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Hossain SS, Johnson MJ, Hughes TJR. A parametric study of the effect of 3D plaque shape on local hemodynamics and implications for plaque instability. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:1209-1227. [PMID: 38532042 PMCID: PMC11341608 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The vast majority of heart attacks occur when vulnerable plaques rupture, releasing their lipid content into the blood stream leading to thrombus formation and blockage of a coronary artery. Detection of these unstable plaques before they rupture remains a challenge. Hemodynamic features including wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear stress gradient (WSSG) near the vulnerable plaque and local inflammation are known to affect plaque instability. In this work, a computational workflow has been developed to enable a comprehensive parametric study detailing the effects of 3D plaque shape on local hemodynamics and their implications for plaque instability. Parameterized geometric 3D plaque models are created within a patient-specific coronary artery tree using a NURBS (non-uniform rational B-splines)-based vascular modeling pipeline. Realistic blood flow features are simulated by using a Navier-Stokes solver within an isogeometric finite-element analysis framework. Near wall hemodynamic quantities such as WSS and WSSG are quantified, and vascular distribution of an inflammatory marker (VCAM-1) is estimated. Results show that proximally skewed eccentric plaques have the most vulnerable combination of high WSS and high positive spatial WSSG, and the presence of multiple lesions increases risk of rupture. The computational tool developed in this work, in conjunction with clinical data, -could help identify surrogate markers of plaque instability, potentially leading to a noninvasive clinical procedure for the detection of vulnerable plaques before rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolie S Hossain
- Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratories, The Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Michael J Johnson
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Thomas J R Hughes
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 201 E. 24th St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Prochilo G, Pfeffer A, Du S, Kaneko N, Liebeskind DS, Hinman JD. Recent Translational Research Models of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease. Stroke 2024; 55:1707-1719. [PMID: 38738375 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.044520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is a leading cause of ischemic stroke worldwide. However, research on the pathophysiology of ICAD is scarce due to the relative inaccessibility of histology samples and the lack of comprehensive experimental models. As a result, much of the current understanding of ICAD relies on research on extracranial atherosclerosis. This approach is problematic as intracranial and extracranial arteries are anatomically, structurally, physiologically, and metabolically distinct, indicating that intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis likely develop through different biologic pathways. The current standard of care for ICAD treatment relies predominantly on therapeutics developed to treat extracranial atherosclerosis and is insufficient given the alarmingly high risk of stroke. To provide a definitive treatment for the disease, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology underlying ICAD is specifically required. True mechanistic understanding of disease pathogenesis is only possible using robust experimental models. In this review, we aim to identify the advantages and limitations of the existing in vivo and in vitro models of ICAD and basic atherosclerotic processes, which may be used to inform better models of ICAD in the future and drive new therapeutic strategies to reduce stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Prochilo
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Alissa Pfeffer
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Stephanie Du
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Naoki Kaneko
- Radiology (N.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - David S Liebeskind
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Departments of Neurology (G.P., A.P., S.D., D.S.L., J.D.H.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Neurology, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.D.H.)
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3
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Rood KM, Patel N, DeVengencie IM, Quinn JP, Gowdy KM, Costantine MM, Kniss DA. Aspirin modulates production of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283163. [PMID: 37098090 PMCID: PMC10128936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells synthesize biochemical signals to coordinate a response to insults, resolve inflammation and restore barrier integrity. Vascular cells release a variety of vasoactive bioactive lipid metabolites during the inflammatory response and produce pro-resolving mediators (e.g., Lipoxin A4, LXA4) in cooperation with leukocytes and platelets to bring a halt to inflammation. Aspirin, used in a variety of cardiovascular and pro-thrombotic disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis, angina, preeclampsia), potently inhibits proinflammatory eicosanoid formation. Moreover, aspirin stimulates the synthesis of pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM), so-called Aspirin-Triggered Lipoxins (ATL). We demonstrate that cytokines stimulated a time- and dose-dependent increase in PGI2 (6-ketoPGF1α) and PGE2 formation that is blocked by aspirin. Eicosanoid production was caused by cytokine-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We also detected increased production of pro-resolving LXA4 in cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells. The R-enantiomer of LXA4, 15-epi-LXA4, was enhanced by aspirin, but only in the presence of cytokine challenge, indicating dependence on COX-2 expression. In contrast to previous reports, we detected arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) mRNA expression and its cognate protein (5-lipoxygenase, 5-LOX), suggesting that endothelial cells possess the enzymatic machinery necessary to synthesize both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators independent of added leukocytes or platelets. Finally, we observed that, endothelial cells produced LTB4 in the absence of leukocytes. These results indicate that endothelial cells produce both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators in the absence of other cell types and aspirin exerts pleiotropic actions influencing both COX and LOX pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Rood
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Niharika Patel
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ivana M DeVengencie
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John P Quinn
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Dorothy Davis Heart and Lung Institute, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maged M Costantine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Douglas A Kniss
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laboratory of Perinatal Research, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Fontana Labs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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A Review of Functional Analysis of Endothelial Cells in Flow Chambers. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030092. [PMID: 35893460 PMCID: PMC9326639 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelial cells constitute the innermost layer. The cells are exposed to mechanical stress by the flow, causing them to express their functions. To elucidate the functions, methods involving seeding endothelial cells as a layer in a chamber were studied. The chambers are known as parallel plate, T-chamber, step, cone plate, and stretch. The stimulated functions or signals from endothelial cells by flows are extensively connected to other outer layers of arteries or organs. The coculture layer was developed in a chamber to investigate the interaction between smooth muscle cells in the middle layer of the blood vessel wall in vascular physiology and pathology. Additionally, the microfabrication technology used to create a chamber for a microfluidic device involves both mechanical and chemical stimulation of cells to show their dynamics in in vivo microenvironments. The purpose of this study is to summarize the blood flow (flow inducing) for the functions connecting to endothelial cells and blood vessels, and to find directions for future chamber and device developments for further understanding and application of vascular functions. The relationship between chamber design flow, cell layers, and microfluidics was studied.
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Fallon ME, Mathews R, Hinds MT. In Vitro Flow Chamber Design for the Study of Endothelial Cell (Patho)Physiology. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144:020801. [PMID: 34254640 PMCID: PMC8628846 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the native vasculature, flowing blood produces a frictional force on vessel walls that affects endothelial cell function and phenotype. In the arterial system, the vasculature's local geometry directly influences variations in flow profiles and shear stress magnitudes. Straight arterial sections with pulsatile shear stress have been shown to promote an athero-protective endothelial phenotype. Conversely, areas with more complex geometry, such as arterial bifurcations and branch points with disturbed flow patterns and lower, oscillatory shear stress, typically lead to endothelial dysfunction and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have investigated the regulation of endothelial responses to various shear stress environments. Importantly, the accurate in vitro simulation of in vivo hemodynamics is critical to the deeper understanding of mechanotransduction through the proper design and use of flow chamber devices. In this review, we describe several flow chamber apparatuses and their fluid mechanics design parameters, including parallel-plate flow chambers, cone-and-plate devices, and microfluidic devices. In addition, chamber-specific design criteria and relevant equations are defined in detail for the accurate simulation of shear stress environments to study endothelial cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Fallon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Rick Mathews
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Monica T. Hinds
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 S Bond Ave CH13B, Portland, OR 97239
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Kim DY, Piao J, Park JS, Lee D, Hong HS. Substance P ameliorates TNF-α-mediated impairment of human aortic vascular cells in vitro. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1288-1297. [PMID: 34060109 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases are caused by endothelial dysfunction due to inflammation. On endothelial injury, the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) is enhanced and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability becomes deficient. This condition affects endothelial metabolism and leads to vascular destruction. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether substance P (SP) is able to protect the endothelium against inflammatory stress. To this end, aortic endothelial cells were pre-treated with SP, followed by tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and cellular responses were evaluated using a combination of cell biology and quantification assays, as well as western blot analyses. Our results show that TNF-α enhanced ECM expression and reduced NO production within 4 hours, promoting immune cell adhesion to the endothelium and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion from aortic smooth muscle cells. However, SP treatment ameliorated TNF-α-induced endothelial impairment by maintaining low ECM levels. Our data suggest that this protective effect is mediated by Akt activation and NO-enriched conditions. The inhibition of aortic endothelial cell injury by SP also reduced MCP-1 production in aortic smooth muscle cells. Together, our data indicate that SP can protect aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells from inflammatory injury, which suggests that SP may prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyuan Piao
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Seop Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dahyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Hong
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Kyung Hee Institute of Regenerative Medicine (KIRM), Medical Science Research institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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Yu T, Xie X, Wei H, Shen H, Wu Q, Zhang X, Ji H, Tian Q, Song J, Bi H. Choroidal changes in lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs. Microvasc Res 2021; 138:104213. [PMID: 34171364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to determine the role of the choroid in lens-induced myopia (LIM) in guinea pigs. METHODS Guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups: a normal control (NC) group and a LIM group. Refraction and axial length (AL) were measured by streak retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography. The choroidal thickness (ChT), vessel density of the choriocapillaris (VDCC) and vessel density of the choroidal layer (VDCL) were assessed by Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (SD-OCT). In addition, the choroidal expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes at the mRNA and protein levels was analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the LIM group, refraction and AL were increased significantly compared with those in the NC group at 2 weeks (refraction: LIM vs. NC, -4.23 ± 0.43 D vs. 2.20 ± 0.48 D; AL: LIM vs. NC, 8.36 ± 0.05 mm vs. 8.22 ± 0.03 mm) and 4 weeks (refraction: LIM vs. NC, -5.88 ± 0.49 D vs. 1.63 ± 0.41 D; AL: 8.57 ± 0.06 mm vs. 8.40 ± 0.04 mm). The ChT and VDCC were decreased significantly compared with those in the NC group at 2 weeks (ChT: LIM vs. NC, 60.92 ± 8.15 μm vs. 79.11 ± 7.47 μm; VDCC: LIM vs. NC, 23.43 ± 3.85% vs. 28.74 ± 4.11%) and 4 weeks (ChT: LIM vs. NC, 48.43 ± 6.85 μm vs. 76.38 ± 7.84 μm; VDCC: LIM vs. NC, 21.29 ± 2.17% vs. 27.64 ± 2.91%). The VDCL was also decreased compared with that in the NC group at 2 weeks and 4 weeks (NC vs. LIM, 24.87 ± 5.16% vs. 22.45 ± 3.26%; 23.37 ± 5.85% vs. 21.39 ± 2.62%; all P > 0.05). Moreover, the ChT was positively correlated with the VDCC and VDCL. The mRNA and protein expression of NOS enzymes (eNOS and nNOS) was increased. CONCLUSIONS During the development of myopia, the ChT, VDCC and VDCL were decreased, while NOS expression in the choroid was increased. The expression of NOS was negatively correlated with the ChT, VDCC and VDCL. NO may play an important role in regulating the choroid during myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369#, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - Huixia Wei
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369#, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - Hui Shen
- People's Hospital of Rizhao, No. 126#, Tai'an Road, Rizhao 276826, PR China
| | - Qiuxin Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369#, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China; Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - HaiFeng Ji
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369#, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - QingMei Tian
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China
| | - Jike Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 16369#, Jingshi Road, Jinan 250014, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China.
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, PR China.
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Wasson EM, Dubbin K, Moya ML. Go with the flow: modeling unique biological flows in engineered in vitro platforms. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2095-2120. [PMID: 34008661 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interest in recapitulating in vivo phenomena in vitro using organ-on-a-chip technology has grown rapidly and with it, attention to the types of fluid flow experienced in the body has followed suit. These platforms offer distinct advantages over in vivo models with regards to human relevance, cost, and control of inputs (e.g., controlled manipulation of biomechanical cues from fluid perfusion). Given the critical role biophysical forces play in several tissues and organs, it is therefore imperative that engineered in vitro platforms capture the complex, unique flow profiles experienced in the body that are intimately tied with organ function. In this review, we outline the complex and unique flow regimes experienced by three different organ systems: blood vasculature, lymphatic vasculature, and the intestinal system. We highlight current state-of-the-art platforms that strive to replicate physiological flows within engineered tissues while introducing potential limitations in current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Wasson
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Karen Dubbin
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
| | - Monica L Moya
- Material Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave L-222, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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Thromboinflammation Model-on-A-Chip by Whole Blood Microfluidics on Fixed Human Endothelium. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020203. [PMID: 33573079 PMCID: PMC7911484 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have an established role in the study of platelets and coagulation factors in thrombosis, with potential diagnostic applications. However, few microfluidic devices have assessed the contribution of neutrophils to thrombus formation, despite increasing knowledge of neutrophils’ importance in cardiovascular thrombosis. We describe a thromboinflammation model which uses straight channels, lined with fixed human umbilical vein endothelial cells, after treatment with tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Re-calcified whole blood is perfused over the endothelium at venous and arterial shear rate. Neutrophil adhesion, platelet and fibrin thrombus formation, is measured over time by the addition of fluorescent antibodies to a whole blood sample. Fixed endothelium retains surface expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-Selectin. Neutrophils adhere preferentially to platelet thrombi on the endothelium. Inhibitors of neutrophil adhesion and anti-inflammatory agents, such as isoquercetin, decrease neutrophil adhesion. Our model offers the advantage of the use of (1) fixed endothelium, (2) whole blood, instead of isolated neutrophils, and (3) a small amount of blood (1 mL). The characteristics of this thromboinflammation model provide the potential for further development for drug screening and point-of-care applications.
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10
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Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Clyne AM. Preclinical techniques to investigate exercise training in vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1566-H1600. [PMID: 33385323 PMCID: PMC8260379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00719.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process starting with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and eventually leading to life-threatening arterial plaques. Exercise generally improves endothelial function in a dose-dependent manner by altering hemodynamics, specifically by increased arterial pressure, pulsatility, and shear stress. However, athletes who regularly participate in high-intensity training can develop arterial plaques, suggesting alternative mechanisms through which excessive exercise promotes vascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis in sedentary versus exercise states may lead to novel rehabilitative methods aimed at improving exercise compliance and physical activity. Preclinical tools, including in vitro cell assays, in vivo animal models, and in silico computational methods, broaden our capabilities to study the mechanisms through which exercise impacts atherogenesis, from molecular maladaptation to vascular remodeling. Here, we describe how preclinical research tools have and can be used to study exercise effects on atherosclerosis. We then propose how advanced bioengineering techniques can be used to address gaps in our current understanding of vascular pathophysiology, including integrating in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies across multiple tissue systems and size scales. Improving our understanding of the antiatherogenic exercise effects will enable engaging, targeted, and individualized exercise recommendations to promote cardiovascular health rather than treating cardiovascular disease that results from a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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11
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Zhu L, Yang H, Chao Y, Gu Y, Zhang J, Wang F, Yu W, Ye P, Chu P, Kong X, Chen S. Akt phosphorylation regulated by IKKε in response to low shear stress leads to endothelial inflammation via activating IRF3. Cell Signal 2020; 80:109900. [PMID: 33370582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Low shear stress (LSS) plays a critical role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and vascular inflammation. Previous studies have reported Akt phosphorylation induced by LSS. However, the mechanism and role of Akt activation remains unclear in LSS-induced endothelial dysfunction. In this study, our results demonstrated the increased phosphorylation of IKKε, TBK1 and Akt in HUVECs exposed to LSS. Furthermore, IKKε silencing using small interfering RNAs significantly reduced LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation. In contrast, silencing of TBK1 or inhibition of PI3K and mTORC2 had no effect on LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation. Notably, Akt inhibition markedly diminished LSS-induced expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1, as well as LSS-induced IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, without affecting the activation of NF-κB and STAT1. Moreover, endothelial cell specific Akt overexpression mediated by adeno-associated virus markedly increased intimal ICAM-1 and IRF3 expression at LSS area of partially ligated carotid artery in mice. In brief, our findings suggest that LSS-induced Akt phosphorylation is positively regulated by IKKε and promotes IRF3 activation, leading to endothelial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hongfeng Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated People(')s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuelin Chao
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wande Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Chu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangquan Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Powierza K, Żelazowska-Rutkowska B, Sawicka-Powierza J, Mikołuć B, Urban B, Zaremba W, Cylwik B, Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk A. Endothelin-1 Serum Concentration is Lower in Children and Adolescents with High Myopia, a Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051327. [PMID: 32370291 PMCID: PMC7290490 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the levels of enothelin-1 (ET-1) in children and adolescents with high myopia and its association with the axial length of the eye and the presence of myopic retinal degeneration. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 57 patients with high myopia and 29 control subjects. Serum concentrations of ET-1 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A significantly lower concentration of ET-1 in highly myopic patients compared to controls was found (1.47 (0.91; 1.87) vs. 1.94 (1.1; 2.69) pg/mL, p = 0.005). In patients with high myopia, a weak negative correlation between ET-1 concentration and the longest axial length out of the two eyes was found (r = −0.255, p = 0.0558). Further analysis revealed statistically significant differences in ET-1 concentration between patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 and ≤ 26 mm (p < 0.041) and patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 mm and controls (p < 0.001). ET-1 expression is disturbed in highly myopic children and adolescents. Lower ET-1 concentration in patients with the axial length of the eye > 26 mm may co-occur with high myopia and should be considered a risk factor in the pathophysiology of high myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Powierza
- University Clinical Hospital in Bialystok, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Żelazowska-Rutkowska
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ż.-R.); (B.C.)
| | | | - Bożena Mikołuć
- Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Immunology and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Urban
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.U.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wojciech Zaremba
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.U.); (W.Z.)
| | - Bogdan Cylwik
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.Ż.-R.); (B.C.)
| | - Alina Bakunowicz-Łazarczyk
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (B.U.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Urbanczyk M, Layland SL, Schenke-Layland K. The role of extracellular matrix in biomechanics and its impact on bioengineering of cells and 3D tissues. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:1-14. [PMID: 31805360 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cells and tissues of the human body are constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous forces that are referred to as biomechanical cues. They guide and impact cellular processes and cell fate decisions on the nano-, micro- and macro-scale, and are therefore critical for normal tissue development and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Alterations in the extracellular matrix composition of a tissue combined with abnormal mechanosensing and mechanotransduction can aberrantly activate signaling pathways that promote disease development. Such processes are therefore highly relevant for disease modelling or when aiming for the development of novel therapies. In this mini review, we describe the main biomechanical cues that impact cellular fates. We highlight their role during development, homeostasis and in disease. We also discuss current techniques and tools that allow us to study the impact of biomechanical cues on cell and tissue development under physiological conditions, and we point out directions, in which in vitro biomechanics can be of use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Urbanczyk
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence IFIT (EXC 2180), "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; Dept. of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Bailey KA, Moreno E, Haj FG, Simon SI, Passerini AG. Mechanoregulation of p38 activity enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammation by arterial endothelium. FASEB J 2019; 33:12888-12899. [PMID: 31499005 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900236r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial up-regulation of VCAM-1 at susceptible sites in arteries modulates the recruitment efficiency of inflammatory monocytes that initiates atherosclerotic lesion formation. We reported that hydrodynamic shear stress (SS) mechanoregulates inflammation in human aortic endothelial cells through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via activation of the transcription factor x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Here, a microfluidic flow channel that produces a linear gradient of SS along a continuous monolayer of endothelium was used to delve the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of TNF-α-stimulated VCAM-1 expression. High-resolution immunofluorescence imaging enabled continuous detection of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1)-dependent, outside-in signaling as a function of SS magnitude. Differential expression of VCAM-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was regulated by the spatiotemporal activation of MAPKs, ER stress markers, and transcription factors, which was dependent on the mechanosensing of SS through PECAM-1 and PI3K. Inhibition of p38 specifically abrogated the rise to peak VCAM-1 at low SS (2 dyn/cm2), whereas inhibition of ERK1/2 attenuated peak ICAM-1 at high SS (12 dyn/cm2). A shear stress-regulated temporal rise in p38 phosphorylation activated the nuclear translocation of XBP1, which together with the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 1, promoted maximum VCAM-1 expression. These data reveal a mechanism by which SS sensitizes the endothelium to a cytokine-induced ER stress response to spatially regulate inflammation promoting atherosclerosis.-Bailey, K. A., Moreno, E., Haj, F. G., Simon, S. I., Passerini, A. G. Mechanoregulation of p38 activity enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated inflammation by arterial endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Bailey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emily Moreno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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15
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Mohammed M, Thurgood P, Gilliam C, Nguyen N, Pirogova E, Peter K, Khoshmanesh K, Baratchi S. Studying the Response of Aortic Endothelial Cells under Pulsatile Flow Using a Compact Microfluidic System. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12077-12084. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhaled Mohammed
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | | | - Ngan Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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16
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Microfluidic models of physiological or pathological flow shear stress for cell biology, disease modeling and drug development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Venugopal Menon N, Tay HM, Pang KT, Dalan R, Wong SC, Wang X, Li KHH, Hou HW. A tunable microfluidic 3D stenosis model to study leukocyte-endothelial interactions in atherosclerosis. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:016103. [PMID: 31069288 PMCID: PMC6481702 DOI: 10.1063/1.4993762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel narrowing, is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases including heart attack and stroke. Herein, we present a novel tunable microfluidic atherosclerosis model to study vascular inflammation and leukocyte-endothelial interactions in 3D vessel stenosis. Flow and shear stress profiles were characterized in pneumatic-controlled stenosis conditions (0%, 50% and 80% constriction) using fluid simulation and experimental beads perfusion. Due to non-uniform fluid flow at the 3D stenosis, distinct monocyte (THP-1) adhesion patterns on inflamed [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) treated] endothelium were observed, and there was a differential endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) at the constriction region. Whole blood perfusion studies also showed increased leukocyte interactions (cell rolling and adherence) at the stenosis of healthy and inflamed endothelium, clearly highlighting the importance of vascular inflammation, flow disturbance, and vessel geometry in recapitulating atherogenic microenvironment. To demonstrate inflammatory risk assessment using leukocytes as functional biomarkers, we perfused whole blood samples into the developed microdevices (80% constriction) and observed significant dose-dependent effects of leukocyte adhesion in healthy and inflamed (TNF-α treated) blood samples. Taken together, the 3D stenosis chip facilitates quantitative study of hemodynamics and leukocyte-endothelial interactions, and can be further developed into a point-of-care blood profiling device for atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Venugopal Menon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Hui Min Tay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
| | | | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Endocrinology Department, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433
| | - Siew Cheng Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648
| | | | - King Ho Holden Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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Atherosusceptible Shear Stress Activates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Promote Endothelial Inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8196. [PMID: 28811527 PMCID: PMC5557756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis impacts arteries where disturbed blood flow renders the endothelium susceptible to inflammation. Cytokine activation of endothelial cells (EC) upregulates VCAM-1 receptors that target monocyte recruitment to atherosusceptible regions. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress elicits EC dysregulation in metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that ER plays a central role in mechanosensing of atherosusceptible shear stress (SS) by signaling enhanced inflammation. Aortic EC were stimulated with low-dose TNFα (0.3 ng/ml) in a microfluidic channel that produced a linear SS gradient over a 20mm field ranging from 0-16 dynes/cm2. High-resolution imaging of immunofluorescence along the monolayer provided a continuous spatial metric of EC orientation, markers of ER stress, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression, and monocyte recruitment. VCAM-1 peaked at 2 dynes/cm2 and decreased to below static TNFα-stimulated levels at atheroprotective-SS of 12 dynes/cm2, whereas ICAM-1 rose to a maximum in parallel with SS. ER expansion and activation of the unfolded protein response also peaked at 2 dynes/cm2, where IRF-1-regulated VCAM-1 expression and monocyte recruitment also rose to a maximum. Silencing of PECAM-1 or key ER stress genes abrogated SS regulation of VCAM-1 transcription and monocyte recruitment. We report a novel role for ER stress in mechanoregulation at arterial regions of atherosusceptible-SS inflamed by low-dose TNFα.
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Wodicka JR, Chambers AM, Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Panitch A. Development of a Glycosaminoglycan Derived, Selectin Targeting Anti-Adhesive Coating to Treat Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10020036. [PMID: 28353658 PMCID: PMC5490393 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is associated with many disease states including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), chronic kidney disease, sepsis and diabetes. Loss of the glycocalyx, a thin glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich layer on the EC surface, is a key feature of endothelial dysfunction and increases exposure of EC adhesion molecules such as selectins, which are involved in platelet binding to ECs. Once bound, platelets cause thrombus formation and an increased inflammatory response. We have developed a GAG derived, selectin targeting anti-adhesive coating (termed EC-SEAL) consisting of a dermatan sulfate backbone and multiple selectin-binding peptides designed to bind to inflamed endothelium and prevent platelet binding to create a more quiescent endothelial state. Multiple EC-SEAL variants were evaluated and the lead variant was found to preferentially bind to selectin-expressing ECs and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and inhibit platelet binding and activation in a dose-dependent manner. In an in vivo model of DVT, treatment with the lead variant resulted in reduced thrombus formation. These results indicate that EC-SEAL has promise as a potential therapeutic in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Wodicka
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Andrea M Chambers
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Gurneet S Sangha
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Alyssa Panitch
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Khodabandehlou K, Masehi-Lano JJ, Poon C, Wang J, Chung EJ. Targeting cell adhesion molecules with nanoparticles using in vivo and flow-based in vitro models of atherosclerosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:799-812. [PMID: 28195515 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217693116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide; in addition to lipid dysfunction, chronic arterial wall inflammation is a key component of atherosclerosis. Techniques that target cell adhesion molecules, which are overexpressed during inflammation, are effective methods to detect and treat atherosclerosis. Specifically, research groups have identified vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, and selectins (E-selectin and P-selectin) as correlated to atherogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent strategies both in vivo and in vitro that target cell adhesion molecules. First, we discuss peptide-based and antibody (Ab)-based nanoparticles utilized in vivo for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Second, we discuss flow-based in vitro models that serve to reduce the traditional disadvantages of in vivo studies such as variability, time to develop the disease, and ethical burden, but preserve physiological relevance. The knowledge gained from these targeting studies can be translated into clinical solutions for improved detection, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis. Impact statement As atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death, there is an urgent need to develop better tools for treatment of the disease. The ability to improve current treatments relies on enhancing the accuracy of in vitro and in vivo atherosclerotic models. While in vivo models provide all the relevant testing parameters, variability between animals and among models used is a barrier to reproducible results and comparability of NP efficacy. In vitro cultures isolate cells into microenvironments that fail to take into account flow separation and shear stress, which are characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions. Flow-based in vitro models provide more physiologically relevant platforms, bridging the gap between in vivo and 2D in vitro models. This is the first review that presents recent advances regarding endothelial cell-targeting using adhesion molecules in light of in vivo and flow-based in vitro models, providing insights for future development of optimal strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Khodabandehlou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Masehi-Lano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Sakellarios AI, Raber L, Bourantas CV, Exarchos TP, Athanasiou LS, Pelosi G, Koskinas KC, Parodi O, Naka KK, Michalis LK, Serruys PW, Garcia-Garcia HM, Windecker S, Fotiadis DI. Prediction of Atherosclerotic Plaque Development in an In Vivo Coronary Arterial Segment Based on a Multilevel Modeling Approach. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:1721-1730. [PMID: 28113248 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2619489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore major mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque growth, presenting a proof-of-concept numerical model. METHODS To this aim, a human reconstructed left circumflex coronary artery is utilized for a multilevel modeling approach. More specifically, the first level consists of the modeling of blood flow and endothelial shear stress (ESS) computation. The second level includes the modeling of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein and monocytes transport through the endothelial membrane to vessel wall. The third level comprises of the modeling of LDL oxidation, macrophages differentiation, and foam cells formation. All modeling levels integrate experimental findings to describe the major mechanisms that occur in the arterial physiology. In order to validate the proposed approach, we utilize a patient specific scenario by comparing the baseline computational results with the changes in arterial wall thickness, lumen diameter, and plaque components using follow-up data. RESULTS The results of this model show that ESS and LDL concentration have a good correlation with the changes in plaque area [R2 = 0.365 (P = 0.029, adjusted R2 = 0.307) and R2 = 0.368 (P = 0.015, adjusted R2 = 0.342), respectively], whereas the introduction of the variables of oxidized LDL, macrophages, and foam cells as independent predictors improves the accuracy in predicting regions potential for atherosclerotic plaque development [R2 = 0.847 (P = 0.009, adjusted R2 = 0.738)]. CONCLUSION Advanced computational models can be used to increase the accuracy to predict regions which are prone to plaque development. SIGNIFICANCE Atherosclerosis is one of leading causes of death worldwide. For this purpose computational models have to be implemented to predict disease progression.
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Liu H, Gong X, Jing X, Ding X, Yao Y, Huang Y, Fan Y. Shear stress with appropriate time-step and amplification enhances endothelial cell retention on vascular grafts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2965-2978. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Jing
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xili Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- National Research Centre for Rehabilitation Technical Aids; Beijing People's Republic of China
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23
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Luong L, Duckles H, Schenkel T, Mahmoud M, Tremoleda JL, Wylezinska-Arridge M, Ali M, Bowden NP, Villa-Uriol MC, van der Heiden K, Xing R, Gijsen FJ, Wentzel J, Lawrie A, Feng S, Arnold N, Gsell W, Lungu A, Hose R, Spencer T, Halliday I, Ridger V, Evans PC. Heart rate reduction with ivabradine promotes shear stress-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanisms in arteries. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:181-90. [PMID: 27075869 DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow generates wall shear stress (WSS) which alters endothelial cell (EC) function. Low WSS promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis whereas high uniform WSS is protective. Ivabradine decreases heart rate leading to altered haemodynamics. Besides its cardio-protective effects, ivabradine protects arteries from inflammation and atherosclerosis via unknown mechanisms. We hypothesised that ivabradine protects arteries by increasing WSS to reduce vascular inflammation. Hypercholesterolaemic mice were treated with ivabradine for seven weeks in drinking water or remained untreated as a control. En face immunostaining demonstrated that treatment with ivabradine reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory VCAM-1 (p<0.01) and enhanced the expression of anti-inflammatory eNOS (p<0.01) at the inner curvature of the aorta. We concluded that ivabradine alters EC physiology indirectly via modulation of flow because treatment with ivabradine had no effect in ligated carotid arteries in vivo, and did not influence the basal or TNFα-induced expression of inflammatory (VCAM-1, MCP-1) or protective (eNOS, HMOX1, KLF2, KLF4) genes in cultured EC. We therefore considered whether ivabradine can alter WSS which is a regulator of EC inflammatory activation. Computational fluid dynamics demonstrated that ivabradine treatment reduced heart rate by 20 % and enhanced WSS in the aorta. In conclusion, ivabradine treatment altered haemodynamics in the murine aorta by increasing the magnitude of shear stress. This was accompanied by induction of eNOS and suppression of VCAM-1, whereas ivabradine did not alter EC that could not respond to flow. Thus ivabradine protects arteries by altering local mechanical conditions to trigger an anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul C Evans
- Prof. Paul Evans, Department of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK, Tel.: +44 114 271 2591, Fax: +44 114 271 1863, E-mail:
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24
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Hossain SS, Zhang Y, Fu X, Brunner G, Singh J, Hughes TJR, Shah D, Decuzzi P. Magnetic resonance imaging-based computational modelling of blood flow and nanomedicine deposition in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:rsif.2015.0001. [PMID: 25878124 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is generally attributed to the progressive vascular accumulation of lipoproteins and circulating monocytes in the vessel walls leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. This is known to be regulated by the local vascular geometry, haemodynamics and biophysical conditions. Here, an isogeometric analysis framework is proposed to analyse the blood flow and vascular deposition of circulating nanoparticles (NPs) into the superficial femoral artery (SFA) of a PAD patient. The local geometry of the blood vessel and the haemodynamic conditions are derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed at baseline and at 24 months post intervention. A dramatic improvement in blood flow dynamics is observed post intervention. A 500% increase in peak flow rate is measured in vivo as a consequence of luminal enlargement. Furthermore, blood flow simulations reveal a 32% drop in the mean oscillatory shear index, indicating reduced disturbed flow post intervention. The same patient information (vascular geometry and blood flow) is used to predict in silico in a simulation of the vascular deposition of systemically injected nanomedicines. NPs, targeted to inflammatory vascular molecules including VCAM-1, E-selectin and ICAM-1, are predicted to preferentially accumulate near the stenosis in the baseline configuration, with VCAM-1 providing the highest accumulation (approx. 1.33 and 1.50 times higher concentration than that of ICAM-1 and E-selectin, respectively). Such selective deposition of NPs within the stenosis could be effectively used for the detection and treatment of plaques forming in the SFA. The presented MRI-based computational protocol can be used to analyse data from clinical trials to explore possible correlations between haemodynamics and disease progression in PAD patients, and potentially predict disease occurrence as well as the outcome of an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolie S Hossain
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gerd Brunner
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA Division of Atherosclerosis and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaykrishna Singh
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J R Hughes
- Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dipan Shah
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
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Thomas A, Daniel Ou-Yang H, Lowe-Krentz L, Muzykantov VR, Liu Y. Biomimetic channel modeling local vascular dynamics of pro-inflammatory endothelial changes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014101. [PMID: 26858813 PMCID: PMC4706543 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells form the inner lining of blood vessels and are exposed to various factors like hemodynamic conditions (shear stress, laminar, and turbulent flow), biochemical signals (cytokines), and communication with other cell types (smooth muscle cells, monocytes, platelets, etc.). Blood vessel functions are regulated by interactions among these factors. The occurrence of a pathological condition would lead to localized upregulation of cell adhesion molecules on the endothelial lining of the blood vessel. This process is promoted by circulating cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which leads to expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelial cell surface among other molecules. ICAM-1 is critical in regulating endothelial cell layer dynamic integrity and cytoskeletal remodeling and also mediates direct cell-cell interactions as part of inflammatory responses and wound healing. In this study, we developed a biomimetic blood vessel model by culturing confluent, flow aligned, endothelial cells in a microfluidic platform, and performed real time in situ characterization of flow mediated localized pro-inflammatory endothelial activation. The model mimics the physiological phenomenon of cytokine activation of endothelium from the tissue side and studies the heterogeneity in localized surface ICAM-1 expression and F-actin arrangement. Fluorescent antibody coated particles were used as imaging probes for identifying endothelial cell surface ICAM-1 expression. The binding properties of particles were evaluated under flow for two different particle sizes and antibody coating densities. This allowed the investigation of spatial resolution and accessibility of ICAM-1 molecules expressed on the endothelial cells, along with their sensitivity in receptor-ligand recognition and binding. This work has developed an in vitro blood vessel model that can integrate various heterogeneous factors to effectively mimic a complex endothelial microenvironment and can be potentially applied for relevant blood vessel mechanobiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Thomas
- Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University , Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | | | | | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Multiplexed Fluid Flow Device to Study Cellular Response to Tunable Shear Stress Gradients. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:2261-72. [PMID: 26589597 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) line the interior of blood and lymphatic vessels and experience spatially varying wall shear stress (WSS) as an intrinsic part of their physiological function. How ECs, and mammalian cells generally, sense spatially varying WSS remains poorly understood, due in part to a lack of convenient tools for exposing cells to spatially varying flow patterns. We built a multiplexed device, termed a 6-well impinging flow chamber, that imparts controlled WSS gradients to a six-well tissue culture plate. Using this device, we investigated the migratory response of lymphatic microvascular ECs, umbilical vein ECs, primary fibroblasts, and epithelial cells to WSS gradients on hours to days timescales. We observed that lymphatic microvascular ECs migrate upstream, against the direction of flow, a response that was unique among all the cells types investigated here. Time-lapse, live cell imaging revealed that the microtubule organizing center relocated to the upstream side of the nucleus in response to the applied WSS gradient. To further demonstrate the utility of our device, we screened for the involvement of canonical signaling pathways in mediating this upstream migratory response. These data highlight the importance of WSS magnitude and WSS spatial gradients in dictating the cellular response to fluid flow.
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Shemesh J, Jalilian I, Shi A, Heng Yeoh G, Knothe Tate ML, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Flow-induced stress on adherent cells in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4114-27. [PMID: 26334370 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00633c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transduction of mechanical forces and chemical signals affect every cell in the human body. Fluid flow in systems such as the lymphatic or circulatory systems modulates not only cell morphology, but also gene expression patterns, extracellular matrix protein secretion and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Similar to the role of mechanical forces in adaptation of tissues, shear fluid flow orchestrates collective behaviours of adherent cells found at the interface between tissues and their fluidic environments. These behaviours range from alignment of endothelial cells in the direction of flow to stem cell lineage commitment. Therefore, it is important to characterize quantitatively fluid interface-dependent cell activity. Common macro-scale techniques, such as the parallel plate flow chamber and vertical-step flow methods that apply fluid-induced stress on adherent cells, offer standardization, repeatability and ease of operation. However, in order to achieve improved control over a cell's microenvironment, additional microscale-based techniques are needed. The use of microfluidics for this has been recognized, but its true potential has emerged only recently with the advent of hybrid systems, offering increased throughput, multicellular interactions, substrate functionalization on 3D geometries, and simultaneous control over chemical and mechanical stimulation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in microfluidic flow systems for adherent cells and elaborate on their suitability to mimic physiologic micromechanical environments subjected to fluid flow. We describe device design considerations in light of ongoing discoveries in mechanobiology and point to future trends of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Shemesh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Wang H, Weihrauch D, Kersten JR, Toth JM, Passerini AG, Rajamani A, Schrepfer S, LaDisa JF. Alagebrium inhibits neointimal hyperplasia and restores distributions of wall shear stress by reducing downstream vascular resistance in obese and diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1130-40. [PMID: 26254329 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00123.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of restenosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are incompletely elucidated, but advanced glycation end-product (AGE)-induced vascular remodeling likely contributes. We tested the hypothesis that AGE-related collagen cross-linking (ARCC) leads to increased downstream vascular resistance and altered in-stent hemodynamics, thereby promoting neointimal hyperplasia (NH) in T2DM. We proposed that decreasing ARCC with ALT-711 (Alagebrium) would mitigate this response. Abdominal aortic stents were implanted in Zucker lean (ZL), obese (ZO), and diabetic (ZD) rats. Blood flow, vessel diameter, and wall shear stress (WSS) were calculated after 21 days, and NH was quantified. Arterial segments (aorta, carotid, iliac, femoral, and arterioles) were harvested to detect ARCC and protein expression, including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Downstream resistance was elevated (60%), whereas flow and WSS were significantly decreased (44% and 56%) in ZD vs. ZL rats. NH was increased in ZO but not ZD rats. ALT-711 reduced ARCC and resistance (46%) in ZD rats while decreasing NH and producing similar in-stent WSS across groups. No consistent differences in RAGE or TGF-β expression were observed in arterial segments. ALT-711 modified lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 but not RAGE expression by cells on decellularized matrices. In conclusion, ALT-711 decreased ARCC, increased in-stent flow rate, and reduced NH in ZO and ZD rats through RAGE-independent pathways. The study supports an important role for AGE-induced remodeling within and downstream of stent implantation to promote enhanced NH in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Dorothee Weihrauch
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Judy R Kersten
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeffrey M Toth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Anita Rajamani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sonja Schrepfer
- Transplant and Stem Cell Immunobiology Laboratory, University Heart Center and Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John F LaDisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Ostrowski MA, Huang NF, Walker TW, Verwijlen T, Poplawski C, Khoo AS, Cooke JP, Fuller GG, Dunn AR. Microvascular endothelial cells migrate upstream and align against the shear stress field created by impinging flow. Biophys J 2014; 106:366-74. [PMID: 24461011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, little is known about how endothelial cells respond to spatial variations in fluid shear stress such as those that occur locally during embryonic development, at heart valve leaflets, and at sites of aneurysm formation. We built an impinging flow device that exposes endothelial cells to gradients of shear stress. Using this device, we investigated the response of microvascular endothelial cells to shear-stress gradients that ranged from 0 to a peak shear stress of 9-210 dyn/cm(2). We observe that at high confluency, these cells migrate against the direction of fluid flow and concentrate in the region of maximum wall shear stress, whereas low-density microvascular endothelial cells that lack cell-cell contacts migrate in the flow direction. In addition, the cells align parallel to the flow at low wall shear stresses but orient perpendicularly to the flow direction above a critical threshold in local wall shear stress. Our observations suggest that endothelial cells are exquisitely sensitive to both magnitude and spatial gradients in wall shear stress. The impinging flow device provides a, to our knowledge, novel means to study endothelial cell migration and polarization in response to gradients in physical forces such as wall shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Califiornia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Travis W Walker
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Tom Verwijlen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Amanda S Khoo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - John P Cooke
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Califiornia; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald G Fuller
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, Califiornia.
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Zhang X, Huk DJ, Wang Q, Lincoln J, Zhao Y. A microfluidic shear device that accommodates parallel high and low stress zones within the same culturing chamber. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:054106. [PMID: 25332743 PMCID: PMC4189595 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fluid shear stress (FSS) plays a critical role in regulating endothelium function and maintaining vascular homeostasis. Current microfluidic devices for studying FSS effects on cells either separate high shear stress zone and low shear stress zone into different culturing chambers, or arranging the zones serially along the flow direction, which complicates subsequent data interpretation. In this paper, we report a diamond shaped microfluidic shear device where the high shear stress zone and the low shear stress zone are arranged in parallel within one culturing chamber. Since the zones with different shear stress magnitudes are aligned normal to the flow direction, the cells in one stress group are not substantially affected by the flow-induced cytokine/chemokine releases by cells in the other group. Cell loading experiments using human umbilical vein endothelial cells show that the device is able to reveal stress magnitude-dependent and loading duration-dependent cell responses. The co-existence of shear stress zones with varied magnitudes within the same culturing chamber not only ensures that all the cells are subject to the identical culturing conditions, but also allows the resemblance of the differential shear stress pattern in natural arterial conditions. The device is expected to provide a new solution for studying the effects of heterogeneous hemodynamic patterns in the onset and progression of various vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D J Huk
- The Heart Center and Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute , Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
| | - Q Wang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | - Y Zhao
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microsystems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Baratchi S, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Khoshmanesh K, Grace MS, Darby W, Almazi J, Mitchell A, McIntyre P. Examination of the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 in endothelial responses to shear forces. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044117. [PMID: 25379102 PMCID: PMC4189315 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Shear stress is the major mechanical force applied on vascular endothelial cells by blood flow, and is a crucial factor in normal vascular physiology and in the development of some vascular pathologies. The exact mechanisms of cellular mechano-transduction in mammalian cells and tissues have not yet been elucidated, but it is known that mechanically sensitive receptors and ion channels play a crucial role. This paper describes the use of a novel and efficient microfluidic device to study mechanically-sensitive receptors and ion channels in vitro, which has three independent channels from which recordings can be made and has a small surface area such that fewer cells are required than for conventional flow chambers. The contoured channels of the device enabled examination of a range of shear stresses in one field of view, which is not possible with parallel plate flow chambers and other previously used devices, where one level of flow-induced shear stress is produced per fixed flow-rate. We exposed bovine aortic endothelial cells to different levels of shear stress, and measured the resulting change in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)]i) using the fluorescent calcium sensitive dye Fluo-4AM. Shear stress caused an elevation of [Ca(2+)]i that was proportional to the level of shear experienced. The response was temperature dependant such that at lower temperatures more shear stress was required to elicit a given level of calcium signal and the magnitude of influx was reduced. We demonstrated that shear stress-induced elevations in [Ca(2+)]i are largely due to calcium influx through the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J Tovar-Lopez
- Microplatforms Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University , Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Khashayar Khoshmanesh
- Microplatforms Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University , Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Megan S Grace
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - William Darby
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Juhura Almazi
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Microplatforms Research Group, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University , Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Peter McIntyre
- Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University , Victoria 3083, Australia
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Smolock EM, Burke RM, Wang C, Thomas T, Batchu SN, Qiu X, Zettel M, Fujiwara K, Berk BC, Korshunov VA. Intima modifier locus 2 controls endothelial cell activation and vascular permeability. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:624-33. [PMID: 24986958 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid intima formation is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. C3H/FeJ (C3H/F) and SJL/J (SJL) inbred mouse strains differ in susceptibility to immune and vascular traits. Using a congenic approach we demonstrated that the Intima modifier 2 (Im2) locus on chromosome 11 regulates leukocyte infiltration. We sought to determine whether inflammation was due to changes in circulating immune cells or activation of vascular wall cells in genetically pure Im2 (C3H/F.SJL.11.1) mice. Complete blood counts showed no differences in circulating monocytes between C3H/F and C3H/F.SJL.11.1 compared with SJL mice. Aortic vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) total protein levels were dramatically increased in SJL and C3H/F.SJL.11.1 compared with C3H/F mice. Immunostaining of aortic endothelial cells (EC) showed a significant increase in VCAM-1 expression in SJL and C3H/F.SJL.11.1 compared with C3H/F under steady flow conditions. Immunostaining of EC membranes revealed a significant decrease in EC size in SJL and C3H/F.SJL.11.1 vs. C3H/F in regions of disturbed flow. Vascular permeability was significantly higher in C3H/F.SJL.11.1 compared with C3H/F. Our results indicate that Im2 regulation of leukocyte infiltration is mediated by EC inflammation and permeability. RNA sequencing and pathway analyses comparing genes in the Im2 locus to C3H/F provide insight into candidate genes that regulate vascular wall inflammation and permeability highlighting important genetic mechanisms that control vascular intima in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Smolock
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Ryan M Burke
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Chenjing Wang
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Function Teaching and Research Section, Medical College of Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tamlyn Thomas
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Sri N Batchu
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; and
| | - Martha Zettel
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Bradford C Berk
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Vyacheslav A Korshunov
- Department of Medicine and Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York;
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Sato K, Sasaki N, Svahn HA, Sato K. Microfluidics for nano-pathophysiology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:115-21. [PMID: 24001983 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems hold promise for innovative medical treatment of cancers. While drug materials are constantly under development, there are no practical cell-based models to assess whether these materials can reach the target tissue. Recently developed microfluidic systems have revolutionized cell-based experiments. In these systems, vascular endothelial cells and interstitium are set in microchannels that mimic microvessels. Drug permeability can be assayed in these blood vessel models under fluidic conditions that mimic blood flow. In this review, we describe device fabrication, disease model development, nanoparticle permeability assays, and the potential utility of these systems in the future.
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Abstract
Mammals are endowed with a complex set of mechanisms that sense mechanical forces imparted by blood flow to endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells, and circulating blood cells to elicit biochemical responses through a process referred to as mechanotransduction. These biochemical responses are critical for a host of other responses, including regulation of blood pressure, control of vascular permeability for maintaining adequate perfusion of tissues, and control of leukocyte recruitment during immunosurveillance and inflammation. This review focuses on the role of the endothelial surface proteoglycan/glycoprotein layer-the glycocalyx (GCX)-that lines all blood vessel walls and is an agent in mechanotransduction and the modulation of blood cell interactions with the EC surface. We first discuss the biochemical composition and ultrastructure of the GCX, highlighting recent developments that reveal gaps in our understanding of the relationship between composition and spatial organization. We then consider the roles of the GCX in mechanotransduction and in vascular permeability control and review the prominent interaction of plasma-borne sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P), which has been shown to regulate both the composition of the GCX and the endothelial junctions. Finally, we consider the association of GCX degradation with inflammation and vascular disease and end with a final section on future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
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Staff AC, Johnsen GM, Dechend R, Redman CW. Preeclampsia and uteroplacental acute atherosis: immune and inflammatory factors. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 101-102:120-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kusunose J, Gagnon MKJ, Seo JW, Ferrara KW. Quantitation of nanoparticle accumulation in flow using optimized microfluidic chambers. J Drug Target 2013; 22:48-56. [PMID: 24079404 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.837468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) targeting peptide sequence, VHPKQHR, is a promising moiety for targeting atherosclerosis through incorporation into nanoparticles such as dendrimers and liposomes. PURPOSE We aim to develop VCAM-1-targeted nanoparticles that effectively accumulate on the endothelium under shear conditions and to develop robust microfluidic chambers able to house sufficient cells for flow cytometric measurements. METHODS Carboxyfluorescein-labeled monomeric VHP-peptide, tetrameric VHP-dendrimers (bisbidentate or radial architecture, with or without N-terminal acetylation) and VHP-peptide liposomes were prepared. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with nanoparticles under 0 or 2.9 dyne/cm(2) shear, and particle binding was quantified. Flow chambers cured at various temperatures, with or without glass backings were fabricated, characterized for deformation and applied in experiments. RESULTS Although liposomes accumulated with highest efficiency, dendrimers also demonstrated specific binding. N-terminal acetylation significantly reduced dendrimer binding, and despite shorter movement range, bisbidentate dendrimers outperformed radial dendrimers, suggesting multiple epitope presence within its estimated arm-span of 57 Å. Under shear, while liposome binding increased 300%, dendrimer binding to cells decreased 65%. Through higher temperature curing and glass backing insertion, polydimethylsiloxane flow chambers maintaining rectangular cross-section with aspect-ratio as low as 1:111 were achieved. CONCLUSION Optimized dendrimers and liposomal nanocarriers specifically accumulated onto cells within microfluidic chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kusunose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, CA , USA
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Hossain SS, Hughes TJR, Decuzzi P. Vascular deposition patterns for nanoparticles in an inflamed patient-specific arterial tree. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2013; 13:585-97. [PMID: 23942910 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-013-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, a precursor to many diseases including cancer and atherosclerosis, induces differential surface expression of specific vascular molecules. Blood-borne nanoparticles (NPs), loaded with therapeutic and imaging agents, can recognize and use these molecules as vascular docking sites. Here, a computational model is developed within the isogeometric analysis framework to understand and predict the vascular deposition of NPs within an inflamed arterial tree. The NPs have a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 μm and are decorated with antibodies directed toward three endothelial adhesion molecules, namely intravascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin, whose surface density depends on the local wall shear stress. Results indicate VCAM-1 targeted NPs adhere more, with ICAM-1 directed NPs adhering least efficiently, resulting in approximately an order-of-magnitude lower average particle surface density. ICAM-1 and E-selectin directed 0.5 μm NPs are distributed more uniformly (heterogeneity index ≈ 0.9 and 1.0, respectively) over the bifurcating vascular branches compared to their VCAM-1 counterparts (heterogeneity index ≈ 1.4). When the NPs are coated with antibodies for VCAM-1 and E-selectin in equal proportions, a more uniform vascular distribution is achieved compared with VCAM-1-only targeted particles, thus demonstrating the advantage of NP multivalency in vascular targeting. Furthermore, the larger NPs (2 μm) adhere more (≈ 200%) in the lower branches compared to the upper branch. This computational framework provides insights into how size, ligand type, density, and multivalency can be manipulated to enhance NP vascular adhesion in an individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolie S Hossain
- Department of Translational Imaging, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA,
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DeVerse JS, Sandhu AS, Mendoza N, Edwards CM, Sun C, Simon SI, Passerini AG. Shear stress modulates VCAM-1 expression in response to TNF-α and dietary lipids via interferon regulatory factor-1 in cultured endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1149-57. [PMID: 23934855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00311.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the specific mechanisms that determine the localization of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries are not well defined. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) isolated from human plasma after a high-fat meal modulate TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) via an interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1-dependent transcriptional mechanism. We examined whether fluid shear stress acts as a mediator of IRF-1-dependent VCAM-1 expression in response to cytokine and dietary lipids. IRF-1 and VCAM-1 were examined by immunofluorescence in TNF-α-stimulated HAEC monolayers exposed to TGRL and a linear gradient of shear stress ranging from 0 to 16 dyn/cm(2) in a microfluidic device. Shear stress alone modulated TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression, eliciting a 150% increase at low shear stress (2 dyn/cm(2)) and a 70% decrease at high shear stress (12 dyn/cm(2)) relative to static. These differences correlated with a 60% increase in IRF-1 expression under low shear stress and a 40% decrease under high shear stress. The addition of TGRL along with cytokine activated a fourfold increase in VCAM-1 expression and a twofold increase in IRF-1 expression. The combined effect of shear stress and TGRL on the upregulation of membrane VCAM-1 was abolished by transfection of HAECs with IRF-1-specific small interfering RNA. In a healthy swine model, elevated levels of endothelial IRF-1 were also observed within atherosusceptible regions of the aorta by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, implicating arterial hemodynamics in the regulation of IRF-1 expression. These data demonstrate direct roles for fluid shear stress and postprandial TGRL from human serum in the regulation of IRF-1 expression and downstream inflammatory responses in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA
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On-chip phenotypic analysis of inflammatory monocytes in atherogenesis and myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13944-9. [PMID: 23918401 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300651110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte recruitment to inflamed arterial endothelium initiates plaque formation and drives progression of atherosclerosis. Three distinct monocyte subsets are detected in circulation (CD14(++)CD16(-), CD14(++)CD16(+), and CD14(+)CD16(++)), and each may play distinct roles during atherogenesis and myocardial infarction. We studied a range of subjects that included otherwise healthy patients with elevated serum triglyceride levels to patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. Our objective was to correlate an individual's risk with the activation state of each monocyte subset as a function of changes in adhesion receptor expression using flow cytometric quantitation of integrins and l-selectin membrane expression. A microfluidic-based laboratory-on-a-chip was developed to quantify the adhesion efficiency of monocytes sheared in whole blood on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, while characterizing adhesion receptor expression and topography on captured monocytes. CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes adhered with sevenfold higher efficiency than other subsets, and in patients with myocardial infarction the capture efficiency of this subset was double that for healthy subjects. In patients with hypertriglyceridemia, this increase in monocyte adhesion was attributable to CD14(++)CD16(+) uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and subsequent signaling via a Phospholipase C-dependent mechanism to increase CD11c expression, very late antigen-4 function, and integrin coclustering within focal adhesive sites on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. In summary, we introduce a unique laboratory-on-a-chip method for quantifying the activation state of monocyte subsets. These experiments reveal that CD11c/CD18 is an inducible integrin whose expression correlates with a monocyte inflammatory state in subjects at risk for atherogenesis and in patients with myocardial infarction.
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Feaver RE, Gelfand BD, Blackman BR. Human haemodynamic frequency harmonics regulate the inflammatory phenotype of vascular endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1525. [PMID: 23443553 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemodynamic variations are inherent to blood vessel geometries (such as bifurcations) and correlate with regional development of inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, the complex frequency spectrum characteristics from these haemodynamics have never been exploited to test whether frequency variations are critical determinants of endothelial inflammatory phenotype. Here we utilize an experimental Fourier transform analysis to systematically manipulate individual frequency harmonics from human carotid shear stress waveforms applied in vitro to human endothelial cells. The frequency spectrum, specifically the 0 th and 1st harmonics, is a significant regulator of inflammation, including NF-κB activity and downstream inflammatory phenotype. Further, a harmonic-based regression-model predicts eccentric NF-κB activity observed in the human internal carotid artery. Finally, short interfering RNA-knockdown of the mechanosensor PECAM-1 reverses frequency-dependent regulation of NF-κB activity. Thus, PECAM-1 may have a critical role in the endothelium's exquisite sensitivity to complex shear stress frequency harmonics and provide a mechanism for the focal development of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Feaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Box 800759, Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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41
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ABACI HASANE, DRAZER GERMAN, GERECHT SHARON. RECAPITULATING THE VASCULAR MICROENVIRONMENT IN MICROFLUIDIC PLATFORMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793984413400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature is regulated by various chemical and mechanical factors. Reproducing these factors in vitro is crucial for the understanding of the mechanisms underlying vascular diseases and the development of new therapeutics and delivery techniques. Microfluidic technology offers opportunities to precisely control the level, duration and extent of various cues, providing unprecedented capabilities to recapitulate the vascular microenvironment. In the first part of this article, we review existing microfluidic technology that is capable of controlling both chemical and mechanical factors regulating the vascular microenvironment. In particular, we focus on micro-systems developed for controlling key parameters such as oxygen tension, co-culture, shear stress, cyclic stretch and flow patterns. In the second part of this article, we highlight recent advances that resulted from the use of these microfluidic devices for vascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- HASAN E. ABACI
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences — Oncology Center and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - GERMAN DRAZER
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - SHARON GERECHT
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences — Oncology Center and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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42
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Huang RB, Gonzalez AL, Eniola-Adefeso O. Laminar shear stress elicit distinct endothelial cell E-selectin expression pattern via TNFα and IL-1β activation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:999-1003. [PMID: 23055258 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to discriminate cell adhesion molecule expression between healthy and inflamed endothelium is critical for therapeutic intervention in many diseases. This study explores the effect of laminar flow on TNFα-induced E-selectin surface expression levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) relative to IL-1β-induced expression via flow chamber assays. HUVECs grown in static culture were either directly (naïve) activated with cytokine in the presence of laminar shear or pre-exposed to 12 h of laminar shear (shear-conditioned) prior to simultaneous shear and cytokine activation. Naïve cells activated with cytokine in static served as control. Depending on the cell shear history, fluid shear is found to differently affect TNFα-induced relative to IL-1β-induced HUVEC expression of E-selectin. Specifically, E-selectin surface expression by naïve HUVECs is enhanced in the 8-12 h activation time range with simultaneous exposure to shear and TNFα (shear-TNFα) relative to TNFα static control whereas enhanced E-selectin expression is observed in the 4-24 h range for shear-IL-1β treatment relative to IL-1β static control. While exposure of HUVECs to shear preconditioning mutes shear-TNFα-induced E-selectin expression, it enhances or down-regulates shear-IL-1β-induced expression dependent on the activation period. Under dual-cytokine-shear conditions, IL-1β signaling dominates. Overall, a better understanding of E-selectin expression pattern by human ECs relative to the combined interaction of cytokines, shear profile and history can help elucidate many disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Kusunose J, Zhang H, Gagnon MKJ, Pan T, Simon SI, Ferrara KW. Microfluidic system for facilitated quantification of nanoparticle accumulation to cells under laminar flow. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:89-99. [PMID: 22855121 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0634-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel, synthetic targeting ligands to endothelial receptors has led to the rapid development of targeted nanoparticles for drug, gene and imaging probe delivery. Central to development and optimization are effective models for assessing particle binding in vitro. Here, we developed a simple and cost effective method to quantitatively assess nanoparticle accumulation under physiologically-relevant laminar flow. We designed reversibly vacuum-sealed PDMS microfluidic chambers compatible with 35 mm petri dishes, which deliver uniform or gradient shear stress. These chambers have sufficient surface area for facile cell collection for particle accumulation quantitation through FACS. We tested this model by synthesizing and flowing liposomes coated with APN (K (D) ~ 300 μM) and VCAM-1-targeting (K (D) ~ 30 μM) peptides over HUVEC. Particle binding significantly increased with ligand concentration (up to 6 mol%) and decreased with excess PEG. While the accumulation of particles with the lower affinity ligand decreased with shear, accumulation of those with the higher affinity ligand was highest in a low shear environment (2.4 dyne/cm(2)), as compared with greater shear or the absence of shear. We describe here a robust flow chamber model that is applied to optimize the properties of 100 nm liposomes targeted to inflamed endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Kusunose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Foster GA, Mittal V, Altman SM, Simon SI, Passerini AG. On-chip endothelial inflammatory phenotyping. J Vis Exp 2012:e4169. [PMID: 22847646 DOI: 10.3791/4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherogenesis is potentiated by metabolic abnormalities that contribute to a heightened state of systemic inflammation resulting in endothelial dysfunction. However, early functional changes in endothelium that signify an individual's level of risk are not directly assessed clinically to help guide therapeutic strategy. Moreover, the regulation of inflammation by local hemodynamics contributes to the non-random spatial distribution of atherosclerosis, but the mechanisms are difficult to delineate in vivo. We describe a lab-on-a-chip based approach to quantitatively assay metabolic perturbation of inflammatory events in human endothelial cells (EC) and monocytes under precise flow conditions. Standard methods of soft lithography are used to microfabricate vascular mimetic microfluidic chambers (VMMC), which are bound directly to cultured EC monolayers. These devices have the advantage of using small volumes of reagents while providing a platform for directly imaging the inflammatory events at the membrane of EC exposed to a well-defined shear field. We have successfully applied these devices to investigate cytokine-, lipid- and RAGE-induced inflammation in human aortic EC (HAEC). Here we document the use of the VMMC to assay monocytic cell (THP-1) rolling and arrest on HAEC monolayers that are conditioned under differential shear characteristics and activated by the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Studies such as these are providing mechanistic insight into atherosusceptibility under metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA
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45
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Paulis LEM, Jacobs I, van den Akker NM, Geelen T, Molin DG, Starmans LWE, Nicolay K, Strijkers GJ. Targeting of ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium under static and shear stress conditions using a liposomal Gd-based MRI contrast agent. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:25. [PMID: 22716048 PMCID: PMC3563567 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelium of blood vessels in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli is of major importance for the regulation of local inflammation in cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke. In vivo molecular imaging of ICAM-1 will improve diagnosis and follow-up of patients by non-invasive monitoring of the progression of inflammation. RESULTS A paramagnetic liposomal contrast agent functionalized with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies for multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging of endothelial ICAM-1 expression is presented. The ICAM-1-targeted liposomes were extensively characterized in terms of size, morphology, relaxivity and the ability for binding to ICAM-1-expressing endothelial cells in vitro. ICAM-1-targeted liposomes exhibited strong binding to endothelial cells that depended on both the ICAM-1 expression level and the concentration of liposomes. The liposomes had a high longitudinal and transversal relaxivity, which enabled differentiation between basal and upregulated levels of ICAM-1 expression by MRI. The liposome affinity for ICAM-1 was preserved in the competing presence of leukocytes and under physiological flow conditions. CONCLUSION This liposomal contrast agent displays great potential for in vivo MRI of inflammation-related ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie E M Paulis
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Abstract
In vitro studies of vascular physiology have traditionally relied on cultures of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes grown on centimeter-scale plates, filters, and flow chambers. The introduction of microfluidic tools has revolutionized the study of vascular physiology by allowing researchers to create physiologically relevant culture models, at the same time greatly reducing the consumption of expensive reagents. By taking advantage of the small dimensions and laminar flow inherent in microfluidic systems, recent studies have created in vitro models that reproduce many features of the in vivo vascular microenvironment with fine spatial and temporal resolution. In this review, we highlight the advantages of microfluidics in four areas: the investigation of hemodynamics on a capillary length scale, the modulation of fluid streams over vascular cells, angiogenesis induced by the exposure of vascular cells to well-defined gradients in growth factors or pressure, and the growth of microvascular networks in biomaterials. Such unique capabilities at the microscale are rapidly advancing the understanding of microcirculatory dynamics, shear responses, and angiogenesis in health and disease as well as the ability to create in vivo-like blood vessels in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith H K Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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47
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DeVerse JS, Bailey KA, Jackson KN, Passerini AG. Shear stress modulates RAGE-mediated inflammation in a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H2498-508. [PMID: 22467309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00869.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at sites of disturbed blood flow despite the influence of risk factors contributing to systemic inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a prominent mediator of inflammation in diabetes that is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques. Our goal was to elucidate a role for arterial hemodynamics in the regulation of RAGE expression and activity. Endothelial RAGE expression was elevated at sites of flow disturbance in the aortas of healthy swine. To demonstrate a direct role for physiological shear stress (SS) in modulating RAGE expression, human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to high SS (HSS; 15 dyn/cm(2)), which downregulated RAGE by fourfold, or oscillatory SS (OSS; 0 ± 5 dyn/cm(2)), which upregulated RAGE by threefold, compared with static culture at 4 h. In a model of diabetes-induced metabolic stress, HAEC were chronically conditioned under high glucose (25 mM) and then simultaneously stimulated with TNF-α (0.5 ng/ml) and the RAGE ligand high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). A 50% increase in VCAM-1 expression over TNF-α was associated with increased cytoplasmic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and NF-κB activity. This increase was RAGE-specific and NADPH oxidase dependent. In activated HAEC, OSS amplified HMGB1-induced VCAM-1 (3-fold) and RAGE (1.6-fold) expression and proportionally enhanced monocyte adhesion to HAEC in a RAGE-dependent manner, while HSS mitigated these increases to the level of TNF-α alone. We demonstrate that SS plays a fundamental role in regulating RAGE expression and inflammatory responses in the endothelium. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into how diabetes accelerates the nonrandom distribution of atherosclerosis in arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherrod DeVerse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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48
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Bergh N, Larsson P, Ulfhammer E, Jern S. Effect of shear stress, statins and TNF-α on hemostatic genes in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:166-71. [PMID: 22405819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression are dependent on local shear stress patterns and inflammatory cytokines. Statins effectively reduce the progression of atherosclerosis and the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, the benefit of statins cannot be explained by cholesterol reduction alone. This study, investigated the non-lipid lowering effects of simvastatin and rosuvastatin on endothelial anti- and prothrombotic genes under different biomechanical and inflammatory stress conditions. Endothelial cells responded in a similar way to simvastatin and rosuvastatin. However, they were more sensitive to simvastatin. The statins had anti-inflammatory properties counteracting the TNF-α effect on the hemostatic genes studied. There was no observed synergistic effect between shear stress and simvastatin. Simvastatin had a counteracting effect on t-PA and PAI-1 compared to TNF-α and shear stress. Simvastatin blocked the TNF-α suppressive effect on thrombomodulin and eNOS, irrespective of shear stress. The strong inductive effect of TNF-α on VCAM-1 was counteracted by simvastatin and shear stress in an additive dose-response dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bergh
- The Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Medicin, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Rezvan A, Ni CW, Alberts-Grill N, Jo H. Animal, in vitro, and ex vivo models of flow-dependent atherosclerosis: role of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1433-48. [PMID: 20712399 PMCID: PMC3144429 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease preferentially occurring in curved or branched arterial regions, whereas straight parts of the arteries are protected, suggesting a close relationship between flow and atherosclerosis. However, evidence directly linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis is just emerging, thanks to the recent development of suitable animal models. In this article, we review the status of various animal, in vitro, and ex vivo models that have been used to study flow-dependent vascular biology and atherosclerosis. For animal models, naturally flow-disturbed regions such as branched or curved arterial regions as well as surgically created models, including arterio-venous fistulas, vascular grafts, perivascular cuffs, and complete, incomplete, or partial ligation of arteries, are used. Although in vivo models provide the environment needed to mimic the complex pathophysiological processes, in vitro models provide simple conditions that allow the study of isolated factors. Typical in vitro models use cultured endothelial cells exposed to various flow conditions, using devices such as cone-and-plate and parallel-plate chambers. Ex vivo models using isolated vessels have been used to bridge the gap between complex in vivo models and simple in vitro systems. Here, we review these flow models in the context of the role of oxidative stress in flow-dependent inflammation, a critical proatherogenic step, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Rezvan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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50
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Pechenino AS, Lin L, Mbai FN, Lee AR, He XM, Stallone JN, Knowlton AA. Impact of aging vs. estrogen loss on cardiac gene expression: estrogen replacement and inflammation. Physiol Genomics 2011; 43:1065-73. [PMID: 21750230 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00228.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an abundance of evidence to the contrary from animal studies, large clinical trials on humans have shown that estrogen administered to postmenopausal women increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, timing may be everything, as estrogen is often administered immediately after ovariectomy (Ovx) in animal studies, while estrogen administration in human studies occurred many years postmenopause. This study investigates the discrepancy by administering 17β-estradiol (E2) in a slow-release capsule to Norway Brown rats both immediately following Ovx and 9 wk post-Ovx (Late), and studying differences in gene expression between these two groups compared with age-matched Ovx and sham-operated animals. Two different types of microarray were used to analyze the left ventricles from these groups: an Affymetrix array (n = 3/group) and an inflammatory cytokines and receptors PCR array (n = 4/group). Key genes were analyzed by Western blotting. Ovx without replacement led to an increase in caspase 3, caspase 9, calpain 2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, and TNF-α. Caspase 6, STAT3, and CD11b increased in the Late group, while tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2, MMP14, and collagen I α1 were decreased. MADD and fibronectin were increased in both Ovx and Late. TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels increased with Late replacement. Many of these changes were prevented by early E2 replacement. These findings suggest that increased expression of inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α and iNOS, may be involved in some of the deleterious effects of delayed E2 administration seen in human studies.
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