1
|
Sirota TV. A Chain Reaction of Adrenaline Autoxidation is a Model of Quinoid Oxidation of Catecholamines. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
2
|
Sirota TV. [Effect of the sulfur-containing compounds on the quinoid process of adrenaline autoxidation; potential neuroprotectors]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 65:316-323. [PMID: 31436173 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20196504316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium, used in vitro to identify the antioxidant properties of various compounds, simulates the complex multistep process of quinoid oxidation of catecholamines (CA) in the body. Sulfur-containing cysteine (Cys) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), have been shown to inhibit this process. The studied substances were considered as inhibitors of quinoid oxidation and are evaluated as antioxidants. The IC50 values for Cys and GSH were close to 7.5 mM. Inhibition by GSSG was weaker; represented approximately 50-70% of Cys and GSH. Other sulfur-containing compounds that differ in chemical structure, the amino acids taurine and methionine were ineffective. The interest in this model and the search for effective compounds acting on this reaction is associated with one of the mechanisms of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) discussed in the literature, which occurs when the biochemical transformations of dopamine CA and its quinoid oxidation process are violated. Cys, GSH and GSSG in the model system inhibit quinoid oxidation of adrenaline, as a result of which the formation of superoxide (O2 ·-) is also inhibited. Experiments with the superoxide-generating enzymatic reaction xanthine xanthioxidase, the chemistry of which is different and not related to formation of quinoid metabolites, showed that the studied substances did not inhibit O2 ·- formation in this model. Thus, it was established that the biologically active sulfur-containing compounds Cys, GSH and GSSG are specific inhibitors of quinoid oxidation of CA, and are likely to be able to play the role of a neuroprotector. It is proposed to use these compounds in the treatment and prevention of PD by activating their biosynthesis in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T V Sirota
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Oliveira MR, Peres A, Gama CS, Bosco SMD. Pinocembrin Provides Mitochondrial Protection by the Activation of the Erk1/2-Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Paraquat. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6018-6031. [PMID: 27696114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pinocembrin (PB; 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone; C15H12O4) is a flavonoid found in propolis and exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. Furthermore, PB has been studied as a neuroprotective agent. However, it remains to be understood whether and how PB would induce mitochondrial protection in mammalian cells. Therefore, we investigated here the mechanism involved in the protective effects elicited by PB in paraquat (PQ; 100 μM)-treated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PB (25 μM) pretreatment (for 4 h) downregulated the levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), blocked the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and inhibited the PQ-induced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Besides, PB prevented mitochondrial dysfunction by suppressing the PQ-elicited inhibition of complexes I and V. Moreover, PB abrogated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the decline in ATP levels in the cells exposed to PQ. PB exerted antioxidant effects on mitochondria by decreasing the levels of redox impairment markers in mitochondrial membranes. Importantly, PB enhanced the levels of mitochondrial reduced glutathione (GSH). Upregulation of enzymes involved in the synthesis of GSH was seen in the cells exposed to PB. PB afforded mitochondrial protection by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Erk1/2-Nrf2) axis, since inhibition of Erk1/2 or silencing of Nrf2 abrogated these effects. Therefore, PB exerted mitochondrial and cellular protection by an Erk1/2-Nrf2-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry/ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Cuiaba, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Health Basic Sciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa da Pós-Graduação, Centro Universitário Metodista IPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Severino Gama
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Medicina Translacional (INCT-TM), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sirota TV. The effect of fixed valence metal ions on the free radical process of epinephrine autoxidation. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s000635091601022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
5
|
Sirota TV. [Involvement of carbonate/bicarbonate ions in the superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2015; 61:115-24. [PMID: 25762605 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20156101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An important role of carbonate/bicarbonate ions has been recognized in the superoxide generating reaction of adrenaline autooxidation in an alkaline buffer (a model of quinoid adrenaline oxidation in the body). It is suggested that these ions are directly involved not only in formation of superoxide anion radical (О(2)(-)) but also other radicals derived from the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. Using various buffers it was shown that the rate of accumulation of adrenochrome, the end product of adrenaline oxidation, and the rate of О(2)(-)· formation depend on concentration of carbonate/bicarbonate ions in the buffer and that these ions significantly accelerate adrenaline autooxidation thus demonstrating prooxidant properties. The detectable amount of diformazan, the product of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, was significantly higher than the amount of adrenochrome formed; taking into consideration the literature data on О(2)(-)· detection by NBT it is suggested that adrenaline autooxidation is accompanied by one-electron reduction not only of oxygen dissolved in the buffer and responsible for superoxide formation but possible carbon dioxide also dissolved in the buffer as well as carbonate/bicarbonate buffer components leading to formation of corresponding radicals. The plots of the dependence of the inhibition of adrenochrome and diformazan formation on the superoxide dismutase concentration have shown that not only superoxide radicals are formed during adrenaline autooxidation. Since carbonate/bicarbonate ions are known to be universally present in the living nature, their involvement in free radical processes proceeding in the organism is discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sirota TV. Involvement of carbonate/bicarbonate ions in the superoxide generating reaction of adrenaline autooxidation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750814040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Sirota TV. [A new approach to studying the autoxidation of adrenaline: possibility of the determination of superoxide dismutase activity and the antioxidant properties of various preparations by polarography]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2012; 58:77-87. [PMID: 22642154 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125801077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline buffer with the formation of superoxide radicals and the product of its oxidation, adrenochrome, which models the quinoid pathway of adrenaline conversion in the body, is accompanied by oxygen consumption. This reaction is applicable for polarographic determination of the activity of superoxide dismutase and the antioxidant properties of biological and chemical compounds, it is based on evaluation of the latent period and the rate of oxygen consumption, which are measured in the presence of the compounds examined. It was assumed that the neuro- and cardiotoxicity of quinone products of adrenaline oxidation is related not only to their "own" properties and reactive oxygen species formed but also the hypoxia of those regions of the cell and tissue where the quinoid oxidation of adrenaline occurs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sirota TV. A novel approach to study the reaction of adrenaline autooxidation: A possibility for polarographic determination of superoxide dismutase activity and antioxidant properties of various preparations. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750811030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Bellinger FP, Bellinger MT, Seale LA, Takemoto AS, Raman AV, Miki T, Manning-Boğ AB, Berry MJ, White LR, Ross GW. Glutathione Peroxidase 4 is associated with Neuromelanin in Substantia Nigra and Dystrophic Axons in Putamen of Parkinson's brain. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:8. [PMID: 21255396 PMCID: PMC3037910 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons that project from the substantia nigra in the midbrain to the putamen and caudate nuclei, leading to the clinical features of bradykinesia, rigidity, and rest tremor. Oxidative stress from oxidized dopamine and related compounds may contribute to the degeneration characteristic of this disease. Results To investigate a possible role of the phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in protection from oxidative stress, we investigated GPX4 expression in postmortem human brain tissue from individuals with and without Parkinson's disease. In both control and Parkinson's samples, GPX4 was found in dopaminergic nigral neurons colocalized with neuromelanin. Overall GPX4 was significantly reduced in substantia nigra in Parkinson's vs. control subjects, but was increased relative to the cell density of surviving nigral cells. In putamen, GPX4 was concentrated within dystrophic dopaminergic axons in Parkinson's subjects, although overall levels of GPX4 were not significantly different compared to control putamen. Conclusions This study demonstrates an up-regulation of GPX4 in neurons of substantia nigra and association of this protein with dystrophic axons in striatum of Parkinson's brain, indicating a possible neuroprotective role. Additionally, our findings suggest this enzyme may contribute to the production of neuromelanin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick P Bellinger
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, John A, Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Datla KP, Bennett RD, Zbarsky V, Ke B, Liang YF, Higa T, Bahorun T, Aruoma OI, Dexter DT. The antioxidant drink “effective microorganism-X (EM-X)” pre-treatment attenuates the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion rat model of Parkinson’s disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 56:649-54. [PMID: 15142343 DOI: 10.1211/0022357023222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is continued interest in the assessment and potential use of antioxidants as neuroprotective agents in diseases associated with increased oxidative stress, such as Parkinson's disease. The neuroprotective effect of a natural antioxidant drink, EM-X (a ferment derivative of unpolished rice, papaya and seaweeds with effective microorganisms), was investigated using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were unilaterally lesioned with 6-OHDA (8 μg) in rats that were treated with a 10-times diluted EM-X drink (dilEM-X), standard EM-X drink (stdEM-X) or tap water for 4 days. Seven days post lesion, the integrity (no. of tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells (TH+ cells) in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)) and functionality (dopamine and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA content in the striata) of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons were assessed. In the vehicle-treated rats, infusion of 8 μg of 6-OHDA significantly reduced the number of TH+ cells in the SNpc as well as the levels of dopamine, DOPAC and HVA in the striata on the lesion side. The loss of TH+ cells, dopamine and HVA, but not the DOPAC levels, was significantly attenuated by stdEM-X pretreatment, but not by the dilEM-X pretreatment. There were no significant changes in the TH+ cells, or in the monoamine levels with the EM-X pretreatment per se, except for a small but significant fall in the levels of dopamine with the stdEM-X. The evidence presented supports the potential neuroprotective effects of stdEM-X drink, although its effect on dopamine levels needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Datla
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Simultaneous determination of dopamine and its oxidized product (aminochrom), by hydrodynamic amperometry and anodic stripping voltammetry, using the metallic palladium and uranalyl hexacyanoferrate coated aluminum electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1481-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Molecular and neurochemical mechanisms in PD pathogenesis. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:271-9. [PMID: 19526278 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome seems to be a normal process leading to aminochrome polymerization to form neuromelanin, since normal individuals have this pigment in their dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The neurons lost in individuals with Parkinson's disease are dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin. This raises two questions. First, why are those cells containing neuromelanin lost in this disease? Second, what is the identity of the neurotoxin that induces this cell death? We propose that aminochrome is the agent responsible for the death of dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin in individuals with Parkinson's disease. The normal oxidative pathway of dopamine, in which aminochrome polymerizes to form neuromelanin, can be neurotoxic if DT-diaphorase is inhibited under certain conditions. Inhibition of DT-diaphorase allows two neurotoxic reactions to proceed: (i) the formation of aminochrome adducts with alpha-synuclein, which induce and stabilize the formation of neurotoxic protofibrils; and (ii) the one electron reduction of aminochrome to the neurotoxic leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical. Therefore, we propose that DT-diaphorase is an important neuroprotective enzyme in dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aminochrome as a preclinical experimental model to study degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease. Neurotox Res 2007; 12:125-34. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Perez-Pastene C, Graumann R, Díaz-Grez F, Miranda M, Venegas P, Godoy OT, Layson L, Villagra R, Matamala JM, Herrera L, Segura-Aguilar J. Association of GST M1 null polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Chilean population with a strong Amerindian genetic component. Neurosci Lett 2007; 418:181-5. [PMID: 17403576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the association of a null mutation of Glutathione Transferase M1 (GST M1*0/0) with Parkinson's disease (MIM 168600) in a Chilean population with a strong Amerindian genetic component. We determined the genotype in 349 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (174 female and 175 male; 66.84+/-10.7 years of age), and compared that to 611 controls (457 female and 254 male; 62+/-13.4 years of age). A significant association of the null mutation in GST M1 with Parkinson's disease was found (p=0.021), and the association was strongest in the earlier age range. An association of GSTM1*0/0 with Parkinson's disease supports the hypothesis that Glutathione Transferase M1 plays a role in protecting astrocytes against toxic dopamine oxidative metabolism, and most likely by preventing toxic one-electron reduction of aminochrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Perez-Pastene
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago-7, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Silva R, Boldt S, Costa VM, Carmo H, Carvalho M, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Lemos-Amado F, Remião F. Evaluation of GSH adducts of adrenaline in biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:670-9. [PMID: 17345573 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The sustained high release of catecholamines to circulation is a deleterious condition that may induce toxicity, which seems to be partially related to the products formed by oxidation of catecholamines that can be further conjugated with glutathione (GSH). The aim of the present study was to develop a method for the determination of GSH adducts of adrenaline in biological samples. Two position isomers of the glutathion-S-yl-adrenaline were synthesized and characterized by HPLC using diode array, coulometric and mass detectors. A method for the extraction of these adducts from human plasma was also developed, based on adsorption to activated alumina, which showed adequate recoveries and proved to be crucial in removing interferences from plasma. The selectivity, precision and linearity of the method were all within the accepted values for these parameters. Furthermore, the sensitivity of this method allows the detection of adduct amounts that are within the range of the expected concentrations for these adducts under certain pathophysiological conditions and/or drug treatments. In conclusion, the development of this method allows the direct analysis of GSH adducts of adrenaline in human plasma, providing a valuable tool for the study of the catecholamine oxidation process and its related toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Silva
- REQUIMTE, Serviço de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andringa G, Bol JGJM, Wang X, Boekel A, Bennett MC, Chase TN, Drukarch B. Changed distribution pattern of the constitutive rather than the inducible HSP70 chaperone in neuromelanin-containing neurones of the Parkinsonian midbrain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:157-69. [PMID: 16599944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant protein aggregation has been recognized as an important factor in the degeneration of melanized dopaminergic neurones in Parkinson's disease (PD). The constitutive (HSP73) and (heat)-inducible (HSP72) proteins of the heat shock 70 family form a major defence system against pathological protein aggregation. However, the distribution patterns of these chaperones in nigral neuromelanin-laden neurones are largely unknown. The present study determined the distribution of HSP72 and HSP73 in control and Parkinsonian substantia nigra, using immunohistochemistry. In the neuromelanin-laden neurones of controls, HSP72 was nondetectable, whereas HSP73 was weakly expressed in both the cytosol and the nucleus. Surprisingly, in PD subjects, marked nuclear HSP73, but not HSP72 immunoreactivity was observed, while cytosolic immunoreactivity of the two chaperones resembled the labelling pattern observed in controls. Furthermore, HSP73 immunoreactivity was observed in a subset of the Lewy bodies (LBs) detected in the substantia nigra of PD subjects, whereas only few of these LBs were labelled with HSP72. Interestingly, HSP72 and to a lesser extent HSP73 immunoreactivity was much stronger in nonmelanized neurones as compared with melanized neurones in this area. Thus, we conclude that the distribution pattern of HSP73 rather than HSP72 is changed in the nigral neuromelanin-laden neurones of PD subjects as compared with control subjects. The impaired ability of aged, dopaminergic neurones to express high levels of chaperones, may contribute to the preferential vulnerability of the latter cells in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Andringa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences, ICEN, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Manini P, Pezzella A, Panzella L, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. New insight into the oxidative chemistry of noradrenaline: competitive o-quinone cyclisation and chain fission routes leading to an unusual 4-[bis-(1H-5,6-dihydroxyindol-2-yl)methyl]-1,2-dihydroxybenzene derivative. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Izumi Y, Sawada H, Yamamoto N, Kume T, Katsuki H, Shimohama S, Akaike A. Iron accelerates the conversion of dopamine-oxidized intermediates into melanin and provides protection in SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurosci Res 2005; 82:126-37. [PMID: 16108071 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), and it has been suggested that dopamine is one of the main endogenous toxins in the genesis of PD. We demonstrated that thiol antioxidants (the reduced form of glutathione, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and L-cysteine), which conjugate with one dopamine oxidation intermediate, o-quinone, provided almost complete protection from dopamine-mediated toxicity in SH-SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line. In contrast, catalase partially provided protection against cell death caused by dopamine. These data suggest that the generation of dopamine oxidation intermediates, rather than hydrogen peroxide, plays a pivotal role in dopamine-induced toxicity. Iron accumulated in the SN of patients with PD can cause dopaminergic neuronal degeneration by enhancing oxidative stress. However, we found that iron reduced the total amounts of dopamine oxidation intermediates and enhanced the formation of melanin, a final product of dopamine oxidation. Also, addition of iron inhibited dopamine-induced cytotoxicity. These results suggest that iron can provide protection when it accelerates the conversion of dopamine oxidation intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Izumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Alegría AE, Sanchez-Cruz P, Rivas L. Alkaline-earth cations enhance ortho-quinone-catalyzed ascorbate oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1631-9. [PMID: 15477014 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ortho-quinones 1,10-phenanthroquinone and beta-lapachone but not para-quinones naphthazarin (NZQ) and 1,4-naphthoquinone enhance ascorbate oxidation in the presence of MgCl(2) and CaCl(2) at constant ionic strength. Alkaline-earth cation chelation is observed for the ortho-semiquinones but not for the para-semiquinones, while no interaction between these quinones (with the exception of NZQ) or ascorbate and these salts was detected, suggesting that semiquinone-metal complexes are responsible for the catalytic action on ascorbate oxidation of these metal salts in the presence of these ortho-quinones. Thus, redox cycling efficiency of the quinones under study here, in the presence of ascorbate, depends not only on the quinone redox potential but also on the semiquinone ability to chelate alkaline-earth cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio E Alegría
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, CUH Station, Humacao, PR 00791.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
van Muiswinkel FL, de Vos RAI, Bol JGJM, Andringa G, Jansen Steur ENH, Ross D, Siegel D, Drukarch B. Expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase in the normal and Parkinsonian substantia nigra. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25:1253-62. [PMID: 15312971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) autooxidation, and consequent formation of neurotoxic DA-derived quinones and reactive oxygen species, has been implicated in dopaminergic cell death and, hence, in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Stimulation of pathways involved in the detoxication of DA-quinones in the brain is hypothesized to be an effective means to limit oxidative stress and to confer neuroprotection in PD. In this respect, the inducible flavoprotein NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) is of particular interest as it is directly implicated in the detoxication of DA-quinones and, in addition, has broad spectrum anti-oxidant properties. To study the potential pathophysiological role of NQO1 in PD, the cellular expression of NQO1 was examined in the mesencephalon of PD patients and age-matched controls. In the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), NQO1 was found to be expressed in astroglial and endothelial cells and, albeit less frequently, also in dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, while overt NQO1 immunoreactivity was absent in the surrounding nervous tissue, in the Parkinsonian SNpc a marked increase in the astroglial and neuronal expression of NQO1 was consistently observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F L van Muiswinkel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Neurosciences (ICEN), VU University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arriagada C, Paris I, Sanchez de las Matas MJ, Martinez-Alvarado P, Cardenas S, Castañeda P, Graumann R, Perez-Pastene C, Olea-Azar C, Couve E, Herrero MT, Caviedes P, Segura-Aguilar J. On the neurotoxicity mechanism of leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical derived from dopamine oxidation: mitochondria damage, necrosis, and hydroxyl radical formation. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:468-77. [PMID: 15193303 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical is generated during one-electron reduction of dopamine oxidation product aminochrome when DT-diaphorase is inhibited. Incubation of 100 microM aminochrome with 100 microM dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase during 2 h, induces 56% cell death (P < 0.001) with concomitant formation of (i) intracellular hydroperoxides (4.2-fold increase compared to control; P < 0.001); (ii) hydroxyl radicals, detected with ESR and spin trapping agents (2.4-fold increase when cells were incubated with aminochrome in the presence of dicoumarol compared to aminochrome alone); (iii) intracellular edema, and cell membrane deterioration determined by transmission electron microscopy; (iv) absence of apoptosis, supported by using anexin-V with flow cytometry; (v) a strong decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential determined by the fluorescent dye 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanineiodide (P < 0.01); (vi) swelling and disruption of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes determined by transmission electron microscopy. These results support the proposed role of leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical as neurotoxin in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration and DT-diaphorase as neuroprotective enzyme.
Collapse
|
22
|
Segura Aguilar J, Kostrzewa RM. Neurotoxins and neurotoxic species implicated in neurodegeneration. Neurotox Res 2004; 6:615-30. [PMID: 15639792 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxins, in the general sense, represent novel chemical structures which when administered in vivo or in vitro, are capable of producing neuronal damage or neurodegeneration--with some degree of specificity relating to neuronal phenotype or populations of neurons with specific characteristics (i.e., receptor type, ion channel type, astrocyte-dependence, etc.). The broader term 'neurotoxin' includes this categorization but extends the term to include intra- or extracellular mediators involved in the neurodegenerative event, including necrotic and apoptotic factors. Moreover, as it is recognized that astrocytes are essential supportive satellite cells for neurons, and because damage to these cells ultimately affects neuronal function, the term 'neurotoxin' might reasonably be extended to include those chemical species which also adversely affect astrocytes. This review is intended to highlight developments that have occurred in the field of 'neurotoxins' during the past 5 years, including MPTP/MPP+, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), methamphetamine; salsolinol; leukoaminochrome-o-semiquinone; rotenone; iron; paraquat; HPP+; veratridine; soman; glutamate; kainate; 3-nitropropionic acid; peroxynitrite anion; and metals (copper, manganese, lead, mercury). Neurotoxins represent tools to help elucidate intra- and extra-cellular processes involved in neuronal necrosis and apoptosis, so that drugs can be developed towards targets that interrupt the processes leading towards neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Segura Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile.
| | | |
Collapse
|