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Ramli NZ, Yahaya MF, Mohd Fahami NA, Abdul Manan H, Singh M, Damanhuri HA. Brain volumetric changes in menopausal women and its association with cognitive function: a structured review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1158001. [PMID: 37818479 PMCID: PMC10561270 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The menopausal transition has been proposed to put women at risk for undesirable neurological symptoms, including cognitive decline. Previous studies suggest that alterations in the hormonal milieu modulate brain structures associated with cognitive function. This structured review provides an overview of the relevant studies that have utilized MRI to report volumetric differences in the brain following menopause, and its correlations with the evaluated cognitive functions. We performed an electronic literature search using Medline (Ovid) and Scopus to identify studies that assessed the influence of menopause on brain structure with MRI. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Brain volumetric differences have been reported most frequently in the frontal and temporal cortices as well as the hippocampus. These regions are important for higher cognitive tasks and memory. Additionally, the deficit in verbal and visuospatial memory in postmenopausal women has been associated with smaller regional brain volumes. Nevertheless, the limited number of eligible studies and cross-sectional study designs warrant further research to draw more robust conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zuliani Ramli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Fairuz Yahaya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azlina Mohd Fahami
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Functional Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Staios M, Kosmidis MH, Nielsen TR, Papadopoulos A, Kokkinis N, Stogiannidou A, March E, Stolwyk RJ. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition, Greek Adaptation (WAIS-IV GR): confirmatory factor analysis and specific reference group normative data for Greek Australian older adults. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00050067.2023.2179387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Staios
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mary H. Kosmidis
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T. Rune Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Papadopoulos
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nikolaos Kokkinis
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ariadni Stogiannidou
- Lab of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evrim March
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Renerus J. Stolwyk
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Kamalyan L, Guareña LA, Díaz-Santos M, Suarez P, Cherner M, García Alcorn MY, Umlauf A, Franklin DR, Mindt MR, Fortuny LAI, Heaton RK, Marquine MJ. Influence of Educational Background, Childhood Socioeconomic Environment, and Language Use on Cognition among Spanish-Speaking Latinos Living Near the US-Mexico Border. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:876-890. [PMID: 34486514 PMCID: PMC8898321 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the impact of culturally relevant social, educational, and language factors on cognitive test performance among Spanish speakers living near the US-Mexico border. METHODS Participants included 254 healthy native Spanish speakers from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project (Age: M = 37.3, SD = 10.4; Education: M = 10.7, SD = 4.3; 59% Female). A comprehensive neuropsychological battery was administered in Spanish. Individual test scaled scores and T-scores (based on region-specific norms adjusted for age, education, and sex) were averaged to create Global Mean Scaled and T-scores. Measures of culturally relevant factors included a self-reported indicator of educational quality/access (proportion of education in Spanish-speaking country, quality of school/classroom setting, stopped attending school to work), childhood socioeconomic environment (parental education, proportion of time living in Spanish-speaking country, childhood socioeconomic and health status, access to basic resources, work as a child), and Spanish/English language use and fluency. RESULTS Several culturally relevant variables were significantly associated with unadjusted Global Scaled Scores in univariable analyses. When using demographically adjusted T-scores, fewer culturally relevant characteristics were significant. In multivariable analyses, being bilingual (p = .04) and working as a child for one's own benefit compared to not working as a child (p = .006) were significantly associated with higher Global Mean T-score, accounting for 9% of variance. CONCLUSIONS Demographically adjusted normative data provide a useful tool for the identification of brain dysfunction, as these account for much of the variance of sociocultural factors on cognitive test performance. Yet, certain culturally relevant variables still contributed to cognitive test performance above and beyond basic demographics, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
| | - Lesley A. Guareña
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of California, San Diego
| | - Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Paola Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
| | | | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
| | - Donald R. Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology & Latino American and Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University
| | | | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
| | - María J. Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of California, San Diego
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Hilsabeck RC, Marquine MJ. Editorial from the TCN department of culture and gender in neuropsychology: moving the field toward broader representation in neuropsychological studies. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:779-789. [PMID: 35435148 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2056924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Hilsabeck
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA.,Comprehensive Memory Center, Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, Austin, TX, USA
| | - María J Marquine
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Salo SK, Marceaux JC, McCoy KJM, Hilsabeck RC. Removing the noose item from the Boston naming test: A step toward antiracist neuropsychological assessment. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:311-326. [PMID: 34148526 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1933187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The Boston Naming Test-Second Edition (BNT-2), the "gold-standard" assessment of confrontation naming used to diagnosis disorders such as dementia, includes aculturally insensitive item, the noose. Given calls to stop structural racism in psychology, this study examined changes in scores and performance classification if the noose item were omitted from the BNT-2. Methods: Participants were 291 Black, White, and Latinx adults who were administered the BNT-2 within a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Ethnoracial differences in BNT-2 scores with and without the noose item and percentages of participants answering the noose item incorrectly were investigated. Results: Significant differences were found between ethnoracial groups in BNT-2 raw scores, T-scores, and percentage of participants incorrectly answering the noose item. Follow-up analyses revealed White participants obtained significantly higher raw scores and had significantly fewer participants answer the noose item incorrectly than Black and Latinx groups, who did not differ significantly. For T-scores, Black participants obtained significantly higher scores than White participants who obtained significantly higher scores than Latinx participants. Despite these differences, giving credit for the omitted noose item changed performance classification for only 10 participants (3.4%). Conclusions: Performance classification did not change significantly for the vast majority of a large ethnoculturally diverse sample when giving credit for the noose item as if it were not administered. Therefore, the non-noose BNT-2remains accurate while reducing cultural insensitivity towards Black populations, emphasizing a step in working towards anti-racism and fostering culturally-competent services within psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Salo
- Adult Neuropsychology, ThedaCare Behavioral Health, Appleton, Menasha, WI, USA
| | | | - Karin J M McCoy
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robin C Hilsabeck
- Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Marquine MJ, Yassai-Gonzalez D, Perez-Tejada A, Umlauf A, Kamalyan L, Morlett Paredes A, Suarez P, Rivera Mindt M, Franklin D, Artiola I Fortuny L, Cherner M, Heaton RK. Demographically adjusted normative data for the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 item: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:339-355. [PMID: 31900055 PMCID: PMC7523029 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1703042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is among the most commonly used tests of executive functioning. We aimed to generate normative data on the 64-item version of this test (WCST-64) for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. METHODS Participants included 189 native Spanish-speakers (Age: 19-60; Education: 0-20; 59.3% female) from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project who completed the WCST-64. Univariable and interactive associations between demographic variables and raw scores were examined via Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests and linear regressions. T-scores for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, Conceptual Level Responses and Number of Categories) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with weights for age, education, and gender. Percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of impairment (T-score < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms and published norms for non-Hispanic English-speaking Whites and Blacks. RESULTS Older age was associated with worse performance and education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores, with stronger education effects among females than males. The norms developed here resulted in expected rates of impairment (14-16% across measures). Applying published norms for non-Hispanic Blacks resulted in generally comparable impairment rates. In contrast, applying previously published norms for non-Hispanic Whites overestimated impairment (38-52% across measures). CONCLUSIONS These data will enhance interpretation performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S.-Mexico Border region. Future work will need to examine the generalizability of these norms to other Hispanic/Latino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David Yassai-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Perez-Tejada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Paola Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University, The Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Mindt MR, Marquine MJ, Aghvinian M, Paredes AM, Kamalyan L, Suárez P, Heaton A, Scott TM, Gooding A, Diaz-Santos M, Umlauf A, Taylor MJ, Fortuny LAI, Heaton RK, Cherner M. The Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project: Overview and considerations for life span research and evidence-based practice. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:466-480. [PMID: 32727283 PMCID: PMC8725610 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1794046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper summarizes the findings of the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project and offers a roadmap for future research. METHODS The NP-NUMBRS project represents the largest and most comprehensive co-normed neuropsychological battery to date for native Spanish-speaking healthy adults from the U.S. (California/Arizona)-Mexico borderland region (N = 254; ages 19-60 years). These norms provide demographic adjustments for tests across numerous domains (i.e., verbal fluency, processing speed, attention/working memory, executive function, episodic memory [learning and delayed recall], visuospatial, and fine motor skills). CONCLUSIONS This project: 1) shows that the NP-NUMBRS norms consistently outperformed previously published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic (White and African-American) adults in identifying impairment; 2) explores the role of Spanish-English bilingualism in test performance; and 3) provides support for the diagnostic validity of these norms in detecting HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. Study limitations include the limited assessment of sociocultural variables and generalizability (e.g., other Latina/o populations, age limit [19 - 60 years]). Future research is needed to: 1) investigate these norms with U.S.-dwelling Spanish-speakers of non-Mexican heritage and other clinical subpopulations; 2) expand coverage of cognitive domains (e.g. language, visuospatial); 3) develop large normative datasets for children and older Latina/o populations; 4) examine how sociocultural factors impact performance (e.g., bilingualism, acculturation); 5) investigate these norms' diagnostic and ecological validity; and 6) develop norms for neurocognitive change across time. It is hoped that the NP-NUMBRS norms will aid researchers and clinicians working with U.S.-dwelling Spanish-speakers from the U.S.-Mexico borderland to conduct research and evidence-based neuropsychological evaluations in a more culturally responsive and ethical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology & Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - María J. Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maral Aghvinian
- Department of Psychology & Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Paola Suárez
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence - Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Travis M. Scott
- Department of Psychology & Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York City, NY, USA
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Sierra Pacific MIRECC, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Gooding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mirella Diaz-Santos
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence - Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Paredes AM, Gooding A, Fortuny LAI, Mindt MR, Suárez P, Scott TM, Heaton A, Heaton RK, Cherner M, Marquine MJ. The state of neuropsychological test norms for Spanish-speaking adults in the United States. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:236-252. [PMID: 32141802 PMCID: PMC7484438 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1729866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The present review paper aimed to identify published neuropsychological test norms developed for Spanish-speakers living in the United States (U.S.). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature via an electronic search on PubMed using keywords "Normative data," "Neuropsychological test," "norms", "Hispanic/Latinos," "Spanish Speakers," and "United States." We added other studies and published manuals as identified by citations in papers from the original search. Results Eighteen sources of normative data for Spanish-speakers in the U.S. were identified. Of the 18 citations identified, only four provide normative data on comprehensive batteries of tests for Spanish-Speakers. Two of these are based on persons living in the southwest of the U.S., who tend to be of Mexican origin. Overall, a number of the studies are focused on older persons and although the majority include participants with wide ranges of education, participants in the ends of the education distribution tend to be underrepresented. Conclusion: Here we provide a detailed description of the neuropsychological normative data currently available for Spanish-speakers living in the U.S. While there has been increased attention towards developing norms for neuropsychological batteries in Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Latin America and Spain), there is still an urgent need to standardize neuropsychological tests among diverse groups of Spanish-speaking adults living in the U.S. The present review presents a list of norms for U.S.-dwelling Spanish-speakers, thus providing an important tool for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Gooding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | | | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paola Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Travis M. Scott
- Department of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York, New York
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Sierra Pacific MIRECC
| | - Anne Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
| | - María J. Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, United States
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Suarez PA, Díaz-Santos M, Marquine MJ, Kamalyan L, Mindt MR, Umlauf A, Heaton RK, Grant I, Cherner M. Demographically adjusted norms for the Trail Making Test in native Spanish speakers: Results from the neuropsychological norms for the US-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:308-323. [PMID: 32985352 PMCID: PMC8240160 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1800099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the wide use of the Trail Making Test (TMT), there is a lack of normative data for Spanish speakers living in the USA. Here we describe the development of regional norms for the TMT for native Spanish speakers residing in the Southwest Mexico-Border Region of the USA. METHOD Participants were 252 healthy native Spanish speakers, 58% women, from ages 19 to 60, and ranging in education from 0 to 20 years, recruited in San Diego, CA and Tucson, AZ. All completed the TMT in Spanish along with a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery as part of their participation in the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Univariable and interactive effects of demographics on test performance were examined. T-scores were calculated using fractional polynomial equations to account for linear and any non-linear effects of age, education, and sex. RESULTS Older age and lower education were associated with worse scores on both TMT A and B. No sex differences were found. The newly derived T-scores showed no association with demographic variables and displayed the expected 16% rates of impairment using a -1 SD cut point based on a normal distribution. By comparison, published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites applied to the current data yielded significantly higher impairment for both TMT A and B with more comparable rates using non-Hispanic African Americans norms. CONCLUSIONS Population-specific, demographically adjusted regional norms improve the utility and diagnostic accuracy of the TMT for use with native Spanish speakers in the US-Mexico Border region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Suarez
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence-Cultural Neuropsychology Program, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence-Cultural Neuropsychology Program, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology and Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, The Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Suárez PA, Marquine MJ, Díaz-Santos M, Gollan T, Fortuny LAI, Mindt MR, Heaton R, Cherner M. Native Spanish-speaker's test performance and the effects of Spanish-English bilingualism: results from the neuropsychological norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:453-465. [PMID: 33356892 PMCID: PMC8252914 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1861330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to investigate whether or not demographically-corrected test scores derived from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) would be less accurate if applied to Spanish-speakers with various degrees of English fluency. Spanish-English Method: One hundred and seventy primarily Spanish-speaking adults from the NP-NUMBRS project completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. T-scores adjusted for age, education, and sex (but not degree of bilingualism), were derived for each test utilizing population-specific normative data. English fluency was assessed via the Controlled Oral Word Association Test in English (F-A-S), and Spanish fluency with "P-M-R," and degree of relative English fluency was calculated as the ratio of English language words over total words produced in both languages. Effects of degree of bilingualism on the NUMBRS battery test scores (raw scores and T-scores) were examined via Pearson's product moment correlation coefficients, and language groups (Spanish dominant vs. relative bilingual) were compared on demographically adjusted T-scores via independent samples t-tests. Results: Higher Spanish-English bilingualism was associated with higher education and SES, and was significantly associated with higher raw scores on all tests, but only associated with higher T-scores on a limited number of tests (i.e., WAIS-III Digit Symbol, Symbol Search, Letter-Number Sequencing and Trails B). Conclusion: Degree of Spanish-English bilingualism generally did not account for significant variance in the normed tests beyond the standard demographic adjustments on most tests. Overall, the normative adjustments provided by the NP-NUMBRS project appear applicable to native Spanish speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border region with various degrees of Spanish-English bilingualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A. Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, San Diego, CA USA
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence – Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, 17-443, Los Angeles CA 90064 USA
| | - María J. Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence – Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, 17-443, Los Angeles CA 90064 USA
| | - Tamar Gollan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, San Diego, CA USA
| | | | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Departments of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University and Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robert Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, San Diego, CA USA
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11
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Gooding A, Seider T, Marquine M, Suárez P, Umlauf A, Mindt MR, Heaton RK, Fortuni LAI, Cherner M. Demographically-adjusted norms for the paced auditory serial addition test and letter number sequencing test in Spanish-speaking adults: Results from the neuropsychological norms for the U.S.-Mexico border region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:324-338. [PMID: 32043418 PMCID: PMC8211411 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1711199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Letter Number Sequencing subtest (LNS) are two commonly used measures of working memory. Demographic variables (age, education, ethnicity, etc.) can impact performance on these measures, underscoring the need for demographically adjusted norms. We aimed to develop normative data for the PASAT and LNS for Spanish-speaking adults living in the U.S.-Mexico border region as part of a larger normative effort. METHOD Participants were native Spanish-speakers from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S. Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Two hundred and forty-nine participants completed the PASAT and 202 participants completed LNS. Ages ranged from 19 to 60 and education from 0 to 20 years. RESULTS Older age was associated with lower scores on LNS (p < .01) but not PASAT. Lower education was associated with lower scores on both tests (ps < .001). Women obtained lower raw scores than men on PASAT (ps < .003), and there were no significant main effects of gender on LNS raw scores. Raw-to-scaled score conversions were calculated, and fractional polynomial equations were developed to calculate demographically-adjusted T-scores accounting for age, education, and gender. Published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites substantially overestimated rates of impairment (defined as T-score < 40) on both the PASAT and LNS. CONCLUSIONS The use of the population-specific normative data may improve detection of working memory dysfunction in U.S. Spanish-speaking adults and contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in this population. Whether the norms generalize to U.S. Spanish-speakers from other countries remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gooding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Talia Seider
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maria Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Paola Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology and Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York, NY
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA
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12
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Díaz-Santos M, Suárez PA, Marquine MJ, Umlauf A, Rivera Mindt M, Artiola i Fortuny L, Heaton RK, Cherner M. Updated demographically adjusted norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised in Spanish-speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border region: The NP-NUMBRS project. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:374-395. [PMID: 33380275 PMCID: PMC8218787 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1861329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We generated demographically adjusted norms for the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-revised (BVMT-R) and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-revised (HVLT-R) for Spanish-speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border region as part of a larger normative project. Methods: Healthy native Spanish-speakers (n = 203; Age: 19-60 years; Education: 0-20 years, 59% women) living in Arizona (n = 63) and California (n = 140) completed the BVMT-R and the HVLT-R as part of the larger Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Raw scores were converted to T-scores utilizing fractional polynomial equations, which considered linear and non-linear effects of demographic variables (age, education, sex). To demonstrate the benefit of employing our population-specific norms, we computed the proportion of our participants whose test performance fell below one standard deviation (T-score < 40) when applying published norms from non-Hispanic English-speakers, compared to the base rate derived from the new normative sample. Results: The resulting demographically adjusted T-scores showed the expected psychometric properties and corrected the misclassification in rates of impairment that were obtained when applying norms based on the English-speaking sample. Unexpectedly, participants in Arizona obtained slightly lower HVLT-R T-scores than those in California. This site effect was not explained by available sociodemographic or language factors. Supplementary formulas were computed adjusting for site in addition to demographics. Conclusions: These updated norms improve accuracy in identification of learning and memory impairment among Spanish-speaking adults living in the U.S.-Mexico border region. It will be important to generate additional data for elders, as the present norms are only applicable to adults age 60 and younger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence – Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paola A. Suárez
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence – Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - María J. Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology & Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University and Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert K. Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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13
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Heaton A, Gooding A, Cherner M, Umlauf A, Franklin DR, Rivera Mindt M, Suárez P, Artiola I Fortuni L, Heaton RK, Marquine MJ. Demographically-adjusted norms for the Grooved Pegboard and Finger Tapping tests in Spanish-speaking adults: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:396-418. [PMID: 32077791 PMCID: PMC7438231 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1713400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We developed demographically-corrected norms for Spanish-speakers from the U.S.-Mexico border regions of California and Arizona on two tests of motor skills - the Grooved Pegboard Test (Pegboard) and Finger Tapping Test (Tapping) - as part of a larger normative effort. METHOD Participants were native Spanish-speakers from the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project (Pegboard: N = 254; Tapping: N = 183; age: 19-60 years; education: 0-20 years; 59% women). We examined the association of demographics (age, education and gender) with raw scores. Raw test scores were then converted to demographically-corrected T-scores via fractional polynomial equations. We also examined rates of impairment (T-score < 40) based on the current norms and on previously published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks. RESULTS Having more years of education was associated with better raw test score performance on both tests (p < .001), and increased age was associated with worse performance on Pegboard (p < .001). Men outperformed women on Tapping, and older age was associated with lower raw scores in men only on the Tapping non-dominant hand trial (p = .02). The normed T-scores were confirmed to be normally distributed and free from demographic influences, and resulted in expected rates of impairment. Applying existing norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites and Blacks to the raw scores of Spanish-speakers generally yielded lower than expected impairment rates (2-13%), with one exception: non-dominant Pegboard, for which non-Hispanic White norms overestimated impairment (23%). CONCLUSIONS Present findings underscore the importance of appropriate, population-specific normative data, even for tests of motor ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Gooding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald R Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology and Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Suárez
- Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence - Cultural Neuropsychology Program, Semel Institute for NeuroScience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Cherner M, Marquine MJ, Umlauf A, Paredes AM, Mindt MR, Suárez P, Yassai-Gonzalez D, Kamalyan L, Scott T, Heaton A, Diaz-Santos M, Gooding A, Fortuny LAI, Heaton RK. Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project: Methodology and sample characteristics. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:253-268. [PMID: 32319851 PMCID: PMC7894577 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2019.1709661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present paper describes the methodology and sample characteristics of the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project, which aimed to generate demographically-adjusted norms for a battery of neuropsychological tests in this population. METHODS The sample consisted of 254 healthy Spanish-speakers, ages 19-60 years, recruited from the U.S.-Mexico border regions of Arizona (n = 102) and California (n = 152). Participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery assessing multiple domains (verbal fluency, speed of information processing, attention/working memory, executive function, learning and memory, visual-spatial skills and fine motor skills). Fluency in both Spanish and English was assessed with performance-based measures. Other culturally-relevant data on educational, social, and language background were obtained via self-report. Demographic influences on test performances were modeled using fractional polynomial equations that allow consideration of linear and non-linear effects. RESULTS There were no significant demographic differences between participants tested in Arizona and California. Age and gender were similar across education ranges. Two thirds of the sample were Spanish dominant and the remainder were considered bilingual. Individual articles in this Special Issue detail the generation of demographically adjusted T-scores for the various tests in the battery as well as an exploration of bilingualism effects. DISCUSSION Norms developed through the NP-NUMBRS project stand to improve the diagnostic accuracy of neuropsychological assessment in Spanish-speaking young-to-middle-aged adults living in the U.S.-Mexico border region. Application of the present norms to other groups should be done with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | | | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | | | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
- Department of Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | | | - Anne Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
| | | | - Amanda Gooding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego
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15
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Rivera Mindt M, Hilsabeck RC. Introductory editorial to the special issue on white privilege in neuropsychology and norms for spanish-speakers of the US-Mexico border region. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 35:201-205. [PMID: 33390089 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1866076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rivera Mindt
- Psychology & Latin American Latino Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York City, NY, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Robin C Hilsabeck
- Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Comprehensive Memory Center, Mulva Clinic for the Neurosciences, Austin, UT, USA
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16
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Widagdo TM, Rianto N, Restyandito, Kurniawan E. Correlates of visuospatial ability among older people in Indonesia. Indian J Community Med 2021; 46:614-617. [PMID: 35068720 PMCID: PMC8729291 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_526_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The Indonesian elderly population keeps increasing. Aging is related with degeneration process, one of which is a decrease in cognitive function, including visuospatial ability. This is the first study on the visuospatial ability of Indonesian older people. Objective: This research aimed to assess the visuospatial ability and its correlation with sex, age, education, and general cognitive function among older people in Indonesia. Subjects and Methods: The research subjects were older people aged ≥60 years with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥24. The visuospatial ability was assessed using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Block Design Test (BDT). Regression analysis was performed to reveal the correlation of sex, age, education, and global cognitive function with visuospatial ability. Results: Sixty older people participated in this research, with an average age of 68.08 ± 6.24, mean MMSE score of 27.43 ± 1.71, and mean WAIS-R BDT score of 27.8 ± 7.27. The female and older individuals tended to have lower scores. Subjects with higher education and global cognitive function had higher WAIS-R BDT scores. Regression analysis showed that age and sex did not have significant effect, but education and global cognitive function had positive effect on visuospatial ability. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between education and global cognitive function with visuospatial ability among older people in Indonesia.
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17
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Marquine MJ, Morlett Paredes A, Madriaga C, Blumstein Y, Umlauf A, Kamalyan L, Rivera Mindt M, Suarez P, Artiola I Fortuni L, Heaton RK, Cherner M. Demographically-adjusted norms for selected tests of verbal fluency: Results from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:269-292. [PMID: 32498654 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1762931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Verbal fluency tests are sensitive to various disorders affecting the central nervous system and are commonly included in neuropsychological evaluations. We aimed to develop normative data for two verbal fluency tests in a sample of native Spanish-speakers living in the US-Mexico border region. METHOD Participants included 254 adults from the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project (Age: range = 19-60; Education: range = 0-20, 59% female). Participants completed two verbal fluency tests (i.e., letter [PMR] and semantic/category fluency [Animal Naming]) as part of a larger neuropsychological test battery. We examined linear and nonlinear effects of demographic factors (age, education, and gender) on verbal fluency raw scores, and developed T-scores using fractional polynomial equations controlling for demographics. We also calculated the rates of "impairment" (T-scores < 40) that would be obtained by applying the newly developed norms and available norms for non-Hispanic English-speakers on comparable tests. RESULTS There were positive small effects of age and medium effects of education on verbal fluency raw scores. The normalized distribution of T-scores with the new norms showed expected psychometric properties. However, rates of impairment for both letter and semantic fluency were significantly higher when applying non-Hispanic White norms, and significantly lower when applying non-Hispanic Black norms. CONCLUSIONS We provide norms for Spanish-speakers living along the US-Mexico border region for two verbal fluency tests that are co-normed with a more extensive neuropsychological battery. These regional norms will improve interpretation of verbal fluency test performance in Spanish-speakers living in the US-Mexico borderland.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Cecilia Madriaga
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Blumstein
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Department of Psychology and Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University & Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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18
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Marquine MJ, Rivera Mindt M, Umlauf A, Suárez P, Kamalyan L, Morlett Paredes A, Yassai-Gonzalez D, Scott TM, Heaton A, Diaz-Santos M, Gooding A, Artiola I Fortuny L, Heaton RK, Cherner M. Introduction to the Neuropsychological Norms for the US-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) Project. Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:227-235. [PMID: 32431209 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1751882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present introduction to the Neuropsychological Norms for the U.S.-Mexico Border Region in Spanish (NP-NUMBRS) project aims to provide an overview of the conceptual framework and rationale that guided the development of this project. METHODS We describe important aspects of our conceptual framework, which was guided by some of the main purposes of neuropsychological testing, including the identification of underlying brain dysfunction, and the characterization of cognitive strengths and weakness relevant to everyday functioning. We also provide our rationale for focusing this norm development project on Spanish-speakers in the United States, and provide an outline of the articles included in this Special Issue focused on the NP-NUMBRS project. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this Special Issue represent an important tool for clinicians and researchers working in the neuropsychological assessment of Spanish-speakers in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Monica Rivera Mindt
- Departments of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, New York, USA.,Latin American and Latina/o Studies Institute, Fordham University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Paola Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lily Kamalyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - David Yassai-Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Travis M Scott
- Departments of Psychology, Fordham University, New York, New York, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Sierra Pacific MIRECC, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Anne Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mirella Diaz-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amanda Gooding
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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