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Ben Izhak S, Diedrich L, Antal A, Lavidor M. Beyond social engagement: cognitive training leads to greater cognitive improvement in older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:556-574. [PMID: 37221447 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2216927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aging is often accompanied by a decline in cognitive functions, with memory being particularly affected. Recent studies suggest that cognitive training sessions that teach memory strategies relevant to daily life may benefit seniors who live in the community. However, it is possible that the cognitive improvement observed in these programs results from the social encounters embedded in them. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of a social cognitive training group, which met regularly for an extended period, on enhancing cognitive indices compared to a control group that only received social engagement meetings without training. Sixty-six participants with a mean age of 78 took part in 12 sessions of a social engagement group, with or without strategy training. Cognitive performance was assessed before and after training using four memory tasks, two similar to the trained tasks (near-transfer tasks) and two novel (far-transfer tasks). Both groups showed a slight improvement in most of the evaluation tasks, but the cognitive training combined with social engagement group showed a significant improvement in the Word Recall and Verbal Fluency tests compared to the social engagement group without training. Our findings suggest that cognitive training sessions may be a useful tool in promoting cognitive improvement among older adults living in the community, even beyond the improvement obtained from the social engagement that occurs during the training sessions.Trial registration number:NCT05016336. Date of registration: 20 August 2021. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Ben Izhak
- Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lukas Diedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Tokunaga S, Sekiguchi T, Watanabe Miura K, Sugimoto H, S Abe M, Tamura K, Kishimoto T, Kudo T, Otake-Matsuura M. Home-Based Cognitive Intervention for Healthy Older Adults Through Asking Robots Questions: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Aging 2024; 7:e47229. [PMID: 38647260 PMCID: PMC11058555 DOI: 10.2196/47229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Asking questions is common in conversations, and while asking questions, we need to listen carefully to what others say and consider the perspective our questions adopt. However, difficulties persist in verifying the effect of asking questions on older adults' cognitive function due to the lack of a standardized system for conducting experiments at participants' homes. Objective This study examined the intervention effect of cognitive training moderated by robots on healthy older adults. A focus on the feasibility of the intervention at participants' homes was also maintained. Feasibility was evaluated by considering both the dropout rate during the intervention and the number of questions posed to each participant during the experiment. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 81 adults older than 65 years. Participants were recruited through postal invitations and then randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group (n=40) received sessions where participants listened to photo-integrated stories and posed questions to the robots. The control group (n=41) received sessions where participants listened to photo-integrated stories and only thanked the robots for confirming participation. The participants participated in 12 dialogue sessions for 2-3 weeks. Scores of global cognitive functioning tests, recall tests, and verbal fluency tasks measured before and after the intervention were compared between the 2 groups. Results There was no significant intervention effect on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-Japanese scores, recall tests, and verbal fluency tasks. Additionally, our study successfully concluded with no participant dropouts at follow-up, confirming the feasibility of our approach. Conclusions There was no statistically significant evidence indicating intervention benefits for cognitive functioning. Although the feasibility of home-based interventions was demonstrated, we identified areas for improvement in the future, such as setting up more efficient session themes. Further research is required to identify the effectiveness of an improved cognitive intervention involving the act of asking questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Tokunaga
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato S Abe
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tamura
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taishiro Kishimoto
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Pai M, Muhammad T. Examining factors contributing to the socioeconomic inequalities in handgrip strength among older adults in India: a decomposition analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:442. [PMID: 38172263 PMCID: PMC10764745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the socioeconomic status (SES)-related inequalities associated with handgrip strength (HGS); and (b) the extent to which several demographic, health, and behavioral factors contributed to such SES disparities in HGS among older adults in India. Data were drawn from the 2017-2018 wave 1 of the Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI). The study sample included 27,707 older adults (13,199 men and 14,508 women) aged 60 years and older. HGS was assessed using a handheld Smedley's Hand Dynamometer with a cut-off of 19.5 kg for men and 12.5 kg for women. Bivariate analysis showed the weighted percentage distribution of weak HGS across respondent characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression assessed factors linked to weak HGS. The concentration curve and index (CCI) was used to determine the inequalities in the prevalence of weak HGS by wealth index scores. Wagstaff's decomposition approach was used to test the contribution of each explanatory variable to weak HGS. Around 9% of older adults in this study reported a weak HGS. It was significantly higher among those aged 80 or older (19.21%) and males (15.55%). Weak HGS was concentrated among older adults from poor SES (CCI: 0.05, p < 0.001). A higher percentage of wealth-based inequality in weak HGS was explained by being underweight (38.83%), belonging to the richest wealth quintile (27.95%), and having a higher subjective social status (32.20%). Moreover, about 23.29% of the inequality in weak HGS was explained by Western region and 22.54% by female gender. Additionally, having a secondary level of education explained a higher percentage (22.09%) of inequality, followed by current working status (- 20.68%). Rural residence (13.08%), limitations in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) (12.21%), and engagement in yoga-related activities (11.55%) explained a higher percentage of wealth-based inequalities. The findings provide evidence of significant SES-related inequalities in HGS and the contribution of various demographic, health, and behavioral factors to such inequality. As such, public health policies and programs focusing on reducing the burden of disability must consider the contribution of social and economic equity to the preservation of muscle strength among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manacy Pai
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - T Muhammad
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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DAmico D, Yusupov I, Zhu L, Lass JW, Plunkett C, Levine B, Troyer AK, Vandermorris S. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Impact of a self-guided e-learning Memory and Brain Health Promotion Program for Healthy Older Adults. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:4-16. [PMID: 35713408 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2088325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the feasibility (e.g., completion rate), acceptability (e.g., satisfaction), and participant-reported impact (e.g., memory concerns, behavior change, goal attainment) of a self-guided, e-learning adaptation of a validated, facilitator-guided, in-person memory intervention for older adults. METHODS Participants were 139 healthy older adults (mean age: 73 ± 7, 73% women). Participation tracking and pre/post questionnaires embedded within the e-learning program were used to assess feasibility, acceptability, and impact. RESULTS Sixty-eight percent of participants completed the program. Anonymous feedback data indicated a high level of satisfaction with the program, the pace and clarity of the learning modules, and the user interface. Suggested improvements included offering more interaction with others and addressing minor platform glitches. There was a 41% decrease in the prevalence of concern about memory changes from baseline to posttest. The majority of participants reported an increase in use of memory strategies and uptake of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. All participants reported moderate-to-high satisfaction with personal goal attainment. CONCLUSIONS The program demonstrated good feasibility, acceptability, and lead to reduction in age-related memory concerns. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Self-guided, e-learning programming shows promise for fostering positive adaptation to age-related memory changes and improving the uptake of evidence-based strategies to promote brain health among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle DAmico
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iris Yusupov
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynn Zhu
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan W Lass
- Kunin-Lunenfeld Centre for Applied Research and Evaluation (KL-CARE), Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy Plunkett
- Centre for Aging and Brain Health Innovation (CABHI), Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Vandermorris
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Asada T, Tanaka M, Araki W, Jon Lebowitz A, Kakuma T. Efficacy and Concurrent Validity of Computerized Brain Training Based on Everyday Living (BTEL) Based on Instrumental Activities of Living for Cognitively Healthy Old Individuals: A Preliminary Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:549-558. [PMID: 38701140 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Interventions to prevent or attenuate cognitive decline and dementia in older adults are becoming increasingly important. Recently, cognitive training exercise can be via computer or mobile technology for independent or home use. Recent meta-analysis has reported that Computerized Cognitive Training (CCT) is effective at enhancing cognitive function in healthy older and Alzheimer's disease adults, although little is known about individual characteristics of each computerized program. Objective We developed a new CCT named Brain Training Based on Everyday Living (BTEL) to enhance cognitive capacity for Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). We aim to evaluate the efficacy of the BTEL among cognitively healthy old individuals and to explore its concurrent validity and construct concept. Methods We conducted a double-blind study where 106 individuals aged 65 years and older (intervened = 53, control = 53) worked on the active and placebo tasks three times a week over three months (clinical trial: UMIN000048730). The main results were examined using ANCOVA and calculating correlation coefficients. Results We found no effect on total score of the three tests; however, there was significant effect for the BTEL on: recognition in MMSE, and immediate recall in HDSR. The tasks are associated with prefrontal cortex. In addition, correlations indicated that each BTEL domain had some validity as a cognitive assessment tool. Different from previous CCT, we determined the neuropsychological characteristics of specific cognitive tasks of the BTEL to a certain degree. Conclusions We found modest efficacy of the BTEL in cognitively healthy old individuals and confirmed its concurrent validity and the conceptual construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Asada
- Memory Clinic Ochanomizu, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mieko Tanaka
- Brain Functions Laboratory, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Adam Jon Lebowitz
- Department of General Education, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kakuma
- Biostatistics Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Burnett LK, Richmond LL. Just write it down: Similarity in the benefit from cognitive offloading in young and older adults. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:1580-1592. [PMID: 36995572 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Past research conducted primarily in young adults has demonstrated the utility of cognitive offloading for benefitting performance of memory-based tasks, particularly at high memory loads. At the same time, older adults show declines in a variety of memory abilities, including subtle changes in short-term memory, suggesting that cognitive offloading could also benefit performance of memory-based tasks in this group. To this end, 94 participants (62 young adults, 32 older adults) were tested on a retrospective audiovisual short-term memory task in two blocked conditions. Offloading was permitted in the offloading choice condition but not in the internal memory condition. Performance was improved for both age groups in the offloading choice condition compared to the internal memory condition. Moreover, the choice to use the offloading strategy was similar across age groups at high memory loads, and use of the offloading strategy benefitted performance for young and older adults similarly. These data suggest that older adults can make effective use of cognitive offloading to rescue performance of memory-based activities, and invites future research on the benefits of cognitive offloading for older adults in other, more complex tasks where age-related memory impairment is expected to be more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois K Burnett
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Psychology B Building, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Lauren L Richmond
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Psychology B Building, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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Völter C, Götze L, Dazert S, Thomas JP, Kamin ST. Longitudinal trajectories of memory among middle-aged and older people with hearing loss: the influence of cochlear implant use on cognitive functioning. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1220184. [PMID: 37781104 PMCID: PMC10537213 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1220184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cochlear implants (CI) are the gold standard intervention for severe to profound hearing loss, a known modifiable risk factor for dementia. However, it remains unknown whether CI use might prevent the age-related cognitive decline. Recent studies are encouraging but are limited, mainly by short follow-up periods and, for ethical reasons, lack of appropriate control groups. Further, as age-related cognitive decline is multifaceted and not linear, other statistical approaches have to be evaluated. Materials and methods Immediate and delayed recall as measures of cognitive function were assessed in 75 newly implanted CI users (mean age 65.41 years ± 9.19) for up to 5 years (mean 4.5 ± 0.5) of CI use and compared to 8,077 subjects of the same age range from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA). Linear and quadratic changes in cognitive trajectories were analyzed in detail using mixed growth models, considering possible confounders. Results For CI users, the linear time slope showed a significant improvement in the specific domains (recall and delayed recall) over time. The quadratic time slope clearly indicated that the predicted change after CI provision followed an inverted U-shape with a predicted decline 2 years after CI provision. In the hearing-impaired group, a significant decline over time was found, with steeper declines early on and the tendency to flatten out in the follow-up. Conclusion Cochlear implant use seems to boost cognitive trajectories in the first years after implantation. However, long-term prevention of dementia seems to need far more than restoration of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Völter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lisa Götze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dazert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Catholic Hospital Bochum, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Peter Thomas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Johannes Hospital, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Thomas Kamin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Fraunhofer Center for Applied Research on Supply Chain Services SCS, Nuremberg, Germany
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Borella E, Sella E, Simonetto A, Bellorio N, Lenti G, Taconnat L, Carbone E. Effects of Strategy-Based Memory Training for Older Adults: Do Booster Sessions Prompt Long-Term Benefits? Brain Sci 2023; 13:1301. [PMID: 37759902 PMCID: PMC10526930 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the efficacy of a strategy-based memory training for older adults at short- and long-term with two (5- and 11 months) follow-ups. We also explored whether booster sessions (additional training before the first follow-up) facilitated the maintenance of benefits. Thirty-three older adults received a training based on the teaching of different effective memory strategies. One group completed three booster sessions before the 5 months follow-up. Training gains were examined using a word-list and a face-surname association recall tasks, and transfer effects with a grocery-word list (GL) recall task, a working memory (WM) measure, and a perceived memory functioning questionnaire. Training gains and transfer effects to the WM measure emerged and were maintained up to the second follow-up. No benefits for the GL and perceived memory functioning were found. The "boosted" group had only a slight advantage-in one of the transfer tasks-as shown by effect sizes. This pilot study confirms the efficacy of strategy-based memory training in supporting older adults' memory performance up to 11 months since training completion. However, booster sessions seem not to make a clear difference in prompting long-lasting benefits. Training features capable of fostering generalized, prolonged effects are worth investigating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Enrico Sella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Anna Simonetto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Nicola Bellorio
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Graziana Lenti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- Université de Poitiers et Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage, Université de Tours, UMR-CNRS 7295, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (E.S.)
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Studer-Luethi B, Boesch V, Lusti S, Meier B. Fostering cognitive performance in older adults with a process- and a strategy-based cognitive training. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:837-859. [PMID: 35912438 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of process-based and strategy-based cognitive training to boost performance in healthy older adults. Three groups trained with either a dichotic listening training (process-based training, n = 25), an implementation intention strategy training (strategy-based training, n = 23), or served as a non-contact control group (n = 30). Our results demonstrated that training participants improved their performance in the trained tasks (process-based training: d = 3.01, strategy-based training: d = 2.6). For untrained tasks, the process-based training group showed significant working memory (d = .58) as well as episodic memory task improvement (d = 1.19) compared to the strategy-based training and to the non-contact control group (all d < .03). In contrast, in the strategy-based training group there was a tendency towards some performance gain in a fluid intelligence test (d = .92). These results indicate that cognitive training can be tailored to improve specific cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Boesch
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Meier
- Institute for Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tulliani N, Bye R, Bissett M, Coutts S, Liu KPY. A Semantic-Based Cognitive Training Programme on Everyday Activities: A Feasibility and Acceptability Study among Cognitively Healthy Older Adults. Occup Ther Int 2023; 2023:2153223. [PMID: 37664163 PMCID: PMC10468288 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2153223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the normal ageing process, a person's cognitive functions and memory gradually decline, which can affect their ability to perform everyday activities including cooking, cleaning, managing finances, and shopping. Semantic memory encoding strategies benefit older adults' cognitive and functional performance. Such strategies can be taught by an accessible, cost-effective, and flexible app-based programme. Currently, no studies examine such an app-based programme focussed on everyday activities. Objectives To determine if an app-based programme constructed on the principles of semantic memory encoding strategies, targeted towards older adults, called Enhancing Memory in Daily Life (E-MinD Life) is (1) feasible by examining acceptance, engagement, and attendance and (2) acceptable by examining the perceived effectiveness, relevancy, clarity, and convenience. Methods Eleven participants were recruited to a nine-week (18 sessions) programme using E-MinD Life. Feasibility was measured by collecting data on recruitment and retention rates, attendance, and duration of sessions. Acceptability was measured via a Likert scale questionnaire and free comments. Likert scale responses were analysed using descriptive statistics; open-ended responses were categorised qualitatively via constant comparative approach. Results Nine participants completed the programme. Overall, most participants found the programme relevant, convenient, logical, and easy to understand and perceived it to be effective to address functional cognitive problems impacting performance of everyday activities. The results from the qualitative analysis showed that participants found the programme enjoyable and the interaction with the research team throughout the intervention beneficial. Conclusion E-MinD Life shows promise as the focus of further research to determine the effectiveness of the programme and sematic-based cognitive strategies in maintaining cognition and performance in everyday activities among older adults with and without cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tulliani
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosalind Bye
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Bissett
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha Coutts
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen P. Y. Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Jansen MG, Oosterman JM, Folkerts AK, Chakraverty D, Kessels RPC, Kalbe E, Roheger M. Classification Of MeMory InTerventions: Rationale and developmental process of the COMMIT tool. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37523444 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2023.2236346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTOver the last decades, numerous memory interventions have been developed to mitigate memory decline in normal ageing. However, there is a large variability in the success of memory interventions, and it remains poorly understood which memory intervention programs are most effective and for whom. This is partially explained by the heterogeneity of memory intervention protocols across studies as well as often poor reporting of the study design. To facilitate a reporting framework that enables researchers to systemize the content and design of memory intervention paradigms, we developed the Classification Of MeMory InTerventions (COMMIT) tool using a 3-stage developmental process. Briefly, COMMIT was based on qualitative content analysis of already existing memory intervention studies published between April 1983 and July 2020, and iteratively validated by both internal and external expert panels. COMMIT provides an easily-applicable interactive tool that enables systematic description of memory intervention studies, together with instructions on how to use this classification tool. Our main goal is to provide a tool that enables the reporting and classification of memory interventions in a transparent, comprehensible, and complete manner, to ensure a better comparability between memory interventions, and, to ultimately contribute to the question which memory intervention shows the greatest benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Jansen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joukje M Oosterman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ann-Kristin Folkerts
- Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Interventions (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Digo Chakraverty
- Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Interventions (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology & Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Kalbe
- Medical Psychology, Neuropsychology and Gender Studies & Center for Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Interventions (CeNDI), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mandy Roheger
- Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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James CE, Stucker C, Junker-Tschopp C, Fernandes AM, Revol A, Mili ID, Kliegel M, Frisoni GB, Brioschi Guevara A, Marie D. Musical and psychomotor interventions for cognitive, sensorimotor, and cerebral decline in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (COPE): a study protocol for a multicentric randomized controlled study. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:76. [PMID: 36747142 PMCID: PMC9900212 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular cognitive training can boost or maintain cognitive and brain functions known to decline with age. Most studies administered such cognitive training on a computer and in a lab setting. However, everyday life activities, like musical practice or physical exercise that are complex and variable, might be more successful at inducing transfer effects to different cognitive domains and maintaining motivation. "Body-mind exercises", like Tai Chi or psychomotor exercise, may also positively affect cognitive functioning in the elderly. We will compare the influence of active music practice and psychomotor training over 6 months in Mild Cognitive Impairment patients from university hospital memory clinics on cognitive and sensorimotor performance and brain plasticity. The acronym of the study is COPE (Countervail cOgnitive imPairmEnt), illustrating the aim of the study: learning to better "cope" with cognitive decline. METHODS We aim to conduct a randomized controlled multicenter intervention study on 32 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients (60-80 years), divided over 2 experimental groups: 1) Music practice; 2) Psychomotor treatment. Controls will consist of a passive test-retest group of 16 age, gender and education level matched healthy volunteers. The training regimens take place twice a week for 45 min over 6 months in small groups, provided by professionals, and patients should exercise daily at home. Data collection takes place at baseline (before the interventions), 3, and 6 months after training onset, on cognitive and sensorimotor capacities, subjective well-being, daily living activities, and via functional and structural neuroimaging. Considering the current constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic, recruitment and data collection takes place in 3 waves. DISCUSSION We will investigate whether musical practice contrasted to psychomotor exercise in small groups can improve cognitive, sensorimotor and brain functioning in MCI patients, and therefore provoke specific benefits for their daily life functioning and well-being. TRIAL REGISTRATION The full protocol was approved by the Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche sur l'être humain de Genève (CCER, no. 2020-00510) on 04.05.2020, and an amendment by the CCER and the Commission cantonale d'éthique de la recherche sur l'être humain de Vaud (CER-VD) on 03.08.2021. The protocol was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (20.09.2020, no. NCT04546451).
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Affiliation(s)
- CE. James
- grid.5681.a0000 0001 0943 1999Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 101, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Stucker
- grid.5681.a0000 0001 0943 1999Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Junker-Tschopp
- grid.5681.a0000 0001 0943 1999Geneva School of Social Work, Department of Psychomotricity, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Rue Prévost-Martin 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - AM. Fernandes
- grid.5681.a0000 0001 0943 1999Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Revol
- grid.5681.a0000 0001 0943 1999Geneva School of Social Work, Department of Psychomotricity, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Rue Prévost-Martin 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - ID. Mili
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Didactics of Arts and Movement Laboratory, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Boulevard Carl-Vogt 101, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Kliegel
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Boulevard du Pont d’Arve 28, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - GB. Frisoni
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Memory Center, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 6, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Brioschi Guevara
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Leenaards Memory Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Chemin de Mont-Paisible 16, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D. Marie
- grid.5681.a0000 0001 0943 1999Geneva School of Health Sciences, Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI lab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, MRI HUG-UNIGE, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Zhu D, Wang D, Huang R, Jing Y, Qiao L, Liu W. User Interface (UI) Design and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) Evaluation of a To-Do List Mobile Application to Support Day-To-Day Life of Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10102068. [PMID: 36292518 PMCID: PMC9602058 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the spread of smartphones, older adults enjoy the assistance of smartphones. However, fewer mobile applications are designed for older adults. Smartphone user interface (UI) serves as an external brain to capture information, and older adults may have memory complaints that affect self-confidence and lead to memory decline. Non-declarative memory requires more effort. Therefore, this study aims to design and evaluate a to-do list application to help older adults encode, store, and retrieve non-declarative memory, such as tasks they plan to do. We recruited 15 participants (5 men and 10 women) aged 60 to 75 years old (SD = 5.32). They were asked to complete nine usability tasks, and to answer a user experience questionnaire (UEQ) and a few interview questions. Sixty percent of users completed with only one or two attempts (median = 2.80, SD = 1.63). We found three usability issues and proposed an iteration plan. The application has attractiveness, efficiency, dependability, stimulation, novelty, and good perspicuity for older adults. The product was rated excellent except for perspicuity, which met the users’ expectations. This indicates that the user is satisfied with the application prototype. The results of this measurement can be utilized as a benchmark for the next model for developing mobile to-do list applications on user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- School of Design and Architecture, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dahua Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruonan Huang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuchen Jing
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Software Technology Center Asia Microsoft, Beijing 518057, China
| | - Li Qiao
- Software Technology Center Asia Microsoft, Beijing 518057, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sella E, Carbone E, Vincenzi M, Toffalini E, Borella E. Efficacy of memory training interventions targeting metacognition for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment Health 2022; 27:674-694. [PMID: 36218025 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2122931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review examined the evidence about training interventions targeting metacognition in improving memory and cognitive performance, metacognitive functioning, and well-being in healthy older adults. METHODS Studies were identified in the PsycInfo, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The risk of bias was assessed using tools based on the Joanna Briggs criteria. The data were meta-analyzed using random effects models for those training targeting metacognition alone (metacognitive training) or combined with memory strategy training (strategic metacognitive training). RESULTS Out of the 3,487 articles first identified, 25 studies were eligible for our review (N = 1,768 older adults; mean age range: 64-85 years). Metacognitive training and strategic metacognitive training elicited improvements in memory (d = 0.52 [95% CI: 0.19; 0.84], and d = 0.44 [95% CI: 0.29; 0.58], respectively), metacognitive beliefs (d = 0.58 [95% CI: 0.23; 0.93], and d = 48 [95% CI: 0.28; 0.69], respectively), strategy use (d = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.46; 1.49] and 0.87 [95% CI: 0.14; 1.61], respectively), and memory self-efficacy (d = 0.08 [95% CI: -0.39; 0.56] and 0.55 [95% CI: 0.36; 0.75], respectively). Strategic metacognitive training also improved well-being (d = 0.21 [95% CI: 0.07; 0.35]). CONCLUSION Interventions targeting metacognition (alone or combined with memory strategy training) have the potential to support older adults' memory and metacognitive functioning. The methodological quality of most studies on the topic was often limited, however. Furthermore, well-designed studies needed to confirm the benefits of such interventions in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Sella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Toffalini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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15
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Pike K, Moller CI, Bryant C, Farrow M, Dao DP, Ellis KA. Examination of the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of the Online Personalised Training in Memory Strategies for Everyday (OPTIMiSE) Program for Older Adults: Results from a Single-Arm Pre-Post Trial (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 25:e41712. [PMID: 37079356 PMCID: PMC10160943 DOI: 10.2196/41712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory strategy training for older adults helps maintain and improve cognitive health but is traditionally offered face-to-face, which is resource intensive, limits accessibility, and is challenging during a pandemic. Web-based interventions, such as the Online Personalised Training in Memory Strategies for Everyday (OPTIMiSE) program, may overcome such barriers. OBJECTIVE We report on OPTIMiSE's feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy. METHODS Australians aged ≥60 years reporting subjective cognitive decline participated in this single-arm pre-post web-based intervention. OPTIMiSE is a 6-module web-based program offered over 8-weeks with a 3-month booster. It has a problem-solving approach to memory issues, focusing on psychoeducation about memory and aging, knowledge and practice of compensatory memory strategies, and personalized content related to individual priorities. We examined the feasibility (recruitment, attrition, and data collection), acceptability (recommendation to others, suggestions for improvement, and withdrawal reasons), and efficacy (change in goal satisfaction, strategy knowledge and use, self-reported memory, memory satisfaction and knowledge, and mood; thematic content analysis of the most significant change; and the application of knowledge and strategies in daily life) of OPTIMiSE. RESULTS OPTIMiSE was feasible, demonstrated by strong interest (633 individuals screened), a satisfactory level of attrition (158/312, 50.6%), and minimal missing data from those completing the intervention. It was acceptable, with 97.4% (150/154) of participants agreeing they would recommend OPTIMiSE, the main suggestion for improvement being more time to complete modules, and withdrawal reasons similar to those in in-person interventions. OPTIMiSE was also efficacious, with linear mixed-effects analyses revealing improvements, of moderate to large effect sizes, across all primary outcomes (all P<.001): memory goal satisfaction (Cohen d after course=1.24; Cohen d at 3-month booster=1.64), strategy knowledge (Cohen d after course=0.67; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.72) and use (Cohen d after course=0.79; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.90), self-reported memory (Cohen d after course=0.80; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.83), memory satisfaction (Cohen d after course=1.25; Cohen d at 3-month booster=1.29) and knowledge (Cohen d after course=0.96; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.26), and mood (Cohen d after course=-0.35; nonsignificant Cohen d at booster). Furthermore, the most significant changes reported by participants (strategy use, improvements in daily life, reduced concern about memory, confidence and self-efficacy, and sharing and shame busting with others) reflected the course objectives and were consistent with themes arising from previous in-person interventions. At the 3-month booster, many participants reported continued implementation of knowledge and strategies in their daily lives. CONCLUSIONS This feasible, acceptable, and efficacious web-based program has the potential to enable access to evidence-based memory interventions for older adults worldwide. Notably, the changes in knowledge, beliefs, and strategy use continued beyond the initial program. This is particularly important for supporting the growing number of older adults living with cognitive concerns. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620000979954; https://tinyurl.com/34cdantv. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.3233/ADR-200251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn Pike
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Australia
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith Centre for Mental Health & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Carl I Moller
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christina Bryant
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maree Farrow
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Duy P Dao
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Brasser M, Frühholz S, Schneeberger AR, Ruschetti GG, Schaerli R, Häner M, Studer-Luethi B. A Randomized Controlled Trial Study of a Multimodal Intervention vs. Cognitive Training to Foster Cognitive and Affective Health in Older Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:866613. [PMID: 35795412 PMCID: PMC9251428 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.866613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research over the past few decades has shown the positive influence that cognitive, social, and physical activities have on older adults’ cognitive and affective health. Especially interventions in health-related behaviors, such as cognitive activation, physical activity, social activity, nutrition, mindfulness, and creativity, have shown to be particularly beneficial. Whereas most intervention studies apply unimodal interventions, such as cognitive training (CT), this study investigates the potential to foster cognitive and affective health factors of older adults by means of an autonomy-supportive multimodal intervention (MMI). The intervention integrates everyday life recommendations for six evidence-based areas combined with psychoeducational information. This randomized controlled trial study compares the effects of a MMI and CT on those of a waiting control group (WCG) on cognitive and affective factors, everyday life memory performance, and activity in everyday life. Three groups, including a total of 119 adults aged 65–86 years, attended a 5- or 10-week intervention. Specifically, one group completed a 10-week MMI, the second group completed 5-week of computer-based CT followed by a 5-week MMI, whereas the third group paused before completing the MMI for the last 5 weeks. All participants completed online surveys and cognitive tests at three test points. The findings showed an increase in the number and variability of activities in the everyday lives of all participants. Post hoc analysis on cognitive performance of MMI to CT indicate similar (classic memory and attention) or better (working memory) effects. Furthermore, results on far transfer variables showed interesting trends in favor of the MMI, such as increased well-being and attitude toward the aging brain. Also, the MMI group showed the biggest perceived improvements out of all groups for all self-reported personal variables (memory in everyday life and stress). The results implicate a positive trend toward MMI on cognitive and affective factors of older adults. These tendencies show the potential of a multimodal approach compared to training a specific cognitive function. Moreover, the findings suggest that information about MMI motivates participants to increase activity variability and frequency in everyday life. Finally, the results could also have implications for the primary prevention of neurocognitive deficits and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Brasser
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Maria Brasser,
| | - Sascha Frühholz
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres R. Schneeberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rahel Schaerli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Häner
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Tse ZCK, Cao Y, Ogilvie JM, Chau BKH, Ng DHC, Shum DHK. Prospective Memory Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2022; 33:347-372. [PMID: 35543836 PMCID: PMC10148783 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM), which enables one to remember to carry out delayed intentions, is crucial for everyday functioning. PM commonly deteriorates upon cognitive decline in older adults, but several studies have shown that PM in older adults can be improved by training. The current study aimed to summarise this evidence by conducting a qualitative systematic analysis and quantitative meta-analysis of the effects of PM training in older adults, for which systematic searches were conducted across seven databases (Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus). Forty-eight studies were included in the qualitative analysis, and 43% of the assessed PM training interventions showed positive gains in enhancing PM. However, the methodological quality varied across the studies, with 41% of the non-randomised control trials (non-RCTs) rated as having either serious or critical risk of bias. Therefore, only 29 RCTs were included in the subsequent quantitative meta-analysis. We found a significant and moderate immediate efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.54) of PM training in enhancing PM performance in older adults, but no significant long-term efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.21). Two subgroup analyses also revealed a robust training efficacy across the study population (i.e., healthy and clinical population) and the number of training sessions (i.e., single session and programme-based). Overall, this study provided positive evidence to support PM training in older adults. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms by which PM training exerts its effects, and better-quality RCTs are needed to provide more robust evidence supporting our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita C K Tse
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James M Ogilvie
- Grififth Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bolton K H Chau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Daphne H C Ng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - David H K Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Research Institute for Smart Ageing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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18
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Rodríguez-Blázquez C, Ayala-García A, Forjaz MJ, García-Herranz S, Venero C, Rodríguez-Fernández R, Díaz-Mardomingo MDC. Validation of the Spanish version of the Memory Failures of Everyday questionnaire in older adults using Rasch analysis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:332-337. [PMID: 35259775 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The Memory Failures of Everyday (MFE) is a widely used instrument for assessing memory failure. The aim of the study was to analyze the MFE items using the Rasch model in a sample of cognitively older adults in Spain. METHODS A cross-sectional validation study in a sample of 214 healthy people aged ≥60 years who used centers for older people in Madrid (Spain). The MFE for the assessment of memory complaints was used. The following properties of the Rasch model were assessed: data fit, reliability, unidimensionality, local dependence and lack of differential item functioning by gender, age and marital status. RESULTS The MFE showed a good fit to the Rasch model (χ2 (140) = 160.2; P = 0.116) and high reliability (person separation index = 0.808). The questionnaire was unidimensional (6.54% t-test; IC binomial = 0.036-0.095). The items showed lack of local dependence between them and differential item functioning. The MFE scores were transformed into linear interval scores with a median of 44.31 and an observed range of 17.9-89.2 (theoretical range: 0-100). CONCLUSIONS The MFE is a unidimensional, reliable instrument to assess memory complaints in cognitively healthy older adults in Spain, with usefulness in clinical research and practice. The construct validity of the MFE linear score could not be fully confirmed and this deserves further investigation. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22: 332-337.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rodríguez-Blázquez
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Mixto de investigación- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Ayala-García
- Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,REDISSEC and RICAPPS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria João Forjaz
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Mixto de investigación- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,REDISSEC and RICAPPS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara García-Herranz
- Instituto Mixto de investigación- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - César Venero
- Instituto Mixto de investigación- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Fernández
- Instituto Mixto de investigación- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Díaz-Mardomingo
- Instituto Mixto de investigación- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
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Brief Strategy Training in Aging: Near Transfer Effects and Mediation of Gains by Improved Self-Regulation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040465. [PMID: 35447995 PMCID: PMC9027409 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to cognitive intervention for adults is memory strategy training, but limited work of this type has examined intervention effects in relation to self-regulation (e.g., strategy usage, memory beliefs) and few have established near transfer (training-related performance gain on untrained tasks related to the target task). The present research, Everyday Memory Clinic—Revised (EMC-R), examined whether relatively brief face-name association training, offering elements focused on self-regulation, can improve name recall, enhance memory self-regulation, and lead to near transfer. Participants were 122 healthy, well-educated middle-aged and older adults (51–90 years old) randomly assigned to a strategy training program (SO), a comparable program with a theoretical self-regulatory boost (SB), or a waitlist control group. Compared to the waitlist group, both groups of trainees demonstrated higher pretest-posttest improvements in name recall (target task), memory self-efficacy, and effective strategy use, as well as the near transfer of gains to nontrained associative tasks, a rare finding in strategy training research. Furthermore, changes in memory self-efficacy and strategy use fully mediated the effect of training on name recall. This innovative approach for brief memory intervention offers a model for successful training that can be easily disseminated via community centers and lifelong learning programs.
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20
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Cherrier MM, Higano CS, Gray HJ. Cognitive skill training improves memory, function, and use of cognitive strategies in cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:711-720. [PMID: 34368888 PMCID: PMC8639759 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer survivors commonly report symptoms of impaired cognition. This project examined effectiveness of a behavioral skills training intervention to improve cognition and reduce cognitive dysfunction symptoms in cancer survivors. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to group-based workshops focused on learning new cognitive skills (skills treatment-TX) or an active control of education workshops (education control-EC) or a passive control of wait list (WL). Participants were evaluated pre- and post intervention with subjective mood and symptom questionnaires and objective neurocognitive tests. RESULTS One hundred twenty-eight participants (mean age 59 years), average 4.6 years (+ / - 5.5 years) post cancer treatment with various cancer types (breast, bladder, prostate, colon, uterine), were enrolled. Analysis of all participants who attended workshop(s) revealed improvement in the TX workshop completers on all objective cognitive measures (attention, concentration, declarative, and working memory) save one test of selective attention, and improvement on a single measure (verbal memory) and decline (selective attention) in the EC group. TX workshop completers also improved on all symptom and mood measures, in contrast to EC group which improved on a single subscale of a symptom measure, but increased on an anxiety measure. TX group alone improved on a quantified measure of each participants' unique, "top three," self-described cognitive symptoms. CONCLUSION Improvement from behavioral skills training was evident from objective cognitive tests, subjective symptom measures, and quantified, individual patient-specific symptoms. Behavioral skill training is an effective treatment for cognitive dysfunction in cancer survivors, and should be considered as a treatment option by health care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M. Cherrier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Consortium, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Celestia S. Higano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Heidi J. Gray
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Consortium, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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21
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Sevinc G, Rusche J, Wong B, Datta T, Kaufman R, Gutz SE, Schneider M, Todorova N, Gaser C, Thomalla G, Rentz D, Dickerson BD, Lazar SW. Mindfulness Training Improves Cognition and Strengthens Intrinsic Connectivity Between the Hippocampus and Posteromedial Cortex in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:702796. [PMID: 34512305 PMCID: PMC8430251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.702796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining optimal cognitive functioning throughout the lifespan is a public health priority. Evaluation of cognitive outcomes following interventions to promote and preserve brain structure and function in older adults, and associated neural mechanisms, are therefore of critical importance. In this randomized controlled trial, we examined the behavioral and neural outcomes following mindfulness training (n = 72), compared to a cognitive fitness program (n = 74) in healthy, cognitively normal, older adults (65-80 years old). To assess cognitive functioning, we used the Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC), which combines measures of episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition. We hypothesized that mindfulness training would enhance cognition, increase intrinsic functional connectivity measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between the hippocampus and posteromedial cortex, as well as promote increased gray matter volume within those regions. Following the 8-week intervention, the mindfulness training group showed improved performance on the PACC, while the control group did not. Furthermore, following mindfulness training, greater improvement on the PACC was associated with a larger increase in intrinsic connectivity within the default mode network, particularly between the right hippocampus and posteromedial cortex and between the left hippocampus and lateral parietal cortex. The cognitive fitness training group did not show such effects. These findings demonstrate that mindfulness training improves cognitive performance in cognitively intact older individuals and strengthens connectivity within the default mode network, which is particularly vulnerable to aging affects. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02628548], identifier [NCT02628548].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Sevinc
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Johann Rusche
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Kopf- und Neurozentrum, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanya Datta
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Gutz
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marissa Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nevyana Todorova
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Kopf- und Neurozentrum, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorene Rentz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradford D. Dickerson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara W. Lazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Carbone E, Meneghetti C, Borella E. Supporting route learning in older adults: the role of imagery strategy. Aging Ment Health 2021; 25:1564-1571. [PMID: 32067468 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1727844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Route learning is an everyday spatial ability important to individuals' independent living, and is known to decline with age. This study aimed to investigate the benefit of using an imagery strategy to support route learning in young and older adults. METHODS Forty young adults and 40 older adults learned a path from a video. Twenty of each age group were taught to use an imagery strategy (strategy groups [SGs]), while the others received no specific instructions (control groups [CGs]). Then participants were asked to recall the order and location of landmarks they had seen along the path (landmark ordering and locating tasks). RESULTS Young adults recalled the order and location of landmarks better than older adults, and the SGs outperformed the CGs regardless of age. The Age group x Learning group interaction was only significant for the landmark locating task, with the young CG performing better than the older CG, while the older SG proved as good at recalling landmark locations as the young SG. Further, it was only among the older adults that the SG outperformed the CG. CONCLUSION These findings newly suggest that using imagery helps to sustain older adults' route learning ability, especially in spatial recall tasks demanding the active manipulation of spatial information learnt, such as locating landmarks previously encountered while navigating a path. These results are discussed within the aging and spatial cognition frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Carbone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Meneghetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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23
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Strickland-Hughes CM, West RL. The Impact of Naturalistic Age Stereotype Activation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:685448. [PMID: 34305742 PMCID: PMC8302256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost self-fulfilling, commonly held negative stereotypes about old age and memory can impair older adults' episodic memory performance, due to age-based stereotype threat or self-stereotyping effects. Research studies demonstrating detrimental impacts of age stereotypes on memory performance are generally conducted in research laboratories or medical settings, which often underestimate memory abilities of older adults. To better understand the "real world" impact of negative age and memory stereotypes on episodic memory, the present research tested story recall performance of late middle-aged and older adults (N = 51) following a naturalistic age stereotype manipulation, wherein every day, newspaper-style materials (comics and puzzles) were either embedded with negative age and memory stereotype stimuli (stereotype group) or neutral stimuli (control group). Furthermore, all participants were tested in favorable, familiar environments. Potential moderators of the stereotype effects, e.g., metamemory beliefs, were assessed at baseline. Current memory evaluation and subjective age, as well as perceived stereotype threat and task-related anxiety, were assessed following the stereotype manipulation as potential mechanisms of the expected stereotype effects. Results suggested a contrast effect, as the stereotype group demonstrated superior story recall performance compared to the control group. Marginally significant moderation effects by age and perceived stereotype threat indicated that stereotype rejection was present for late middle-aged adults but not older adults, indicative of stereotype lift, and for individuals who reported low and average, but not high, levels of perceived stereotype threat. Additionally, a trend suggested more positive memory evaluation for those in the stereotype group who reported awareness of the stereotype stimuli than those who did not notice the stimuli. These results are consistent with other research demonstrating benefits to memory performance in adulthood based on motivational and contextual factors, such as using relevant memory materials and testing in favorable conditions. Moreover, the results of this study contribute to our understanding of individuals' responses to different types of stereotype stimuli, and the differential impact of stereotype manipulations that are subtle versus blatant. Individuals were motivated to counteract negative stereotype effects when conditions were supportive, stereotype presentations were naturalistic, and personal beliefs were positive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L. West
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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24
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Mathur MB, VanderWeele TJ. Meta-regression methods to characterize evidence strength using meaningful-effect percentages conditional on study characteristics. Res Synth Methods 2021; 12:731-749. [PMID: 34196505 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Meta-regression analyses usually focus on estimating and testing differences in average effect sizes between individual levels of each meta-regression covariate in turn. These metrics are useful but have limitations: they consider each covariate individually, rather than in combination, and they characterize only the mean of a potentially heterogeneous distribution of effects. We propose additional metrics that address both limitations. Given a chosen threshold representing a meaningfully strong effect size, these metrics address the questions: "For a given joint level of the covariates, what percentage of the population effects are meaningfully strong?" and "For any two joint levels of the covariates, what is the difference between these percentages of meaningfully strong effects?" We provide semiparametric methods for estimation and inference and assess their performance in a simulation study. We apply the proposed methods to meta-regression analyses on memory consolidation and on dietary behavior interventions, illustrating how the methods can provide more information than standard reporting alone. To facilitate implementing the methods in practice, we provide reporting guidelines and simple R code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya B Mathur
- Quantitative Sciences Unit and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Tyler J VanderWeele
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Lajeunesse A, Potvin MJ, Labelle V, Chasles MJ, Kergoat MJ, Villalpando JM, Joubert S, Rouleau I. Effectiveness of a Visual Imagery Training Program to Improve Prospective Memory in Older Adults with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 32:1576-1604. [PMID: 33947319 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.1919529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prospective memory (PM) problems in aging and, to a greater extent, in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), compromise functional independence. This study examined the effectiveness of a cognitive training program based on visual imagery to improve PM among older adults with and without MCI. Participants were older adults, 24 with MCI and 24 cognitively healthy (HOA). Half of them (12 MCI and 12 HOA) were randomly assigned to the PM training program, the other half to the no-training control group. All participants also completed a pre- and post-test evaluation, including neuropsychological tests, questionnaires, and the Ecological Test of Prospective Memory (TEMP). There was no significant effect of the intervention on the TEMP total, event-based or time-based scores for either the MCI or HOA groups. However, the trained MCI group committed fewer false alarms (i.e., more efficient identification of prospective cues) in the event-based condition of the TEMP at post-test. On the other hand, all trained participants performed better than control participants on retrospective memory tests, which suggests that visual imagery-based training is more effective to improve retrospective memory than PM. Possible explanations for these results are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lajeunesse
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Julie Potvin
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Neurotraumatology Program, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Véronique Labelle
- Centre de services ambulatoires en santé mentale et de réadaptation en dépendance de Charlemagne, CISSS de Lanaudière, Charlemagne, Canada
| | - Marie-Joëlle Chasles
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Kergoat
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Juan Manuel Villalpando
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sven Joubert
- Research Center, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Rouleau
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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26
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Boller B, Ouellet É, Belleville S. Using Virtual Reality to Assess and Promote Transfer of Memory Training in Older Adults With Memory Complaints: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Psychol 2021; 12:627242. [PMID: 33776848 PMCID: PMC7994284 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this proof-of-concept study, we assessed the potential for immersive virtual reality (VR) to measure transfer following strategic memory training, and whether efficacy and transfer are increased when training is complemented by practice in an immersive virtual environment. Forty older adults with subjective memory complaints were trained with the method of loci. They were randomized to either a condition where they practiced the strategy in VR (n = 20) or a control condition where they were familiarized with VR using a non-memory task (n = 20). Training efficacy was measured with word recall, and transfer of the training benefit was measured with a recall task completed in two VR tasks (primary outcomes) as well as a self-report memory questionnaire (secondary outcomes). Testing was administered before (PRE), midway (POST 3), and after (POST 6) training. Participants improved their scores on word recall. Regarding transfer measures, participants improved their performance in the two VR recall tasks but not on the self-report memory questionnaire. No significant group effect was observed. Improvement was found when comparing PRE to POST 3 with no further improvement at POST 6. Thus, strategic memory training improved the memory of seniors with memory complaints on word recall and a transfer task relying on a VR scenario that resembles real-life. However, no evidence supporting an increase in transfer effects was found when enriching training with VR memory exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Boller
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Ouellet
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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27
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Rebok GW, Tzuang M, Parisi JM. Comparing Web-Based and Classroom-Based Memory Training for Older Adults: The ACTIVE Memory Works™ Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:1132-1143. [PMID: 31429912 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of a web-based versus a classroom-based memory training program in enhancing cognition and everyday functioning in older adults, and program satisfaction and acceptability. METHOD Participants (N = 208; mean age = 71.1) were randomly assigned to a web-based or classroom-based training, or to a wait-list control condition. Cognitive and everyday functioning measures were administered at baseline, immediate, and 6 months post-training; both training groups evaluated program satisfaction and acceptability at immediate post-training. Repeated-measures analyses of variance assessed training effects on cognitive and functioning outcomes; independent-samples t tests assessed group differences in program satisfaction and acceptability. RESULTS Compared to controls, neither training group showed a significant improvement on measures of memory or everyday functioning as assessed by dependence or difficulty on instrumental activities of daily living over time. Training effects did not transfer to non-trained cognitive abilities. The web-based group was as satisfied with the training as the classroom-based group (p > .05). DISCUSSION Although no significant training effects were found, we demonstrated that a web-based platform is an acceptable and feasible mode to provide memory training to healthy older adults. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential of web-based memory training programs for improving cognition and function in cognitively healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marian Tzuang
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeanine M Parisi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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28
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Sandberg P, Boraxbekk CJ, Zogaj I, Nyberg L. Ancient Mnemonic in New Format-Episodic Memory Training With the Method of Loci in a Smart Phone Application. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:681-691. [PMID: 33480435 PMCID: PMC7955968 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Episodic memory is age-sensitive but can be strengthened by targeted training interventions. The method of loci (MoL) is a classic mnemonic which if successfully implemented greatly improves memory performance. We developed and investigated the effects of a MoL training program implemented in a smart phone application (app) with the aim of studying usage of the application, training effect and its modifiability by age, predictors for MoL proficiency, transfer effects to a face-name memory task, and perceived benefit in everyday memory. Method A total of 359 adults participated. Instruction and training of the MoL, transfer test (face-name paired associates cued recall task), and surveys were performed in an in-house developed app. Results The app interested people across the adult life span. Older adults practiced the most, whereas younger and young-old participants showed the highest level of MoL proficiency. Level of proficiency was modulated by amount of practice, but in the oldest participants this effect was less pronounced. Greater self-rated health was associated with higher level of proficiency. No transfer effect was observed. Among those who answered the survey, about half expressed that MoL training had benefitted memory in their everyday life. Discussion App-based memory training in the MoL can be delivered successfully via an app across the adult life span. Level of performance reached in training is variable but generally high, and mainly influenced by amount of training and age of the participants. Our data suggest plasticity across the life span, but to a lesser degree for adults between 70 and 90 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sandberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Boraxbekk
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Sweden.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen (ISMC), Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | - Idriz Zogaj
- Swedish Memory Sports Council, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology, Umeå University, Sweden.,Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
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29
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Smith CM, Sokoloff LG, Alsaba N. Collaborative framework for working with older simulated participants
(SP). BMJ SIMULATION & TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 2021; 7:112-115. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjstel-2020-000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction
As the global population ages, healthcare providers must prepare for the
complexities associated with caring for older adults, defined according to the
WHO, as being over the age of 60. Simulation-based education in healthcare
allows caregivers to practice and master skills and competencies associated
with care of older adults. Simulated
patients/participants (SP), well
people trained to portray other individuals, are an effective choice when
training behavioural skills (eg, communication). When working with older SPs,
it is important to recognise unique considerations and requirements related to
physiological changes, in physical, cognitive and sensory systems associated
with normal ageing.
Method
SP educators from two different countries, with diverse backgrounds and
contexts, collaborated through an iterative, consensus-based process to create
a framework for working with older SPs.
Results
A practical three-phase framework with specific strategies was developed
that synthesised elements of best practices related to simulation methodology
with relevant clinical evidence.
Discussion
Effective collaboration with older SPs is achievable through investing
resources in preparing, training and ensuring their well-being. Through faculty
development of healthcare simulation educators, we can ensure that older SPs
and simulation communities have the right tools and support to safely and
effectively contribute to simulation-based education.
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30
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Dual n-back working memory training evinces superior transfer effects compared to the method of loci. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3072. [PMID: 33542383 PMCID: PMC7862396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) training is a prevalent intervention for multiple cognitive deficits, however, the transfer effects to other cognitive tasks from gains in WM induced by different training techniques still remains controversial. Therefore, the current study recruited three groups of young adults to investigate the memory training transference, with N-back group (NBG) (n = 50) training on dual n-back task, Memory Palace group (MPG) (n = 50) on method of loci, and a blank control group (BCG) (n = 48) receiving no training. Our results showed that both training groups separately improved WM capacity on respective trained task. For untrained tasks, both training groups enhanced performance on digit-span task, while on change detection task, significant improvement was only observed in NBG. In conclusion, while both techniques can be used as effective training methods to improve WM, the dual n-back task training method, perhaps has a more prominent transfer effect than that of method of loci.
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31
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Vranic A, Martincevic M, Borella E. Mental imagery training in older adults: Which are benefits and individual predictors? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:334-341. [PMID: 32909352 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Strategic memory training involves explicit instructions in mnemonic methods to improve recall. Mental imagery is considered among the most effective encoding strategies. The aim of the present study was to assess the benefits of a strategic memory training based on mental imagery (originally proposed by Carretti et al., 2007) and to further investigate its potentials. The study represents a replication in a new and independent cultural setting and features valuable methodological amendments, while it also examines individual predictors of training efficacy. DESIGN A sample of 91 older volunteers (age 61-88), divided in training and control group, participated in the training. Specific training gain in the immediate word list recall (criterion task), as well as transfer effects on Letter-Number Sequencing (working memory [WM] task), long-term recall and recognition (LTM tasks) were tested at the pretest and at the posttest. RESULTS Analysis of variance showed posttraining effects in immediate word recall and long-term verbal recall, but no effects in WM task and long-term recognition. Regression analysis showed age to be the only significant predictor in one task, the immediate word recall. CONCLUSIONS Overall, proposed training can improve some aspects of memory performance by aiding in strategic use of mental imagery. Transfer to other tasks and contribution of individual predictors to training efficacy results limited, however. It seems that training benefits are evident when task similarity enables transfer-appropriate processing (as evidenced in gains of both recall tasks), while training efficacy relies on individual characteristics which contribute to the execution of some task components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vranic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Martincevic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
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32
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Thana-Udom K, Siddarth P, Miller KJ, Dunkin JJ, Small GW, Ercoli LM. The Effect of Memory Training on Memory Control Beliefs in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Complaints. Exp Aging Res 2020; 47:131-144. [PMID: 33357089 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2020.1861841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To study whether memory control beliefs predict response to memory training, or change as a result of participating in memory training. Methods: Eighty community based participants with subjective memory complaints Community-based study at UCLA were randomized to one of three conditions: Memory Training, the program consisted of weekly 120-minute classes featuring instruction in three specific strategies: Method of Loci; Chunking Technique; and Face-Name Association, Health Education or Wait-List over seven weeks. All participants underwent pre- and 1-week post-intervention follow-up memory testing for recalling word lists (in serial order and any order) and face-name pairs. Memory control beliefs were assessed at baseline and follow-up using the Memory Controllability Inventory, which consists of four subscales; Present Ability; Potential Improvement; Effort Utility; and Inevitable Decrement. Results: Sixty-three participants (mean age [SD] 68.3 [6.7] years) were included in the analysis. ANCOVA revealed significant group differences in the Present Ability subscale, F2,58 = 4.93, p =.01. Participants in the Memory Training group significantly improved on the Present Ability subscale compared to the Health Education group (mean difference =.96, SE =.31, p =.003, effect size = 0.93). From regression analyses, baseline Memory Controllability Inventory subscales did not significantly predict memory performance after memory training. Conclusions: Baseline memory control beliefs did not predict memory performance following the intervention, but participating in memory training enhanced memory control beliefs about current memory function. These results suggest that participating in memory training can enhance confidence in one's memory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitikan Thana-Udom
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehaviroal Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prabha Siddarth
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehaviroal Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen J Miller
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehaviroal Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Longevity Center , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Gary W Small
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehaviroal Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Longevity Center , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda M Ercoli
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehaviroal Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA , Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA Longevity Center , Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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Pang SH, Lim SF, Siah CJ. Online memory training intervention for early-stage dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs 2020; 77:1141-1154. [PMID: 33259701 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of online memory training interventions in improving memory of patients diagnosed with early-stage dementia. The secondary outcomes comprised cognitive and psychological outcomes. DESIGN This review was conducted for accordance to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. DATA SOURCE A comprehensive search from six electronic databases: PubMed, Embassy, The Cochrane Library, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted (2000-2020). REVIEW METHODS The populations included in this review comprised adults who had been clinically diagnosed with early-stage dementia and involved in online memory training interventions. Two reviewers appraised the risks of bias through the Cochrane Collaboration's tool and performed the meta-analysis, including the assessment of heterogeneity. RESULTS Eleven randomized controlled trials retrieved from six databases demonstrated low to moderate levels of quality of evidence according to the GRADE approach. The meta-analysis revealed that online memory training interventions have demonstrated a moderate effect size in improving memory outcomes (d = 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.85; p = 0.0001). Additionally, such interventions have shown improvements in secondary outcomes of cognition and psychological with small to medium effects. Duration of each online memory training session and its frequencies did not affect the memory outcome. As opposed to the conventional face-to-face interventions conducted for a group, it is more effective to be conducted for an individual setting. CONCLUSIONS Online memory training intervention was effective in improving the memory for adults with dementia. IMPACT Memory interventions have the prospect of reducing everyday problems caused by lapses in memory and improving well-being. With factors such as limited resources and restriction of social gathering due to pandemic, this review could offer relevant information for clinical decision-makers when planning online memory training interventions for adults with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Pang
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Su-Fee Lim
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiew-Jiat Siah
- National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School ore frf Medicine - Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Singapore, Singapore
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Vandermorris S, Au A, Gardner S, Troyer AK. Initiation and maintenance of behaviour change to support memory and brain health in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2020; 32:611-628. [PMID: 33203317 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1841656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02087137.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April Au
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sandra Gardner
- Kunin-Lunenfeld Centre for Applied Research and Evaluation, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada.,Biostatistics Division, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Pike KE, Chong MS, Hume CH, Keech BJ, Konjarski M, Landolt KA, Leslie BE, Russo A, Thai C, Vilsten JS, Kinsella GJ. Providing Online Memory Interventions for Older Adults: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Development. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei San Chong
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Russo
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
| | - Christine Thai
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
| | | | - Glynda Jane Kinsella
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
- Department of Psychology, Caulfield Hospital,
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Enhancing Cognitive Performance of Healthy Czech Seniors through Non-Native Language Learning-A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090573. [PMID: 32825337 PMCID: PMC7563113 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to discuss the effect of learning a non-native language on the enhancement of cognitive performance in healthy native Czech elderly. In addition, special emphasis is put on the qualitative assessment. To do this, 42 Czech cognitively unimpaired seniors were enrolled into the study. These were then divided into an experimental group (i.e., 20 healthy elderly studied English as a non-native language for three months) and a passive control group (22 healthy elderly, who did not undergo any non-native language intervention). The main outcome measures included the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, statistical processing of the data, and a qualitative content analysis. The results indicate that the cognitive performance of the intervention group did not differ from the control group. Therefore, no cognitive enhancement through non-native language learning was achieved. However, the findings of the qualitative analysis show that such non-native language learning with the peers of the same age is especially beneficial for the overall well-being of healthy seniors, especially as far as their social networks are concerned. Furthermore, participant's subjective feelings from their self-reports indicate that foreign language learning also contributes to acquiring new English words and phrases. However, as there are very few empirical studies on this research topic, further research is needed in order to confirm or refute the present research findings on the enhancement of cognitive performance through non-native language learning in healthy seniors.
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Forsberg A, Fellman D, Laine M, Johnson W, Logie RH. Strategy mediation in working memory training in younger and older adults. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:1206-1226. [PMID: 32160812 PMCID: PMC7575302 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820915107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) training with the N-Back task has been argued to improve cognitive capacity and general cognitive abilities (the Capacity Hypothesis of training), although several studies have shown little or no evidence for such improvements beyond tasks that are very similar to the trained task. Laine et al. demonstrated that instructing young adult participants to use a specific visualisation strategy for N-back training resulted in clear, generalised benefits from only 30 min of training (Strategy Mediation Hypothesis of training). Here, we report a systematic replication and extension of the Laine et al. study, by administering 60 younger and 60 older participants a set of WM tasks before and after a 30-min N-back training session. Half the participants were instructed to use a visualisation strategy, the others received no instruction. The pre-post test battery encompassed a criterion task (digit N-back), two untrained tasks N-back tasks (letters and colours), and three structurally different WM tasks. The instructed visualisation strategy significantly boosted at least some measures of N-back performance in participants of both age groups, although the strategy generally appeared more difficult to implement and less beneficial for older adults. However, the strategy did not improve performance on structurally different WM tasks. We also found significant associations between N-back performance and the type and level of detail of self-generated strategies in the uninstructed participants, as well as age group differences in reported strategy types. WM performance appeared to partly reflect the application of strategies, and Strategy Mediation should be considered to understand the mechanisms of WM training. Claims of efficient training should demonstrate useful improvement beyond task-specific strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Forsberg
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Daniel Fellman
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Applied Educational Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matti Laine
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert H Logie
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Shin M, Lee A, Cho AY, Son M, Kim YH. Effects of Process-Based Cognitive Training on Memory in the Healthy Elderly and Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychiatry Investig 2020; 17:751-761. [PMID: 32777923 PMCID: PMC7449836 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of process-based cognitive training that targets working memory and cognitive control on memory improvement in healthy elderly individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Forty healthy subjects and 40 patients with MCI were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. The intervention group received 12 sessions of designated cognitive training. The control group did not receive cognitive training. A memory test was administered pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention. Additional comprehensive neuropsychological tests were also administered including a depression scale questionnaire. RESULTS Performance in attention and working memory, which are directly related to the training domains, and global cognitive function were improved in the intervention group after training. In memory tests, interference by irrelevant stimuli was reduced and recognition memory was improved after the intervention. Furthermore, cognitive training ameliorated depressive symptoms. These training effects were not dependent on MCI status. CONCLUSION Process-based cognitive training that targets working memory and cognitive control effectively improves memory processes including retrograde interference and recognition, as well as depressive symptoms associated with aging in healthy elderly individuals and patients with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Shin
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Counseling Psychology, Yongmoon Graduate School of Counseling Psychology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahee Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Cho
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minam Son
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Departments of Medical Device Management and Research, Digital Healthcare, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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de Souza Pereira BL, Mansur-Alves M. Analysis of the Effects of an Episodic Memory Training Program on Institutionalized Elderly. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43076-020-00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Verstaen A, Rau HK, Trittschuh EH. Healthy Aging Project-Brain: A Psychoeducational and Motivational Group for Older Veterans. Fed Pract 2020; 37:309-315. [PMID: 32908334 PMCID: PMC7473715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive health behaviors can promote brain health with age. Although healthy lifestyle factors are often encouraged by health care providers, many older adults experience difficulty incorporating these into their daily life. METHODS To address this gap, we developed a novel health education and implementation group for older veterans (aged > 50 years). The primary objectives of this group were to provide psychoeducation about the link between behaviors and brain health, increase personal awareness of specific health behaviors, and promote behavior change through individualized goal setting, monitoring, and support. Based on input from medical providers, group content targeted behaviors known to support cognitive functioning: physical activity, sleep, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement. RESULTS Thirty-one veterans participated in six 90-minute weekly classes and attended 5 of the 6 groups on average. The average age for the predominantly male (90%) and white (70%) group was 71 years. Qualitative feedback indicated high satisfaction and increased awareness of health behaviors. Results of paired samples t tests comparing baseline to posttreatment self-report measures revealed a significant decline in depressive symptoms (P = .01) and increases in satisfaction with life (P = .003) and self-efficacy (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS This development project showed evidence of increased awareness of health behaviors and improved mood. Expanded data collection will strengthen power and generalizability of results (increase sample diversity). It will also allow us to examine moderating factors, such as perceived self-efficacy, on outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Verstaen
- is a Clinical Psychologist in Mental Health Services; is a Neuropsychologist at the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; is a Research Health Scientist Specialist in Research and Development; all at VA Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle Division. Emily Trittschuh is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle
| | - Holly K Rau
- is a Clinical Psychologist in Mental Health Services; is a Neuropsychologist at the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; is a Research Health Scientist Specialist in Research and Development; all at VA Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle Division. Emily Trittschuh is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle
| | - Emily H Trittschuh
- is a Clinical Psychologist in Mental Health Services; is a Neuropsychologist at the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center; is a Research Health Scientist Specialist in Research and Development; all at VA Puget Sound Health Care System Seattle Division. Emily Trittschuh is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle
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Gavelin HM, Lampit A, Hallock H, Sabatés J, Bahar-Fuchs A. Cognition-Oriented Treatments for Older Adults: a Systematic Overview of Systematic Reviews. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:167-193. [PMID: 32266520 PMCID: PMC7305099 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cognition-oriented treatments - commonly categorized as cognitive training, cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation - are promising approaches for the prevention of cognitive and functional decline in older adults. We conducted a systematic overview of meta-analyses investigating the efficacy of cognition-oriented treatments on cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes in older adults with or without cognitive impairment. Review quality was assessed by A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR). We identified 51 eligible reviews, 46 of which were included in the quantitative synthesis. The confidence ratings were "moderate" for 9 (20%), "low" for 13 (28%) and "critically low" for 24 (52%) of the 46 reviews. While most reviews provided pooled effect estimates for objective cognition, non-cognitive outcomes of potential relevance were more sparsely reported. The mean effect estimate on cognition was small for cognitive training in healthy older adults (mean Hedges' g = 0.32, range 0.13-0.64, 19 reviews), mild cognitive impairment (mean Hedges' g = 0.40, range 0.32-0.60, five reviews), and dementia (mean Hedges' g = 0.38, range 0.09-1.16, seven reviews), and small for cognitive stimulation in dementia (mean Hedges' g = 0.36, range 0.26-0.44, five reviews). Meta-regression revealed that higher AMSTAR score was associated with larger effect estimates for cognitive outcomes. The available evidence supports the efficacy of cognition-oriented treatments improving cognitive performance in older adults. The extent to which such effects are of clinical value remains unclear, due to the scarcity of high-quality evidence and heterogeneity in reported findings. An important avenue for future trials is to include relevant non-cognitive outcomes in a more consistent way and, for meta-analyses in the field, there is a need for better adherence to methodological standards. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018084490.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Malmberg Gavelin
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Amit Lampit
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harry Hallock
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julieta Sabatés
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bahar-Fuchs
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Aidman E. Cognitive Fitness Framework: Towards Assessing, Training and Augmenting Individual-Difference Factors Underpinning High-Performance Cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:466. [PMID: 32009919 PMCID: PMC6971199 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to introduce the concept of Cognitive Fitness (CF), identify its key ingredients underpinning both real-time task performance and career longevity in high-risk occupations, and to canvas a holistic framework for their assessment, training, and augmentation. CF as a capacity to deploy neurocognitive resources, knowledge and skills to meet the demands of operational task performance, is likely to be multi-faceted and differentially malleable. A taxonomy of CF constructs derived from Cognitive Readiness (CR) and Mental fitness (MF) literature maps into phases of operational cycles from foundational to advanced, mission-ready and recovery. Foundational cognitive attributes, such as attention, executive control and co-action, were hypothesized to be trainable at the initial Cognitive Gym phase. More advanced training targets at the CR phase included stress and arousal regulation, adaptability, teamwork, situation awareness (including detection, sense-making and prediction) and decision making (de-biasing and confidence calibration). The mission-ready training phase is focused on tolerances (to sleep loss, monotony, pain, frustration, uncertainty) and resistance (to distraction, deception or manipulation). Operational Augmentation phase relies on support tools such as decision aids and fatigue countermeasures, while the Recovery phase employs reflexive (e.g., mindfulness), and restorative practices (e.g., nutrition and sleep hygiene). The periodization of cognitive training in this cycle is hypothesized to optimize both real-time cognitive performance and the resilience that enables life-long thriving. One of the most promising avenues of validating this hypothesis is by developing an expert consensus on the key CF ingredients and their relative importance in high-performance settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Aidman
- Land Division, Defence Science & Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Bielak AAM, Brydges CR. Can Intraindividual Variability in Cognitive Speed Be Reduced by Physical Exercise? Results From the LIFE Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:1335-1344. [PMID: 30169811 PMCID: PMC6777765 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Findings are mixed regarding the potential to improve older adults' cognitive ability via training and activity interventions. One novel sensitive outcome may be intraindividual variability (IIV) in cognitive speed, or moment-to-moment changes in a person's performance. The present article evaluated if participants who participated in a moderate physical activity intervention showed a reduction in IIV, compared with a successful aging education control group. METHOD For approximately 2.6 years, sedentary adults aged 70-90 years participated in the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) Study (n = 1,635), a multisite Phase 3 randomized controlled trial to reduce major mobility disability. They completed 4 reaction time tests at baseline and at approximately 24 months post-test. RESULTS Analyses were conducted following both the intent-to-treat principle and complier average casual effect modeling. Results indicated that participants in the physical activity group did not show a reduction in their IIV. DISCUSSION The lack of a significant reduction in IIV may be due to the mild nature of the physical activity program and the cognitively healthy sample. It is also possible that other types of lifestyle activity interventions (e.g., social and cognitive engagement) can elicit reductions in IIV for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A M Bielak
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - Christopher R Brydges
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
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Caplan JB, Legge EL, Cheng B, Madan CR. Effectiveness of the method of loci is only minimally related to factors that should influence imagined navigation. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 72:2541-2553. [PMID: 31272296 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819858041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The method of loci is arguably the most famous mnemonic strategy and is highly effective for memorising lists of non-spatial information in order. As described and instructed, this strategy apparently relies on a spatial/navigational metaphor. The user imagines moving through an environment, placing (study) and reporting (recall) list items along the way. However, whether the method relies critically on this spatial/navigation metaphor is unknown. An alternative hypothesis is that the navigation component is superfluous to memory success, and the method of loci is better viewed as a special case of a larger class of imagery-based peg strategies. Training participants on three virtual environments varying in their characteristics (an apartment, an open field, and a radial-arm maze), we asked participants to use each trained environment as the basis of the method of loci to learn five 11-word lists. Performance varied significantly across environment. However, the effects were small in magnitude. Further tests suggested that navigation-relevant knowledge and ability were not major determinants of success in verbal memory, even for participants who were confirmed to have been compliant with the strategy. These findings echo neuroimaging findings that navigation-based cognition does occur during application of the method of loci, but imagined navigation is unlikely to be directly responsible for its effectiveness. Instead, the method of loci may be best viewed as a variant of peg methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Caplan
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,2 Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eric Lg Legge
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,3 Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bevin Cheng
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher R Madan
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,4 School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Jester DJ, Rozek EK, McKelley RA. Heart rate variability biofeedback: implications for cognitive and psychiatric effects in older adults. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:574-580. [PMID: 29381375 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1432031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Two decades of heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback research have focused on adolescent and adult populations with a variety of symptoms and conditions at the exclusion of older adults. This study explores HRV biofeedback as a novel treatment to decrease psychiatric symptoms and improve cognitive functioning in older adults. METHODS Participants enrolled in a three-week intervention that included six 30-min biofeedback sessions. Neuropsychological and psychiatric measures were administered before and after the intervention. RESULTS Decreases in depression (Cohen's d = 1.02, p < .001), state anxiety (Cohen's d = 0.82, p = .003), and trait anxiety (Cohen's d = 0.84, p = .002) were observed. An increase in attentional skills as measured by the Trail Making Test - Part A was seen (Cohen's d = 1.00, p = .001). Differences in executive skills as measured by the Trial Making Test - Part B and the Stroop Task did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION This study suggests that older adults may benefit from HRV biofeedback interventions much like the younger populations that have been studied for decades. Depression, anxiety, and attentional skills were positively affected. Several participants reported improved sleep quality and stress management. Future studies should corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Jester
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin - La Crosse , La Crosse , WI , USA
| | - Ellen K Rozek
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin - La Crosse , La Crosse , WI , USA
| | - Ryan A McKelley
- a Department of Psychology , University of Wisconsin - La Crosse , La Crosse , WI , USA
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Zhao X, Fu J, Maes JH. Training and transfer effects of prospective memory training in 13- to 15-year-old children. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 179:227-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tzuang M, Owusu JT, Spira AP, Albert MS, Rebok GW. Cognitive Training for Ethnic Minority Older Adults in the United States: A Review. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2019; 58:e311-e324. [PMID: 28575230 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study Interest in cognitive training for healthy older adults to reduce cognitive decline has grown considerably over the past few decades. Given the shift toward a more diverse society, the purpose of this review is to examine the extent of race/ethnic minority participation in cognitive training studies and characteristics of studies that included race/ethnic minority participants. Design and Methods This review considered peer-reviewed studies reporting cognitive training studies for cognitively healthy, community-dwelling older adults (age 55+) in the United States published in English before December 31, 2015. A total of 31 articles published between 1986 and 2015 meeting inclusion criteria were identified and included in the review. Results A total of 6,432 participants were recruited across all of the studies, and ranged in age from 55 to 99 years. Across all studies examined, 39% reported racial/ethnic background information. Only 3 of these studies included a substantial number of minorities (26.7% in the ACTIVE study; 28.4% in the SeniorWISE study; 22.7% in the TEAM study). Race/ethnic minority older adults were disproportionately underrepresented in cognitive training studies. Implications Further research should aim to enroll participants representative of various race/ethnic minority populations. Strategies for recruitment and retention of ethnic minority participants in cognitive training research are discussed, which could lead to the development of more culturally appropriate and perhaps more effective cognitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tzuang
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jocelynn T Owusu
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Paragas ED, Ng ATY, Reyes DVL, Reyes GAB. Effects of Chromotherapy on the Cognitive Ability of Older Adults: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Explore (NY) 2019; 15:191-197. [PMID: 30718190 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effects of chromotherapy on the cognitive ability of older adults. METHODS This quasi-experimental pretest and posttest study was conducted among 135 older adults in Ilocos Sur, Philippines, between August and September 2015. The participants were divided into three groups: red, green, and white lights, with 45 people in each group. The cognitive ability of older adults was measured using an adapted Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). RESULTS After the interventions, the red and green light experimental groups acquired a modest increase in cognitive ability scores against the comparison white light group (p < 0.001). However, the effects were not significantly different between the red and green lights postintervention (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The chromotherapy is effective in improving the cognitive ability of older adults. Specifically, the red and green lights are better than the white light in increasing the cognitive ability of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel D Paragas
- College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines; Nursing Services Department, JW Ruby Memorial Hospital, West Virginia University Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Abigail Therese Y Ng
- College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.
| | | | - Gerald Andrei B Reyes
- College of Nursing, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.
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Coe Á, Martin M, Stapleton T. Effects of An Occupational Therapy Memory Strategy Education Group Intervention on Irish Older Adults' Self-Management of Everyday Memory Difficulties. Occup Ther Health Care 2019; 33:37-63. [PMID: 30620222 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2018.1543911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An occupational therapy memory strategy education group (MSEG) was developed to assist clients with varying levels of memory impairment to adopt strategies to manage memory impairment in their daily lives. Participants were healthy older adults presenting with subjective memory complaints (SMC, n = 14), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 33), or early stages of dementia (n = 13). Clients and their caregivers attended a one-hour session each week for six weeks. Outcome measures were taken at baseline, two weeks post completion of the group, and at a 3-month follow-up for 47 participants. Statistically significant improvements post-program were scored on the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (p = 0.001) and a dementia quality of life measure (p = 0.02), with increased use of external memory aids (p < 0.001) and significant improvements in participants' self-ratings of performance (p < 0.001) and satisfaction with their performance (p < 0.001) using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Findings suggest positive outcomes that were maintained at 3-month follow-up and thus, support the role of occupational therapy in delivering occupation-focused memory strategy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine Coe
- a Department of Occupational Therapy, Naas General Hospital , Naas , Co. Kildare , Ireland
| | - Mary Martin
- b Department of Medicine , Naas General Hospital , Naas , Co. Kildare , Ireland
| | - Tadhg Stapleton
- c Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Medicine , University of Dublin , Trinity College , Dublin , Ireland
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Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with numerous deficits in cognitive function, which have been attributed to changes within the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This chapter summarizes some of the most prominent cognitive changes associated with age-related alterations in the anatomy and physiology of the PFC. Specifically, aging of the PFC results in deficient aspects of cognitive control, including sustained attention, selective attention, inhibitory control, working memory, and multitasking abilities. Yet, not all cognitive functions associated with the PFC exhibit age-related declines, such as arithmetic, comprehension, emotion perception, and emotional control. Moreover, not all older adults exhibit declines in cognition. Multiple life-course and lifestyle factors, as well as genetics, play a role in the trajectory of cognitive performance across the life span. Thus many adults retain cognitive function well into advanced age. Moreover, the brain remains plastic throughout life and there is increasing evidence that most age-related declines in cognition can be remediated by various methods such as physical exercise, cognitive training, or noninvasive brain stimulation. Overall, because cognitive aging is associated with numerous life-course and lifestyle factors, successful aging likely begins in early life, while maintaining cognition or remediating declines is a life-long process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Neuroscape, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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