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Brody E, Greenhalgh SP, Sajjad M. Free Speech or Free to Hate?: Anti-LGBTQ+ Discourses in LGBTQ+-Affirming Spaces on Gab Social. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:2030-2055. [PMID: 37505504 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2023.2218959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a critical discourse analysis of groups on the free speech social media platform Gab that were intended to be LGBTQ+-friendly but became spaces of queerphobia. Results indicate that Gab users deployed discourses of difference to situate the platform as heteronormative and to denigrate the LGBTQ+ community. In particular, discourses utilized in the name of free speech were used to establish LGBTQ+ individuals as abominations, undergird hegemonic masculinity, and marginalize queer folk by reducing them to sex acts and sex organs. This study provides a better understanding of the (in)efficacy of "free speech" as a content moderation policy and unpacks how anti-LGBTQ+ hate speech spreads in digital spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Brody
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Mehroz Sajjad
- Department of Integrated Strategic Communication, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, Del Río-González AM, Rider GN, Bowleg L, Russell ST. Interpersonal protective factors for LGBTQ+ youth at multiple intersecting social identities and positions. ANNALS OF LGBTQ PUBLIC AND POPULATION HEALTH 2024; 5:67-79. [PMID: 38549704 PMCID: PMC10972541 DOI: 10.1891/lgbtq-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Interpersonal supports are protective against multiple negative health outcomes for youth such as emotional distress and substance use. However, finding interpersonal support may be difficult for youth exposed to intersecting racism, heterosexism, and cisgenderism, who may feel they are "outsiders within" their multiple communities. This study explores disparities in interpersonal supports for youth at different sociodemographic intersections. The 2019 Minnesota Student Survey includes data from 80,456 high school students, including measures of four interpersonal supports: feeling cared about by parents, other adult relatives, friends, and community adults. Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection analysis was used to examine all interactions among four social identities/positions (racialized/ethnic identity, sexual identity, gender identity, sex assigned at birth) to identify groups who report different rates of caring from each source (Bonferroni adjusted p<.05). In the overall sample, 69.24% perceived the highest level of caring ("very much") from parents, 50.09% from other adult relatives, 39.94% from friends, and 15.03% from community adults. Models identified considerable differences in each source of support. For example, more than 72% of straight, cisgender youth reported their parents cared about them very much, but youth who identified as LGBQ and TGD or gender-questioning were much less likely to report high parent caring (less than 36%) across multiple racialized/ethnic identities and regardless of sex assigned at birth. Findings highlight the importance of better understanding the ways interpersonal support might differ across groups, and underscore a need for intersectionality-tailored interventions to develop protective interpersonal supports for LGBTQ+ youth, rather than one-size-fits-all approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla E Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Amy L Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Ana María Del Río-González
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire AVE NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - G Nic Rider
- Institute for Sexual and Gender Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, 1300 S 2 St., Ste 180, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Lisa Bowleg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The George Washington University, 2125 G St NW, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Stephen T Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas, 108 Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Dulai JJS, Salway T, Ablona A. Strong community belonging moderates poor mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals living in Canada: an intersectional analysis of a national population-based survey. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2023; 114:916-927. [PMID: 37479947 PMCID: PMC10726692 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-023-00794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals report worse mental health than heterosexuals; however, this disparity may vary across intersecting social locations and be moderated by community belonging. METHODS We investigated these relationships using the Canadian Community Health Survey 2015-2016. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate associations between self-rated mental health and social locations (sexual orientation, gender, race, immigration, education, income), community belonging, and interactions between explanatory variables. RESULTS Poor mental health was 1.79 (95%CI: 1.37-2.33) times higher in lesbian/gay individuals and 3.3 (95%CI: 2.89-3.76) times higher in bisexuals when compared to heterosexuals. LGB participants across all social locations reported poorer mental health as compared with heterosexuals, with bisexuals consistently displaying worse mental health. Strong community belonging modifies this relationship, reducing disparities across all sexual orientations and social locations. CONCLUSION The intersections of differing social locations and community belonging should be considered when addressing LGB Canadians' mental health needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshun J S Dulai
- Division of Social and Behavioural Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Travis Salway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aidan Ablona
- Clinical Prevention Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bhardwaj M. "That's what we think of as activism": Solidarity through care in queer Desi diaspora. JOURNAL OF LESBIAN STUDIES 2023; 28:100-124. [PMID: 37415415 DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2023.2228652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This article examines a framing of solidarity as both activism and community care work in diasporic South Asian (sometimes referred to as "Desi") communities in the US and the UK. From the vantage point of the researcher as a pansexual Indian-American activist herself, this article draws conclusions based on ethnographic research and interviews conducted with lesbian, gay, queer, and trans activists during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and Black-led uprisings against police and state violence in the US and the UK. These conversations and this article particularly examine the participation of Desi activists and their peers in these movements, and their explorations of different modes of solidarity, from joint struggle to allyship to coconspiratorship and community transformation. They ultimately argue that queerness in Desi diaspora fosters solidarity through care that nurtures relationships across and between the diverse groups that make up LGBTQ + communities and the Desi diaspora, as well as between Desi, Black, and other racialized and diasporic communities. By examining lesbian, gay, trans, and broadly queer South Asian activists' relationships to each other and to other racialized groups in struggle, this article conceptualizes a framing of solidarity and Black and Brown liberation together that transcends difference, transphobia and TERFism, and anti-Blackness through centering kinship and care. Through the intimacies borne out of months and years on the frontlines of struggle together, this article argues that deepening an understanding of activism, kinship, and care together in Desi diasporic organizing is key to building a solidarity that imagines and moves toward new and liberated worlds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bhardwaj
- Department of Sociology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Miller EL. A conditional embrace-Swedish LGBTQ+ spaces through the eyes of ethnic minority non-heterosexual individuals. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1009192. [PMID: 36591064 PMCID: PMC9801980 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1009192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In research on sexuality, marginalized sub-groups within sexual minorities have often been overlooked. From the vantage point of Sweden, internationally ranked as an exemplary progressive nation in equality issues and LGBTQ+ rights, and with an increasingly diversified population, the lived experiences of ethnic minority non-heterosexual people are still very much lacking in voice and visibility. The present study aimed to examine experiences within Swedish non-heterosexual spaces, held by ethnic minority non-heterosexual individuals. Method A thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with 22 Swedish non-heterosexual individuals, 13 cis-men and nine cis-women, with diverse first- and second-generation immigration backgrounds, was conducted. Results Two main themes were identified. The first theme, "Constantly contested identities," is composed of the sub-themes "Ingrained, intersecting ideals" and "Prejudiced spaces," and the second theme, "Effects and counteractions," of the sub-themes "Never fully human" and "Representation and separatism." The results, presented starting from a more theoretical level, moving to situated knowledge, and finally to psychological and practical implications, demonstrate that ethnic minority non-heterosexual people experience problematic and intersecting ideals, with related discrimination, in various Swedish non-heterosexual settings. Experiences of alienation, exotification, and tokenism were common among the participants and had negative psychological effects, including multiple-minority stress and a constant outsider feeling. Representation and participation in separatist forums were utilized as primary strategies to counteract the negative effects. Discussion The findings shed light on previously under-researched ideals and actions within Swedish LGBTQ+ spaces, and raises questions about how positive belonging can be achieved for multiple-minorities. Further research and continued critical discussions about ethnic minority non-heterosexual people's plight within non-heterosexual settings in Sweden, and beyond, is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Louise Miller
- Department of Psychology, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden,Department of Psychology and Social Work, Faculty of Human Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden,*Correspondence: Emelie Louise Miller
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Spanierman LB, Clark DA, Kim Y. Reviewing Racial Microaggressions Research: Documenting Targets' Experiences, Harmful Sequelae, and Resistance Strategies. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 16:1037-1059. [PMID: 34498519 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211019944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the theoretical and empirical literature on racial microaggressions from 2007 to 2020 (N = 138 articles). First, we refine racial microaggressions theory and update the definition to address mischaracterizations in the literature and clarify the term (i.e., "micro" refers to microlevel interactions rather than degree of harm). Next, we used four superordinate categories (i.e., pathologizing differences, denigrating and pigeonholing, excluding or rendering invisible, and perpetuating color-blind racial attitudes) in which to situate racial microaggression themes from the extant literature. Moreover, we consolidated and renamed existing themes to privilege targets' perspectives (e.g., facing assumptions of inferior status and enduring exoticization). We then synthesized qualitative and quantitative research that shows harmful sequelae of racial microaggressions (i.e., psychological and physiological symptoms). Extending prior research on coping with gendered racial microaggressions, we describe empirical findings on collective, resistance, and self-protective strategies to mitigate the harmful impact of racial microaggressions. We conclude with directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Anthony Clark
- Interdisciplinary Humanities and Communication, Arizona State University
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University
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Breen AB, Estrellado JE, Nakamura N, Felipe LCS. Asian LGBTQ+ Sexual Health: an Overview of the Literature from the Past 5 Years. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11930-020-00298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Taylor A. “But where are the dates?” Dating as a central site of fat femme marginalisation in queer communities. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1822429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Taylor
- Department of Gender, Feminist & Women’s Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada
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