Total phenol, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some medicinal plants

Ultra-performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry-Based Profiling and Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antityrosinase, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activities of Eulophia nuda Lindl.: A Medicinal Orchid

Eulophia nuda Lndl., a terrestrial medicinal orchid, is well known for its ethnomedicinal applications in treating bronchitis, tuberculosis, tumours, snake bites and arthritis. This study aimed to identify the phytoconstituents of E. nuda extract (ENE) and evaluate its antioxidant, antityrosinase, anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis identified 33 compounds, 31 of which were reported for the first time, with phenols, terpenoids and carboxylic acids as dominant classes. ENE exhibited strong antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 40.42 ± 0.31 and 12.94 ± 0.22 µg/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial studies against six bacterial strains showed zones of inhibition ranging from 11 to 15 mm, with strong inhibitory activity against E. faecalis (minimum inhibitory concentration: 31.25 µg/mL). The extract demonstrated moderate antityrosinase activity (IC50: 357.36 µg/mL) compared to Kojic acid. Additionally, ENE showed significant antiproliferative effects against Panc-1, HepG2, and PC3 cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 29.39, 38.13 and 46.97 µg/mL, respectively. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of ENE, supported by its diverse phytoconstituents and bioactivities, paving the way for its development in both traditional and modern medicine.

The Antimicrobial Effect of Thymol and Carvacrol in Combination with Organic Acids Against Foodborne Pathogens in Chicken and Beef Meat Fillets

Bioactive compounds and organic acids are applied to a wide range of foods against different types of foodborne pathogens. In the present study, carvacrol and thymol (1000 mg/L) were applied in wine-based marinades, alone or in combination with them and in combination with tartaric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, and acetic acid (in concentration 0.1% w/v), in chicken and beef fillets and their antimicrobial activity, antioxidant capacity, and pH were estimated during refrigerated storage. Likewise, their antimicrobial activity was recorded against Enterobacteriaceae, total mesophilic bacteria, yeasts/molds, and lactic acid bacteria. The outcome demonstrated that both meats kept under similar storage conditions (4 °C/9 days) exhibited lower microbial growth, particularly with Enterobacteriaceae, when treated with wine-based carvacrol-thymol marinades and may extend their shelf-life. This antimicrobial action was more pronounced in the beef samples. The total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity of the applied marinades were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau method and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity methods, respectively. The results revealed that marinades with thymol and/or carvacrol in combination with acetic or ascorbic acid had greater TPC and antioxidant activity. The pH values of the respective marinades applied to both chicken and beef fillets exhibited an upturn during storage. Consequently, these marinades, even at low concentrations, could be used as natural preservatives in meat products.

Antioxidant Potential and Characterization of Polyphenol Compounds in Moringa oleifera Pods

The aim of this investigation was to comparatively assess the antioxidant and polyphenol compounds in fresh moringa pods sourced from two different regions in Australia, namely Queensland (QLD) and Western Australia (WAU). Total polyphenol content varied between 1.64 and 5.97 mg GAE/g in moringa pod samples from QLD, while it ranged from 2.84 to 4.31 mg GAE/g in WAU samples. Total flavonoid content in QLD and WAU samples averaged 4.62 and 4.24 mg QE/g, respectively. Total condensed tannin content in QLD and WAU samples averaged 2.07 and 1.60 mg CE/g, respectively. The QLD samples had higher DPPH (2.87 vs. 2.74 mg AAE/g), ABTS (15.0 vs. 12.9 mg AAE/g), and total antioxidant capacity (2.34 vs. 1.46 mg AAE/g) than WAU samples. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified 111 polyphenol compounds in moringa pod samples, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins. Some compounds were prevalent across most samples, such as 3-sinapoylquinic acid and theaflavin. The study revealed that moringa pods contain a high concentration of polyphenols with strong antioxidant capacity. These findings highlight the substantial influence of regional effects on the polyphenol content and bioactive properties of moringa pods.

A Multipurpose Metallophore and Its Copper Complexes with Diverse Catalytic Antioxidant Properties to Deal with Metal and Oxidative Stress Disorders: A Combined Experimental, Theoretical, and In Vitro Study

We report the discovery that the molecule 1-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)propan-2-ol (HL) can reduce oxidative stress in neuronal C6 glioma cells exposed to reactive oxygen species (O2-•, H2O2, and •OH) and metal (Cu+) stress conditions. Furthermore, its association with Cu2+ generates [Cu(HL)Cl2] (1) and [Cu(HL)2](ClO4)2 (2) complexes that also exhibit antioxidant properties. Potentiometric titration data show that HL can coordinate to Cu2+ in 1:1 and 1:2 Cu2+:ligand ratios, which was confirmed by monocrystal X-ray studies. The subsequent ultraviolet-visible, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show that they can decompose a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Kinetic studies revealed that 1 and 2 mimic the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Complex 1 promotes the fastest decomposition of H2O2 (kobs = 2.32 × 107 M-1 s-1), efficiently dismutases the superoxide anion (kcat = 3.08 × 107 M-1 s-1), and scavenges the hydroxyl radical (RSA50 = 25.7 × 10-6 M). Density functional theory calculations support the formation of dinuclear Cu-peroxide and mononuclear Cu-superoxide species in the reactions of [Cu(HL)Cl2] with H2O2 and O2•-, respectively. Furthermore, both 1 and 2 also reduce the oxidative stress of neuronal glioma C6 cells exposed to different ROS, including O2•- and •OH.

Beneficial role of Coronatine on the morphological and physiological responses of Cress Plants (Lepidium sativum) exposed to Silver Nanoparticle

BACKGROUND

Silver nanoparticles are widely used in various fields such as industry, medicine, biotechnology, and agriculture. However, the inevitable release of these nanoparticles into the environment poses potential risks to ecosystems and may affect plant productivity. Coronatine is one of the newly identified compounds known for its beneficial influence on enhancing plant resilience against various stress factors. To evaluate the effectiveness of coronatine pretreatment in mitigating the stress induced by silver nanoparticles on cress plants, the present study was carried out.

RESULTS

Our findings indicated a decrease in multiple growth parameters, proline content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in cress plants exposed to silver nanoparticle treatment. This decline could be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by the presence of silver nanoparticles in the plants. Conversely, when coronatine treatment was applied, it effectively mitigated the reduction in growth parameters and pigments induced by the silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, we observed an increase in silver content in both the roots and shoot portions, along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanins, glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzyme activities in plants exposed to silver nanoparticles. Concurrently, there was a decrease in total phenolic compounds, ascorbate, anthocyanins, and proline content. Pre-treatment of cress seeds with coronatine resulted in increased levels of GSH, total phenolic compounds, and proline content while reducing the silver content in both the root and shoot parts of the plant.

CONCLUSIONS

Coronatine pre-treatment appeared to enhance both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and improving the response to stress induced by silver nanoparticles.

Exploring the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of three common seaweeds of Saint Martin's Island of Bangladesh

Antioxidants, which have long been deemed an indispensable guardian of human health, play a pivotal role in bolstering the body's defense against a plethora of diseases. Three well-recognized seaweeds in Bangladesh, including Caulerpa racemosa, Padina tetrastromatica, and Hypnea musciformis, were subjected to meticulous analysis to reveal their phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial efficacy using advanced spectroscopic and disc diffusion methods. Intriguingly, we observed that C. racemosa emerges as frontrunners, possessing a substantial arsenal of phenol (143.08 ± 18.51 mg gallic acid equivalent g─1) and flavonoid (63.79 ± 2.16 mg rutin equivalent g─1). More fundamentally, C. racemosa exhibits a notable enrichment in the content of tannin (73.58 mg RE g─1) and chlorophyll (13.50 mg g─1), as well as, antioxidant capacity (4457.67 μg g─1). P. tetrastromatica, on the other hand, displayed commendable effectiveness in scavenging the DPPH radical, with percentages ranging from 53.98 to 62.17%. In terms of hydroxyl radical (OH•) scavenging activity, C. racemosa exhibited the highest efficacy at 400 g mL─1. Fascinatingly, C. racemosa exhibited an impressive antioxidant potential, as evidenced by its exceptionally low IC50 value of 5.58 μg mL-1 for OH• scavenging, whereas P. tetrastromatica showed impressively low value of 0.96 μg mL-1 for DPPH scavenging. Although the three seaweeds demonstrated limited efficacy against a spectrum of five human pathogenic bacteria, their potential as abundant sources of antioxidants remains unscathed. Notably, heatmap and PCA analysis revealed that C. racemosa and P. tetrastromatica emerge as the leading contender for studied antioxidant compounds, demonstrating their proclivity for antioxidant extraction, a trait that could be exploited for large-scale production of these valuable compounds.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis bioactive extract ameliorates LPS-induced inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB signalling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. is a mythical plant used in traditional Indian medicinal systems for the treatment of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and pain-related responses. However, its bioactive compounds and underlying mechanism of action have not been fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This investigation aimed to study the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the bioactive extract of N. arbor-tristis (NATE), both in vitro and in vivo, elucidate the possible mechanism of action, and determine its chemicals.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We studied the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of NATE on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, paw-ear edema, and acetic acid-induced pain in rats and analysed its chemical components using Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS).

RESULTS

NATE efficiently reduced the production of various inflammatory mediators and factors, such as free radicals, lipid peroxidation, nitrous oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-10, as well as their corresponding mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.001). Furthermore, NATE inhibited the activation of a key signaling pathway, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), as it caused a decrease in the degradation of inhibitor of kB alpha (IkBa). Administration of NATE significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema (p < 0.001), TPA-induced ear edema, and the production of inflammatory factors (p < 0.01). NATE revealed anti-nociceptive impacts in acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion experiments (p < 0.001) as well as no toxicity signs. A total of six compounds, namely iridoid glycoside (6,7-di-O-benzonylnyctanthoside), arborsides A, arborsides C, betulinic acid, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, were characterized through the examination of their mass spectra in correlation with those documented in a database of mass spectra.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study furnishes scientific corroboration of the inhibitory potency of N. arbor-tristis as a promising herbal treatment for inflammation and pain responses without toxicity, offering a scientific basis for future drug development strategies aimed at ameliorating inflammatory diseases.

Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates in Agricultural Sciences

The effects of different types of biostimulants on crops include improving the visual quality of the final products, stimulating the immune systems of plants, inducing the biosynthesis of plant defensive biomolecules, removing heavy metals from contaminated soil, improving crop performance, reducing leaching, improving root development and seed germination, inducing tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors, promoting crop establishment and increasing nutrient-use efficiency. Protein hydrolysates are mixtures of polypeptides and free amino acids resulting from enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis of agro-industrial protein by-products obtained from animal or plant origins, and they are able to alleviate environmental stress effects, improve growth, and promote crop productivity. Amino acids involve various advantages such as increased yield and yield components, increased nutrient assimilation and stress tolerance, and improved yield components and quality characteristics. They are generally achieved through chemical or enzymatic protein hydrolysis, with significant capabilities to influence the synthesis and activity of some enzymes, gene expression, and redox-homeostasis. Increased yield, yield components, and crop quality; improved and regulated oxidation-reduction process, photosynthesis, and physiological activities; decreased negative effects of toxic components; and improved anti-fungal activities of plants are just some of the more important benefits of the application of phenols and phenolic biostimulants. The aim of this manuscript is to survey the impacts of amino acids, different types of protein hydrolysates, phenols, and phenolic biostimulants on different plants by presenting case studies and successful paradigms in several horticultural and agricultural crops.

Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for the Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) of Moringa oleifera: Extraction Yield, Content of Bioactive Compounds, and Biological Effects In Vitro

This study optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to maximize the extraction yield, total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity from Moringa oleifera. The four UAE factors, solvent ratio (A), solvent-solid ratio (B), extraction temperature (C), and extraction time (D), were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was used for the experimental design. The optimal conditions were found to be a 50% v/v solvent ratio, a 30% v/w solvent-solid ratio, 35 °C extraction temperature, and 45 min extraction time. The experimental value of extraction yield (R₁), TFC (R₂), TPC (R₃), and DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity (R₄) (87.99% w/w, 56.63 mg QE/g extract, 97.26 mg GAE/g extract, and 93.32% inhibition, respectively) agreed with those predicted by RSM models (88.10% w/w, 56.61 mg QE/g extract, 97.16 mg GAE/g extract, and93.38% inhibition, respectively), thus demonstrating the appropriateness of the model used and the ability of the RSM to optimize the extraction conditions. Excellent DPP IV enzyme inhibitory activity was exhibited by M. oleifera compared with the standard, sitagliptin. While the modeled equation fits the data, the t-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the RSM-BBD.

Optimization of Nutrient-Rich Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) Paste Fresh Noodle Pasta Using Response Surface Methodology

The ice plant is a species that is grown mainly in the dry regions of the American West and contains various minerals and ingredients beneficial for human health, such as inositol and beta-carotene. With the growing trend towards healthy foods, pasta consumption has also increased. Pasta is a convenient and low-glycemic-index food that is composed mainly of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, dietary fiber, and trace amounts of minerals. The optimal mixing ratio was evaluated to produce pasta of the highest quality in terms of blood sugar elevation and antioxidant efficacy. The components and minerals of the ice plant, including D-pinitol and inositol, were analyzed, and 20 essential amino acids were identified. In this study, we also investigated the quality and characteristics of ice plant paste and eggs, as well as the quality, antioxidant activity, and formulation of raw materials mixed with ice plant at different ratios. Optimal conditions were found to be 46.73 g of ice plant paste in 100 g of durum wheat flour, 20.23 g of egg, and 2 g of salt, providing a way to develop fresh pasta that enhances the health benefits of ice plant paste without excessive moisture and other ingredients.

Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review

Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.

Moringa oleifera as a Natural Alternative for the Control of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Equines: A Review

Studies have shown a wide variety of parasites that infect horses, causing major gastrointestinal damage that can lead to death, and although the main method of control has been synthetic anthelmintics, there are parasites that have developed resistance to these drugs. For generations, plants have been used throughout the world as a cure or treatment for countless diseases and their symptoms, as is the case of Moringa oleifera, a plant native to the western region. In all its organs, mainly in leaves, M. oleifera presents a diversity of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, saponins, and vitamins, which provide antioxidant power to the plant. The compounds with the greatest antiparasitic activity are tannins and saponins, and they affect both the larvae and the oocytes of various equine gastrointestinal parasites. Therefore, M. oleifera is a promising source for the natural control of gastrointestinal parasites in horses.

Multifunctional Profiling of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extracts for Topical Application: A Comparative Study of Different Collection Time

This research investigated plant extracts as a source of potential new actives in the nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. Moringa oleifera, which is extensively known for its nutritional properties, has been investigated in this work by preparation, characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, ORAC, and PCL test), antifungal, photoprotective, and cytotoxicity profile against human melanoma Colo38 cell line of two different extracts (hydroalcoholic and methanolic) and one infusion of dry leaves collected from Paraguay in four distinct harvest times (February, March, April, and May 2017). The outcomes of this study highlight Moringa oleifera as a potential ally to counteract skin aging and oxidative stress, as indicated by the favorable antioxidant profile of the extracts and infusions of Paraguay, which was, in all cases, superior to that provided by the same plant species when collected from Senegal. Moreover, some samples were more efficient in preventing the photodegradation of UVA filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) compared to commercial filters, thus suggesting an interesting future role as natural additives in sunscreens.

Moringa oleifera: An Updated Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Activities, Ethnomedicinal, Phytopharmaceutical Formulation, Clinical, Phytochemical, and Toxicological Aspects

Moringa oleifera, also known as the "tree of life" or "miracle tree," is classified as an important herbal plant due to its immense medicinal and non-medicinal benefits. Traditionally, the plant is used to cure wounds, pain, ulcers, liver disease, heart disease, cancer, and inflammation. This review aims to compile an analysis of worldwide research, pharmacological activities, phytochemical, toxicological, and ethnomedicinal updates of Moringa oleifera and also provide insight into its commercial and phytopharmaceutical applications with a motive to help further research. The scientific information on this plant was obtained from various sites and search engines such as Scopus, Pub Med, Science Direct, BMC, Google Scholar, and other scientific databases. Articles available in the English language have only been referred for review. The pharmacological studies confirm the hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory potential of the extracts from the various plant parts. It was found that bioactive constituents are present in every part of the plant. So far, more than one hundred compounds from different parts of Moringa oleifera have been characterized, including alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenes. In addition, novel isolates such as muramoside A&B and niazimin A&B have been identified in the plant and have potent antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, and nutritional effects. The traditional and nontraditional use of Moringa, its pharmacological effects and their phytopharmaceutical formulations, clinical studies, toxicity profile, and various other uses are recognized in the present review. However, several traditional uses have yet to be scientifically explored. Therefore, further studies are proposed to explore the mechanistic approach of the plant to identify and isolate active or synergistic compounds behind its therapeutic potential.

Biocontrol Ability and Action Mechanism of Meyerozyma guilliermondii 37 on Soft Rot Control of Postharvest Kiwifruit

Postharvest soft rot of kiwifruit has resulted in substantial market losses, yet there were few antagonistic yeasts reported to control the disease. This study screened 1113 yeast strains for potential antagonistic yeast to control soft rot of kiwifruit caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea and Diaporthe actinidiae, and strain 37 was selected to evaluate the control efficacy and mechanisms, which was identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii via molecular biological identification. Our results showed that M. guilliermondii 37 effectively reduced pathogen spore germination rate to 28.52% and decay incidence of inoculated kiwifruit to 42.11% maximumly, whereas cell-free supernatant lacked antifungal activity, implying that M. guilliermondii 37 didn’t produce direct antifungal compounds against the two pathogens. In addition, M. guilliermondii 37 adhered tenaciously to the pathogens’ mycelium and colonized rapidly in kiwifruit flesh. Moreover, yeast strain 37 induced kiwifruit resistance by elevating the defense-related enzyme activity, increasing the antioxidant substances content, and suppressing the cell wall-degrading enzyme activity. Gene expression was consistent with the corresponding enzyme activity. Further postharvest yeast immersion treatment significantly reduced natural decay to 35.69% while maintaining soft-ripe quality. These results indicated that M. guilliermondii 37 might serve as a biocontrol agent against postharvest soft rot in kiwifruit.

Health Benefits and Risks of Consuming Spices on the Example of Black Pepper and Cinnamon

The aim of this study is to present the benefits and risks associated with the consumption of black pepper and cinnamon, which are very popular spices in Poland. The article presents the current state of knowledge about health properties and possible dangers, such as liver damage, associated with their consumption. The experimental part presents the results of the research on the antioxidant properties against the DPPH radical, which was 80.85 ± 3.84-85.42 ± 2.34% for black pepper, and 55.52 ± 7.56-91.87 ± 2.93% for cinnamon. The total content of polyphenols in black pepper was 10.67 ± 1.30-32.13 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g, and in cinnamon 52.34 ± 0.96-94.71 ± 3.34 mg GAE/g. In addition, the content of piperine and pepper oil in black pepper was determined, as well as the content of coumarin in cinnamon. The content of piperine in the black pepper samples was in the range of 3.92 ± 0.35-9.23 ± 0.05%. The tested black pepper samples contained 0.89 ± 0.08-2.19 ± 0.15 mL/100 g d.m. of essential oil. The coumarin content in the cinnamon samples remained in the range of 1027.67 ± 50.36-4012.00 ± 79.57 mg/kg. Taking into account the content of coumarin in the tested cinnamon samples, it should be assumed that the majority of cinnamon available in Polish retail is Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl.

Micropropagation, encapsulation, physiological, and genetic homogeneity assessment in Casuarina equisetifolia

Casuarina equisetifolia is an important tree of the forest, cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, providing fuelwood, land reclamation, dune stabilization, paper production, and nitrogen fixation. We have developed a systematic in vitro propagation protocol in C. equisetifolia using nodal segments (NS). Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with BA (5.0 μM) and NAA (0.5 μM) gave rise to a maximum of 32.00 ± 0.31 shoots per explant (S/E) with shoot length (SL) of 3.94 ± 0.02 cm, and a maximum of 70% regeneration potential (RP) was recorded after 8 weeks of post inoculation. For root induction, in vitro derived shoots were transferred to the nutrient medium consisting of a half-strength (½) MS medium augmented with 2.5 μM NAA, which produced a maximum of 12.68 ± 0.33 roots/shoot (R/S) with 3.04 ± 0.50 cm root length (RL) in 60% of culture after 6 weeks. Micropropagated plants with healthy shoots and roots were successfully acclimatized in vermicompost + garden soil + sand (1:2:1) and a maximum survival percentage of 95.1% was recorded. NS was taken from a 6-weeks-old in vitro derived plant of C. equisetifolia for synthetic seed production, and it was reported that CaCl₂ · 2H₂O (100 mM) + Na₂-alginate (4%) resulted in clear and uniform beads. Furthermore, the maximum conversion of synthetic seeds into plantlets occurred over a period of 4 weeks of storage at 4°C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of direct shoot buds without any intermediate callus formation. In addition, the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the direct regenerated and mother plant were compared. Similarly, RAPD and ISSR primers were used for genetic homogeneity assessment of the direct regenerated plants, where a total of 18 and 19, respectively, clear and reproducible bands with 100% monomorphism were recorded. The developed micropropagation protocol can certainly be used for large-scale multiplication and germplasm preservation of C. equisetifolia. It will also help in meeting the growing demands of C. equisetifolia in the forest industry.

Effects of a Dried Neem Leaf Extract on the Growth Performance, Meat Yield and Meat Quality in Skeletal Muscle of Broiler Chickens Under High-Temperature Conditions

We aimed to examine the effects of cyclical high ambient temperature (HT) and dried Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (DNE) supplementation on the growth performance, muscle lipid peroxidation level, and muscle drip loss of broiler chickens. Twenty-four 15-day old broiler chickens (Chunky strain ROSS 308) were divided into four treatment groups that were fed diets with or without 2.0% DNE under thermoneutral (25 ± 1°C) or cyclical HT (35 ± 1°C for 8 h/day) conditions. Supplementation of DNE did not affect the growth performance of the chicks, but HT reduced their feed intake, the weights of breast muscle and heart. In addition, supplementation with DNE ameliorated the negative effects of cyclical HT on feed intake and breast muscle mass. Furthermore, cyclical HT increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and drip loss over 48 h of storage of the breast muscle, and these effects were ameliorated by DNE. Collectively, we conclude that dietary supplementation with DNE reduces the muscle MDA concentration and drip loss of broiler chickens kept under HT conditions.

Docking Analysis of Some Bioactive Compounds from Traditional Plants against SARS-CoV-2 Target Proteins

COVID-19 is still a global pandemic that has not been stopped. Many traditional medicines have been demonstrated to be incredibly helpful for treating COVID-19 patients while fighting the disease worldwide. We introduced 10 bioactive compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants and assessed their potential for inhibiting viral spike protein (S-protein), Papain-like protease (PLpro), and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using molecular docking protocols where we simulate the inhibitors bound to target proteins in various poses and at different known binding sites using Autodock version 4.0 and Chimera 1.8.1 software. Results found that the chicoric acid, quinine, and withaferin A ligand strongly inhibited CoV-2 S -protein with a binding energy of -8.63, -7.85, and -7.85 kcal/mol, respectively. Our modeling work also suggested that curcumin, quinine, and demothoxycurcumin exhibited high binding affinity toward RdRp with a binding energy of -7.80, -7.80, and -7.64 kcal/mol, respectively. The other ligands, namely chicoric acid, demothoxycurcumin, and curcumin express high binding energy than the other tested ligands docked to PLpro with -7.62, -6.81, and -6.70 kcal/mol, respectively. Prediction of drug-likeness properties revealed that all tested ligands have no violations to Lipinski's Rule of Five except cepharanthine, chicoric acid, and theaflavin. Regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior, all ligand predicted to have high GI-absorption except chicoric acid and theaflavin. At the same way chicoric acid, withaferin A, and withanolide D predicted to be substrate for multidrug resistance protein (P-gp substrate). Caffeic acid, cepharanthine, chicoric acid, withaferin A, and withanolide D also have no inhibitory effect on any cytochrome P450 enzymes. Promisingly, chicoric acid, quinine, curcumin, and demothoxycurcumin exhibited high binding affinity on SARS-CoV-2 target proteins and expressed good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties. Further research is required to investigate the potential uses of these compounds in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera and Olive Olea europaea L. Leaf Powders and Extracts on Quality and Oxidation Stability of Chicken Burgers

Oxidation is the main cause of quality deterioration in meat-based foods, such as burgers. Antioxidants inhibit the oxidation process; recently, natural antioxidants have gained interest, due to safety concerns. In this study, the effects of leaf powder and crude extracts of both Moringa oleifera and olive in chicken burgers were studied for their antioxidant potential in preventing fat oxidation during storage. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). The results showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging with IC50 values of 2.397 ± 0.10 mg/mL in the Moringa leaf. Total phenolic content (TPC) was crude olive extract > crude Moringa extract > olive leaf > Moringa leaf. The total flavonoid content (TFC) was significantly higher in the olive leaf and its crude extract than in the Moringa leaf and its crude extract. The pH, total volatile nitrogen, and sensory properties were affected by the addition of olive and Moringa (leaf and crude extracts) to chicken burgers refrigerated for 20 days. The addition of Moringa and olive leaf powder decreased lipid oxidation and PV after 10 days of storage. In general, Moringa and olive leaf treatments slowed the deterioration of meat, suggesting their use as preservatives to extend the shelf-life of chicken burgers.

The Development of Indigofera spp. as a Source of Natural Dyes to Increase Community Incomes on Timor Island, Indonesia

A strategy that has the potential to contribute to the achievement of the targets established under SDG 8 (“Decent Work and Economic Growth”) involves the development of sustainable tourism to create productive job and livelihood opportunities and to promote local culture and products. In the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia, ikat weaving is an integral part of the cultural heritage of the region, with ikat characterized by unique design motives and the use of natural dyes. Unfortunately, in some areas, the use of natural dyes is diminishing as a result of competition with synthetic dyes and the limited availability of raw materials, particularly for the production of blue dye. The development of Indigofera spp. to produce natural, plant-based blue dye has significant potential to contribute to community incomes and employment. This study outlines a strategy for developing the use of Indigofera spp. as a natural dye and describes its potential for contributing to community incomes, especially on Timor Island, NTT. The study shows that weavers currently use indigo plants that grow naturally in gardens and yards. Although the community has a tradition of using these plants, informed by local wisdom, to develop the cultivation and processing of this plant through the application of the appropriate techniques, including innovative approaches to producing indigo paste, could enable the development of Indigofera spp. cultivation on a larger scale. The study shows that the availability of suitable land is high (±370 thousand ha), with 80% of the suitable land being categorized as critical. The study proposes a development based on the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to assess the manner in which these opportunities could be leveraged with the support and participation of local communities and other stakeholders by leveraging the culture and wisdom of the community regarding the use of Indigofera spp.

Phytochemicals, Proximate Composition, Mineral Analysis and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Calligonum crinitum Boiss

Medicinal herbs are potential sources of biomolecules and their analogues that have great relevance in the preparation of modern medicines. Calligonum crinitum, a perennial shrub growing in the United Arab Emirates, has been utilized in the study to validate the therapeutic properties exploited in the traditional medicinal system of UAE. The phytochemical screening of the plant employing different solvents of methanolics and ethyl-acetates, expressed varied proportions of monosaccharides and carbohydrates along with tannins and saponins, which are high potency molecules for therapeutic applications. The presence of total phenol and flavonoid contents derived from methanolic extracts indicates antioxidant potentials and the defense mechanisms of the plant. Proximate and mineral nutrient analysis validates the significance of the extracts with a high amount of carbohydrates and proteins along with significantly high amounts of Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg and K involved in various metabolic reactions. Similarly, the ABTS radical scavenging activity varied significantly (p < 0.05) and ranged from 10 to 160 µg GAE/g in the methanolic extract. DPPH free radical scavenging activity exhibited a significantly high DPPH activity in methanolic extracts with free radical scavenging activity of 72%. Hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity was also found to be high in the Calligonum extracts along with SOD (49–83%, compared to the standard GAE 37–58%). Nitric oxide scavenging was also found to be high in the extracts, thereby decreasing the content of NO. Thus, our results confirm that the derived extracts have potential antioxidants, and this legitimizes their use in folkloric medicine. These results are highly significant as they can pave the way for future scientific validation of the traditional knowledge of this important medicinal plant.

Postharvest UV-C irradiation inhibits blackhead disease by inducing disease resistance and reducing mycotoxin production in 'Korla' fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis)

Blackhead disease is a major fungal disease causing the quality deterioration of postharvest 'Korla' fragrant pear. In this study, the relationships of resistance to blackhead disease with the enzyme activity, phenolic compounds, and mycotoxin metabolism of 'Korla' fragrant pear were investigated, through UV-C irradiation of 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48, 0.72 and 1.08 kJ/m² on 'Korla' fragrant pear inoculated with Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler (A. alternata). The results showed that the low-dose UV-C irradiation (0.36 kJ/m²) effectively controlled blackhead disease. The activities of chitinase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and the content of phenolic compounds in fruit were enhanced, whereas the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and mycotoxins (including AOH, AME, and TeA) were decreased. Therefore, the low-dose UV-C irradiation could improve the resistance to blackhead disease and reduce the production of mycotoxins in 'Korla' fragrant pear. This study proves that UV-C irradiation may be a potentially effective strategy for the control of blackhead disease and the improvement of quality of postharvest 'Korla' fragrant pear.

Effects of Supplementation with Dried Neem Leaf Extract on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzyme mRNA Expression in the Pectoralis Major Muscle of Broiler Chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of dried neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract (DNE) on lipid peroxidation and the expression of genes encoding mRNAs in antioxidant enzymes in the pectoralis major muscle of chickens. A total of 24 male broiler chickens (ROSS308) were divided into three groups (n=8) at 21 days of age. The control group of chickens was fed a basal diet, and the remaining two groups of chickens were fed a basal diet supplemented with DNE at a concentration of 0.5% or 2.0% until 35 days of age. Growth performance (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) and tissue weights did not differ among the three groups. The 2.0% DNE-supplemented diet decreased the muscle malondialdehyde content, a marker of lipid peroxidation, and drip loss compared to the control chickens. In addition, the expression of genes encoding mRNAs of antioxidant enzymes (i.e., Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, Mn-superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase 7, and catalase) were higher in the pectoralis major muscle of chickens fed the 2.0% DNE-supplemented diet than in the control chickens. Therefore, DNE supplementation increased the expression of genes encoding mRNAs in antioxidant enzymes and reduced lipid peroxidation and drip loss in the pectoralis major muscle of broiler chickens.

Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and its bioactive compound gallic acid on reducing toxicities of heavy metals and metalloid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Moringa oleifera leaf extract is rich in antioxidants and has high potential for use to alleviate metal toxicity. Previously, we have reported the roles of aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract in mitigating intracellular cadmium (Cd) accumulation and Cd-induced oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the protective role of aqueous and/or ethanolic M. oleifera leaf extracts (AMOLE and/or EMOLE) against other metal(loid)s in the eukaryotic model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results show that only the AMOLE remarkably promoted the growth of yeast cells grown in the presence of arsenite (As(III)), Cd, nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). Although the AMOLE contained lower amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and displayed lower DPPH scavenging capacity than the EMOLE, both AMOLE and EMOLE had the same capacity for reducing intracellular ROS levels in yeast cells exposed to As(III), Cd, Ni, and Pb. Moreover, the AMOLE was more effective than the EMOLE in inhibiting intracellular accumulation of these toxic metal(loid)s. In addition, we found that gallic acid, one of important phenolic constituents present in both extracts, could protect yeast cells against As(III) toxicity, likely through its role in decreasing As(III) accumulation and As(III)-induced ROS production. Furthermore, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of gallic acid appear to play a critical role in chelating As(III). The present study suggests the promising applications of the AMOLE (and also gallic acid) as protective agents against hazardous metal(loid)s.

Moringa Oleifera in Malnutrition: A Comprehensive Review

Nutritional deficiency is a major concern in developing countries, resulting in serious health consequences like mental and physical growth retardation. Moringa oleifera (Moringa), a nutritious plant growing in tropical regions of developing countries, is a candidate for overcoming nutritional deficiency. Moringa leaves are rich in protein including sulphur containing amino acids. It contains high amounts of vitamin C than oranges, a higher concentration of vitamin A than carrots, higher calcium content than milk and more potassium than bananas. Moreover, there is 9 times more iron in moringa than spinach and 4 times more fiber than oats. This review enlightens and explores the nutritional diversification of Moringa oleifera and other benefits which make it a better choice to use in our daily diet to combat malnutrition.

Health Benefits of Uses and Applications of Moringa oleifera in Bakery Products

Moringa oleifera belongs to the Moringaceae family and is the best known of the native Moringa oleifera genus. For centuries, it has been used as a system of Ayurvedic and Unani medicine and has a wide range of nutritional and bioactive compounds, including proteins, essential amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, fibre, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and others. These characteristics allow it to have pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective properties. The entire Moringa oleifera plant is edible, including its flowers, however, it is not entirely safe, because of compounds that have been found mainly in the root and bark, so the leaf was identified as the safest. Moringa oleifera is recognised as an excellent source of phytochemicals, with potential applications in functional and medicinal food preparations due to its nutritional and medicinal properties; many authors have experimented with incorporating it mainly in biscuits, cakes, brownies, meats, juices and sandwiches. The results are fascinating, as the products increase their nutritional value; however, the concentrations cannot be high, as this affects the organoleptic characteristics of the supplemented products. The aim of this study is to review the application of Moringa oleifera in bakery products, which will allow the creation of new products that improve their nutritional and functional value.

Interaction of certain monoterpenoid hydrocarbons with the receptor binding domain of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin B, and cathepsin L (CatB/L) and their pharmacokinetic properties

As of June 2020, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 new type coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected more than 7,000,000 people worldwide and caused the death of more than 400,000 people. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular interactions between monoterpenoids and spike protein of 2019-nCoV together with the cellular proteases [transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), cathepsin B (CatB), and cathepsin L (CatL)]. As a result of the relative binding capacity index (RBCI) analysis, carvone was found to be the most effective molecule against all targets when binding energy and predicted (theoretical) IC50 data were evaluated together. It was found to exhibit drug-likeness property according to the Lipinski's rule-of-five. Carvone has also been determined to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively, not a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), not to inhibit any of the cytochrome P molecules, and to have no toxic effects even on liver cells. In addition, the LD50 dose of carvone in rats was 1.707 mol/kg. Due to its interaction profile with target proteins and excellent pharmacokinetic properties, it has been concluded that carvone can be considered as an alternative agent in drug development studies against 2019-nCoV.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiproliferative Activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bark Essential Oil

This study examines the chemical constituents, antioxidant potential, antibacterial mechanism, and antiproliferative activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil. The compositions of the oil were analyzed by GC-MS, and the major constituents were found to be (E)-cinnamaldehyde (71.50%), linalool (7.00%), β-caryophyllene (6.40%), eucalyptol (5.40%), and eugenol (4.60%). C. zeylanicum essential oil contained remarkable levels of phenolic and bioactive compounds with outstanding ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit β-carotene oxidation. The growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, especially Gram-positive ones (i.e. Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus), was highly inhibited by the oil, compared to the Gram-negative pairs (i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhi). The cells of L. innocua and E. coli (as the most sensitive and resistant strains to the oil, respectively) treated with C. zeylanicum essential oil were observed by scanning electron microscopy to unravel structural changes. It was observed that the essential oil quickly exerted its antibacterial activity through disrupting cell envelope and facilitating the leakage of intracellular compounds. The essential oil had also a dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs), and the cell proliferation could be induced by low concentrations of the oil. The present study indicated that C. zeylanicum essential oil with remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties could be applied to develop novel natural preservatives for food and medicinal purposes.

Comprehensive Investigation of Moringa oleifera from Different Regions by Simultaneous Determination of 11 Polyphenols Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS

In this study, we develop and validate a simultaneous quantification of polyphenols method based on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) to adequately understand how different habitats influence the quality and profile of Moringa oleifera polyphenol. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to compare and discriminate 25 samples collected from different areas. A significant correlation was found between the polyphenol profile and the collection area. Significant differences in the polyphenol content of Moringa oleifera from different regions indicate that the genetic diversity of Moringa oleifera was relatively rich, possibly due to differences in cultivation conditions, climate, or soil environment resulting in the accumulation of different polyphenols. These observations provide a theoretical basis for subsequent Moringa oleifera germplasm selection and development research. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis methodology used to characterize the polyphenols may be used toward developing quality assessment and future pharmacodynamic investigations of Moringa oleifera.

The Aquilegia pubiflora (Himalayan columbine) mediated synthesis of nanoceria for diverse biomedical applications

Herein, we report an eco-friendly, facile, one-pot, green synthesis of nanoceria for multiple biomedical applications. In the study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) were synthesized using a simple aqueous extract of Aquilegia pubiflora as an effective reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized via UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The NPs were highly stable, exhibited high purity, and had a spherical morphology and mean size of 28 nm. FTIR and HPLC studies confirmed the successful capping of bioactive compounds on the nanoparticles. The well-characterized NPs were evaluated for a number of biomedical applications, and their antimicrobial (antifungal, antibacterial, and antileishmanial), protein kinase inhibition, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and biocompatibility properties were studied. Our results showed that the Aquilegia pubiflora mediated CeO₂-NPs were highly active against fungal strains, compared to the tested bacterial strains, with Aspergillus niger resulting in the largest zone of inhibition (15.1 ± 0.27 mm). The particles also exhibited dose dependent leishmanicidal activity with significant LC₅₀ values toward both the amastigote (114 μg mL⁻¹) and promastigote (97 μg mL⁻¹) forms of the parasite Leishmania tropica (KWH23). The NPs were found to be moderately active against the HepG2 cell line, showing 26.78% ± 1.16% inhibition at 200 μg mL⁻¹. Last but not least, their highly biocompatible nature was observed with respect to freshly isolated human red blood cells (hRBCs), making the greenly synthesized CeO₂-NPs a novel candidates for multidimensional medical applications.

Graphical illustration of eco-friendly, facile, one-pot, green synthesis of nanoceria for multiple biomedical applications.

Study of antioxidant activity and some herbal compounds of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. in different ages of growth

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Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss belongs to Lamiaceae and one of the eight species of the genus Dracocephalum, is an endemic species of Iran and is grown in areas such as Isfahan, Yasuj, Mazandaran, and Tabriz. D kotschyi (Zarringiah) using the IUCN grouping criteria is one of the vulnerable species in Iran.

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The lowest concentration of plant sample (15.8489 ± 0.001 μg/ml) was related to flower organs in the second year of cultivation, an increase can be observed in the antioxidant activity of this plant compared to the synthetic antioxidant (19.95 μg/ml).

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The six-year-old plant with the highest antioxidant capacity, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds to produce the best age vegetative antioxidant and is mainly based on flower organs are preferred.

Objective

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss is one of eight species of Dracocephalum, an endemic species of Iran, and grows in areas such as Isfahan, Yasuj, Mazandaran, and Tabriz. The present study was designed to analyze the antioxidant, phenol and flavonoids contents of this plant under different conditions of cultivation in a completely randomized, factorial design.

Materials and methods

Shrubs of different ages (two, three, and six) in cultivated rangeland collected from three randomly plant at the end of May 2018 simultaneously with the flowering time. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of plant samples were evaluated with DPPH method. Total phenolic compounds and the total content of flavonoids were measured using the Folin Sioukhlu and aluminum chloride methods respectively.

Results

The result showed that there was a significant effect of planting time, plant organs and interaction of time and organ on the total antioxidant capacity and total phenol and flavonoids contents. The highest antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid have belonged to the flower of six age plants. The highest antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid have belonged to the flower of six age. The highest level of antioxidant activity with IC50 15.8489 ± 0.001 μg/ml belonged to the flower of the two-year-old plant, which has a stronger antioxidant activity than the BHT standard with 19.95 μg/ml.

Conclusion

But in general, it can be said that the six-year-old plant with the highest antioxidant capacity, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds is the best age and mainly flower organ is preferred.

Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Boiss

Scrophularia striata, commonly known as figwort, is one of the most important medicinal plants that mainly grows in cold regions of the Zagros Mountains (West of Iran). Although the chemical composition of this plant species has not yet been explored, people living in Ilam province (W Iran) have used it for many years to treat different illnesses. The present study aims to analyze the effect of some ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and the amount of phenol present in this plant species, using a random factorial design with two factors (elevation and region) and three replicates. The fruits of the plant were gathered from three different elevations. They were collected from three regions of the Ilam province (Badreh, Dareshahr, and Dehloran) in June 2016, when the fruits appear. Moreover, to analyze different soil chemical and physical features, soil samples were gathered from a depth of 0.5 m under the shrubs. The antioxidant action of the methanol extract from the plant samples and the total amount of phenol compounds were measured using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The results showed that the effects of site and elevation, and the interaction between these factors, on the antioxidant potential and total phenol amount were significant with a probability of error of 1%. The maximum extract efficiency (19.37 ± 3.07%), antioxidant potential (126.5656 ± 0.96 µg/mL), and total amount of phenol (55.7689 ± 3.17 µg/mL) were obtained from Dareshahr at an elevation of 600 m above mean sea level. The minimum amount of total phenol (24.6544 ± 3.21 µg/ml) was recorded at the lowest elevation of Badreh, at which phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, organic material, nitrogen, acidity, lime, and silt were present at the lowest amount. However, the antioxidant activity and total amount of phenol had a strong direct correlation in the two districts of Dareshahr and Badreh, but were reversely and strongly correlated in Dehloran. Therefore, it can be stated that Scrophularia striata has the potential for antioxidant activity, however, the complexity of the effect of ecological factors on one hand, and the emergence of different chemical processes in the plant under such effects on the other hand, has led to the synthesis of different compounds with antioxidant potential in the plant in different regions.

Density functional theory, molecular docking and bioassay studies on (S)-2-hydroxy-N-(2S,3S,4R,E)-1,3,4 trihydroxyicos-16-en-2-yl)tricosanamide

A novel indigoferamide-A, earlier isolated from the seeds of Indigofera heterantha Wall was characterized using density functional theory, molecular docking and bioassays studies. Density functional theory calculations were performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) to gain geometric insight of the compound. Conformational analyses have been performed around three important dihedral angles to explore the lowest energy structure and conformer. The simulated vibrational spectrum of the compound at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) was scaled with two scaling factors, and the scaled harmonic vibrations shows nice correlation with the experimental values. 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were calculated using Cramer's re-parameterized function W04 at 6- 31G(d,p) basis set. Several conformers lying within 2 kcal mol-1 of the minimum energy conformer were considered; however, the chemical shifts were not significantly different among these conformers. The Gaussian averaged theoretical 1H and 13C chemical shifts correlate nicely with the experimental data. Electronic properties such as band gap, ionization potential and electron affinities were also simulated for the first time, however, no comparison could be made with the experiment. The compound was also screened for urease, antiglycation activities and the theoretical explanation of the results is provided based on molecular docking simulations.

Comparative Study of the in vitro Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Ageratum conyzoides used in Wound Healing

This study sought to evaluate the potential antioxidative potencies of Chromolaena odorata and Ageratum conyzoides,  commonly used herbs in Nigeria for wound first aid and healing. The antioxidant potentials were evaluated by measuring their abilities to scavenge radicals, reduce oxidised iron and quench the formation of lipid peroxides. The findings showed that the extract of Ageratum conyzoides exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) antioxidant potential than the extract of Chromolaena odorata. The study, therefore, suggests that Ageratum conyzoides has higher potential for therapeutic value than Chromolaena odorata in terms of antioxidant potential.

Determination of ellagic acid by capillary electrophoresis in Argentinian wines

Rising interest in ellagic acid (EA) present in functional foods is supported by its antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antibacterial and antioxidative effects. The present approach presents for the first time the determination of ellagic acid and other phenolics in wines by miniaturized solid phase extraction prior to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV. The extraction was performed using a home-made miniaturized pipette tip column. The procedure allowed a significant reduction in conditioning/sample/washing/elution volumes. The effects of important factors affecting the extraction efficiency as well as electrophoretic performance were investigated to acquire optimum conditions. The analytes were separated within 10 min with a BGE containing 30 mmol/L sodium tetraborate 10% v/v MeOH pH 9.10. The optimized method was applied to the determination of ellagic acid in commercial and pilot-scale wines. Indeed, the content of EA was correlated with viticultural parameters such as grape varietal, production area, and aging conditions (oak wood guard and glass bottle ward). In order to validate the results, a comparison between the CZE and HPLC data was made.

Interactions between crude drug extracts used in Japanese traditional Kampo medicines and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The use of herbal medicines has become popular worldwide, and the information on drug interactions between herbal medicines and chemical drugs is needed.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We screened the inhibitory effects of crude drugs used in Kampo medicines used in Japan on organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 to predict potential interactions between Kampo medicines and chemical drugs used together.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We chose 98 kinds of crude drugs frequently used as ingredients of Kampo formulations in Japan and prepared their boiling water extracts. We then screened their inhibitory effects on OATP2B1 by measuring the uptake of estrone 3-sulphate (E3S) by HEK293 cells stably expressing OATP2B1.

RESULTS

At the concentration of 100µg/ml, the extracts prepared from 12 kinds of crude drugs, Scuteralliae Radix, Arecae Semen, Aurantii Fructus Immaturus, Perillae Herba, Panacis Japonici Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex, Polygalae Radix, Rhei Rhizoma, Cannabis Fructus, Chrysanthemi Flos, Eriobotryae Folium, and Querci Cortex, suppressed the function of OATP2B1 by less than 20%. The extract of bofutsushosan, a representative Kampo formulation, inhibited OATP2B1 function with sufficient levels to suppress absorption of OATP2B1 substrates in clinics. We further evaluated the inhibitory effects of several ingredients containing Rhei Rhizoma, Perillae Herba, and Moutan Cortex on OATP2B1.

CONCLUSIONS

Because of crude drugs used in Kampo medicines might suppress absorption of OATP2B1 substrates, these results may contribute to the safe and effective use of Kampo medicine in clinics. A list of abbreviations: EC, (-)-epicatechin; ECG, epicatechin gallate; EGC, epigallocatechin; EGCG, Epigallocatechin gallate; FBS, fetal bovine serum; grapefruit juice; HEK293, Human embryonic kidney; IC_50, The half inhibitory concentration; OATP, organic anion-transporting polypeptide; β-PGG, penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose; t.i.d, 3 times a day.

Antidiabetic Naphthoquinones and Their Plant Resources in Thailand

Diabetes mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death globally. Ninety percent of the diabetic population suffers from type-2 diabetes, which still needs an effective, safe and economical oral hypoglycemic therapy. Plants are rich sources of various therapeutic molecules. More than 400 medicinal plants of interesting phytochemical diversity have been reported for their antidiabetic potential. Naphthoquinones are a group of phytochemicals, which have a wide range of pharmacological potential, including antidiabetic activity. Naphthoquinones exert their antidiabetic effects through various mechanisms such as the inhibition of α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, increased glucose uptake in myocytes and adipocytes via glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and GLUT2 translocations, enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand activity, and by normalizing carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in the liver. Moreover, naphthoquinone inhibits adipogenesis by both upstream and downstream regulation to control obesity, which is one of the important risk factors for diabetes. Naturally occurring naphthoquinones, as well as their plant sources, are therefore of interest for exploring their antidiabetic potential. The present review aims to overview the antidiabetic potential of naphthoquinones and their plant resources in Thailand.

Fraxetin and ethyl acetate extract from Lawsonia inermis L. ameliorate oxidative stress in P. berghei infected mice by augmenting antioxidant defence system

BACKGROUND

Lawsonia inermis L. is a well-documented plant for cosmetic as well as medicinal properties. It is used by local communities in India and Nigeria for the treatment of many parasitic diseases, including malaria.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

Earlier studies on the plant's antiplasmodial activity were not assigned to any phytochemical with no quality assurance data. In this report, a recent chemically characterized extract and it's major constituent were investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity on chloroquine sensitive NF-54 strain. Furtherly, the potent extract and this constituent were assessed in vivo in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The bioactive phytochemical and enriched extract were also monitored against various oxidative stress parameters.

STUDY DESIGN/METHOD

The extract characterization was done by the quantitative analysis of eight phytochemicals using gradient reverse phase HPLC method. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated on chloroquine sensitive NF-54 strain by the determination of pfLDH activity. In vivo activity of the most potent extract and constituent were evaluated in P. berghei infected mice upon oral administration. The estimation of oxidative stress was done by monitoring various enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters.

RESULTS

The ethyl acetate extract of leaves (IC₅₀ 9.00 ± 0.68 µg/ml) and fraxetin (IC₅₀ 19.21 ± 1.04 µM) were the most effective in in vitro assays therefore selected for in vivo tests. The administration of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves and fraxetin to the infected mice resulted in significant (p < .05) suppression of parasitaemia as evidenced by a 70.44 ± 2.58% to 78.77 ± 3.43% reduction compared to non-infected group. In addition, a two-fold increase in mean survival time, a significant (p < .05) reduction in lipid peroxidation and an elevation in glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase were also observed in treated mice. The post-infection treatment also led to an augmentation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (GST, GR, GPx) with respect to the infected control. A significant (p < .05) elevation in serum Nrf2-antioxidant response element level responsible for the activation of endogenous enzymes was also observed.

CONCLUSION

It was evident from the experiments that ethyl acetate extract of L. inermis and fraxetin were able to suppress the oxidative damage by augmenting endogenous antioxidant system and thus ameliorated the plasmodium infection in mice.