phosphorylation process, experiments performed at high doses are of relevance in the context of radiation therapy, where hypo-fractionated schemes become increasingly popular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tommasino
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Burkhard Jakob
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Barbara Meyer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Festkörperphysik, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Willers H, Gheorghiu L, Liu Q, Efstathiou JA, Wirth LJ, Krause M, von Neubeck C. DNA Damage Response Assessments in Human Tumor Samples Provide Functional Biomarkers of Radiosensitivity. Semin Radiat Oncol 2015; 25:237-50. [PMID: 26384272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers are urgently needed for individualization of radiation therapy and treatment with radiosensitizing anticancer agents. Genomic profiling of human cancers provides us with unprecedented insight into the mutational landscape of genes directly or indirectly involved in the response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, to what extent this wealth of structural information about the cancer genome produces biomarkers of sensitivity to radiation remains to be seen. Investigators are increasingly studying the subnuclear accumulation (ie, foci) of proteins in the DNA damage response (DDR), such as gamma-H2AX, 53BP1, or RAD51, as a surrogate of treatment sensitivity. Recent findings from preclinical studies have demonstrated the predictive potential of DDR foci by correlating foci with clinically relevant end points such as tumor control probability. Therefore, preclinical investigations of DDR foci responses are increasingly moving into cells and tissues from patients, which is the major focus of this review. The advantage of using DDR foci as functional biomarkers is that they can detect alterations in DNA repair due to various mechanisms. Moreover, they provide a global measurement of DDR network function without needing to know the identities of all the components, many of which remain unknown. Foci assays are thus expected to yield functional insight that may complement or supersede genomic information, thereby giving radiation oncologists unique opportunities to individualize cancer treatments in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | - Liliana Gheorghiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lori J Wirth
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mechthild Krause
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology, Germany
| | - Cläre von Neubeck
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Benzina S, Pitaval A, Lemercier C, Lustremant C, Frouin V, Wu N, Papine A, Soussaline F, Romeo PH, Gidrol X. A kinome-targeted RNAi-based screen links FGF signaling to H2AX phosphorylation in response to radiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3559-73. [PMID: 25894690 PMCID: PMC4548013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A general radioprotective effect by fibroblast growth
factor (FGF) has been extensively described since the early 1990s; however, the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) lead to a complex set of responses in eukaryotic cells. One of the earliest consequences is phosphorylation of histone H2AX to form nuclear foci of the phosphorylated form of H2AX (γH2AX) in the chromatin adjacent to sites of DSBs and to initiate the recruitment of DNA-repair molecules. Upon a DSB event, a rapid signaling network is activated to coordinate DNA repair with the induction of cell-cycle checkpoints. To date, three kinases (ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK) have been shown to phosphorylate histone H2AX in response to irradiation. Here, we report a kinome-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen to characterize human kinases involved in H2AX phosphorylation. By analyzing γH2AX foci at a single-nucleus level, we identified 46 kinases involved either directly or indirectly in H2AX phosphorylation in response to irradiation in human keratinocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in response to irradiation, the FGFR4 signaling cascade promotes JNK1 activation and direct H2AX phosphorylation leading, in turn, to more efficient DNA repair. This can explain, at least partially, the radioprotective effect of FGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Benzina
- CEA, IRTSV, Biologie à Grande Echelle, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex, France,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Eberlein U, Peper M, Fernández M, Lassmann M, Scherthan H. Calibration of the γ-H2AX DNA double strand break focus assay for internal radiation exposure of blood lymphocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123174. [PMID: 25853575 PMCID: PMC4390303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand break (DSB) formation induced by ionizing radiation exposure is indicated by the DSB biomarkers γ-H2AX and 53BP1. Knowledge about DSB foci formation in-vitro after internal irradiation of whole blood samples with radionuclides in solution will help us to gain detailed insights about dose-response relationships in patients after molecular radiotherapy (MRT). Therefore, we studied the induction of radiation-induced co-localizing γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci as surrogate markers for DSBs in-vitro, and correlated the obtained foci per cell values with the in-vitro absorbed doses to the blood for the two most frequently used radionuclides in MRT (I-131 and Lu-177). This approach led to an in-vitro calibration curve. Overall, 55 blood samples of three healthy volunteers were analyzed. For each experiment several vials containing a mixture of whole blood and radioactive solutions with different concentrations of isotonic NaCl-diluted radionuclides with known activities were prepared. Leukocytes were recovered by density centrifugation after incubation and constant blending for 1 h at 37°C. After ethanol fixation they were subjected to two-color immunofluorescence staining and the average frequencies of the co-localizing γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci/nucleus were determined using a fluorescence microscope equipped with a red/green double band pass filter. The exact activity was determined in parallel in each blood sample by calibrated germanium detector measurements. The absorbed dose rates to the blood per nuclear disintegrations occurring in 1 ml of blood were calculated for both isotopes by a Monte Carlo simulation. The measured blood doses in our samples ranged from 6 to 95 mGy. A linear relationship was found between the number of DSB-marking foci/nucleus and the absorbed dose to the blood for both radionuclides studied. There were only minor nuclide-specific intra- and inter-subject deviations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uta Eberlein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michel Peper
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Fernández
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zahnreich S, Ebersberger A, Kaina B, Schmidberger H. Biodosimetry Based on γ-H2AX Quantification and Cytogenetics after Partial- and Total-Body Irradiation during Fractionated Radiotherapy. Radiat Res 2015; 183:432-46. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13911.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zahnreich
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Ebersberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz Schmidberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lee WH, Nguyen P, Hu S, Liang G, Ong SG, Han L, Sanchez-Freire V, Lee AS, Vasanawala M, Segall G, Wu JC. Variable activation of the DNA damage response pathways in patients undergoing single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:e002851. [PMID: 25609688 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.114.002851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI) has improved the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with suspected coronary artery disease, it remains a primary source of low-dose radiation exposure for cardiac patients. To determine the biological effects of low-dose radiation from SPECT MPI, we measured the activation of the DNA damage response pathways using quantitative flow cytometry and single-cell gene expression profiling. METHODS AND RESULTS Blood samples were collected from patients before and after SPECT MPI (n=63). Overall, analysis of all recruited patients showed no marked differences in the phosphorylation of proteins (H2AX, protein 53, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated) after SPECT. The majority of patients also had either downregulated or unchanged expression in DNA damage response genes at both 24 and 48 hours post-SPECT. Interestingly, a small subset of patients with increased phosphorylation had significant upregulation of genes associated with DNA damage, whereas those with no changes in phosphorylation had significant downregulation or no difference, suggesting that some patients may potentially be more sensitive to low-dose radiation exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed that SPECT MPI resulted in a variable activation of the DNA damage response pathways. Although only a small subset of patients had increased protein phosphorylation and elevated gene expression postimaging, continued care should be taken to reduce radiation exposure to both the patients and operators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Patricia Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Veterans Administration Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Grace Liang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Veterans Administration Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Sang-Ging Ong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Veronica Sanchez-Freire
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Andrew S Lee
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Joseph C Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Turner HC, Shuryak I, Taveras M, Bertucci A, Perrier JR, Chen C, Elliston CD, Johnson GW, Smilenov LB, Amundson SA, Brenner DJ. Effect of dose rate on residual γ-H2AX levels and frequency of micronuclei in X-irradiated mouse lymphocytes. Radiat Res 2015; 183:315-24. [PMID: 25738897 DOI: 10.1667/rr13860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The biological risks associated with low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation exposures are not yet well defined. To assess the risk related to DNA damage, we compared the yields of two established biodosimetry end points, γ-H2AX and micronuclei (MNi), in peripheral mouse blood lymphocytes after prolonged in vivo exposure to LDR X rays (0.31 cGy/min) vs. acute high-dose-rate (HDR) exposure (1.03 Gy/min). C57BL/6 mice were total-body irradiated with 320 kVP X rays with doses of 0, 1.1, 2.2 and 4.45 Gy. Residual levels of total γ-H2AX fluorescence in lymphocytes isolated 24 h after the start of irradiation were assessed using indirect immunofluorescence methods. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was used to determine apoptotic cell frequency in lymphocytes sampled at 24 h. Curve fitting analysis suggested that the dose response for γ-H2AX yields after acute exposures could be described by a linear dependence. In contrast, a linear-quadratic dose-response shape was more appropriate for LDR exposure (perhaps reflecting differences in repair time after different LDR doses). Dose-rate sparing effects (P < 0.05) were observed at doses ≤2.2 Gy, such that the acute dose γ-H2AX and TUNEL-positive cell yields were significantly larger than the equivalent LDR yields. At the 4.45 Gy dose there was no difference in γ-H2AX expression between the two dose rates, whereas there was a two- to threefold increase in apoptosis in the LDR samples compared to the equivalent 4.45 Gy acute dose. Micronuclei yields were measured at 24 h and 7 days using the in vitro cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The results showed that MNi yields increased up to 2.2 Gy with no further increase at 4.45 Gy and with no detectable dose-rate effect across the dose range 24 h or 7 days post exposure. In conclusion, the γ-H2AX biomarker showed higher sensitivity to measure dose-rate effects after low-dose LDR X rays compared to MNi formation; however, confounding factors such as variable repair times post exposure, increased cell killing and cell cycle block likely contributed to the yields of MNi with accumulating doses of ionizing radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Turner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zwicker F, Swartman B, Roeder F, Sterzing F, Hauswald H, Thieke C, Weber KJ, Huber PE, Schubert K, Debus J, Herfarth K. In vivo measurement of dose distribution in patients' lymphocytes: helical tomotherapy versus step-and-shoot IMRT in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2015; 56:239-247. [PMID: 25361548 PMCID: PMC4380044 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In radiotherapy, in vivo measurement of dose distribution within patients' lymphocytes can be performed by detecting gamma-H2AX foci in lymphocyte nuclei. This method can help in determining the whole-body dose. Options for risk estimations for toxicities in normal tissue and for the incidence of secondary malignancy are still under debate. In this investigation, helical tomotherapy (TOMO) is compared with step-and-shoot IMRT (SSIMRT) of the prostate gland by measuring the dose distribution within patients' lymphocytes. In this prospective study, blood was taken from 20 patients before and 10 min after their first irradiation fraction for each technique. The isolated leukocytes were fixed 2 h after radiation. DNA double-stranded breaks in lymphocyte nuclei were stained immunocytochemically using anti-gamma-H2AX antibodies. Gamma-H2AX foci distribution in lymphocytes was determined for each patient. Using a calibration line, dose distributions in patients' lymphocytes were determined by studying the gamma-H2AX foci distribution, and these data were used to generate a cumulative dose-lymphocyte histogram (DLH). Measured in vivo (DLH), significantly fewer lymphocytes indicated low-dose exposure (<40% of the applied dose) during TOMO compared with SSIMRT. The dose exposure range, between 45 and 100%, was equal with both radiation techniques. The mean number of gamma-H2AX foci per lymphocyte was significantly lower in the TOMO group compared with the SSIMRT group. In radiotherapy of the prostate gland, TOMO generates a smaller fraction of patients' lymphocytes with low-dose exposure relative to the whole body compared with SSIMRT. Differences in the constructional buildup of the different linear accelerator systems, e.g. the flattening filter, may be the cause thereof. The influence of these methods on the incidence of secondary malignancy should be investigated in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Zwicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benedict Swartman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Falk Roeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Sterzing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Hauswald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thieke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Schubert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Herfarth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Denoyer D, Lobachevsky P, Jackson P, Thompson M, Martin OA, Hicks RJ. Analysis of 177Lu-DOTA-Octreotate Therapy–Induced DNA Damage in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:505-11. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.145581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
41
|
Sánchez-Flores M, Pásaro E, Bonassi S, Laffon B, Valdiglesias V. γH2AX Assay as DNA Damage Biomarker for Human Population Studies: Defining Experimental Conditions. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:406-13. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
42
|
Woolf DK, Williams NR, Bakshi R, Madani SY, Eaton DJ, Fawcitt S, Pigott K, Short S, Keshtgar M. Biological dosimetry for breast cancer radiotherapy: a comparison of external beam and intraoperative radiotherapy. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:329. [PMID: 25045612 PMCID: PMC4093905 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is the gold standard adjuvant treatment after breast conserving surgery although a recent phase 3 trial has shown the non-inferiority of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). Radiation exposure of the heart and cardiac vessels causes an increase in morbidity and mortality following EBRT for breast cancer. We have used γ-H2AX foci formation in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a surrogate marker of dose delivered to the heart and great vessels and have assessed the feasibility of using this technique for biological dosimetry. METHODS 34 patients were recruited, having either EBRT or IORT as part of a randomised controlled trial (TARGIT). Blood samples were taken prior to and after first fraction of radiotherapy, and the γ-H2AX biomarker then quantified. RESULTS Data were available for 31 patients. Following TARGIT-IORT there was an increase of 0.203 foci per cell (range -1.436 to 1.275) compared with 0.935 foci per cell (range -0.679 to 2.216) in the EBRT group; this difference was highly significant (p = 0.009). As TARGIT-IORT treatment is completed with a single fraction, whilst EBRT requires at least 15 fractions, the actual difference is estimated to be many times more. CONCLUSIONS These data show a significantly greater change in γ-H2AX foci number per cell following one fraction of EBRT compared to TARGIT-IORT. This is the first study to demonstrate this effect using a biomarker and demonstrates a proof of concept methodology for similar applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K Woolf
- />Department of Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Raheleh Bakshi
- />The Academic Breast Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - David J Eaton
- />Department of Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sara Fawcitt
- />Department of Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katharine Pigott
- />Department of Academic Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Susan Short
- />Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang Z, Hu H, Hu M, Zhang X, Wang Q, Qiao Y, Liu H, Shen L, Zhou P, Chen Y. Ratio of γ-H2AX level in lymphocytes to that in granulocytes detected using flow cytometry as a potential biodosimeter for radiation exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:283-290. [PMID: 24687842 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess utilisation of the ratio of γ-H2AX in lymphocytes to that in granulocytes (RL/G of γ-H2AX) in blood as a rapid method for population triage and dose estimation during large-scale radiation emergencies. Blood samples from healthy volunteers exposed to 0-10 Gy of (60)Co irradiation were collected. The samples were cultured for 0-24 h and then analysed using flow cytometry to measure the levels of γ-H2AX in lymphocytes and granulocytes. The basal RL/G levels of γ-H2AX in healthy human blood, the response of RL/G of γ-H2AX to ionising radiation and its relationship with doses, time intervals after exposure and individual differences were also analysed. The level of γ-H2AX in lymphocytes increased in a dose-dependent manner after irradiation, whereas the level in granulocytes was not affected. A linear dose-effect relationship with low inter-experimental and inter-individual variations was observed. The RL/G of γ-H2AX may be used as a biomarker for population triage and dose estimation during large-scale radiation emergencies if blood samples can be collected within 24 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Woolf DK, Keshtgar M. Intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer deserves a mention. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2013; 26:121-2. [PMID: 24219976 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Woolf
- Department of Academic Surgery and Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Keshtgar
- Department of Academic Surgery and Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Matthaios D, Hountis P, Karakitsos P, Bouros D, Kakolyris S. H2AX a Promising Biomarker for Lung Cancer: A Review. Cancer Invest 2013; 31:582-99. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2013.849721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
46
|
Rothkamm K, Horn S, Scherthan H, Rössler U, De Amicis A, Barnard S, Kulka U, Lista F, Meineke V, Braselmann H, Beinke C, Abend M. Laboratory intercomparison on the γ-H2AX foci assay. Radiat Res 2013; 180:149-55. [PMID: 23883318 DOI: 10.1667/rr3238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the study is an intercomparison of laboratories' dose-assessment performances using the γ-H2AX foci assay as a diagnostic triage tool for rapid individual radiation dose assessment. Homogenously X-irradiated (240 kVp, 1 Gy/min) blood samples for establishing calibration data (0.25-4 Gy) as well as blinded test samples (0.1-6.4 Gy) were incubated at 37°C for 2 and 24 h (repair time) and sent to the participants. The foci assay was performed according to protocols individually established in participating laboratories and therefore varied. The time taken to report dose estimates was documented for each laboratory. Additional information concerning laboratory organization/characteristics as well as assay performance was collected. The mean absolute difference (MAD) of estimated doses relative to the actual doses was calculated and radiation doses were merged into four triage categories reflecting clinical relevance to calculate accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. First γ-H2AX based dose estimates were reported 7 h after sample receipt. Estimates were similarly accurate for 2 and 24 h repair times, providing scope for its use in the early phase of a radiation exposure incident. Equal accuracy was achieved by scoring 20, 30, 40 or 50 cells per sample. However, MAD values of 0.5-0.7 Gy and 1.3-1.7 Gy divided the data sets into two groups, driven mainly by the considerable differences in foci yields between calibration and blind samples. Foci yields also varied dramatically between laboratories, highlighting reproducibility issues as an important caveat of the foci assay. Nonetheless, foci counts could distinguish high- and low-dose samples in all data sets and binary dose categories of clinical significance could be discriminated with satisfactory accuracy (mean 84%, ±0.03 SEM). Overall, the results suggest that the γ-H2AX assay is a useful tool for rapidly screening individuals for significant exposures that occurred up to at least 24 h earlier, and may help to prioritize cytogenetic dosimetry follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Evaluation of the gamma-H2AX assay for radiation biodosimetry in a swine model. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14119-35. [PMID: 23880859 PMCID: PMC3742235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of large animal models to study both the extent and the health risk of ionizing radiation exposure in humans. One promising candidate for such a model is the minipig. Here, we evaluate the minipig for its potential in γ-H2AX-based biodosimetry after exposure to ionizing radiation using both Cs137 and Co60 sources. γ-H2AX foci were enumerated in blood lymphocytes and normal fibroblasts of human and porcine origin after ex vivo γ-ray irradiation. DNA double-strand break repair kinetics in minipig blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts, based on the γ-H2AX assay, were similar to those observed in their human counterparts. To substantiate the similarity observed between the human and minipig we show that minipig fibroblast radiosensitivity was similar to that observed with human fibroblasts. Finally, a strong γ-H2AX induction was observed in blood lymphocytes following minipig total body irradiation. Significant responses were detected 3 days after 1.8 Gy and 1 week after 3.8 and 5 Gy with residual γ-H2AX foci proportional to the initial radiation doses. These findings show that the Gottingen minipig provides a useful in vivo model for validation of γ-H2AX biodosimetry for dose assessment in humans.
Collapse
|
48
|
Correlation of dynamic changes in γ-H2AX expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from head and neck cancer patients with radiation-induced oral mucositis. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:155. [PMID: 23803252 PMCID: PMC3707835 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the role of γ-H2AX in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) as a predictive biomarker of the severity of oral mucositis (OM) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients with receiving radiotherapy. Methods In vitro assays for evaluating DNA damage and repair kinetics were performed on blood samples withdrawn from 25 HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy before radiotherapy. As for the in vivo study, blood samples were also withdrawn before radiotherapy, and 1 hour after radiotherapy on the fourth and last days. Flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of γ-H2AX in PBLs. OM was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) scores twice a week and correlated with the expression of γ-H2AX. Results The in vitro assay results showed that patients with severe OM had higher γ-H2AX-specific relative fluorescence at various irradiation doses in the damage kinetics assay, with significantly higher γ-H2AX expression at 8 Gy (p = 0.039), and also at 24 hours after irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy in the repair kinetics assay, compared to the patients with mild OM (p = 0.008). The optimal cutoff value for relative fluorescence of γ-H2AX was 0.960, 24 hours post-irradiation. However, there were no significant differences in γ-H2AX expression at different times between the two groups, as assessed with the in vivo assay. Conclusions These results suggest that the damage and repair kinetics of γ-H2AX from PBLs in the in vitro study may have predictive value for identifying the grades of OM among HNC patients prior to radiotherapy.
Collapse
|
49
|
Manning G, Rothkamm K. Deoxyribonucleic acid damage-associated biomarkers of ionising radiation: current status and future relevance for radiology and radiotherapy. Br J Radiol 2013; 86:20130173. [PMID: 23659923 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic and therapeutic radiation technology has developed dramatically in recent years, and its use has increased significantly, bringing clinical benefit. The use of diagnostic radiology has become widespread in modern society, particularly in paediatrics where the clinical benefit needs to be balanced with the risk of leukaemia and brain cancer increasing after exposure to low doses of radiation. With improving long-term survival rates of radiotherapy patients and the ever-increasing use of diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures, concern has risen over the long-term risks and side effects from such treatments. Biomarker development in radiology and radiotherapy has progressed significantly in recent years to investigate the effects of such use and optimise treatment. Recent biomarker development has focused on improving the limitations of established techniques by the use of automation, increasing sensitivity and developing novel biomarkers capable of quicker results. The effect of low-dose exposure (0-100 mGy) used in radiology, which is increasingly linked to cancer incidences, is being investigated, as some recent research challenges the linear-no-threshold model. Radiotherapy biomarkers are focused on identifying radiosensitive patients, determining the treatment-associated risk and allowing for a tailored and more successful treatment of cancer patients. For biomarkers in any of these areas to be successfully developed, stringent criteria must be applied in techniques and analysis of data to reduce variation among reports and allow data sets to be accurately compared. Newly developed biomarkers can then be used in combination with the established techniques to better understand and quantify the individual biological response to exposures associated with radiology tests and to personalise treatment plans for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Manning
- Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Manual versus automated γ-H2AX foci analysis across five European laboratories: can this assay be used for rapid biodosimetry in a large scale radiation accident? Mutat Res 2013; 756:170-3. [PMID: 23648320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The identification of severely exposed individuals and reassurance of the 'worried well' are of prime importance for initial triage following a large scale radiation accident. We aim to develop the γ-H2AX foci assay into a rapid biomarker tool for use in accidents. Here, five laboratories established a standard operating procedure and analysed 100 ex vivo γ-irradiated, 4 or 24h incubated and overnight-shipped lymphocyte samples from four donors to generate γ-H2AX reference data, using manual and/or automated foci scoring strategies. In addition to acute, homogeneous exposures to 0, 1, 2 and 4Gy, acute simulated partial body (4Gy to 50% of cells) and protracted exposures (4Gy over 24h) were analysed. Data from all laboratories could be satisfactorily fitted with linear dose response functions. Average yields observed at 4h post exposure were 2-4 times higher than at 24h and varied considerably between laboratories. Automated scoring caused larger uncertainties than manual scoring and was unable to identify partial exposures, which were detectable in manually scored samples due to their overdispersed foci distributions. Protracted exposures were detectable but doses could not be accurately estimated with the γ-H2AX assay. We conclude that the γ-H2AX assay may be useful for rapid triage following a recent acute radiation exposure. The potentially higher speed and convenience of automated relative to manual foci scoring needs to be balanced against its compromised accuracy and inability to detect partial body exposures. Regular re-calibration or inclusion of reference samples may be necessary to ensure consistent results between laboratories or over long time periods.
Collapse
|