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Zannini G, Franco R, Zito Marino F. Immunohistochemistry for Cancer Stem Cell Detection: Principles and Methods. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2777:19-33. [PMID: 38478333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3730-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare immortal cells within tumors with capabilities of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity. CSCs play a pivotal role in the tumor development, progression, relapse, and resistance of anticancer therapy. The technique of choice to detect CSCs in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples is immunohistochemistry (IHC) since it is inexpensive and widespread in most laboratories. The main aims of this chapter are the description of the protocols and the automated immunohistochemical systems used for the identification of CSCs. Furthermore, a focus on the most common troubleshooting in CSC IHC is provided. Finally, an overview of the main markers of cancer stem cells in several cancer types will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Zannini
- Pathology Unit, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- Pathology Unit, Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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2
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Chin FW, Chan SC, Veerakumarasivam A. Homeobox Gene Expression Dysregulation as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2641. [PMID: 37627900 PMCID: PMC10453580 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13162641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes serve as master regulatory transcription factors that regulate gene expression during embryogenesis. A homeobox gene may have either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressive properties depending on the specific organ or cell lineage where it is expressed. The dysregulation of homeobox genes has been reported in various human cancers, including bladder cancer. The dysregulated expression of homeobox genes has been associated with bladder cancer clinical outcomes. Although bladder cancer has high risk of tumor recurrence and progression, it is highly challenging for clinicians to accurately predict the risk of tumor recurrence and progression at the initial point of diagnosis. Cystoscopy is the routine surveillance method used to detect tumor recurrence. However, the procedure causes significant discomfort and pain that results in poor surveillance follow-up amongst patients. Therefore, the development of reliable non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of bladder cancer is crucial. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic and prognostic potential of homeobox gene expression dysregulation in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fee-Wai Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Soon-Choy Chan
- School of Liberal Arts, Science and Technology, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur 50490, Malaysia
| | - Abhi Veerakumarasivam
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Nairuz T, Mahmud Z, Manik RK, Kabir Y. Cancer stem cells: an insight into the development of metastatic tumors and therapy resistance. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10529-x. [PMID: 37129728 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The term "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) refers to cancer cells that exhibit traits parallel to normal stem cells, namely the potential to give rise to every type of cell identified in a tumor microenvironment. It has been found that CSCs usually develops from other neoplastic cells or non-cancerous somatic cells by acquiring stemness and malignant characteristics through particular genetic modifications. A trivial number of CSCs, identified in solid and liquid cancer, can give rise to an entire tumor population with aggressive anticancer drug resistance, metastasis, and invasiveness. Besides, cancer stem cells manipulate their intrinsic and extrinsic features, regulate the metabolic pattern of the cell, adjust efflux-influx efficiency, modulate different signaling pathways, block apoptotic signals, and cause genetic and epigenetic alterations to retain their pluripotency and ability of self-renewal. Notably, to keep the cancer stem cells' ability to become malignant cells, mesenchymal stem cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, etc., interact with one another. Furthermore, CSCs are characterized by the expression of particular molecular markers that carry significant diagnostic and prognostic significance. Because of this, scientific research on CSCs is becoming increasingly imperative, intending to understand the traits and behavior of cancer stem cells and create more potent anticancer therapeutics to fight cancer at the CSC level. In this review, we aimed to elucidate the critical role of CSCs in the onset and spread of cancer and the characteristics of CSCs that promote severe resistance to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Nairuz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zimam Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rasel Khan Manik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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4
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Hou W, Kong L, Hou Z, Ji H. CD44 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in gastric cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:225. [PMCID: PMC9620622 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gastric carcinoma is the most common malignant tumour of the human digestive system worldwide. CD44 serves as a marker for several tumour stem cells, including gastric cancer. However, the prognostic value of CD44 and its correlation with immune infiltration in gastric cancer remain unclear. Methods The relative expression level of CD44 RNA in gastric cancer was analysed in the TCGA and GEPIA2 databases and validated in the GEO database. Differences in CD44 between gastric cancer cell lines and normal cells were detected by real-time PCR, and the HPA database was used to analyse the differential expression of CD44 protein in gastric cancer and normal tissues. The effect of CD44 on the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells was detected by CCK8 and transwell assays. UALCAN was used to analyse the relationship between CD44 expression and clinical parameters, and the Kaplan‒Meier Plotter was used to evaluate the prognostic value, including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and post-progression survival (PPS). The CD44 gene and protein interaction network was constructed by using the Linked Omics, GeneMANIA, STRING and DisGeNET databases. GO and KEGG analyses and GSEA of CD44 were performed by using R language. The correlation between CD44 and immune infiltration was explored by using the TIMER, CIBERSORT and GEPIA databases. Results CD44 is highly expressed in gastric cancer compared with normal tissues. Inhibition of proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells after CD44 knockdown was observed. The UALCAN database showed that CD44 was independent of sex in gastric cancer but correlated with cancer stage and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan‒Meier Plotter online analysis showed that OS, PFS and PPS were prolonged in the CD44 low-expression group. GO and KEGG analyses and GSEA results showed that CD44 was mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular matrix containing collagen, which was mainly involved in protein digestion and absorption. TIMER, CIBERSORT and GEPIA showed that CD44 was associated with infiltrating immune cells and thereby affected survival prognosis. Conclusion CD44 is highly expressed in gastric cancer and is an independent prognostic factor associated with immune invasion, which can be used as a candidate prognostic biomarker to determine the prognosis associated with gastric immune invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Hou
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425College of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Lingwei Kong
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Zhiping Hou
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University, Shangerdaohezi Avenue, Chengde, 067000 Hebei China
| | - Hairu Ji
- grid.413851.a0000 0000 8977 8425Department of Pathology, Chengde Medical University, Shangerdaohezi Avenue, Chengde, 067000 Hebei China
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Liu X, He M, Li L, Wang X, Han S, Zhao J, Dong Y, Ahmad M, Li L, Zhang X, Huo J, Liu Y, Pan C, Wang C. EMT and Cancer Cell Stemness Associated With Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Esophageal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672222. [PMID: 34150636 PMCID: PMC8209423 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance often occurs after chemotherapy in esophageal cancer patients, leading to cancer metastasis and recurrence. However, the relationship among cancer cell migration, recurrence and drug resistance in esophageal cancer drug-resistant cells has not been clearly explained. In this study, we constructed paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant esophageal cancer cells to explore the causes of drug resistance and poor prognosis after chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. Colony formation assay was used to evaluate the difference of colony formation between parental cells and drug resistance cells. Microsphere formation assay was used to examine the phenotype of stem cells. Wound healing and Transwell assays were used to detect the migration ability of drug-resistant cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays were used to explore the mechanisms. Finally, we used nude mouse xenograft model to explore the tumor characteristics and the expression of relative proteins to verify our findings in vivo. Our study demonstrated that the cancer cell stemness characteristics exist in drug-resistant esophageal cancer cells, that expressed the biomarkers of stem cells and were prone to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our results suggested that the expression of EMT biomarkers and stemness-related proteins increased in esophageal cancer cells after continuously using chemotherapeutic drugs for a period of time. This study indicated that simultaneously targeting EMT and stemness could be a better strategy for the treatment of esophageal cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingjing He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiya Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalong Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leilei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Huo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunfan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengxue Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, China
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Titapun A, Luvira V, Srisuk T, Jareanrat A, Thanasukarn V, Thanee M, Sa-Ngiamwibool P, Padthaisong S, Duangkumpha K, Suksawat M, Loilome W, Sithithaworn P, Techasen A, Thinkhamrop B, Dzienny A, Caglayan A, Park D, Mahmud S, Khuntikeo N. High Levels of Serum IgG for Opisthorchis viverrini and CD44 Expression Predict Worse Prognosis for Cholangiocarcinoma Patients after Curative Resection. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2191-2204. [PMID: 34103974 PMCID: PMC8179826 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s306339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)-associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a high immune response with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. CD44 and Nestin, two cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, play major roles in cancer cell survival. Effects of immune response and expression CSC markers on survival of patients with CCA remain unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of level of OV IgG together with CSC marker expression and also the combination of these markers on survival of CCA patients after curative resection. Methods All serum specimens from CCA patients who underwent curative surgery from 2005 to 2015 were examined for IgG for OV antigen by ELISA. Tissue specimens were studied for CD44 and Nestin expression. Survival analysis by Cox proportional hazard model was used for estimating hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results In this study, 122 (69.3%) of 176 were positive for OV IgG, and 35 (19.9%) were considered to have high-positive OV IgG. CD44s positive expression was found in 54 (40%), CD44v6 high expression in 96 (69.6%), CD44v8-10 high expression in 87 (63.5%) and Nestin high expression in 21 (16.1%). Multivariate survival analysis found that high-positive OV IgG and late stage tumor were independent prognostic factors with the adjusted HR of 2.24 (95% CI 1.27–3.93) and 2.78 (95% CI 1.46–5.29), respectively. Subgroup analysis in early and late stage CCA showed that a combined positive OV IgG and CD44s expression with the high expression of CD44v8-10 had the significantly poorest prognosis with HR of 3.75 (95% CI 1.61–8.72) and HR of 1.76 (95% CI 1.02–3.03), respectively. Conclusion A high level of OV IgG as well as a high level of CSC markers resulted in an aggressive CCA. OV IgG level together with CSC markers can be used as the prognostic markers for CCA patients’ survival. The study of the CD44 pathway is promising for adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attapol Titapun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Vor Luvira
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tharatip Srisuk
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Jareanrat
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Vasin Thanasukarn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Malinee Thanee
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prakasit Sa-Ngiamwibool
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sureerat Padthaisong
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kassaporn Duangkumpha
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Manida Suksawat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bandit Thinkhamrop
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Alexa Dzienny
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ayse Caglayan
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Park
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simran Mahmud
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Brown NW, Orchard G, Rhodes A. British Journal of Biomedical Science in 2020. What have we learned? Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:159-167. [PMID: 33252323 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1827578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year the British Journal of Biomedical Science publishes a 'What have we learned' editorial designed to introduce readers within the major disciplines of laboratory medicine to developments outside their immediate area. In addition it is designed to inform a wider readership of the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. To this end, in 2020 the journal published 39 articles covering the disciplines within Biomedical Science in the 4 issues comprising volume 77. These included a review of COVID-19 in this issue, 27 original articles, 6 Biomedical Science 'In Brief' and 4 case histories. 27 of the articles involved molecular techniques, with one of these comparing results with a mass spectrometry based method. The preponderance of molecular genetic studies gives us a good idea of the likely future direction of the disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Toxicology, Wansbeck General Hospital, Ashington, UK
| | - G Orchard
- St John's Dermatopathology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Rhodes
- International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, School of Health Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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