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Gaynor AM, Gazes Y, Haynes CR, Babukutty RS, Habeck C, Stern Y, Gu Y. Childhood engagement in cognitively stimulating activities moderates relationships between brain structure and cognitive function in adulthood. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 138:36-44. [PMID: 38522385 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Greater engagement in cognitively stimulating activities (CSA) during adulthood has been shown to protect against neurocognitive decline, but no studies have investigated whether CSA during childhood protects against effects of brain changes on cognition later in life. The current study tested the moderating role of childhood CSA in the relationships between brain structure and cognitive performance during adulthood. At baseline (N=250) and 5-year follow-up (N=204) healthy adults aged 20-80 underwent MRI to assess four structural brain measures and completed neuropsychological tests to measure three cognitive domains. Participants were categorized into low and high childhood CSA based on self-report questionnaires. Results of multivariable linear regressions analyzing interactions between CSA, brain structure, and cognition showed that higher childhood CSA was associated with a weaker relationship between cortical thickness and memory at baseline, and attenuated the effects of change in cortical thickness and brain volume on decline in processing speed over time. These findings suggest higher CSA during childhood may mitigate the effects of brain structure changes on cognitive function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Gaynor
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Montclair State University, Department of Psychology, Montclair, NJ, United States
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caleb R Haynes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Reshma S Babukutty
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian Habeck
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yian Gu
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Joseph P. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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Karsazi H, Rezapour T, Ghamsari ASM, Kormi-Nouri R, Hatami J. Which intellectual activities are related to cognitive reserve? Introduction and testing a three-dimensional model. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:1081-1091. [PMID: 38315217 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-024-01926-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common belief among people and some researchers is that keeping yourself mentally active may decrease the risk of dementia. Over the past years, despite widespread efforts to identify proxies for protecting cognitive reserve against age-related changes, it is still not clear what type of intellectual activity would be beneficial for cognitive reserve. To fill this gap, we propose a three-dimensional model of intellectual activity. According to this conceptual model, intellectual activities could be distinguished based on their locations in a three-dimensions space, including; (1) Activation: active vs. passive, (2) Novelty: novel vs. familiar, and (3) Productivity: productive vs. receptive. We assumed that the activities that are categorized as more active, novel, and productive could be considered as a cognitive reserve proxy. METHODS To test this hypothesis, a sample of 237 participants older than 50 years (Mage = 58.76 ± 6.66; 63.7% women) was recruited to take part in the study. Episodic, semantic and working memory were assessed with computerized battery tests (Sepidar) and a self-report questionnaire was used to assess intellectual activities. Activities were categorized in terms of; (1) passive, familiar, and receptive activities (radio/watching TV), (2) active, familiar, and receptive activities (solving crosswords), (3) active, novel, and receptive activities (reading), and (4) active, novel, and productive activities (writing). RESULTS The results indicated that writing moderates the effect of age on episodic and semantic memory. Reading only moderates the effect of age on semantic memory, and radio/watching TV and solving crosswords do not play a role in moderation analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our finding suggests that intellectual activities have different moderating effects on the relationships between age and memory performance. Individuals with high levels of participation in novel and productive activities over the life course are less likely to clinically demonstrate cognitive impairments. Our results support the potential benefit of the three-dimensional model to provide a better insight into the complex role of intellectual activities in cognitive reserve, particularly for older adults. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and the benefits of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Karsazi
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, No.1 Kardan St., Al-E-Ahmad Exp., Chamran Exp., Tehran, Iran
| | - Tara Rezapour
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Kormi-Nouri
- Center for Health and Medical Psychology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, No.1 Kardan St., Al-E-Ahmad Exp., Chamran Exp., Tehran, Iran.
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Liu Y, Lu G, Liu L, He Y, Gong W. Cognitive reserve over the life course and risk of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1358992. [PMID: 38681665 PMCID: PMC11047126 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1358992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The number of people with dementia is soaring. Cognitive reserve has been thought to be associated with dementia risk. It is not clear at which period in the life course and which cognitive reserve proxies contribute to the reduced risk of dementia. Methods By scanning four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE) up to Jun 3, 2023, longitudinal studies of life-course cognitive reserve and risk of dementia were found. The HRs and 95% CIs for each study were summarized using random effects models. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Utilizing funnel plots, Begg and Egger tests, publication bias was investigated. Results A total of 27 studies were included, containing 10 in early-life, 10 in middle-life, and 13 in late-life. All studies used validated questionnaires to measure cognitive reserve, and dementia diagnosis followed recognized worldwide guidelines. All included studies were of medium or low risk. Cognitive reserve in early-life (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79-0.86), middle-life (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84-0.98) and late-life (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.75-0.88) all have protective effects on dementia risk. Multiple sensitivity analyses showed consistent results. Conclusion Dementia risk is reduced by the buildup of cognitive reserves during life-course. Accumulation of proxies for cognitive reserve in early and late life had the greatest effect on dementia risk reduction. Social connection may be an effective approach to lower dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weijuan Gong
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Rodrigues EA, Christie GJ, Cosco T, Farzan F, Sixsmith A, Moreno S. A Subtype Perspective on Cognitive Trajectories in Healthy Aging. Brain Sci 2024; 14:351. [PMID: 38672003 PMCID: PMC11048421 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive aging is a complex and dynamic process characterized by changes due to genetics and environmental factors, including lifestyle choices and environmental exposure, which contribute to the heterogeneity observed in cognitive outcomes. This heterogeneity is particularly pronounced among older adults, with some individuals maintaining stable cognitive function while others experience complex, non-linear changes, making it difficult to identify meaningful decline accurately. Current research methods range from population-level modeling to individual-specific assessments. In this work, we review these methodologies and propose that population subtyping should be considered as a viable alternative. This approach relies on early individual-specific detection methods that can lead to an improved understanding of changes in individual cognitive trajectories. The improved understanding of cognitive trajectories through population subtyping can lead to the identification of meaningful changes and the determination of timely, effective interventions. This approach can aid in informing policy decisions and in developing targeted interventions that promote cognitive health, ultimately contributing to a more personalized understanding of the aging process within society and reducing the burden on healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Rodrigues
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
| | | | - Theodore Cosco
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- School of Mechatronics and Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
| | - Andrew Sixsmith
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moreno
- School of Interactive Arts and Technology, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
- Circle Innovation, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC V3T 0A3, Canada
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Wagner C, Carmeli C, Jackisch J, Kivimäki M, van der Linden BWA, Cullati S, Chiolero A. Life course epidemiology and public health. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e261-e269. [PMID: 38553145 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Life course epidemiology aims to study the effect of exposures on health outcomes across the life course from a social, behavioural, and biological perspective. In this Review, we describe how life course epidemiology changes the way the causes of chronic diseases are understood, with the example of hypertension, breast cancer, and dementia, and how it guides prevention strategies. Life course epidemiology uses complex methods for the analysis of longitudinal, ideally population-based, observational data and takes advantage of new approaches for causal inference. It informs primordial prevention, the prevention of exposure to risk factors, from an eco-social and life course perspective in which health and disease are conceived as the results of complex interactions between biological endowment, health behaviours, social networks, family influences, and socioeconomic conditions across the life course. More broadly, life course epidemiology guides population-based and high-risk prevention strategies for chronic diseases from the prenatal period to old age, contributing to evidence-based and data-informed public health actions. In this Review, we assess the contribution of life course epidemiology to public health and reflect on current and future challenges for this field and its integration into policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Wagner
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Carmeli
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Josephine Jackisch
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Public Health Sciences, Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- UCL Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK; Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Stéphane Cullati
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Chiolero
- Population Health Laboratory (#PopHealthLab), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Venugopal A, Paplikar A, Varghese FA, Thanissery N, Ballal D, Hoskeri RM, Shekar R, Bhaskarapillai B, Arshad F, Purushothaman VV, Anniappan AB, Rao GN, Alladi S. Protective effect of bilingualism on aging, MCI, and dementia: A community-based study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2620-2631. [PMID: 38376105 PMCID: PMC11032525 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifelong bilingualism is associated with a delayed age at onset of dementia, but evidence from community-based studies is limited. We investigated the relationship between bilingualism and the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a linguistically diverse community. METHODS A door-to-door community study was conducted from January to December 2021 in urban Bengaluru, India. 1234 individuals aged ≥60 years participated in the study. Participants were diagnosed with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia using established diagnostic criteria. RESULTS Dementia prevalence was higher in monolinguals (4.9%) than bilinguals (0.4%) (P = .001). The prevalence of MCI was also higher in monolinguals (8.5%) than bilinguals (5.3%) (P = .001). The study also revealed better cognitive function in bilinguals than monolinguals with NCI, after controlling for confounding variables. DISCUSSION The current study provides significant support for the protective effect of bilingualism on cognitive impairment in an urban community with extensive bilingual interactional contexts in everyday life. HIGHLIGHTS Bilingualism has been demonstrated to protect against dementia and mild cognitive impairment in a linguistically diverse community with extensive code-switching contexts. Bilingual older individuals had superior baseline cognitive performance compared to monolingual older individuals. Bilingualism was found to have an independent effect on general cognition after adjusting for major social determinants of health in the group without cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Venugopal
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
- Department of Speech Pathology & AudiologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Avanthi Paplikar
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
- Department of Speech and Language StudiesDr. S. R. Chandrasekhar Institute of Speech and HearingBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Feba Anna Varghese
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Nithin Thanissery
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Divya Ballal
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Revathi Shekar
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Binukumar Bhaskarapillai
- Department of BiostatisticsNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Faheem Arshad
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | | | | | - Girish Nagaraja Rao
- Department of EpidemiologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health and NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
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Fan D, Zhao H, Liu H, Niu H, Liu T, Wang Y. Abnormal brain activities of cognitive processes in cerebral small vessel disease: A systematic review of task fMRI studies. J Neuroradiol 2024; 51:155-167. [PMID: 37844660 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is characterized by widespread functional changes in the brain, as evident from abnormal brain activations during cognitive tasks. However, the existing findings in this area are not yet conclusive. We systematically reviewed 25 studies reporting task-related fMRI in five cognitive domains in CSVD, namely executive function, working memory, processing speed, motor, and affective processing. The findings highlighted: (1) CSVD affects cognitive processes in a domain-specific manner; (2) Compensatory and regulatory effects were observed simultaneously in CSVD, which may reflect the interplay between the negative impact of brain lesion and the positive impact of cognitive reserve. Combined with behavioral and functional findings in CSVD, we proposed an integrated model to illustrate the relationship between altered activations and behavioral performance in different stages of CSVD: functional brain changes may precede and be more sensitive than behavioral impairments in the early pre-symptomatic stage; Meanwhile, compensatory and regulatory mechanisms often occur in the early stages of the disease, while dysfunction/decompensation and dysregulation often occur in the late stages. Overall, abnormal hyper-/hypo-activations are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of small vessel lesion-induced behavioral dysfunction, identifying potential neuromarker and developing interventions to mitigate the impact of CSVD on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiong Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing TianTan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China; National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Irani ZA, Sheridan AMC, Silk TJ, Anderson V, Weinborn M, Gavett BE. Modeling the development of cognitive reserve in children: A residual index approach. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2024; 30:264-272. [PMID: 37667614 DOI: 10.1017/s135561772300053x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To model cognitive reserve (CR) longitudinally in a neurodiverse pediatric sample using a residual index approach, and to test the criterion and construct validity of this index. METHOD Participants were N = 115 children aged 9.5-13 years at baseline (MAge = 10.48 years, SDAge = 0.61), and n = 43 (37.4%) met criteria for ADHD. The CR index represented variance in Matrix Reasoning scores from the WASI that was unexplained by MRI-based brain variables (bilateral hippocampal volumes, total gray matter volumes, and total white matter hypointensity volumes) or demographics (age and sex). RESULTS At baseline, the CR index predicted math computation ability (estimate = 0.50, SE = 0.07, p < .001), and word reading ability (estimate = 0.26, SE = 0.10, p = .012). Longitudinally, change in CR over time was not associated with change in math computation ability (estimate = -0.02, SE = 0.03, p < .513), but did predict change in word reading ability (estimate = 0.10, SE = 0.03, p < .001). Change in CR was also found to moderate the relationship between change in word reading ability and white matter hypointensity volume (estimate = 0.10, SE = 0.05, p = .045). CONCLUSIONS Evidence for the criterion validity of this CR index is encouraging, but somewhat mixed, while construct validity was evidenced through interaction between CR, brain, and word reading ability. Future research would benefit from optimization of the CR index through careful selection of brain variables for a pediatric sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubin A Irani
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Andrew M C Sheridan
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Silk
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Brandon E Gavett
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Bernini S, Conti S, Perdixi E, Jesuthasan N, Costa A, Severgnini M, Ramusino MC, Prinelli F. Investigating the individual and joint effects of socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors on mild cognitive impairment in older Italians living independently in the community: results from the NutBrain study. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100040. [PMID: 38280834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite extensive research, a clear understanding of the role of the interaction between lifestyle and socioeconomic status (SES) on cognitive health is still lacking. We investigated the joint association of socioeconomic factors in early to midlife and lifestyle in later life and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). DESIGN Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING NutBrain study in northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS 773 community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older (73.2 ± 6.0 SD, 58.6% females) participating in the NutBrain study (2019-2023). MEASUREMENTS Three SES indicators (home ownership, educational level, occupation) and five lifestyle factors (adherence to Mediterranean diet, physical activity, smoking habits, social network, leisure activities) were selected. Each factor was scored and summed to calculate SES and healthy lifestyle scores; their joint effect was also examined. The association with MCI was assessed by logistic regression controlling for potential confounders. Sex-stratified analysis was performed. RESULTS In total, 24% of the subjects had MCI. The multivariable logistic model showed that a high SES and a high lifestyle score were associated with 81.8% (OR0.182; 95%CI 0.095-0.351), and 44.1% (OR0.559; 95%CI 0.323-0.968) lower odds of having MCI, respectively. When examining the joint effect of SES and lifestyle factors, the cognitive benefits of a healthy lifestyle were most pronounced in participants with low SES. A healthier lifestyle score was found to be significantly associated with lower odds of MCI, only in females. CONCLUSIONS According to our findings, SES was positively associated with preserved cognitive function, highlighting the importance of active lifestyles in reducing socioeconomic health inequalities, particularly among those with a relatively low SES. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number NCT04461951, date of registration July 7, 2020 (retrospectively registered, ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bernini
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit of Dementia, Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Neuropsychology Lab/Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Conti
- Neuropsychology Lab/Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Elena Perdixi
- Neuropsychology Lab/Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Alessandro Manzoni, 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Nithiya Jesuthasan
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Alfredo Costa
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit of Dementia, Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Unit of Behavioral Neurology IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Matteo Cotta Ramusino
- Clinical Neuroscience Unit of Dementia, Dementia Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Unit of Behavioral Neurology IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Prinelli
- Neuropsychology Lab/Center for Cognitive Disorders and Dementia IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Institute of Biomedical Technologies - National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Segrate, MI, Italy.
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Jardim NYV, Bento-Torres NVO, Tomás AM, da Costa VO, Bento-Torres J, Picanço-Diniz CW. Unexpected cognitive similarities between older adults and young people: Scores variability and cognitive performances. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105206. [PMID: 37742393 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased interindividual variability in cognitive performance during aging has been proposed as an indicator of cognitive reserve. OBJECTIVE To determine if interindividual variability performance in episodic memory (PAL), working memory (SWM), reaction time (RTI), and sustained attention (RVP) could differentiate clusters of differential cognitive performance in healthy young and older adults and search for cognitive tests that most contribute to these differential performances. METHODS We employed hierarchical cluster and canonical discriminant function analyses of cognitive scores using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to identify cognitive variability in older and young adults using the coefficient of variability of cognitive performances between and within groups. We also analyzed potential influences of age, education, and physical activity. RESULTS Cluster analysis distinguished groups with differential cognitive performance and correlation analysis revealed coefficient of variability and cognitive performance associations. The greater the coefficient of variability the poorer was cognitive performance in RTI but not in PAL and SWM. Older adults showed diverse trajectories of cognitive decline, and better education or higher percentage of physically active individuals exhibited better cognitive performance in both older and young adults. CONCLUSION PAL and SWM are the most sensitive tests to investigate the wide age range encompassing older and young adults. In older adults' intragroup analysis PAL showed greater discriminatory capacity, indicating its potential for clinical applications late in life. Our data underscore the importance of studying variability as a tool for early detection of subtle cognitive declines and for interpreting results that deviate from normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Yuki Vieira Jardim
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| | - Natáli Valim Oliver Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil; Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Mendonça Tomás
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| | - Victor Oliveira da Costa
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil; Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 66073 005, Brazil
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11
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Di Tella S, Isernia S, Cabinio M, Rossetto F, Borgnis F, Pagliari C, Cazzoli M, Navarro J, Silveri MC, Baglio F. Cognitive Reserve proxies can modulate motor and non-motor basal ganglia circuits in early Parkinson's Disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:220-230. [PMID: 37993754 PMCID: PMC10844415 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is hallmarked by dysfunctional circuitry between the basal ganglia and dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex. Recently progress has been made in understanding factors contributing to differential susceptibility to pathology mitigating disease-related cognitive decline. Cognitive reserve, the brain processing resources accumulated throughout life while engaged in mentally stimulating activities, can play an important protective role in cognitive performance. We tested the hypothesis that Cognitive Reserve proxies may exert an impact on the basal ganglia and dorsolateral-prefrontal atrophy in early PD. Forty-five early patients with PD and 20 age-gender-matched healthy controls (HC) completed the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire to quantify Cognitive Reserve proxies by three indexes (CRI-Education, CRI-Working Activity, CRI-Leisure Time) and a structural MRI examination (3T). Morphometrical indexes for basal ganglia (bilateral putamen, caudate, pallidum volume) and dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex (cortical thickness) were computed. Significant differences between HC and PD were tested by direct comparisons in demographics, cognitive level, and cognitive reserve proxies indexes. Then two multiple regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of the basal ganglia and dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex structural integrity. Regression analysis revealed that basal ganglia volume was significantly predicted by CRI-Education (pFDR = 0.029), sex (pFDR = 0.029), and Total Intracranial Volume (pFDR < 0.001). Instead, the dorsolateral-prefrontal thickness was predicted by CRI-Leisure Time (pFDR = 0.030) and age (pFDR = 0.010). Cognitive Reserve proxies, especially education and leisure-time activities, can play a protective role on the structural integrity of the basal ganglia and dorsolateral-prefrontal cortex, respectively, critical regions hallmarking brain status of early phases of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Di Tella
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Isernia
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monia Cabinio
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marta Cazzoli
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorge Navarro
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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12
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Li Y, Chen H. Does childhood parental death impact late life health directly and indirectly? Evidence from a National Survey in China. DEATH STUDIES 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38270435 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2024.2306471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in understanding the impact of childhood parental death, less is known about its long-term effects on older adults. We investigated the mediating role of poor health perception in the relationship between childhood parental loss and late life health. A cross-sectional study using data from the 2016 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey was conducted. Our final sample featured 8,547 older adults. The prevalence of childhood parental death was 9.8%. Results indicated a significant direct impact of childhood parental death on depression and cognitive function. Mediating effects were observed, with older adults who experienced childhood parental loss perceiving their health status as significantly worse. This, in turn, predicted higher levels of objective physical impairment, greater depression, and lower levels of cognitive function. Our study offers the first empirical evidence of the enduring negative effects of childhood parental death as well as the pivotal mediating role of poor health perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Li
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Bermejo-Pareja F, del Ser T. Controversial Past, Splendid Present, Unpredictable Future: A Brief Review of Alzheimer Disease History. J Clin Med 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38256670 PMCID: PMC10816332 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The concept of Alzheimer disease (AD)-since its histological discovery by Alzheimer to the present day-has undergone substantial modifications. Methods: We conducted a classical narrative review of this field with a bibliography selection (giving preference to Medline best match). Results: The following subjects are reviewed and discussed: Alzheimer's discovery, Kraepelin's creation of a new disease that was a rare condition until the 1970's, the growing interest and investment in AD as a major killer in a society with a large elderly population in the second half of the 20th century, the consolidation of the AD clinicopathological model, and the modern AD nosology based on the dominant amyloid hypothesis among many others. In the 21st century, the development of AD biomarkers has supported a novel biological definition of AD, although the proposed therapies have failed to cure this disease. The incidence of dementia/AD has shown a decrease in affluent countries (possibly due to control of risk factors), and mixed dementia has been established as the most frequent etiology in the oldest old. Conclusions: The current concept of AD lacks unanimity. Many hypotheses attempt to explain its complex physiopathology entwined with aging, and the dominant amyloid cascade has yielded poor therapeutic results. The reduction in the incidence of dementia/AD appears promising but it should be confirmed in the future. A reevaluation of the AD concept is also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Bermejo-Pareja
- CIBERNED, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Research i+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teodoro del Ser
- Alzheimer’s Centre Reina Sofia—CIEN Foundation, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain;
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14
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Pinto JO, Peixoto B, Dores AR, Barbosa F. Measures of cognitive reserve: An umbrella review. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:42-115. [PMID: 37073431 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2200978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Recently, there has been a growing interest in operationalizing and measuring cognitive reserve (CR) for clinical and research purposes. This umbrella review aims to summarize the existing systematic and meta-analytic reviews about measures of CR. Method: A literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the guidelines of Aromataris et al. (2015) to identify the systematic reviews and meta-analysis involving the assessment of CR. The methodological quality of the papers included in this umbrella review was assessed with A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2) and Specialist Unit for Review Evidence (SURE). Results: Thirty-one reviews were identified, sixteen of which were systematic reviews, and fifteen were meta-analyses. Most of the reviews had a critically low quality, according to AMSTAR-2. The reviews included between two and 135 studies. Most of the papers focused on older adults, mainly those with dementia. CR was measured using one to six proxies, but most considered each proxy separately. The most assessed proxies of CR were education on its own, combined with occupation and/or engagement in activities or combined with parental education, bilingualism, and engagement in activities when four CR proxies were studied. Most of the studies included in higher quality reviews focused on three proxies, with education and engagement in activities being the most evaluated using CR questionnaires. Conclusion: Despite the growing interest in measuring CR, its operationalization did not improve since the last umbrella review in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana O Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- CESPU, University Institute of Health Sciences, Gandra, Portugal
- NeuroGen - Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Artemisa R Dores
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Farran N, Darwish H. Validation of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in Arabic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:1006. [PMID: 38131862 PMCID: PMC10740462 DOI: 10.3390/bs13121006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve is the adaptability of cognitive processes in the face of brain aging and pathology. This study aimed to validate the Arabic version of the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) in a healthy Lebanese sample. CRIq assesses cognitive reserve through three domains: education, working activity, and leisure time. Statistical measures, including descriptive and regression analysis along with structural equation modeling, were utilized to investigate the convergent and discriminant validity of the CRIq, incorporating fluid intelligence (Gf) and measures of cognitive function, long-term memory encoding and retrieval (Glr), and processing speed (Gs). Results from 174 participants revealed that the activities assessed by the CRIq-Arabic were comparable to the original CRIq study, with slight cultural differences. The internal consistency of the CRIq-Arabic was good (Cronbach's α = 0.88), indicating reliability. Convergent validity was confirmed, with moderate to high loadings on the cognitive reserve latent construct. Discriminant validity was supported as correlations between cognitive reserve variables and non-target constructs (Gf, Glr, and Gs) were less than 1. The findings provide an initial psychometric validation of the CRIq-Arabic. Further research of clinical samples is needed to enhance its utility in neuropsychological practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Farran
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AB, UK
| | - Hala Darwish
- Hariri School of Nursing, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing and Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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Tomás AM, Bento-Torres NVO, Jardim NYV, Moraes PM, da Costa VO, Modesto AC, Khayat AS, Bento-Torres J, Picanço-Diniz CW. Risk Polymorphisms of FNDC5, BDNF, and NTRK2 and Poor Education Interact and Aggravate Age-Related Cognitive Decline. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17210. [PMID: 38139046 PMCID: PMC10743741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive abilities tend to decline with aging, with variation between individuals, and many studies seek to identify genetic biomarkers that more accurately anticipate risks related to pathological aging. We investigated the influence of BDNF, NTRK2, and FNDC5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the cognitive performance of young and older adults with contrasting educational backgrounds. We addressed three questions: (1) Is education associated with reduced age-related cognitive decline? (2) Does the presence of SNPs explain the variation in cognitive performance observed late in life? (3) Is education differentially associated with cognition based on the presence of BDNF, NTRK2, or FNDC5 polymorphisms? We measured the cognitive functions of young and older participants, with lower and higher education, using specific and sensitive tests of the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Assessment Battery. A three-way ANOVA revealed that SNPs were associated with differential performances in executive functions, episodic memory, sustained attention, mental and motor response speed, and visual recognition memory and that higher educational levels improved the affected cognitive functions. The results revealed that distinct SNPs affect cognition late in life differentially, suggesting their utility as potential biomarkers and emphasizing the importance of cognitive stimulation that advanced education early in life provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mendonça Tomás
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará Application School, Belém 66095-780, Brazil
| | - Natáli Valim Oliver Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66095-780, Brazil
| | - Naina Yuki Vieira Jardim
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Martins Moraes
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66095-780, Brazil
| | - Victor Oliveira da Costa
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil
| | - Antônio Conde Modesto
- Oncology Research Center (NPO), Graduate Program in Oncology and Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Oncology Research Center (NPO), Graduate Program in Oncology and Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
| | - João Bento-Torres
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66095-780, Brazil
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço-Diniz
- Neurodegeneration and Infection Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Science, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.M.T.); (N.Y.V.J.); (P.M.M.); (V.O.d.C.); (J.B.-T.); (C.W.P.-D.)
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil
- Oncology Research Center (NPO), Graduate Program in Oncology and Medical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (A.C.M.); (A.S.K.)
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17
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Paitel ER, Nielson KA. Cerebellar EEG source localization reveals age-related compensatory activity moderated by genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14395. [PMID: 37493042 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein-E (APOE) ε4 allele is the greatest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), but alone it is not sufficiently predictive. Because neuropathological changes associated with AD begin decades before cognitive symptoms, neuroimaging of healthy, cognitively intact ε4 carriers (ε4+) may enable early characterization of patterns associated with risk for future decline. Research in the cerebral cortex highlights a period of compensatory recruitment in elders and ε4+, which serves to maintain cognitive functioning. Yet, AD-related changes may occur even earlier in the cerebellum. Advances in electroencephalography (EEG) source localization now allow effective modeling of cerebellar activity. Importantly, healthy aging and AD are associated with declines in both cerebellar functions and executive functioning (EF). However, it is not known whether cerebellar activity can detect pre-symptomatic AD risk. Thus, the current study analyzed cerebellar EEG source localization during an EF-dependent stop-signal task (i.e., inhibitory control) in healthy, intact older adults (Mage = 80 years; 20 ε4+, 25 ε4-). Task performance was comparable between groups. Older age predicted greater activity in left crus II and lobule VIIb during the P300 window (i.e., performance evaluation), consistent with age-related compensation. Age*ε4 moderations specifically showed that compensatory patterns were evident only in ε4-, suggesting that cerebellar compensatory resources may already be depleted in healthy ε4+ elders. Thus, the posterolateral cerebellum is sensitive to AD-related neural deficits in healthy elders. Characterization of these patterns may be essential for the earliest possible detection of AD risk, which would enable critical early intervention prior to symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Paitel
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kristy A Nielson
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Imaging Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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18
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Fisher A, Moore DJ, Levine AJ, Masliah E, Gouaux B, Soontornniyomkij V, Letendre S, Sundermann EE. The relationship between synaptodendritic neuropathology and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is moderated by cognitive reserve. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:713-722. [PMID: 37943478 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether cognitive reserve moderated the relationship between neurodegeneration and cognition in 67 postmortem persons with HIV (PWH) who were cognitively assessed within 1 year of death. Cognitive reserve was measured via the Wide Range Achievement Test-4 reading subtest (WRAT4). Synaptodendritic neurodegeneration was based on densities of synaptophysin and microtubule-associated protein 2 immunohistochemical reactivity in frontal cortex, and categorized as minimal, moderate, or severe (tertile-split). T-Scores from 15 cognitive tests were averaged into a global cognitive T-score. Among those with low cognitive reserve (based on WRAT4 median split), the moderate neurodegeneration group showed cognition that was poorer than the minimal neurodegeneration group and comparable to the severe neurodegeneration group. Among those with high cognitive reserve, the moderate neurodegeneration group showed cognition comparable to the minimal neurodegeneration group and better than the severe neurodegeneration group. High cognitive reserve may buffer against cognitive impairment among PWH with moderate, but not severe, neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew J Levine
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ben Gouaux
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erin E Sundermann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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19
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Cespón J, Chupina I, Carreiras M. Cognitive reserve counteracts typical neural activity changes related to ageing. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108625. [PMID: 37364777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that older adults with high Cognitive Reserve (HCR) exhibit better executive functioning than their low CR (LCR) counterparts. However, the neural processes linked to those differences are unclear. This study investigates (1) the neural processes underlying executive functions in older adults with HCR compared to older adults with LCR and (2) how executive control differences between HCR and LCR groups are modulated by increased task difficulty. We recruited 74 participants (37 in each group) with diverse CR levels, as determined by a standardised CR questionnaire. Participants performed two executive control tasks with lower and higher difficulty levels (i.e., Simon and spatial Stroop tasks, respectively) while recording the electroencephalogram. The accuracy on both tasks requiring inhibition of irrelevant information was better in the HCR than the LCR group. Also, in the task with higher difficulty level (i.e., the spatial Stroop task), event-related potential (ERP) latencies associated with inhibition (i.e., frontal N200) and updating of working memory (i.e., P300) were earlier in HCR than LCR. Moreover, the HCR, but not the LCR group, showed larger P300 amplitude in parietal than frontal regions and in the left than right hemisphere, suggesting a posterior to anterior shift of activity and loss of inter-hemispheric asymmetries in LCR participants. These results suggest that high CR counteracts neural activity changes related to ageing. Thus, high levels of CR may be related to maintenance of neural activity patterns typically observed in young adults rather than to deployment of neural compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cespón
- BCBL Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 69, Donostia/San Sebastián, 20009, Spain.
| | - Irina Chupina
- Radboud University, Donders Centre for Cognition, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- BCBL Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, Mikeletegi Pasealekua, 69, Donostia/San Sebastián, 20009, Spain; Ikerbasque. Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Howard KA, Massimo L, Griffin SF, Gagnon RJ, Zhang L, Rennert L. Systematic examination of methodological inconsistency in operationalizing cognitive reserve and its impact on identifying predictors of late-life cognition. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:547. [PMID: 37684556 PMCID: PMC10492336 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) is the ability to maintain cognitive performance despite brain pathology. CR is built through lifecourse experiences (e.g., education) and is a key construct in promoting healthy aging. However, the operationalization of CR and its estimated association with late-life cognition varies. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the operationalization of CR and the relationship between its operationalization and late-life cognition. METHODS We performed a comprehensive review of experiences (proxies) used to operationalize CR. The review informed quantitative analyses using data from 1366 participants of the Memory and Aging Project to examine 1) relationships between proxies and 2) the relationship between operationalization and late-life cognition. We also conducted a factor analysis with all identified CR experiences to create a composite lifecourse CR score. Generalized linear mixed models examined the relationship between operationalizations and global cognition, with secondary outcomes of five domains of cognition to examine consistency. RESULTS Based on a review of 753 articles, we found the majority (92.3%) of the 28 commonly used proxies have weak to no correlation between one another. There was substantial variability in the association between operationalizations and late-life global cognition (median effect size: 0.99, IQR: 0.34 to 1.39). There was not strong consistency in the association between CR operationalizations and the five cognitive domains (mean consistency: 56.1%). The average estimate for the 28 operationalizations was 0.91 (SE = 0.48), compared to 2.48 (SE = 0.40) for the lifecourse score and it was associated with all five domains of cognition. CONCLUSIONS Inconsistent methodology is theorized as a major limitation of CR research and barrier to identification of impactful experiences for healthy cognitive aging. Based on the weak associations, it is not surprising that the relationship between CR and late-life cognition is dependent on the experience used to operationalize CR. Scores using multiple experiences across the lifecourse may help overcome such limitations. Adherence to a lifecourse approach and collaborative movement towards a consensus operationalization of CR are imperative shifts in the study of CR that can better inform research on risk factors related to cognitive decline and ultimately aid in the promotion of healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Howard
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
- Center for Public Health Modeling and Response, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Lauren Massimo
- Department of Neurology, Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah F Griffin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ryan J Gagnon
- Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Lior Rennert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
- Center for Public Health Modeling and Response, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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21
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de Rondão CA, Mota MP, Esteves D. Physical activity interventions in older adults with a cognitive impairment: A critical review of reviews. Aging Med (Milton) 2023; 6:290-306. [PMID: 37711255 PMCID: PMC10498829 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This critical review explores the review material on physical activity combined with cognitive stimulation interventions in older adults with cognitive impairment and/or dementia. A critical, systematic, review of the review method was used, considering four electronic databases: WEB OF SCIENCE, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and the COCHRANE ELECTRONIC LIBRARY. The search terms "exercise," "physical activity," "cognitive impairment," "dementia," and "systematic review" were used. All available reviews were marked against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 32 reviews that met the inclusion criteria. A combination of various types of training and aerobic exercises were the most frequently reported interventions; meanwhile, dual task training programs (combining physical exercise with cognitive stimulation), functional training programs along with exercises combination, aerobic exercise as well as strength, stretching, or balance workouts were also reported. The evidence is compelling; exercise can improve physical health by ensuring cognitive, psychological, and behavioral benefits. Overall, exercise can improve the physical and mental health of people living with dementia: there is sufficient evidence to recommend multimodal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Paula Mota
- University of Trás‐os Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD)Vila RealPortugal
| | - Dulce Esteves
- University Beira InteriorCovilhãPortugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD)Vila RealPortugal
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22
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Lee SY, Nyunt MSZ, Gao Q, Gwee X, Chua DQL, Yap KB, Wee SL, Ng TP. Risk Factors of Progression to Cognitive Frailty: Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Study 2. Gerontology 2023; 69:1189-1199. [PMID: 37285817 PMCID: PMC10614261 DOI: 10.1159/000531421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive frailty is associated with higher risk of dementia and adverse health outcomes. However, multidimensional factors that influence cognitive frailty transitions are not known. We aimed to investigate risk factors of incident cognitive frailty. METHODS Prospective cohort study participants were community-dwelling adults without dementia and other degenerative disorders and baseline and follow-up, including N = 1,054 participants aged ≥55 free of cognitive frailty at baseline, with complete baseline (March 6, 2009, to June 11, 2013) and follow-up data at 3-5 years later (January 16, 2013, to August 24, 2018). Incident cognitive frailty was defined by one or more criteria of the physical frailty phenotype and <26 of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Potential risk factors assessed at baseline included demographic, socioeconomic, medical, psychological and social factors, and biochemical markers. Data were analyzed using least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 51 (4.8%) participants, including 21 (3.5%) of the cognitively normal and physically robust participants, 20 (4.7%) of the prefrail/frail only, and 10 (45.4%) of cognitively impaired only, transited to cognitive frailty at follow-up. Risk factors for transition to cognitive frailty were having eye problem (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.24-5.43) and low HDL cholesterol (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 2.03-8.40), while protective factors for cognitive frailty transition were higher levels of education (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.10-0.74) and participation in cognitive stimulating activities (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.17-0.82). CONCLUSION Multi-domain modifiable factors especially related to leisure activities predict cognitive frailty transition and may be targeted for prevention of dementia and associated adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuen Yee Lee
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ma Shwe Zin Nyunt
- Office of the Senior Deputy President and Provost, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Gao
- National Public Health and Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Gwee
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denise Qian Ling Chua
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keng Bee Yap
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiou Liang Wee
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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23
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Montemurro S, Filippini N, Ferrazzi G, Mantini D, Arcara G, Marino M. Education differentiates cognitive performance and resting state fMRI connectivity in healthy aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1168576. [PMID: 37293663 PMCID: PMC10244540 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1168576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In healthy aging, the way people cope differently with cognitive and neural decline is influenced by exposure to cognitively enriching life-experiences. Education is one of them, so that in general, the higher the education, the better the expected cognitive performance in aging. At the neural level, it is not clear yet how education can differentiate resting state functional connectivity profiles and their cognitive underpinnings. Thus, with this study, we aimed to investigate whether the variable education allowed for a finer description of age-related differences in cognition and resting state FC. Methods We analyzed in 197 healthy individuals (137 young adults aged 20-35 and 60 older adults aged 55-80 from the publicly available LEMON database), a pool of cognitive and neural variables, derived from magnetic resonance imaging, in relation to education. Firstly, we assessed age-related differences, by comparing young and older adults. Then, we investigated the possible role of education in outlining such differences, by splitting the group of older adults based on their education. Results In terms of cognitive performance, older adults with higher education and young adults were comparable in language and executive functions. Interestingly, they had a wider vocabulary compared to young adults and older adults with lower education. Concerning functional connectivity, the results showed significant age- and education-related differences within three networks: the Visual-Medial, the Dorsal Attentional, and the Default Mode network (DMN). For the DMN, we also found a relationship with memory performance, which strengthen the evidence that this network has a specific role in linking cognitive maintenance and FC at rest in healthy aging. Discussion Our study revealed that education contributes to differentiating cognitive and neural profiles in healthy older adults. Also, the DMN could be a key network in this context, as it may reflect some compensatory mechanisms relative to memory capacities in older adults with higher education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marco Marino
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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24
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Colombo B, Hamilton A, Telazzi I, Balzarotti S. The relationship between cognitive reserve and the spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023:10.1007/s40520-023-02424-9. [PMID: 37142942 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies reported cognitive reserve (CR) as an important factor in promoting healthy aging within a non-clinical aging population. AIMS The main goal of the present study is to investigate the link between higher levels of CR and more effective emotion regulation. In more detail, we examine the association between a number of CR proxies and the habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and emotional suppression. METHODS Three hundred and ten older adults aged between 60 and 75 (mean = 64.45, SD = 4.37; 69.4% female) joined this cross-sectional study by filling out self-report measures of CR and emotion regulation.² RESULTS: Reappraisal and suppression use were correlated. Practicing different leisure activities constantly over many years, being more original and having a higher education promoted more frequent use of cognitive reappraisal. These CR proxies were also significantly related to suppression use, even though the percentage of variance explained was lower. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Exploring the role played by the cognitive reserve on different emotion regulation techniques can be useful in understanding which variables predict the use of antecedent-focused (reappraisal) or response-focused (suppression) emotion regulation strategies in aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colombo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Champlain College, 163 S Willard St, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | - Adam Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuroscience Lab, Champlain College, 163 S Willard St, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Ilaria Telazzi
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzarotti
- Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy
- Research Center in Communication Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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25
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Jin Y, Lin L, Xiong M, Sun S, Wu SC. Moderating effects of cognitive reserve on the relationship between brain structure and cognitive abilities in middle-aged and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 128:49-64. [PMID: 37163923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis is reinforced by negative moderating effects, suggesting that those with higher CR are less reliant on brain structure for cognitive function. Previous research on CR's moderating effects yielded inconsistent results, motivating our 3 studies using UK Biobank data. Study I examined five CR proxies' moderating effects on global, lobar, and regional brain-cognition models; study II extended study I by using a larger sample size; and study III investigated age-related moderating effects on the hippocampal regions. In study I, most moderating effects were negative and none survived the multiple comparison correction, but study II identified 13 global-level models with significant negative moderating effects that survived correction. Study III showed age influenced CR proxies' moderating effects in hippocampal regions. Our findings suggest that the effects of CR proxies on brain integrity and cognition varied depending on the proxy used, brain integrity indicators, cognitive domain, and age group. This study offers significant insights regarding the importance of CR for brain integrity and cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jin
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Lin
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Min Xiong
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Sun
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shui-Cai Wu
- Intelligent Physiological Measurement and Clinical Translation, Beijing International Base for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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26
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Ramos‐Henderson M, Soto‐Añari M, Herrera‐Pino J, Porto MF, Camargo L, Hesse H, Ferrel‐Ortega † R, Quispe‐Ayala C, García de la Cadena C, Mendoza‐Ruvalcaba N, Caldichoury N, Castellanos C, Varón C, Aguilar D, Antezana R, Martinez J, Román N, Boza C, Ducassou A, Saldías C, López N. Factors associated with cognitive impairment in Latin American older adults: A cross-sectional observational study of COVID-19 confinement. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12427. [PMID: 37063389 PMCID: PMC10102893 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effects of COVID-19 confinement have been severe, especially in older adults. Therefore, we analyzed the factors associated with cognitive impairment (CI) in Latin America (LA). METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional observational study with a total of 5245 older adults from 10 countries in LA. Measurement We used the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) and the Eight-item Informant Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia (AD8) scale. RESULTS We found that age, depressive symptomatology, bone fractures, being widowed, having a family member with dementia, and unemployment were associated with an increased risk of CI. In contrast, higher education, hypertension with continuous treatment, quarantine, and keeping stimulating cognitive and physical activities were associated with a lower probability of CI. No significant association was found between suffering from diabetes or being retired and CI. DISCUSSION It is essential to conduct follow-up studies on these factors, considering their relationship with CI and the duration of confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ramos‐Henderson
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Gerontología Aplicada (CIGAP)Facultad de SaludUniversidad Santo TomásAntofagastaChile
| | - Marcio Soto‐Añari
- Departamento de PsicologíaUniversidad Católica San PabloArequipaPerú
| | | | - María F. Porto
- Neuroscience AreaL'Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of CognitionDevelopment and Educational PsychologyUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Loida Camargo
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento Médico, Grupo de investigación Neurociencia y Salud GlobalUniversidad de CartagenaCartagena de IndiasColombia
| | - Heike Hesse
- Observatorio COVID‐19Universidad Tecnológica CentroamericanaTegucigalpaHonduras
| | - Robert Ferrel‐Ortega †
- Programa de PsicologíaFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad MagdalenaSanta MartaColombia
| | - Cesar Quispe‐Ayala
- Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasUniversidad Nacional de HuancavelicaHuancavelicaPerú
| | - Claudia García de la Cadena
- Departamento de NeuropsicologíaFacultad de Ciencias SocialesUniversidad del Valle de GuatemalaGuatemala CityGuatema
| | - Neyda Mendoza‐Ruvalcaba
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud Enfermedad como Proceso IndividualUniversidad de GuadalajaraCutonalaMéxico
| | | | - Cesar Castellanos
- Dirección ejecutivaInstituto Dominicano para el Estudio de la Salud Integral y la Psicología Aplicada (IDESIP)Santo DomingoRepública Dominicana
| | - Claudia Varón
- Dirección ejecutivaFundación Acción Familiar Alzheimer Colombia‐AFACOLBogotáColombia
| | - Dolores Aguilar
- Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasUniversidad Nacional de HuancavelicaHuancavelicaPerú
| | - Regulo Antezana
- Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias PolíticasUniversidad Nacional de HuancavelicaHuancavelicaPerú
| | - Juan Martinez
- Departmet of EducationUniversidad Ana G. MéndezSan JuanPuerto Rico
| | - Norbel Román
- Centro de Investigación en Hematología y Trastornos AfinesUniversidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - Carolina Boza
- Centro de Investigación en Hematología y Trastornos AfinesUniversidad de Costa RicaSan JoséCosta Rica
| | - Alejandro Ducassou
- Vicerrectoría Regional y Escuela de PsicologiaFaculta de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Mayor‐TemucoTemucoChile
| | - Carol Saldías
- Facultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad San SebastiánValdiviaChile
| | - Norman López
- Departamento de Ciencias SocialesUniversidad de La CostaBarranquillaColombia
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27
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Seblova D, Eng C, Avila‐Rieger JF, Dworkin JD, Peters K, Lapham S, Zahodne LB, Chapman B, Prescott CA, Gruenewald TL, Arpawong TE, Gatz M, Jones RJ, Glymour MM, Manly JJ. High school quality is associated with cognition 58 years later. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12424. [PMID: 37144175 PMCID: PMC10152568 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We leveraged a unique school-based longitudinal cohort-the Project Talent Aging Study-to examine whether attending higher quality schools is associated with cognitive performance among older adults in the United States (mean age = 74.8). Participants (n = 2,289) completed telephone neurocognitive testing. Six indicators of high school quality, reported by principals at the time of schooling, were predictors of respondents' cognitive function 58 years later. To account for school-clustering, multilevel linear and logistic models were applied. We found that attending schools with a higher number of teachers with graduate training was the clearest predictor of later-life cognition, and school quality mattered especially for language abilities. Importantly, Black respondents (n = 239; 10.5 percentage) were disproportionately exposed to low quality high schools. Therefore, increased investment in schools, especially those that serve Black children, could be a powerful strategy to improve later life cognitive health among older adults in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Seblova
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Second Faculty of MedicineCharles University PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Chloe Eng
- University of California San FranciscoDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Justina F. Avila‐Rieger
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Kelly Peters
- American Institutes for ResearchWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Susan Lapham
- American Institutes for ResearchWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Margaret Gatz
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rich J. Jones
- Brown UniversityDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior & Department of NeurologyProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Maria M. Glymour
- University of California San FranciscoDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer J. Manly
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of NeurologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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28
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Martín-Aragoneses MT, Mejuto G, del Río D, Fernandes SM, Rodrigues PFS, López-Higes R. Task Demands and Sentence Reading Comprehension among Healthy Older Adults: The Complementary Roles of Cognitive Reserve and Working Memory. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030428. [PMID: 36979238 PMCID: PMC10046703 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing entails different functional brain changes. Education, reading experience, and leisure activities, among others, might contribute to the maintenance of cognitive performance among older adults and are conceptualised as proxies for cognitive reserve. However, ageing also conveys a depletion of working memory capacity, which adversely impacts language comprehension. This study investigated how cognitive reserve proxies and working memory jointly predict the performance of healthy older adults in a sentence reading comprehension task, and how their predictive value changes depending on sentence structure and task demands. Cognitively healthy older adults (n = 120) completed a sentence–picture verification task under two conditions: concurrent viewing of the sentence and picture or their sequential presentation, thereby imposing greater demands on working memory. They also completed a questionnaire on cognitive reserve proxies as well as a verbal working memory test. The sentence structure was manipulated by altering the canonical word order and modifying the amount of propositional information. While the cognitive reserve was the main predictor in the concurrent condition, the predictive role of working memory increased under the sequential presentation, particularly for complex sentences. These findings highlight the complementary roles played by cognitive reserve and working memory in the reading comprehension of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Martín-Aragoneses
- Department of Research Methods and Diagnosis in Education II, National University of Distance Education (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Mejuto
- Vianorte-Laguna Foundation (FVN-Laguna), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - David del Río
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.d.R.); (P.F.S.R.)
| | - Sara Margarida Fernandes
- Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University (UPT), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F. S. Rodrigues
- Portucalense Institute for Human Development (INPP), Portucalense University (UPT), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (D.d.R.); (P.F.S.R.)
| | - Ramón López-Higes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
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29
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The Protective Role of Cognitive Reserve in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051759. [PMID: 36902545 PMCID: PMC10002518 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive reserve (CR) represents the ability to optimize performance and functioning to cope with brain damage or disease. CR reflects the capability to adaptively and flexibly use cognitive processes and brain networks to compensate for the deterioration typical of aging. Several studies have investigated the potential role of CR in aging, especially from the perspective of preventing and protecting against dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This systematic literature review aimed to investigate the role of CR as a protective factor against MCI and associated cognitive decline. The review process was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. For this purpose, ten studies were analyzed. The results of this review show that high CR is significantly associated with a reduced risk of MCI. In addition, a significant positive relationship between CR and cognitive functioning is observed when comparing subjects with MCI and healthy subjects and within people with MCI. Thus, the results confirm the positive role of cognitive reserve in mitigating cognitive impairment. The evidence from this systematic review is consistent with the theoretical models of CR. Indeed, previous research hypothesized that specific individual experiences (such as leisure activities) allow a person to acquire successful neural resources over the years to cope with cognitive decline.
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30
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Ersoezlue E, Perneczky R, Tato M, Utecht J, Kurz C, Häckert J, Guersel S, Burow L, Koller G, Stoecklein S, Keeser D, Papazov B, Totzke M, Ballarini T, Brosseron F, Buerger K, Dechent P, Dobisch L, Ewers M, Fliessbach K, Glanz W, Haynes JD, Heneka MT, Janowitz D, Kilimann I, Kleineidam L, Laske C, Maier F, Munk MH, Peters O, Priller J, Ramirez A, Roeske S, Roy N, Scheffler K, Schneider A, Schott BH, Spottke A, Spruth EJ, Teipel S, Unterfeld C, Wagner M, Wang X, Wiltfang J, Wolfsgruber S, Yakupov R, Duezel E, Jessen F, Rauchmann BS. A Residual Marker of Cognitive Reserve Is Associated with Resting-State Intrinsic Functional Connectivity Along the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:925-940. [PMID: 36806502 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive reserve (CR) explains inter-individual differences in the impact of the neurodegenerative burden on cognitive functioning. A residual model was proposed to estimate CR more accurately than previous measures. However, associations between residual CR markers (CRM) and functional connectivity (FC) remain unexplored. OBJECTIVE To explore the associations between the CRM and intrinsic network connectivity (INC) in resting-state networks along the neuropathological-continuum of Alzheimer's disease (ADN). METHODS Three hundred eighteen participants from the DELCODE cohort were stratified using cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers according to the A(myloid-β)/T(au)/N(eurodegeneration) classification. CRM was calculated utilizing residuals obtained from a multilinear regression model predicting cognition from markers of disease burden. Using an independent component analysis in resting-state fMRI data, we measured INC of resting-state networks, i.e., default mode network (DMN), frontoparietal network (FPN), salience network (SAL), and dorsal attention network. The associations of INC with a composite memory score and CRM and the associations of CRM with the seed-to-voxel functional connectivity of memory-related were tested in general linear models. RESULTS CRM was positively associated with INC in the DMN in the entire cohort. The A+T+N+ group revealed an anti-correlation between the SAL and the DMN. Furthermore, CRM was positively associated with anti-correlation between memory-related regions in FPN and DMN in ADN and A+T/N+. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that INC is associated with CRM in ADN defined as participants with amyloid pathology with or without cognitive symptoms, suggesting that the neural correlates of CR are mirrored in network FC in resting-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Ersoezlue
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Department of Gerontopsychiatry and Developmental Disorders, kbo-Isar-Amper-Klinikum Haar, University Teaching Hospital of LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Germany.,Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurology (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maia Tato
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Utecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Häckert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Selim Guersel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Burow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Koller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Stoecklein
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurology (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurology (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Boris Papazov
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurology (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marie Totzke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Katharina Buerger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Munich), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Dechent
- MR-Research in Neurosciences Department of Cognitive Neurology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany
| | - Laura Dobisch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE Munich), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Fliessbach
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Medical Center of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenzel Glanz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany
| | - John Dylan Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Medical Center of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Janowitz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Kilimann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen, Germany.,Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Maier
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias H Munk
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen, Germany.,Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine Technical University of Munich, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Medical Center of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany.,Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry & Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra Roeske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany
| | - Nina Roy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Medical Center of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn H Schott
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, University of Goettingen, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annika Spottke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Eike J Spruth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Chantal Unterfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Medical Center of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, University of Goettingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Medical Center of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Renat Yakupov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emrah Duezel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty of University of Cologne, Germany.,Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Germany.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neurology (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
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Lee M, Harrati A, Rehkopf DH, Modrek S. Associations of local area level new deal employment in childhood with late life cognition: evidence from the census-linked health and retirement study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:81-88. [PMID: 36600558 PMCID: PMC9839563 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency employment programmes during the 1930s and 1940s invested income, infrastructure and social services into communities affected by the Great Depression. We estimate the long-term associations of growing up in an area exposed to New Deal emergency employment in 1940 with cognitive functioning in later life. METHODS Members of the Health and Retirement Study cohort (N=5095; mean age 66.3 at baseline) who were age 0-17 in 1940 were linked to their census record from that year, providing prospective information about childhood contextual and family circumstances. We estimated the association between subcounty-level emergency employment participation in 1940 and baseline cognition and rate of cognitive decline between 1998 and 2016. RESULTS Compared with those living in the lowest emergency employment quintile in 1940, those who were exposed to moderate levels of emergency employment (third quintile) had better cognitive functioning in 1998 (b=0.092 SD, 95% CI 0.011 to 0.173), conditional on sociodemographic factors. This effect was modestly attenuated after adjusting for respondents' adult education, finances and health factors. There were no significant effects of area-level emergency employment on rate of cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to New Deal employment policies during childhood is associated with long-term cognitive health benefits. This is partially explained by increases in educational attainment among those with greater levels of emergency employment activity in the place where they were raised. Future research should investigate which types of New Deal investments may most be related to long-term cognitive health, or if the associations we observe are due to co-occurring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lee
- Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Sepideh Modrek
- Health Equity Institute, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
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Cabaco AS, Wobbeking Sánchez M, Mejía-Ramírez M, Urchaga-Litago JD, Castillo-Riedel E, Bonete-López B. Mediation effects of cognitive, physical, and motivational reserves on cognitive performance in older people. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1112308. [PMID: 36733857 PMCID: PMC9888412 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We study from a multidimensional perspective the different factors that help prevent the development of cognitive impairment in old aging. Methods This study analyzed in 300 elderly subjects the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR), physical reserve (PR) and motivational reserve (MR) with cognitive impairment. This study also takes into consideration different variables (sex, age, educational level, and institutionalization) that might affect the results in the different types of reserves (CR, physical and MR) and cognitive impairment. Results The results show that people with a higher cognitive reserve, physical reserve and motivational reserve have less cognitive impairment. Discussion Therefore, it is important to consider measuring the CR as a variable to diagnose neurodegenerative illnesses but it is also essential to consider the physical state and physical activity, as well as the motivational dimension. With the cognitive reserve and sex variables no significant differences were observed. Age had a negative effect on strategic flexibility, but those with higher CR had better cognitive flexibility and the educational.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Wobbeking Sánchez
- Department of Psychology, Pontificial University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain,*Correspondence: Marina Wobbeking Sánchez,
| | | | | | | | - Beatriz Bonete-López
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
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33
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Sex/gender and socioeconomic differences in modifiable risk factors for dementia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:80. [PMID: 36596822 PMCID: PMC9810648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both sex/gender and socioeconomic differences have been reported in the prevalence of modifiable risk factors for dementia. However, it remains unclear whether the associations between modifiable risk factors for dementia and incident dementia differ by sex/gender or socioeconomic status. This study aimed to investigate sex/gender and socioeconomic differences in the associations of modifiable risk factors with incident dementia using a life-course perspective. We used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2008/2009 to 2018/2019). A total of 8,941 individuals were included [mean (standard deviation) age, 66.1 ± 9.8 years; 4,935 (55.2%) were women]. No overall sex/gender difference in dementia risk was found. Dementia risk was higher among those who experienced childhood deprivation [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.51 (1.17; 1.96)], lower occupational attainment [HR low versus high = 1.60 (1.23; 2.09) and HR medium versus high = 1.53 (1.15; 2.06)], and low wealth [HR low versus high = 1.63 (1.26; 2.12)]. Though different associations were found among the subgroups, there might be a sex/gender difference in dementia risk only for low cognitive activity, suggesting a higher risk for women [HR = 2.61 (1.89; 3.60)] compared to men [HR = 1.73 (1.20; 2.49)]. No consistent socioeconomic differences in modifiable dementia risk were found. A population-based approach that tackles inequalities in dementia risk profiles directly may be more effective than individual approaches in dementia prevention.
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Tao C, Yuan Y, Xu Y, Zhang S, Wang Z, Wang S, Liang J, Wang Y. Role of cognitive reserve in ischemic stroke prognosis: A systematic review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1100469. [PMID: 36908598 PMCID: PMC9992812 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This systematic review was performed to identify the role of cognitive reserve (CR) proxies in the functional outcome and mortality prognostication of patients after acute ischemic stroke. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched by two independent reviewers from their inception to 31 August 2022, with no restrictions on language. The reference lists of reviews or included articles were also searched. Cohort studies with a follow-up period of ≥3 months identifying the association between CR indicators and the post-stroke functional outcome and mortality were included. The outcome records for patients with hemorrhage and ischemic stroke not reported separately were excluded. The Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. Results Our search yielded 28 studies (n = 1,14,212) between 2004 and 2022, of which 14 were prospective cohort studies and 14 were retrospective cohort studies. The follow-up period ranged from 3 months to 36 years, and the mean or median age varied from 39.6 to 77.2 years. Of the 28 studies, 15 studies used the functional outcome as their primary outcome interest, and 11 of the 28 studies included the end-point interest of mortality after ischemic stroke. In addition, two of the 28 studies focused on the interest of functional outcomes and mortality. Among the included studies, CR proxies were measured by education, income, occupation, premorbid intelligence quotient, bilingualism, and socioeconomic status, respectively. The quality of the review studies was affected by low to high risk of bias. Conclusion Based on the current literature, patients with ischemic stroke with higher CR proxies may have a lower risk of adverse outcomes. Further prospective studies involving a combination of CR proxies and residuals of fMRI measurements are warranted to determine the contribution of CR to the adverse outcome of ischemic stroke. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, identifier CRD42022332810, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Tao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Division of Satoyama Nursing and Telecare, Nagano College of Nursing, Komagane, Japan
| | - Yijun Xu
- Department of the Advanced Biomedical Research, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sican Wang
- School of Nursing and School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Redžepagić Š, Ladas AI. Prospective Memory, Sustained Attention and Response Inhibition in Poly-Substance Users Stable on Methadone Maintenance Treatment. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:397-405. [PMID: 36645818 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2165410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Prospective memory and response inhibition are interrelated constructs, though studied separately in the drug addiction literature. Also, although sustained attention underlies response inhibition, its role in the relation between these functions has been largely neglected. The limited research on the cognitive effects of methadone-maintenance treatment (MMT) further stresses the importance of investigating these effects. Objective: Therefore, the current study focused on possible effects of MMT combined with long-term drug abuse on all these functions. Thirty five long term opiate/poly-substance users in MMT and thirty four drug-free controls were screened for socioeconomic status, anxiety, depression and general, non-verbal intelligence and then tested on a self-report measure of prospective memory and on the Go/No-Go task. Results: Compared to controls, the MMT group scored worse in all functions assessed. Prospective memory scores were also negatively related to Go/NoGo accuracy scores. Conclusion: As predicted, (a) the MMT participants show impairments in prospective memory, sustained attention and response inhibition and (b) prospective memory, response inhibition and sustained attention are related constructs. The results of this study could inform current rehabilitation and relapse prevention cognitive training practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Š Redžepagić
- Psychology Department, Sheffield University's International Faculty CITY College, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A I Ladas
- Psychology Department, CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
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36
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West T, Cavallero C, Ceccherini R, Foladore S, Generali D, Versace F, Scaggiante B. Impact of psychosocial, behavioral and lifestyle factors on subjective cognitive complaints and perceived quality of life in a large cohort of Italian breast cancer patients. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1015573. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of psychosocial and behavioral factors on Cancer Related Cognitive Impairment manifestations is still under debate. Study’s purpose is to determine the prevalence rate of cancer related cognitive impairment in a cohort of Italian breast cancer patients and to evaluate the implication of specific behavioral factors. For these purposes, a total of 233 women (106 breast cancer patients and 127 age-matched controls without oncological diagnosis) completed a questionnaire investigating cognitive functionality (FACT-Cog v3.0), sociodemographic characteristics, clinical information, psychosocial and behavioral factors (cognitive reserve, sleep quality, dietary habits, physical activity). The results indicated a higher prevalence rate of subjective cognitive complaints in breast cancer patients (37%) compared to a representative sample of women in the same age group without an oncological diagnosis (p < 0.001). Moreover, breast cancer patients showed significantly lower levels of cognitive reserve (p < 0.05) and worse sleep quality (p < 0.01) compared to age-matched controls. Further analysis revealed that breast cancer patients reporting subjective cognitive complaints differed significantly from breast cancer patients without subjective cognitive complaints on measures of perceived cognitive abilities (p < 0.001) and on the impact of cognitive difficulties on perceived quality of life (p < 0.01). Future studies are needed to examine behavioral directed interventions to prevent subjective cognitive deficits in breast cancer patients.
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Suemoto CK, Bertola L, Grinberg LT, Leite REP, Rodriguez RD, Santana PH, Pasqualucci CA, Jacob-Filho W, Nitrini R. Education, but not occupation, is associated with cognitive impairment: The role of cognitive reserve in a sample from a low-to-middle-income country. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2079-2087. [PMID: 34978148 PMCID: PMC9400335 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Education, and less frequently occupation, has been associated with lower dementia risk in studies from high-income countries. We aimed to investigate the association of cognitive impairment with education and occupation in a low-middle-income country sample. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, cognitive function was assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes (CDR-SOB). We investigated the association of occupation complexity and education with CDR-SOB using adjusted linear regression models for age, sex, and neuropathological lesions. RESULTS In 1023 participants, 77% had < 5 years of education, and 56% unskilled occupations. Compared to the group without education, those with formal education had lower CDR-SOB (1-4 years:β $\beta \;$ = -0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.85; -0.14, P = .02; ≥5 years:β $\beta \;$ = -1.42, 95% CI = -2.47; -0.38, P = .008). Occupation complexity and demands were unrelated to cognition. DISCUSSION Education, but not occupation, was related to better cognitive abilities independent of the presence of neuropathological insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia K Suemoto
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laiss Bertola
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta D Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Santana
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Jacob-Filho
- Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Nilsen C, Celeste RK, Lennartsson C, McKee KJ, Dahlberg L. Long-term risk factors for old-age social exclusion in Sweden: a 30-year longitudinal study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 103:104760. [PMID: 35797759 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH Social exclusion threatens quality of life in older age. However, there is a lack of research on social exclusion from life-course and gender perspectives. We investigated early- and midlife risk factors for old-age social exclusion among women and men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two individually linked studies of Swedish nationally representative samples provided longitudinal data over a 30-year period on 1,819 people at baseline. Indicators of economic exclusion, leisure/social exclusion, and civic exclusion were assessed at early late life (M=70 years) and late life (M=81). Educational attainment, non-employment, psychological health problems and mobility problems were measured as risk factors at midlife (M=54) and late midlife (M=61). Path analysis derived a model of old-age social exclusion. RESULTS Exclusion on a domain in early late life led to exclusion on the same domain in late life, except for the economic domain. Leisure/social exclusion in early late life also led to civic exclusion in late life. Midlife risk factors influenced late-life exclusion almost exclusively through early late-life exclusion. While model fit could not be significantly improved by allowing coefficients to vary freely by gender, there was a stronger effect of non-employment on exclusion in women and a stronger effect of psychological health problems on exclusion in men. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that old-age exclusion is persistent and dynamic, and influenced by risk factors experienced earlier in life. A holistic approach with integrated efforts across different policy areas is needed to efficiently reduce old-age social exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Nilsen
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Gerontology, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden.
| | - Roger K Celeste
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carin Lennartsson
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kevin J McKee
- School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Lena Dahlberg
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
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Almeida-Meza P, Richards M, Cadar D. Moderating Role of Cognitive Reserve Markers Between Childhood Cognition and Cognitive Aging: Evidence From the 1946 British Birth Cohort. Neurology 2022; 99:e1239-e1250. [PMID: 35922143 PMCID: PMC9576292 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the population ages, differences in cognitive abilities become more evident. We investigated key genetic and life course influences on cognitive state at age 69 years, building on previous work using the longitudinal Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (the British 1946 birth cohort). METHODS Multivariable regressions investigated the association between 4 factors: (1) childhood cognition at age 8 years; (2) a Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) composed of 3 markers: (i) educational attainment by age 26 years, (ii) engagement in leisure activities at age 43 years, and (iii) occupation up to age 53 years; (3) reading ability assessed by the National Adult Reading Test (NART) at age 53 years; and (4) APOE genotype in relation to cognitive state measured at age 69 years with Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination, third edition (ACE-III). We then investigated the modifying role of the CRI, NART, and APOE in the association between childhood cognition and the ACE-III. RESULTS The analytical sample comprised 1,184 participants. Higher scores in childhood cognition, CRI, and NART were associated with higher scores in the ACE-III. We found that the CRI and NART modified the association between childhood cognition and the ACE-III: for 30 additional points in the CRI or 20 additional points in the NART, the simple slope of childhood cognition decreased by approximately 0.10 points (CRI = 70: marginal effects (MEs) 0.22, 95% CI 0.12-0.32, p < 0.001 vs CRI = 100: MEs 0.12, 95% CI 0.06-0.17, p < 0.001; NART = 15: MEs 0.22, 95% CI 0.09-0.35, p = 0.001, vs NART = 35: MEs 0.11, 95% CI 0.05-0.17, p < 0.001). The association between childhood cognition and the ACE-III was nonsignificant at high levels of the CRI or NART. Furthermore, the e4 allele of the APOE gene was associated with lower scores in the ACE-III (β = -0.71, 95% CI -1.36 to -0.06, p = 0.03) but did not modify the association between childhood cognition and cognitive state in later life. DISCUSSION The CRI and NART are independent measures of cognitive reserve because both modify the association between childhood cognition and cognitive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Almeida-Meza
- From the Department of Behavioural Science and Health (P.A.-M., D.C.), University College London; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London; and Centre for Dementia Studies (D.C.), Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK.
| | - Marcus Richards
- From the Department of Behavioural Science and Health (P.A.-M., D.C.), University College London; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London; and Centre for Dementia Studies (D.C.), Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK
| | - Dorina Cadar
- From the Department of Behavioural Science and Health (P.A.-M., D.C.), University College London; MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London; and Centre for Dementia Studies (D.C.), Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK
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What Do We Know about Social and Non-Social Factors Influencing the Pathway from Cognitive Health to Dementia? A Systematic Review of Reviews. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091214. [PMID: 36138950 PMCID: PMC9497077 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous and multi-factorial nature of dementia requires the consideration of all health aspects when predicting the risk of its development and planning strategies for its prevention. This systematic review of reviews provides a comprehensive synthesis of those factors associated with cognition in the context of dementia, identifying the role of social aspects and evidencing knowledge gaps in this area of research. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses from 2009–2021 were searched for within Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane, and Epistemonikos. Reviewers independently screened, reviewed, and assessed the records, following the PRISMA-2020 guidelines. From 314 included studies, 624 cognitive-related factors were identified, most of them risk factors (61.2%), mainly belonging to the group of ‘somatic comorbidities’ (cardiovascular disease and diabetes) and ‘genetic predispositions’. The protective factors (20%) were mainly related to lifestyle, pointing to the Mediterranean diet, regular physical activity, and cognitively stimulating activities. Social factors constituted 9.6% of all identified factors. Research on biological and medical factors dominates the reviewed literature. Greater social support and frequent contact may confer some protection against cognitive decline and dementia by delaying its onset or reducing the overall risk; however, overall, our findings are inconsistent. Further research is needed in the fields of lifestyle, psychology, social health, and the protective factors against cognitive decline and dementia.
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Pope CN, Fazeli PL, Vance DE, Mrug S, Ball KK, Stavrinos D. Cognitive reserve attenuates the association between HIV serostatus and cognitive performance in adults living in the deep South. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2022; 29:993-1002. [PMID: 33054407 PMCID: PMC8044258 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1832095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive reserve has shown evidence of mitigating HIV-related effects on cognition in people living with HIV (PWH). In a sample of adults residing in the Deep South, an underrepresented subgroup in the neuroAIDS literature, we assessed the association between HIV serostatus and age on processing speed, visual attention, executive function, and episodic memory and the attenuating effect of cognitive reserve. Adults (n = 138; 72 PWH; M age = 58.7 years, SD = 7.9 years; 75% nonwhite race) were recruited from a university clinic and the community. Verbal abilities served as a proxy for cognitive reserve. Regressions accounting for race, alcohol usage, and depressive symptoms were conducted for each cognitive outcome. Indirect effects were tested using the PROCESS macro. Being HIV seropositive was associated with worse executive function (b = -1.04, SE = 0.38, p = .007) and episodic memory (b = -39.94, SE = 12.54, p = .002) performance. Every year of age above the mean and nonwhite race was associated with worse cognitive performance (ps < .05). The addition of cognitive reserve to the model attenuated the HIV serostatus associations with executive function (BC 95% CI -0.770, -0.001) along with most associations between race and cognitive outcomes. Age associations remained for all cognitive outcomes (ps < .05). Findings highlight the importance of including verbal ability proxies of cognitive reserve when assessing cognition in PWH. Highlighting modifiable cognitive processes, such as cognitive reserve, will further the development of targeted cognitive interventions in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvie Mrug
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology
| | - Karlene K. Ball
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology
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Marchetti MF, Silva GMD, Freiria CN, Borim FSA, Brito TRPD, Milanski M, Corona LP. Association between zinc deficiency and cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2022; 27:2805-2816. [PMID: 35730848 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232022277.19932021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional study evaluating the association between zinc deficiency and cognitive decline in 591 community-dwelling older adults living in the cities of Campinas, Limeira, and Piracicaba-SP. Cognitive status was evaluated using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument-CASI-S, considering a decline for scores <23 for those aged 60-69 and <20 for those aged ≥70 years. Among the evaluated cognitive domains, older adults with zinc deficiency had significantly lower mean scores on the memory test (p=0.018). For zinc deficiency, values below 70 µg/dL were considered for women and 74 µg/dL for men. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 3.9%, and cognitive deficit was 9.4%, being significantly higher in those with zinc deficiency compared with those with normal serum zinc concentrations. In adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis, the factors that remained associated with cognitive decline were zinc deficiency (OR=3.80; 95%CI=1.30-11.12), low schooling level (OR=3.12; 95%CI=1.49-6.50), lack of a partner (OR=1.88; 95%CI=1.04-3.42), risk of malnutrition (OR=3.98; 95%CI=2.36-6.71), and a history of encephalic vascular accident (OR=2.70; 95%CI=1.04-6.98). Zinc deficiency was associated with the presence of cognitive decline in older adults. Actions in primary health care are necessary to prevent the deficiency of this nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Furlanetto Marchetti
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Nutricional, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). R. Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Jd. Santa Luiza. 13484-350 Limeira SP Brasil.
| | - Graziele Maria da Silva
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Nutricional, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). R. Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Jd. Santa Luiza. 13484-350 Limeira SP Brasil.
| | - Carolina Neves Freiria
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Nutricional, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). R. Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Jd. Santa Luiza. 13484-350 Limeira SP Brasil.
| | | | | | - Marciane Milanski
- Laboratório de Distúrbios do Metabolismo, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Unicamp. Limeira SP Brasil
| | - Ligiana Pires Corona
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Nutricional, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). R. Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Jd. Santa Luiza. 13484-350 Limeira SP Brasil.
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Gelfo F, Petrosini L. Environmental Enrichment Enhances Cerebellar Compensation and Develops Cerebellar Reserve. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095697. [PMID: 35565093 PMCID: PMC9099498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain is able to change its structure and function in response to environmental stimulations. Several human and animal studies have documented that enhanced stimulations provide individuals with strengthened brain structure and function that allow them to better cope with damage. In this framework, studies based on the exposure of animals to environmental enrichment (EE) have provided indications of the mechanisms involved in such a beneficial action. The cerebellum is a very plastic brain region that responds to every experience with deep structural and functional rearrangement. The present review specifically aims to collect and synthesize the evidence provided by animal models on EE exposure effects on cerebellar structure and function by considering the studies on healthy subjects and on animals exposed to EE both before and after damage involving cerebellar functionality. On the whole, the evidence supports the role of EE in enhancing cerebellar compensation and developing cerebellar reserve. However, since studies addressing this issue are still scarce, large areas of inconsistency and lack of clarity remain. Further studies are required to provide suggestions on possible mechanisms of enhancement of compensatory responses in human patients following cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio 44, 00193 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy;
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Peng S, Roth AR, Apostolova LG, Saykin AJ, Perry BL. Cognitively stimulating environments and cognitive reserve: the case of personal social networks. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 112:197-203. [PMID: 35231846 PMCID: PMC9019994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cognitively stimulating environments are thought to be protective of cognitive decline and onset of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) through the development of cognitive reserve (CR). CR refers to cognitive adaptability that buffers the impact of brain pathology on cognitive function. Despite the critical need to identify cognitively stimulating environments to build CR, there is no consensus regarding which environmental determinants are most effective. Rather, most studies use education as proxies for CR and little is known about the association between older adults' personal social networks and CR. Using neuroimaging data from 135 older adults participating in the Social Networks in Alzheimer Disease (SNAD) study, this article adopted a residual method for measuring CR and found that large network size, high network diversity, and loosely connected networks were positively associated with greater CR. These results suggest that expansive social networks in later life may constitute cognitively stimulating environments which can be leveraged to build CR and reduce the burden of ADRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Peng
- Department of Sociology & Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| | - Adam R Roth
- Department of Sociology & Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences & Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brea L Perry
- Department of Sociology & Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Nogueira J, Gerardo B, Santana I, Simões MR, Freitas S. The Assessment of Cognitive Reserve: A Systematic Review of the Most Used Quantitative Measurement Methods of Cognitive Reserve for Aging. Front Psychol 2022; 13:847186. [PMID: 35465541 PMCID: PMC9023121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.847186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cognitive reserve (CR) is widely accepted as the active ability to cope with brain damage, using preexisting cognitive and compensatory processes. The common CR proxies used are the number of formal years of education, intelligence quotient (IQ) or premorbid functioning, occupation attainment, and participation in leisure activities. More recently, it has employed the level of literacy and engagement in high-level cognitive demand of professional activities. This study aims to identify and summarize published methodologies to assess the CR quantitatively. We searched for published studies on PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science between September 2018 and September 2021. We only included those studies that characterized the CR assessment methodology. The search strategy identified 1,285 publications, of which 25 were included. Most of the instruments targeted proxies individually. The lack of a gold standard tool that incorporates all proxies and cognitive tests highlights the need to develop a more holistic battery for the quantitative assessment of CR. Further studies should focus on a quantitative methodology that includes all these proxies supported by normative data to improve the use of CR as a valid measure in clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Nogueira
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bianca Gerardo
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mário R. Simões
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Freitas
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences (FPCEUC), Coimbra, Portugal
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Validation of Neuroimaging-based Brain Age Gap as a Mediator between Modifiable Risk Factors and Cognition. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 114:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen X, Xue B, Hu Y. Cognitive reserve over life course and 7-year trajectories of cognitive decline: results from China health and retirement longitudinal study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:231. [PMID: 35120480 PMCID: PMC8815141 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive reserve (CR) could partly explain the individual heterogeneity in cognitive decline. No study measured CR from a life course perspective and investigated the association between CR and trajectories of cognitive decline in older Chinese adults. Methods Data of 6795 Chinese adults aged 60+ from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were used. Global cognition score (0–32) was assessed in all four waves. A life-course CR score was constructed using markers of childhood circumstance, education, highest occupational class, and leisure activities in later life. Latent growth curve modelling (LGCM) was applied to assess the association between CR and trajectories of cognitive decline. Results For the life-course CR, factor loadings of markers in adulthood and later life were larger than that of markers in childhood. The life-course CR score (ranged between − 2.727 and 6.537, SD: 1.74) was higher in urban Chinese adults (0.75, SD: 1.90) than in rural Chinese adults (− 0.50, SD: 1.43). The unconditional LGCM results showed that urban older Chinese adults had better global cognition at baseline (intercept: 15.010, 95% CI: 14.783, 15.237) and a slower rate of cognitive decline per year (linear slope: -0.394, 95% CI: − 0.508, − 0.281) than their rural counterparts (intercept: 12.144, 95% CI: 11.960, 12.329; linear slope: -0.498, 95% CI: − 0.588, − 0.408). After controlling for all covariates, one-unit higher CR score was associated with 1.615 (95% CI: 1.521, 1.709) and 1.768 (95% CI: 1.659, 1.876) unit higher global cognition at baseline for urban and rural older Chinese adults, respectively. The slower rate of cognitive decline associated with higher CR was more evident in rural residents (slope: 0.083, 95% CI: 0.057, 0.108) than in their urban counterparts (0.054, 95% CI: 0.031, 0.077). Conclusions CR was associated with better baseline cognition and slower cognitive decline in Chinese older adults. Although rural residents were disadvantaged in both CR and cognition, the protective effect of CR against cognitive decline was stronger for them than in those who live in urban area. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-12671-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanji Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Baowen Xue
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yaoyue Hu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China.
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Brett BL, Walton S, Meier T, Nencka AS, Powell JR, Giovanello KS, Guskiewicz KK, McCrea M. Head impact exposure, grey matter volume, and moderating effects of estimated IQ and educational attainment in former athletes at midlife. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:497-507. [PMID: 35044240 PMCID: PMC8978573 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure has been associated with differences in brain structure among younger active athletes, most often within the hippocampus. Studies of former athletes at early-midlife are limited. We investigated the association between RHI exposure and grey matter structure, as well as moderating factors, among former athletes in early-midlife. Former collegiate football players (N=55; age=37.9+1.5 years) completed magnetic resonance imaging to quantify grey matter morphometry and extensive structured interviews of RHI history (Head Impact Exposure Estimate). Linear regression models tested the association between RHI exposure and GM structures of interest. Interactions were tested for moderators: two estimates of IQ (single word reading and picture vocabulary) and education history. Greater RHI exposure was associated with smaller hippocampal volume, β=-.36, p=.004. Conversely, RHI exposure was not significantly associated with other GM outcomes ps>.05. Education history significantly moderated the association between RHI exposure and hippocampal volume, β=.69, p=.047. Among those with a bachelor's degree, greater RHI exposure was significantly associated with smaller hippocampal volumes, β=-.58, p<.001. For those with graduate/professional degrees, the association between RHI and hippocampal volume was not significant, β=-.33, p=.134. Consistent with studies involving younger, active athletes, smaller hippocampal volumes were selectively associated with greater RHI exposure among former collegiate football players at midlife. This relationship was moderated by higher levels of education. Future longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the course of possible changes that can occur between early-midlife to older ages, as well as the continued protective effect of education and other potential influential factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Brett
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 5506, Neurosurgery and Neurology, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226;
| | - Samuel Walton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill College of Arts and Sciences, 169101, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States;
| | - Timothy Meier
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Neurosurgery, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226;
| | - Andrew S Nencka
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Biophysics, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States;
| | - Jacob R Powell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill College of Arts and Sciences, 169101, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States;
| | - Kelly S Giovanello
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Psychology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States;
| | - Kevin K Guskiewicz
- University of North Carolina, Exercise and Sport Science, CB#8700, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, 27599-8700;
| | - Michael McCrea
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Neurosurgery, Hub for Collaborative Medicine, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, 53226;
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Abstract
With the expected rise in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in the coming decades due to the aging population and a lack of effective disease-modifying treatments, there is a need for preventive strategies that may tap into resilience parameters. A wide array of resilience strategies has been proposed including genetics, socioeconomic status, lifestyle modifications, behavioral changes, and management of comorbid disease. These different strategies can be broadly classified as distinguishing between modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, some of which can be quantified so that their clinical intervention can be effectively accomplished. A clear shift in research focus from dementia risk to addressing disease resistance and resilience is emerging that has provided new potential therapeutic targets. Here we review and summarize the latest investigations of resilience mechanisms and methods of quantifying resilience for clinical research. These approaches include identifying genetic variants that may help identify novel pathways (e.g., lipid metabolism, cellular trafficking, synaptic function, inflammation) for therapeutic treatments and biomarkers for use in a precision medicine-like regimen. In addition, innovative structural and molecular neuroimaging analyses may assist in detecting and quantifying pathological changes well before the onset of clinical symptoms setting up the possibility of primary and secondary prevention trials. Lastly, we summarize recent studies demonstrating the study of resilience in caregivers of persons living with dementia may have direct and indirect impact on the quality of care and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S. Joshi
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - James E. Galvin
- Comprehensive Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Karsazi H, Hatami J, Rostami R, Moghadamzadeh A. The Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Relationships With Memory Function in an Iranian Elderly Sample. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:889177. [PMID: 35586406 PMCID: PMC9108157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.889177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ) and examine the relationship between life experience and memory function. To this end, two studies were conducted. Study one examined the factor structure, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant validity of the Persian version of LEQ with 247 healthy elderly individuals (M age = 70.17, SD = 4.42; 55.9% women). The exploratory factor analysis yielded a five-factor solution, including Knowledge, Physical, Socialization, Artistic, and Leisure dimensions, which accounted for 42.42% of the explained variance. The internal consistency of the LEQ was in the acceptable range (α = 0.703). Also, the LEQ and its subscales (except the Artistic subscale) had a negative relationship with geriatric depression and a positive relationship with a healthy lifestyle, supporting the measure's convergent and discriminant validity. In the second study, we examined the relationship between LEQ (total and subscales score) and memory function using Pearson correlation and moderating analysis with 149 participants (M age = 70.37, SD = 4.29; 55.03% women). The results demonstrated that the LEQ total and subscales scores correlated positively with episodic memory. In the same vein, LEQ total score and Knowledge subscale showed a positive correlation with semantic memory. The results of moderation analysis showed that LEQ subscales have a different role in memory decline. The knowledge subscale as a content component moderates the effect of age on semantic memory (B = 0.005, t = 2.021, p = 0.045), while the mid-life non-specific activities, which are based on life stages, moderate the effect of age on episodic memory (B = 0.007, t = 3.348, p = 0.001). In conclusion, our results indicated that the Persian version of the LEQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring experiences and activities throughout life, which can be used in professional clinical and research settings in the aging context with Iranian elderly samples. Furthermore, our findings suggest that various life experiences can be considered cognitive reserves in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Karsazi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hatami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadamzadeh
- Department of Curriculum Development and Instruction Methods, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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