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Li L, Wen J, Deng Y, Yang J, Yuan Y, Shen Y, Liu G, Tian Y, Lei D. Direct Extraction and Determination of Free Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2024; 2024:9273705. [PMID: 38737631 PMCID: PMC11088464 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9273705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The accurate determination of the free nicotine content in cigarette smoke is crucial for assessing cigarette quality, studying harm and addiction, and reducing tar levels. Currently, the determination of free nicotine in tobacco products primarily relies on methods such as pH calculation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and traditional solvent extraction. However, these methods have limitations that restrict their widespread application. In this study, the free nicotine in cigarette smoke was directly extracted by using cyclohexane according to the traditional solvent extraction method and detected via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with the traditional two-phase solvent extraction, our experimental method is easy to execute and eliminates the influence of aqueous solutions on the original distribution of nicotine in cigarette smoke particulate matter. Furthermore, the presence of protonated nicotine in tobacco does not affect the determination. Compared with HS-SPME and NMR spectroscopy, our approach, which involves solvent extraction followed by chromatographic separation and instrumental detection, offers simplicity, improved precision, better detection limits, and reduced interference during the instrumental detection stage. The standard addition recoveries in the conducted experiment ranged from 96.2% to 102.5%. The limit of detection was 2.8 μg/cig, and the correlation coefficient (R2) for the quadratic regression of the standard curve exceeded 0.999. The relative standard deviation for parallel samples was between 1.7% and 3.4% (n = 5), fully meeting the requirements for the determination of free nicotine in cigarette smoke. Analysis of cigarette samples from 38 commercially available brands revealed that the content of free nicotine ranged from 0.376 to 0.716 mg/cig, with an average of 0.540 mg/cig, and free nicotine accounted for 39.1%-88.8% of the total nicotine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yuyang Deng
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Guoce Liu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yonghong Tian
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dean Lei
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., No. 56, Section 1 of Cheng Long Avenue, Jinjiang District, Chengdu 610066, China
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Gomez F, Ayo-Yusuf O, Yershova K, Jain V, Alcheva A, Hatsukami DK, Parascandola M, Stepanov I. Heterogeneity of Harmful Constituent Profiles in Smokeless Tobacco Products from Five African Countries. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1901-1911. [PMID: 38051542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Addictive, toxic, and carcinogenic constituents present in smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are responsible for the harmful effects associated with SLT use. There are limited data on levels of such constituents in SLT products used in Africa, a region with high prevalence of SLT use and the associated morbidity and mortality. Manufactured and custom-made SLT products were purchased from five African countries (South Africa, Uganda, Mauritania, Nigeria, and Zambia) using a standard approach for sample collection, labeling, and storage. Moisture content, pH, total and unprotonated (biologically available) nicotine, five tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), five metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb), nitrate, and nitrite were analyzed. A total of 54 samples representing 15 varieties of manufactured SLT products and 13 varieties of custom-made SLT products were purchased and analyzed. In all samples, the total nicotine ranged from 1.6 to 20.5 mg/g product and unprotonated nicotine accounted for 5.3-99.6% of the total nicotine content. The sum of all five TSNA ranged from 1.6 to 100 μg/g product, with significant within-country variations observed across both the manufactured and custom-made varieties. Significant variations were also found for PAH, metals and metalloids, nitrates, and nitrites. This is the most comprehensive report on the chemical profiling of products from African countries. This is also the first study illustrating the variability of harmful constituents within the same types and brands of African SLT. Our findings emphasize the need for consumer education and interventions to reduce SLT use in Africa. The data reported here can be useful to regulators in considering measures to prevent the occurrence of high levels of known toxicants and carcinogens in manufactured products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gomez
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, CCRB 2-140, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Olalekan Ayo-Yusuf
- Africa Centre for Tobacco Industry Monitoring and Policy Research (ATIM), School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Katrina Yershova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, CCRB 2-140, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vipin Jain
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, CCRB 2-140, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, CCRB 2-140, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, CCRB 2-140, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
- Institute for Global Cancer Prevention Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark Parascandola
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, CCRB 2-140, 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Institute for Global Cancer Prevention Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Sharma P, Cheah NP, Kaur J, Sathiya Kumar S, Rao V, Morsed FA, Choo MYB, Murthy P. Physical and chemical characterization of smokeless tobacco products in India. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8901. [PMID: 37264008 PMCID: PMC10235085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid proliferation of smokeless tobacco (SLT) in India has occurred without adequate information on the possible dangers and toxicity of these products. Tobacco flavors as well as nicotine (both protonated and un-protonated) are responsible for health dangers and addiction. The study aimed to offer information on the physical characteristics of commonly used smokeless tobacco products (including microscopic analysis), along with nicotine content (both total and un-protonated), pH, moisture, and flavors. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) validated by the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized Tobacco Testing Laboratory TobLabNet) were applied for the analysis of various constituents of the SLTs. The microscopic analysis indicated that some of the SLT products like khaini were finely processed and available in filter pouches for users' convenience and prolonged use leading to prolonged retention and addiction potential. Nicotine absorption and availability (both protonated and un-protonated) are affected by moisture and pH. Essences provide a pleasant aroma and flavor, with an increased risk of misuse and other health problems. Few chewing tobacco and Zarda had the lowest levels of un-protonated nicotine (0.10-0.52% and 0.15-0.21%, respectively), whereas Gul, Gudhaku, and Khaini had the highest levels, ranging from 95.33 to 99.12%. Moisture and pH ranged from 4.54 to 50.19% and 5.25-10.07 respectively. Menthol (630.74-9681.42 µg/g) was the most popular flavour, followed by Eucalyptol (118.16-247.77 µg/g) and camphor (148.67 and 219.317 µg/g). SLT's health concerns and addiction dangers are exacerbated by the high proportion of bioavailable nicotine coupled with flavors. The findings of this study have important implications for the regulation and use of SLT in countries where use of SLT is prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Sharma
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology and Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHNAS), Bangalore, India.
| | - Nuan Ping Cheah
- Director Cigarette Testing Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jagdish Kaur
- Regional Adviser (Tobacco Free Initiative) Department of Healthier populations and Noncommunicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health House, I.P. Estate, M.G. Road, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Sathiya Kumar
- Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHNAS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vijayashree Rao
- Toxicology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHNAS), Bangalore, India
| | - Faridatul Akmam Morsed
- Cigarette Testing Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Applied Science Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore, 169078, Singapore
| | - Michelle Yong Bing Choo
- Cigarette Testing Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, Applied Science Group, Health Sciences Authority, 11 Outram Road, Singapore, 169078, Singapore
| | - Pratima Murthy
- Director and Senior Professor of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029, India
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Nighbor T, Meredith S, Salazar E, Cartagena C, Koszowski B, Pickworth WB, Hull LC. A Comparison of Use Topography and Nicotine Pharmacokinetics Among Loose and Portioned Smokeless Tobacco Users. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:624-630. [PMID: 35965261 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Moist snuff smokeless tobacco (ST) products are available in the United States in both "loose" and "portioned" (ie, pouched) formats, but no published study to date has clinically evaluated the associations between ST format, use behavior, and nicotine exposure. AIMS AND METHODS Participants used their usual brand of ST (loose ST [n = 30] or portioned ST [n = 20]) during an experimental visit wherein use behavior and plasma nicotine pharmacokinetic parameters were measured following single use (first hour of the session) and ad libitum use (remaining 7 h of the session). Participants' ST products were chemically characterized prior to use for pH and nicotine content. RESULTS The average amount per use (2.99 vs. 1.52 g; p = .005) and total amount used (11.45 vs. 5.4 g; p = .002) were significantly higher among the loose ST group. Maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax; 33.4 vs. 19.1 ng/ml) and area under the nicotine concentration versus time curve (AUC) were significantly higher for the loose ST group for the first hour (1474.8 vs. 807.2 min* ng/ml; p = .003) and throughout the 8-hour session (15827.9 vs. 8155.3 min* ng/ml; p < .001). Significant associations were observed between free nicotine content and first use Cmax (rs = .488, loose ST group) and AUC0-1 h (rs = 0.448, loose ST group; rs = .441, portioned ST group). CONCLUSIONS The loose ST group used more product and had a greater average deposition time per use than the portioned ST group. Nicotine exposure was more strongly associated with free nicotine content than total nicotine content. IMPLICATIONS To our knowledge, the current investigation was the first study to date to clinically evaluate the associations between usual-brand smokeless format, use behavior, and nicotine exposure. We observed meaningful differences in use behavior and subsequent nicotine exposure between loose and portioned ST users. Further, we observed that nicotine exposure was more strongly associated with free nicotine content than total nicotine content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lynn C Hull
- FDA Center for Tobacco Products, Calverton, MD, USA
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MATOS AO, RANGEL EC, BARÃO VAR, GREGORY RL. Antimicrobial behavior of titanium coating with chlorhexidine-doped thin film exposed to a biofilm supplemented with nicotine. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:228-235. [PMID: 36464292 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Because nicotine upregulates the growth of most oral bacteria, this in vitro study investigated the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine-doped thin film on commercially pure titanium against Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) biofilm supplemented with different concentrations of nicotine (0, 1, and 2 mg/mL). Biofilms were formed on a chlorhexidine-doped thin film on commercially-pure-titanium discs and compared to the control groups. Biofilm viability, total biofilm growth using a spectrophotometer, extracellular polysaccharide content, and pH variations were assessed as dependent variables. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey honest significant difference tests (α=0.05). F. nucleatum biofilm growth was inhibited when exposed to chlorhexidine-doped thin film (p<0.05). Biofilm supplemented with nicotine did not impact the synthesis of EPS on the same type of treatment (p>0.05). The pH values were significantly increased with the increase of nicotine concentration (p<0.05). Chlorhexidine-doped thin film was effective in reducing F. nucleatum biofilm supplemented with nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elidiane Cipriano RANGEL
- Laboratory of Technological Plasmas (LaPTec), Engineering College, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)
| | | | - Richard Lee GREGORY
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry
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Edwards SH, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, Vu AT. Quantitative measurement of harmful and potentially harmful constituents, pH, and moisture content in 16 commercial smokeless tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105199. [PMID: 35662636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products expose adult and youth tobacco users to various addictive and carcinogenic constituents that can cause long-term nicotine dependence and oral cancers. In this study, nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, moisture, and pH levels in 16 smokeless tobacco products were measured on a wet-weight basis (wwb). In addition, change in analytical variability with increasing replicate measurements was assessed. Total nicotine in the products varied from 6.2 to 35.5 mg/g. The percentage of total nicotine in the unprotonated form ranged from 0.1 to 62%; whereas, product moisture varied from 7.4 to 57%. The quantities of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) range from 0.46 to 179.9 ng/g for B [a]P, 270-12206 and 81-20716 ng/g for NNN and NNK, respectively, and 0.33-6.85 and 0.13-5.67 μg/g for acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. This study shows wide variation in smokeless tobacco product HPHC quantities. The results also show that analytical variability stabilizes after seven replicate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvin H Edwards
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA.
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
| | - An T Vu
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Document Control CenterBuilding 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD, 20993-002, USA
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Hoag SW, Mishina EV, Viray L, Wang F, Hollenbeck G, Koszowski B, Pickworth WB. Formulation of Smokeless Tobacco Products with a Wide Range of pH to Study Nicotine Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:646-653. [PMID: 35850567 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The rate of nicotine absorption from tobacco products is a determinant of addiction potential and other detrimental health effects. Oral nicotine bioavailability from moist snuff smokeless tobacco (ST) is influenced by nicotine content, pH, flavors, and tobacco cut. For use in a clinical study testing the effect of pH on nicotine pharmacokinetics, four investigational ST products that differed only in pH were produced. A commercial ST product (Copenhagen Long Cut Original, pH 7.7) was modified with citric acid monohydrate (23 mg/g tobacco) or sodium carbonate (4.6 and 11 mg/g) to create products with pH 5.0, 8.2, and 8.6, respectively. All products - including the original product with pH 7.7 - were individually packaged (approximately 2g) in aluminum foil pouches and stored frozen (-20 °C); pH, nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, moisture content, and mold and yeast counts were tested for up to 19 months to verify stability. Remarkable stability was demonstrated in this packaging/storage combination. For example, pH from all products were within 0.1 pH units and never exceeded 0.2 units. Nicotine concentration averaged 9.07 mg/g at baseline, maximal deviations from baseline in the four products averaged 0.30 mg/g. Similarly, TSNA, moisture content, yeast, and mold did not materially change. This study illustrates a method of investigational tobacco products formulation by manipulating a single design feature (or component) with the purpose of independently and systematically assessing its influence on nicotine bioavailability in a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Mishina
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products
| | | | - Fang Wang
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy
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Tyx RE, Rivera AJ, Satten GA, Keong LM, Kuklenyik P, Lee GE, Lawler TS, Kimbrell JB, Stanfill SB, Valentin-Blasini L, Watson CH. Associations between microbial communities and key chemical constituents in U.S. domestic moist snuff. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267104. [PMID: 35507593 PMCID: PMC9067656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco (ST) products are widely used throughout the world and contribute to morbidity and mortality in users through an increased risk of cancers and oral diseases. Bacterial populations in ST contribute to taste, but their presence can also create carcinogenic, Tobacco-Specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs). Previous studies of microbial communities in tobacco products lacked chemistry data (e.g. nicotine, TSNAs) to characterize the products and identify associations between carcinogen levels and taxonomic groups. This study uses statistical analysis to identify potential associations between microbial and chemical constituents in moist snuff products. METHODS We quantitatively analyzed 38 smokeless tobacco products for TSNAs using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and nicotine using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moisture content determinations (by weight loss on drying), and pH measurements were also performed. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbial composition, and additionally measured total 16S bacterial counts using a quantitative PCR assay. RESULTS Our findings link chemical constituents to their associated bacterial populations. We found core taxonomic groups often varied between manufacturers. When manufacturer and flavor were controlled for as confounding variables, the genus Lactobacillus was found to be positively associated with TSNAs. while the genera Enteractinococcus and Brevibacterium were negatively associated. Three genera (Corynebacterium, Brachybacterium, and Xanthomonas) were found to be negatively associated with nicotine concentrations. Associations were also investigated separately for products from each manufacturer. Products from one manufacturer had a positive association between TSNAs and bacteria in the genus Marinilactibacillus. Additionally, we found that TSNA levels in many products were lower compared with previously published chemical surveys. Finally, we observed consistent results when either relative or absolute abundance data were analyzed, while results from analyses of log-ratio-transformed abundances were divergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Tyx
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Angel J. Rivera
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Glen A. Satten
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Keong
- Battelle Analytical Services, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Grace E. Lee
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tameka S. Lawler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob B. Kimbrell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Stanfill
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wilhelm J, Mishina E, Viray L, Paredes A, Pickworth WB. The pH of Smokeless Tobacco Determines Nicotine Buccal Absorption: Results of a Randomized Crossover Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:1066-1074. [PMID: 34826137 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine absorption rate influences tobacco products' addictiveness. For smokeless tobacco, nicotine buccal absorption is associated with its free-base form; the pH of smokeless tobacco defines the proportion of free-base (i.e., unprotonated) vs. protonated nicotine. This was the first study to compare nicotine pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) after the use of commercial smokeless tobacco products that were experimentally manipulated to differ only in pH and percent free-base nicotine. Moist snuff users (N = 40) completed four crossover visits and used a single 2 g portion of Copenhagen Original Long Cut amended to 4 pH levels: 5.0, 7.7, 8.2, and 8.6 (free-base nicotine 0.1, 32, 60, and 79%) for 30 minutes. Nicotine PK and PD were assessed for 4 hours post-use. Nicotine PK substantially depends on its free-base proportion, with more than 4-fold increases in mean plasma nicotine maximum concentration and area under the curve over 240 minutes (3.9 to 16.7 ng/mL; 385 to 1810 ng min/mL, respectively, both P < 0.001) from pH 5.0 to 8.6. The autonomic cardiovascular effects of smokeless tobacco use reflected percent free-base nicotine, with small (albeit significant) systematic increases in heart rate and blood pressure associated with free-base nicotine. Smokeless tobacco product pH and percent free-base nicotine play a major role in the rate and extent of nicotine absorption, determining product PD effects and abuse potential. Research and regulation of smokeless tobacco products should consider both total nicotine content and product pH. Further research may address the impact of modifying pH on the addictiveness of smokeless tobacco and associated use behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Wilhelm
- Battelle Public Health Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Mishina
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Viray
- Battelle Public Health Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Paredes
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Andong FA, Okwuonu ES, Melefa TD, Okoye CO, Nkemakolam AO, Hinmikaiye FF, Nwankpo EO, Ozue CC. The Consequence of Aqueous Extract of Tobacco Leaves ( Nicotiana tabacum. L) on Feed Intake, Body Mass, and Hematological Indices of Male Wistar Rats fed under Equal Environmental Conditions. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 40:429-442. [PMID: 32729775 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1788471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the dangers of consuming tobacco by smoking has been of concern, the hazardous effect of other forms of tobacco consumption (in smokeless form) on health indices are less well explored. In this paper, we explored the effect of different doses of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves on feed intake, body mass, and hematological indices of male Wistar rats under equal environmental conditions. METHOD Using an oral route of administration, the rats (n = 24; w = 65-85 g; 2-3 weeks old) were administered at different doses of 100, 200, 400, 0 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) per day to group A, B, C, and D for 42 days, after phytochemical and acute toxicity testing of the tobacco leaves. RESULTS Compared to the negative control group (D), packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells, and lymphocytes reduced dose-dependently in contrast to the white blood cells, neutrophils, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular volume. As body mass and feed intake in relation to the different doses of aqueous extract of tobacco leaves reduced significantly (p < 0.05), the reverse was observed for body mass and feed intake in relation to room temperature. CONCLUSIONS By influencing hematological indices, feed intake, and body mass, the extract of tobacco leaves can be hazardous to health. However, to assess safety and to come up with a conscious conclusion, future studies should explore the effect of the extract on organs histopathology, biochemical parameters, and lipid profile of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Atawal Andong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Jos, Jos, Plateau, Nigeria
| | - Elijah Sunday Okwuonu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope Dadewura Melefa
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Augustine Okorie Nkemakolam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Funmilayo Faith Hinmikaiye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Emelda Obioma Nwankpo
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chibike Chisom Ozue
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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11
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Giri S, Barhoi D, Nath Barbhuiya S, Giri A, Das S, Das A, Devi SH, Talukdar D, Upadhaya P, Langthasa P, Pandey N, Singh S. Consumption pattern and genotoxic potential of various smokeless tobacco products in Assam, India: A public health concern. Mutat Res 2021; 866:503349. [PMID: 33985693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption is presumed to be one of the major causes of high incidence of oral cancer in India. The present study aimed to document various types of SLT products consumed and their potential impact on the genome instability on the population from Assam state in Northeast India. A cross-sectional study (n = 5000) showed that 60.56 % of the study population consumed at least one of the three forms (sadagura, zarda and khaini) of SLT of which 52.0 % were only sadagura users. Genotoxicity assessment using buccal cytome assay in 240 age and sex matched volunteers revealed that except for zarda, other forms of SLT induced significantly higher incidence micronuclei in the buccal epithelial cells compared to the control individuals. Similar effects were also observed in other cytome parameters related to cell proliferation, cytokinesis defects and cell death. Significantly higher incidence of micronucleus was observed among sadagura and khaini users in lymphocyte cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay. The addition of lime in sadagura increased the pH and anion levels which possibly result in higher absorption and may lead to the development of cellular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Giri
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Dharmeswar Barhoi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Sweety Nath Barbhuiya
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Anirudha Giri
- Laboratory of Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Samrat Das
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Aparajita Das
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Salam Himika Devi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Doli Talukdar
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Puja Upadhaya
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Pimily Langthasa
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Neelam Pandey
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
| | - Supriya Singh
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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Seidenberg AB, Popova L, Ashley DL, Wackowski OA. Inferences beyond a claim: a typology of potential halo effects related to modified risk tobacco product claims. Tob Control 2020; 30:tobaccocontrol-2019-055560. [PMID: 33046582 PMCID: PMC8039054 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
When tobacco products are marketed with modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) claims, consumers may infer additional health benefits not directly stated in the claims. We propose a typology of seven potential 'halo effects' (ie, an unintended generalisation) that may occur with MRTP marketing. Evidence currently exists that some of these types of halo effects occur after exposure to MRTP claims. These generalisations are likely unavoidable in certain situations and may sometimes produce accurate inferences. However, some halo effects may be problematic if they mislead consumers into false inferences and result in unintended consequences that have a negative public health impact (eg, reinitiation, dual tobacco product use). To help mitigate unintended consequences and guide regulatory decisions about MRTP claims, we encourage researchers studying MRTP claims to test for halo effects. Regulatory agencies should include potential unintended consequences associated with halo effects when assessing individual-level and population-level health impacts of MRTP claims. Moreover, tobacco manufacturers should be required to report both premarket and postmarket surveillance of halo effects to relevant regulatory agencies. If MRTP claims are to play a role in tobacco harm reduction, it is imperative that they be communicated and interpreted in ways that minimise harms and maximise public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Seidenberg
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lucy Popova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David L Ashley
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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13
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Nasrin S, Chen G, Watson CJW, Lazarus P. Comparison of tobacco-specific nitrosamine levels in smokeless tobacco products: High levels in products from Bangladesh. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233111. [PMID: 32453764 PMCID: PMC7250445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bangladesh exhibits the second highest rate of smokeless tobacco (SLT) product usage in the world, and this has been associated with the high upper aerodigestive tract cancer incidence in this country. The goal of the present study was to examine the levels of the highly carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in Bangladeshi SLT products and compare these levels to that observed in SLT brands from southeast Asia and the USA. The levels of TSNAs and nicotine were determined by LC-MS/MS in twenty-eight SLT brands and several tobacco additives from Bangladesh, as well as several SLT brands from India, Pakistan and the USA. The levels of N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) in Bangladeshi SLT brands ranged from 1.1-59, 0.15-34, 0.79-45, and 0.037-13 μg/g SLT powder, respectively. The mean levels of the highly carcinogenic TSNAs (NNN+NNK) were 7.4-, 2.4-, and 63-fold higher in Bangladeshi SLT products as compared to SLT brands from the USA, India and Pakistan, respectively; these trends were also observed for NAT and NAB. Similar mean levels of nicotine were observed in the Bangladeshi brands (31 mg/g powder) versus brands from the USA (25 mg/g powder) and India (20 mg/g powder); they were 3-fold higher than brands from Pakistan (10 mg/g powder). Gul SLT brands exhibited the highest pH and the highest levels of unprotonated nicotine. The high levels of TSNAs in Bangladeshi SLT brands may be an important factor contributing to the high rates of upper aerodigestive tract cancer in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamema Nasrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christy J. W. Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
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Monika S, Dineshkumar T, Priyadharini S, Niveditha T, Sk P, Rajkumar K. Smokeless Tobacco Products (STPs) Harbour Bacterial Populations with Potential for Oral Carcinogenicity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:815-824. [PMID: 32212812 PMCID: PMC7437332 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.3.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smokeless Tobacco Products (STPs) vary significantly in their carcinogenicity, a feature accredited to the variation in the concentrations of carcinogenic chemicals. Tobacco associated bacteria are known to produce Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and hence are determinants of TSNA levels in Tobacco. The primary objective of this study was to conduct a microbiological survey of STPs and to provide a baseline information of the bacterial communities present in the STPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study analyzed the constituency of microbial communities in 7 different smokeless Tobacco products including four chewable (T1_CW to T4_CW), two snus (T5_Snus and T6_Snus) and one snuff sample (T7_Snuff) using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA based next generation sequencing. The Tobacco samples were also analyzed for pH and moisture content. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was done using SPSS software version 20. Pearson's Correlation was done to analyze the correlation between pH and moisture content of the Tobacco samples. RESULTS A total of 11 phyla were identified in all smokeless Tobacco products. A total of 36 classes were identified across all smokeless Tobacco products and bacilli was the predominant class in all the products followed by Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia. In species level, a total of 2369 species were identified across all smokeless Tobacco products. In T1 chewable Tobacco products, predominant species was staphylococcus whereas in T2 and T3, Bacillus subtilis and pumilus were predominant. In T4 chewable Tobacco product, Virgibacillus was predominant followed by halodentrificans, staphylococcus epidermidis. In snus 1 and 2, Bacillus pumilus and subtilis were predominant. In snuff, Bacillus cereus was predominant. Snus products had the highest moisture content (15.4% and 14.3%) compared to the chewable Tobacco and snuff products. The snus products analyzed had alkaline values (pH 8.50 and 8.15) and snuff and chewable Tobacco had acidic values ranging from 5.62 to 6.09. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates that ST products differ qualitatively, quantitatively, and in their bacterial composition. There is a possibility that some of these species may contribute to oral carcinogenesis, either by influencing levels of TSNAs or directly inducing chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivastav Monika
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thayalan Dineshkumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shankaran Priyadharini
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thampan Niveditha
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadharshini Sk
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Rajkumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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O'Connor R, Watson CH, Swan GE, Nettles DS, Geisler RC, Hendershot TP. PhenX: Agent measures for tobacco regulatory research. Tob Control 2020; 29:s20-s26. [PMID: 31992660 PMCID: PMC8127628 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The current paper describes the PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit Tobacco Regulatory Research Agent specialty area and the Agent Working Group's (WG's) 6-month consensus process to identify high-priority, scientifically supported measures for cross-study comparison and analysis. Eleven measures were selected for inclusion in the Toolkit. Eight of these are interviewer-administered or self-administered protocols: history of switching to lower tar and nicotine cigarettes, passive exposures to tobacco products, tobacco brand and variety (covering cigars, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco separately), tobacco product adulteration (vent-blocking or filter-blocking) and tobacco warning label exposure and recall. The remaining three protocols are either laboratory-based or visual inspection-based: measurement of nicotine content in smoked or smokeless tobacco products and the physical properties of these two classes of products. Supplemental protocols include a biomarker of exposure and smoking topography. The WG identified the lack of standard measurement protocols to assess subjective ratings of tobacco product flavours and their appeal to consumers as a major gap. As the characteristics of tobacco products that influence perception and use are tobacco regulatory research priorities, the reliable assessment of flavours remains an area requiring further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- NCED/DLS/ERAT, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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16
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The Role of Marketing Practices and Tobacco Control Initiatives on Smokeless Tobacco Sales, 2005-2010. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193650. [PMID: 31569394 PMCID: PMC6801680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how policies and industry activities impact smokeless tobacco demand. We examined how tobacco control policies and retail promotion may affect smokeless tobacco sales. METHODS We used Nielsen market-level retail scanner data for smokeless tobacco sales in convenience stores in 30 US regions from 2005 to 2010. Tobacco policy variables, including excise taxes, state tobacco control program expenditures, and clean indoor air laws, were merged to Nielsen markets. We estimated regression models for per capita unit sales. RESULTS Higher cigarette tax was significantly associated with lower sales volume of smokeless tobacco. Sales of smokeless tobacco in markets with a weight-based SLT excise tax were higher than in markets with an ad valorem tax. A higher average product price was associated with decreased sales overall but results varied by package quantity and brand. CONCLUSIONS This study observed that smokeless tobacco products were both complements and substitutes to cigarettes. Thus, smokeless tobacco may act as complements for some population segments and substitutes for others. A weight-based tax generally favors premium smokeless tobacco products.
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17
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Seidenberg AB, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Rees VW. Characteristics of "American Snus" and Swedish Snus Products for Sale in Massachusetts, USA. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:262-266. [PMID: 28003512 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Snus may present lower health risks than cigarettes, but its harm reduction potential may be undermined if used dually with cigarettes. The likelihood of exclusive snus use compared with dual use may depend in part on the capacity of snus to deliver nicotine in doses that are satisfactory to smokers. We examined characteristics of "American snus" products, including nicotine levels, and compared to snus products that are more typical of Sweden. Methods Tobacco industry reports for snus products submitted to the Massachusetts Department of Public Health for the year 2014 were used to assess moisture (%), pH, total nicotine, and unionized (free) nicotine (both mg/g and percent of total). A total of 14 ("American") snus products made by American manufacturers Philip Morris USA (n = 6), R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (n = 6), and US Smokeless Tobacco Company (n = 2), were compared with Swedish-style ("Swedish") snus products (n = 10) made by Swedish Match North America. Results Compared with Swedish snus, American snus brands contained significantly lower concentrations of unionized nicotine (median: 0.52 mg/g vs. 6.52 mg/g; p < .001) and proportion of unionized nicotine (median: 3.17% vs. 81.8%; p < .001). American snus brands also had significantly lower pH (median: 6.54 vs. 8.68; p < .001) and moisture (median: 30.3% vs. 53.4%; p < .001). Conclusions Swedish-made snus has higher unionized nicotine, measured by concentration and proportion of total nicotine, compared with snus products made by American manufacturers. These findings suggest that American snus products have lower addiction potential than Swedish snus, and may be more likely to be used dually with cigarettes than as a sole source of nicotine. Implications American snus products contain significantly lower unionized nicotine, lower pH, and lower moisture, compared with Swedish snus products. Snus addiction potential and patterns of usage, including co-use with cigarettes, may differ between American and Swedish snus products due to differences in snus product characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Seidenberg
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Olalekan A Ayo-Yusuf
- Office of the Director, School of Oral Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa.,Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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18
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Ratsch A, Steadman K, Ryu B, Bogossian F. Tobacco and Pituri Use in Pregnancy: A Protocol for Measuring Maternal and Perinatal Exposure and Outcomes in Central Australian Aboriginal Women. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:E47. [PMID: 31181680 PMCID: PMC6632177 DOI: 10.3390/mps2020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal tobacco smoking is a recognized risk behavior that has adverse impacts onmaternal and fetal health. However, in some populations, the use of smokeless tobacco exceeds theuse of smoked tobacco. In central Australia, Aboriginal populations utilize wild tobacco plants(Nicotiana spp.) as a smokeless product. These plants are known by a variety of names, one of whichis pituri. The plants are masticated and retained in the oral cavity for extended periods of time andtheir use continues throughout pregnancy, birth, and lactation. In contrast to the evidence related tocombusted tobacco use, there is no evidence as to the effects of pituri use in pregnancy. CentralAustralian Aboriginal women who were at least 28 weeks pregnant were stratified into three tobaccoexposure groups: (a) Pituri chewers, (b) smokers, and (c) non-tobacco users. Routine antenatal andbirth information, pre-existing and pregnancy-related maternal characteristics, fetal characteristics,and biological samples were collected and compared. The biological samples were analysed fortobacco and nicotine metabolite concentrations. Samples from the mother included venous blood,urine, hair and colostrum and/or breast milk. From the neonate, this included Day 1 and Day 3 urineand meconium, and from the placenta, arterial and venous cord blood following delivery. This is thefirst study to correlate the pregnancy outcomes of central Australian Aboriginal women with differenttobacco exposures. The findings will provide the foundation for epidemiological data collection inrelated studies. Note to readers: In this article, the term "Aboriginal" was chosen by central Australianwomen to refer to both themselves and the Aboriginal people in their communities. "Indigenous" waschosen to refer to the wider Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Research Education, Development and Support, Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service,Hervey Bay 4655, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Steadman
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - BoMi Ryu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- School of Health & Sports Science and School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore 4558, Australia.
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Dandona R, Mathur MR, Kumar GA, Dandona L. Improving Utility of Data on Cancer Mortality Risk Associated with Smokeless Tobacco: Recommendations for Future Research. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:581-588. [PMID: 30803225 PMCID: PMC6897011 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We analyzed in detail the studies utilized in most recent global systematic review of risk of cancer mortality with smokeless tobacco (SLT) use to report challenges in the available data that limit the understanding of association between SLT use and cancer mortality. Methods: For each study, we documented study design, reporting of mortality risk by type of SLT variant, SLT use frequency, and sex of SLT user for oral, oesophageal, pharyngeal, laryngeal and orolaryngeal cancers. These findings are discussed within the context of prevalence of SLT use by geographic regions and sex. Results: Majority of studies reported mortality risk for oral (70.6%) followed by oesophageal cancer (38.2%). The availability of population-based evidence was low (35.3%). The geographic distribution of studies did not reflect the geographic distribution of countries with high SLT consumption; 61.8% of the studies were from India followed by Sweden (20.6%). Hospital-based (84.2%) studies reported risk with chewing tobacco and the population-based studies (61.5%) with non-chewing tobacco. Hardly any study reported on a particular type of SLT. Definition of SLT use as current, ever or former was limited without consideration of the wide variations in frequency and duration of use within these patterns. Mortality risk reporting for males dominated all cancers other than oral (50% males). Conclusions: Unless the methodological and generalizability challenges identified in this review are addressed in future research to develop a stronger scientific basis of the association of SLT use and cancer mortality, we would continue to face significant challenges in monitoring the health effects of SLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Dandona
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, National Capital Region, India.,Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Kaur J, Kumari S, Singh H, Saraf D, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:14-24. [PMID: 30264750 PMCID: PMC6172907 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2025_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective regulation of contents of tobacco products is one of the primary milestones to reduce negative health effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products. As per the available sources, testing of some SLT products has been done on ad hoc basis, but there is a lack of comprehensive and periodic analysis of these products. In addition, the available results indicate huge variations among the levels of pH, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosonornicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, heavy metals and nicotine within different products as well as within different brands of the same product. This review was aimed to throw light on the variations and gaps in testing of SLT products and emphasize the need for strong policy regulation for monitoring the chemical constituents of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraf
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub for Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
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21
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Kaur J, Sharma A, Gupta R, Singh H. Development of comprehensive data repository on chemicals present in smokeless tobacco products: Opportunities & challenges. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:4-6. [PMID: 30264748 PMCID: PMC6172916 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_108_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Kaur
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Arun Sharma
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Ruchika Gupta
- Division of Cytopathology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
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Drope J, Cahn Z, Kennedy R, Liber AC, Stoklosa M, Henson R, Douglas CE, Drope J. Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine. CA Cancer J Clin 2017; 67:449-471. [PMID: 28961314 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Over the last decade, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including the electronic cigarette or e-cigarette, has grown rapidly. More youth now use ENDS than any tobacco product. This extensive research review shows that there are scientifically sound, sometimes competing arguments about ENDS that are not immediately and/or completely resolvable. However, the preponderance of the scientific evidence to date suggests that current-generation ENDS products are demonstrably less harmful than combustible tobacco products such as conventional cigarettes in several key ways, including by generating far lower levels of carcinogens and other toxic compounds than combustible products or those that contain tobacco. To place ENDS in context, the authors begin by reviewing the trends in use of major nicotine-containing products. Because nicotine is the common core-and highly addictive-constituent across all tobacco products, its toxicology is examined. With its long history as the only nicotine product widely accepted as being relatively safe, nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT) is also examined. A section is also included that examines snus, the most debated potential harm-reduction product before ENDS. Between discussions of NRT and snus, ENDS are extensively examined: what they are, knowledge about their level of "harm," their relationship to smoking cessation, the so-called gateway effect, and dual use/poly-use. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:449-471. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Drope
- Vice President, Economic and Health Policy Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zachary Cahn
- Director, Economic and Health Policy Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rosemary Kennedy
- Program Consultant, Global Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alex C Liber
- Data Analyst, Economic and Health Policy Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Michal Stoklosa
- Senior Economist, Taxation and Health, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rosemarie Henson
- Senior Vice President for Prevention and Early Detection, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Clifford E Douglas
- Vice President, Tobacco Control and Director, Center for Tobacco Control, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jacqui Drope
- Managing Director, Global Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
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Huang J, Waters K, Machaalani R. Hypoxia and nicotine effects on Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor 1 (PAC1) in the developing piglet brainstem. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Akhtar A, Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Talpur FN, Arain SS, Baig JA, Khan N, Khan M, Bilal M. Chromium Exposure in the Adult Population, Consuming Different Types of Smokeless Tobacco Products in Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:312-321. [PMID: 27422637 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pervasive smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption and diseases related to its use is a hot topic for the public discussion. In this study, concentrations of chromium (Cr) were measured in different SLT products [snuff (dry and moist), mainpuri, and gutkha] offered and used in Pakistan. The current study was also designed to assess the Cr levels in the biological (scalp hair and blood) samples of male and female subjects, age ranged from 25 to 60 years, chewing different SLT products. For comparative purpose, the healthy persons of the same age group, who did not consume any SLT products, were selected as referents. The concentrations of Cr in SLT products and biological samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked by certified reference materials (CRMs). The resulted data indicated that the adult persons, who consumed different SLT products, have 2-3 fold higher levels of Cr in biological samples as compared to referent subjects (p < 0.01). The persons, who chew/sniff different SLT products, have 50-80 and 42-82 % higher levels of Cr in their scalp hair and blood samples as related to referents. The daily intake of Cr is lower as compared to the recommended value of 50-200 μg/day. It was expected that 10 g consumption of various kinds of SLT products (snuff, mainpuri, and gutkha) may subsidize 21.2-220, 17.7-122, and 18.4-273 % of the recommended daily intake of Cr, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz Talpur
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Sadia Arain
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Noman Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
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Liu M, Jin J, Pan H, Feng J, Cerniglia CE, Yang M, Chen H. Effect of smokeless tobacco products on human oral bacteria growth and viability. Anaerobe 2016; 42:152-161. [PMID: 27756619 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the toxicity of smokeless tobacco products (STPs) on oral bacteria, seven smokeless tobacco aqueous extracts (STAEs) from major brands of STPs and three tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) were used in a growth and viability test against 38 oral bacterial species or subspecies. All seven STAEs showed concentration-dependent effects on the growth and viability of tested oral bacteria under anaerobic culture conditions, although there were strain-to-strain variations. In the presence of 1 mg/ml STAEs, the growth of 4 strains decreased over 0.32-2.14 log10 fold, while 14 strains demonstrated enhanced growth of 0.3-1.76 log10 fold, and the growth of 21 strains was not significantly affected. In the presence of 10 mg/ml STAEs, the growth of 17 strains was inhibited 0.3-2.11 log10 fold, 18 strains showed enhanced growth of 0.3-0.97 log10 fold, and 4 strains were not significantly affected. In the presence of 50 mg/ml STAEs, the growth of 32 strains was inhibited 0.3-2.96 log10 fold, 8 strains showed enhanced growth of 0.3-1.0 log10 fold, and 2 strains were not significantly affected. All seven STAEs could promote the growth of 4 bacterial strains, including Eubacterium nodatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Streptococcus anginosus, and Streptococcus constellatus. Exposure to STAEs modulated the viability of some bacterial strains, with 21.1-66.5% decrease for 4 strains at 1 mg/ml, 20.3-85.7% decrease for 10 strains at 10 mg/ml, 20.0-93.3% decrease for 27 strains at 50 mg/ml, and no significant effect for 11 strains at up to 50 mg/ml. STAEs from snuffs inhibited more tested bacterial strains than those from snus indicating that the snuffs may be more toxic to the oral bacteria than snus. For TSNAs, cell growth and viability of 34 tested strains were not significantly affected at up to 100 μg/ml; while the growth of P. micros was enhanced 0.31-0.54 log10 fold; the growth of Veillonella parvula was repressed 0.33-0.36 log10 fold; and the cell viabilities of 2 strains decreased 56.6-69.9%. The results demonstrate that STAEs affected the growth of some types of oral bacteria, which may affect the healthy ecological balance of oral bacteria in humans. On the other hand, TSNAs did not significantly affect the growth of the oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States; Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jinshan Jin
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Hongmiao Pan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States; Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Carl E Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Maocheng Yang
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, United States.
| | - Huizhong Chen
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States.
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Ammann JR, Lovejoy KS, Walters MJ, Holman MR. A Survey of N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and Total Water Content in Select Smokeless Tobacco Products Purchased in the United States in 2015. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:4400-6. [PMID: 27192054 PMCID: PMC4889466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This investigation provides an updated survey measuring the levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and water content of a select number of smokeless tobacco products sold in the United States in 2015. A total of 34 smokeless tobacco products were collected and analyzed for NNN and water content using LC-MS/MS and GC-TCD, respectively. Smokeless tobacco products were chosen to obtain a representative sample of the different types of products on the U.S. market. These smokeless products represent 12 of the 25 top-selling smokeless tobacco products according to 2013 Nielsen net sales data while five of the smokeless tobacco products are of lower selling smokeless tobacco products. The NNN levels and the water content of the smokeless tobacco products were determined and compared to previous studies. Although the range of NNN levels found was broad for the examined smokeless tobacco products (0.64-12.0 μg/g dry weight), dry snuff had the highest levels of NNN observed (>5 μg/g dry weight). We observed a general decrease in NNN levels for the same six moist snuff products that were analyzed in 2004 compared to our current 2015 study. The water content of the smokeless tobacco products surveyed ranged from 3.92 to 54.8%.
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Arain SS, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Naeemullah, Brahman KD, Talpur FN, Panhwar AH, Ali J, Shah F. Arsenic speciation in artificial saliva extract of smokeless tobacco products by extraction methodologies coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Biswas S, Manna K, Das U, Khan A, Pradhan A, Sengupta A, Bose S, Ghosh S, Dey S. Smokeless tobacco consumption impedes metabolic, cellular, apoptotic and systemic stress pattern: A study on Government employees in Kolkata, India. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18284. [PMID: 26669667 PMCID: PMC4680924 DOI: 10.1038/srep18284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) remains a threat amongst a large population across the globe and particularly in India. The oral use of tobacco has been implicated to cause physiological stress leading to extreme toxicological challenge. The study included 47 SLT-users and 44 non-users providing a spectrum of pathophysiological, clinico-biochemical, antioxidant parameters, cell cycle progression study of PBMC and morphological changes of red blood cells (RBC). The expressions of p53, p21, Bax, Bcl-2, IL-6, TNF- α, Cox-2, iNOS were analyzed from thirteen representative SLT-users and twelve non-users. Difference in CRP, random glucose, serum cholesterol, TG, HLDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, neutrophil count, monocyte count, ESR, SOD (PBMC) and TBARS (RBC membrane) were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) between the studied groups. The current study confers crucial insight into SLT mediated effects on systemic toxicity and stress. This has challenged the metabolic condition leading to a rise in the inflammatory status, increased apoptosis and RBC membrane damage. The above findings were substantiated with metabolic, clinical and biochemical parameters. This is possibly the first ever in-depth report and remains an invaluable document on the fatal effects of SLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushobhan Biswas
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnendu Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Ujjal Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Khan
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Pradhan
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Aaveri Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Bose
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Saurabh Ghosh
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjit Dey
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India
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Zitomer N, Rybak ME, Li Z, Walters MJ, Holman MR. Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Smokeless Tobacco Products by Use of UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9131-9138. [PMID: 26452144 PMCID: PMC5697909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work developed a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the detection and quantitation of aflatoxins in smokeless tobacco products, which was then used to determine aflatoxin B1 concentrations in 32 smokeless tobacco products commercially available in the United States. Smokeless tobacco products were dried, milled, and amended with (13)C17-labeled internal standards, extracted in water/methanol solution in the presence of a surfactant, isolated through use of immunoaffinity column chromatography, and reconstituted in mobile phase prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The method was capable of baseline separation of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in a 2.5 min run by use of a fused core C18 column and a water/methanol gradient. MS/MS transition (m/z) 313.3 → 241.2 was used for aflatoxin B1 quantitation, with 313.3 → 285.1 used for confirmation. The limit of detection (LOD) for aflatoxin B1 was 0.007 parts per billion (ppb). Method imprecision for aflatoxin B1 (expressed as coefficient of variation) ranged from 5.5 to 9.4%. Spike recoveries were 105-111%. Aflatoxin B1 concentrations in the smokeless tobacco products analyzed ranged from <LOD to 0.271 ppb (dry mass). Aflatoxin B1 was most frequently detected in dry snuffs and chews, whereas all moist snuff products tested were below LOD. The amounts of aflatoxin B1 detected were low relative to the 20 ppb regulatory limit established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for foods and feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Zitomer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA USA 30044
| | - Michael E. Rybak
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA USA 30044
| | - Zhong Li
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Product Science, Silver Spring, MD USA 20993
| | - Matthew J. Walters
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Product Science, Silver Spring, MD USA 20993
| | - Matthew R. Holman
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Office of Science, Division of Product Science, Silver Spring, MD USA 20993
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Stanfill SB, Oliveira da Silva AL, Lisko JG, Lawler TS, Kuklenyik P, Tyx RE, Peuchen EH, Richter P, Watson CH. Comprehensive chemical characterization of Rapé tobacco products: Nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, tobacco-specific N'-nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavor constituents. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82:50-8. [PMID: 25934468 PMCID: PMC5704902 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapé, a diverse group of smokeless tobacco products indigenous to South America, is generally used as a nasal snuff and contains substantial amount of plant material with or without tobacco. Previously uncharacterized, rapé contains addictive and harmful chemicals that may have public health implications for users. Here we report % moisture, pH, and the levels of total nicotine, un-ionized nicotine, flavor-related compounds, tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for manufactured and hand-made rapé. Most rapé products were mildly acidic (pH 5.17-6.23) with total nicotine ranging from 6.32 to 47.6 milligram per gram of sample (mg/g). Calculated un-ionized nicotine ranged from 0.03 to 18.5 mg/g with the highest values associated with hand-made rapés (pH 9.75-10.2), which contain alkaline ashes. In tobacco-containing rapés, minor alkaloid levels and Fourier transform infrared spectra were used to confirm the presence of Nicotiana rustica, a high nicotine tobacco species. There was a wide concentration range of TSNAs and PAHs among the rapés analyzed. Several TSNAs and PAHs identified in the products are known or probable carcinogens according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Milligram quantities of some non-tobacco constituents, such as camphor, coumarin, and eugenol, warrant additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Stanfill
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - André Luiz Oliveira da Silva
- National Health Surveillance Agency Brazil (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária), [ANVISA], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph G Lisko
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Tameka S Lawler
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Peter Kuklenyik
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Robert E Tyx
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Peuchen
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Patricia Richter
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Smokeless tobacco use in pregnancy: an integrative review of the literature. Int J Public Health 2014; 59:599-608. [PMID: 24794708 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-014-0558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically critique and summarise the available evidence on the outcomes of smokeless tobacco use in pregnancy to inform the public health response. METHODS In March 2013, a search was conducted of observational studies where the exposure to smokeless tobacco during pregnancy and maternal, placental and/or neonatal outcomes was assessed. Two reviewers extracted data and completed quality assessment of the literature utilizing the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality criteria (West et al. 2002). RESULTS The search resulted in 211 articles, 21 (10%) of which met the final criteria for integrative review. Ten (10) of the studies are from India, seven (7) from Sweden, two (2) from Alaska and one (1) each from South Africa and Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS Many studies lacked sufficient power to estimate precise risks. Most reports were hindered by imprecise measures of exposure and lack of confounding variable control. However, there were indications that maternal smokeless tobacco use increases rates of stillbirth, low birth weight and alters the male:female live birth ratio. Maternal smokeless tobacco use may not be safe for mother or foetus.
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32
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Stepanov I, Biener L, Yershova K, Nyman AL, Bliss R, Parascandola M, Hatsukami DK. Monitoring tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and nicotine in novel smokeless tobacco products: findings from round II of the new product watch. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:1070-8. [PMID: 24604020 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Analysis of novel smokeless tobacco products purchased in Round I of the New Product Watch (NPW)-a national tobacco monitoring network-demonstrated that some tobacco constituents vary not only across various brands but also regionally and over time within the same product. In this study, we analyzed snus and dissolvable tobacco products that were purchased in Round II of the NPW. METHODS We analyzed tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) and nicotine in snus and dissolvable tobacco products that were purchased in various regions of the country during the spring and summer of 2011. The results were compared against the Round I data, across different U.S. regions, and among products. RESULTS A total of 216 samples were received from different states representing 6 regions of the country. Compared with the previous analyses, TSNA levels increased significantly in Marlboro and Camel Snus and some dissolvable Camel products. The levels of unprotonated nicotine in Marlboro Snus and Camel Snus in this study were not different from Round I but varied significantly by regions; the differences between the highest and the lowest average regional levels were ~3.2-fold in Marlboro Snus ~1.7-fold in Camel Snus. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that some novel smokeless tobacco products contain TSNA at the levels found in the conventional moist snuff. Observation of regional variations in unprotonated nicotine content in both Round I and Round II of NPW suggest that manufacturers may tailor the levels of this constituent consistently to different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;
| | - Lois Biener
- Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA
| | | | - Amy L Nyman
- Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Robin Bliss
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark Parascandola
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Tobacco Research Programs, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Preconcentration of toxic elements in artificial saliva extract of different smokeless tobacco products by dual-cloud point extraction. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Das A, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarty S, Ganguli A, Chakrabarti G. Smokeless tobacco extract (STE)-induced toxicity in mammalian cells is mediated by the disruption of cellular microtubule network: a key mechanism of cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68224. [PMID: 23874548 PMCID: PMC3708936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco usage is a growing public health problem worldwide. The molecular mechanism(s) underlying smokeless tobacco associated tissue damage remain largely unidentified. In the present study we have tried to explore the effects of aqueous extract of smokeless tobacco (STE) on tubulin-microtubule, the major cytoskeleton protein that maintains cells morphology and participates in cell division. Exposure to STE resulted in dose-dependent cytotoxicity in a variety of mammalian transformed cell lines such as human lung epithelial cells A549, human liver epithelial cells HepG2, and mouse squamous epithelial cells HCC7, as well as non-tumorogenic human peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC. Cellular morphology of STE-treated cells was altered and the associated disruption of microtubule network indicates that STE targets tubulin-microtubule system in both cell lines. Furthermore it was also observed that STE-treatment resulted in the selective degradation of cellular tubulin, whereas actin remains unaltered. In vitro, polymerization of purified tubulin was inhibited by STE with the IC50 value∼150 µg/ml and this is associated with the loss of reactive cysteine residues of tubulin. Application of thiol-based antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly abrogates STE-mediated microtubule damage and associated cytotoxicity in both A549 and HepG2 cells. These results suggest that microtubule damage is one of the key mechanisms of STE-induced cytotoxity in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Das
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Abhijit Bhattacharya
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Subhendu Chakrabarty
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Arnab Ganguli
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
| | - Gopal Chakrabarti
- Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B.C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, WB, India
- * E-mail:
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35
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Lawler TS, Stanfill SB, Zhang L, Ashley DL, Watson CH. Chemical characterization of domestic oral tobacco products: total nicotine, pH, unprotonated nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:380-6. [PMID: 23517910 PMCID: PMC5659123 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, moist snuff has been studied more widely than other distinct categories of oral tobacco. In this study, we measured pH, moisture, nicotine (total and unprotonated), and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) for other established (twist, loose leaf, plug, and dry snuff without pouch) and emerging oral tobacco products (dry snuff pouch, US-made snus, and dissolvable tobacco). Among the seven product categories, product pH ranged from 4.7 to 7.9, and total nicotine concentration spanned from 3.9 to 40.1 mg/g. The most readily absorbable form of nicotine (unprotonated nicotine) varied more than 350-fold, ranging from 0.01 to 3.7 mg/g. While the highest total nicotine concentrations were observed in twist products, snus and dissolvable tobacco had the highest unprotonated nicotine levels. Among all products, total TSNA concentrations ranged from 313 to 76,500 ng/g with dry snuff having the highest total TSNA concentrations. This study demonstrates the diversity among oral tobacco products and highlights the potential of these products to deliver a wide range of nicotine and carcinogenic TSNAs. Characterizing the chemical content of these products may be helpful in further understanding the risk of marketing these products to oral tobacco users and smokers as an alternative and discrete form of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tameka S Lawler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Arain SS, Kazi TG, Arain JB, Afridi HI, Brahman KD, Shah F, Arain S, Panhwar AH. Simultaneous preconcentration of toxic elements in artificial saliva extract of smokeless tobacco product, mainpuri by cloud point extraction method. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 92:289-96. [PMID: 23566880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been extensively investigated that smokeless tobacco chewing can lead mainly to inflammation of oral cavity. In present study, the total and artificial saliva extracted toxic elements, arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead were estimated in smokeless tobacco product, mainpuri. Cloud point extraction has been used for the preconcentration of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead in artificial saliva extract, using complexing reagent, ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. Total and extractable toxic elements were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The chemical variables of cloud point extraction were optimized. The validity of methodology was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference material (Virginia tobacco leaves) and spike recovery test. The artificial saliva extractable levels of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead ranged from 15-22, 45-70, 35-58, and 18-32%, respectively, of total elemental contents in mainpuri samples. It was estimated that intake of 10g of different brands of mainpuri contributing the 5.88, 55.0, 45.0 and 40.3% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead, respectively for adults of ~60kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sadia Arain
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, Sindh University, Jamshoro, Sindh 76080, Pakistan.
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Stepanov I, Jensen J, Biener L, Bliss RL, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK. Increased pouch sizes and resulting changes in the amounts of nicotine and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in single pouches of Camel Snus and Marlboro Snus. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1241-5. [PMID: 22259150 PMCID: PMC3457708 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Initial analyses of the novel smokeless tobacco products Camel Snus and Marlboro Snus demonstrated that these products contain relatively low amounts of nicotine and the carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), as compared with traditional smokeless products. It is unknown whether the modifications in packaging, flavors, and pouch sizes that occurred for both Camel Snus and Marlboro Snus since their first introduction to the market were accompanied by any changes in nicotine or nitrosamine levels. METHODS We examined the available data on nicotine and NNN and NNK levels in 60 samples of Camel Snus and 87 samples of Marlboro Snus that were analyzed in our laboratory between 2006 and 2010. RESULTS Due to the increase in pouch size, the amounts of total nicotine, unprotonated nicotine, and the sum of NNN and NNK present in the large Camel Snus pouches released in 2010 are 1.9-fold, 2.4-fold, and 3.3-fold higher, respectively, than in the original smaller pouches that entered the market in 2006. Total and unprotonated nicotine content in the current version of Marlboro Snus pouches are 2.1-fold and 1.9-fold higher, respectively, and the sum of NNN and NNK is 1.5-fold lower than in the original version. CONCLUSIONS We observed an increase in nicotine content in single portions of Camel Snus and Marlboro Snus, and an increase in tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine content in single portions of Camel Snus, due to the increases in pouch size that occurred between 2006 and 2010. This finding stresses the importance of tobacco product regulation and ingredient disclosures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE-MMC 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Timberlake DS, Pechmann C. Trends in the use and advertising of discount versus premium snuff. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:474-81. [PMID: 23024245 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Conwood Company, a major producer of discount moist snuff, was awarded a $1 billion antitrust settlement in the year 2000 against its leading competitor, the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company. The objective of this study was to examine the trends in use and advertising of discount versus premium snuff since the Conwood settlement, a topic seldom addressed in the tobacco control literature. METHODS 2 sources of data were analyzed in 2011: (a) male snuff users from the 2002-2009 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (N = 13,172) and (b) total advertisements of moist snuff identified from over 350 consumer magazines dated 2005-2009 (N = 861). For the survey data, demographic and tobacco-related measures were assessed as predictors of use of discount versus premium snuff in logistic regression models. For the advertising data, associations were examined between the snuff category and nicotine content, magazine youth readership, and year of magazine publication. RESULTS The prevalence of discount and premium snuff use among males increased and decreased, respectively, from 2002 to 2009. Significant predictors of using discount versus premium snuff were being an adolescent, being an African-American, being a current or former smoker, living in a less populated region of the country, and using snuff frequently. Discount snuff advertising was associated with publication in magazines with a high youth readership. CONCLUSIONS Discount snuff has grown in popularity among male adolescents who have been a target of advertising. The tobacco's cheap price and high nicotine content pose a public health problem because of the potential for long-term tobacco use and dependence.
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Stepanov I, Biener L, Knezevich A, Nyman AL, Bliss R, Jensen J, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK. Monitoring tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and nicotine in novel Marlboro and Camel smokeless tobacco products: findings from Round 1 of the New Product Watch. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:274-81. [PMID: 22039075 PMCID: PMC3281237 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Information on chemical composition of the new oral "spitless" smokeless tobacco products is scarce, and it is not clear whether there is some variability as a function of purchase place or time due to either unintended or intended manufacturing variations or other conditions. METHODS We analyzed tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) and nicotine in Marlboro Snus, Camel Snus, and dissolvable Camel products Orbs, Sticks, and Strips that were purchased in various regions of the country during the summer of 2010. RESULTS A total of 117 samples were received from different states representing six regions of the country. Levels of unprotonated nicotine in Marlboro Snus and Camel Snus varied significantly by regions, with the differences between the highest and the lowest average regional levels being relatively small in Marlboro Snus (∼1.3-fold) and large in Camel Snus (∼3-fold). Some regional variations in TSNA levels were also observed. Overall, Camel Snus had significantly higher TSNA levels than Marlboro Snus, and Camel Strips had the lowest TSNA levels among all novel products analyzed here. The amount of unprotonated nicotine in the dissolvable Camel products was comparable to the levels found in Marlboro Snus. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates some regional variations in the levels of nicotine and TSNA in Marlboro and Camel novel smokeless tobacco products. Continued monitoring of this category of products is needed as the existing products are being test marketed and modified, and new products are being introduced. This information is particularly important given its relevance to Food and Drug Administration regulation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Rainey CL, Conder PA, Goodpaster JV. Chemical characterization of dissolvable tobacco products promoted to reduce harm. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2745-51. [PMID: 21332188 DOI: 10.1021/jf103295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2009, the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. released a line of dissolvable tobacco products that are marketed as an alternative to smoking in places where smoking is prohibited. These products are currently available in Indianapolis, IN, Columbus, OH, and Portland, OR. This paper describes the chemical characterization of four such products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dissolvable tobacco products were extracted and prepared by ultrasonic extraction using acetone, trimethylsilyl derivatization, and headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME). The following compounds were identified in the dissolvables using either ultrasonic extractions or trimethylsilyl derivatization: nicotine, ethyl citrate, palmitic acid, stearic acid, sorbitol, glycerol, and xylitol. The following compounds were identified in the dissolvables using headspace SPME: nicotine, ethyl citrate, cinnamaldehyde, coumarin, vanillin, and carvone. With the exception of nicotine, the compounds identified thus far in the dissolvables are either flavoring compounds or binders. The concentration of free nicotine in the dissolvables was determined from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and by measuring the pH and nicotine concentration by GC-MS. The results presented here are the first to reveal the complexity of dissolvable tobacco products and may be used to assess potential oral health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Rainey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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Free-base nicotine in tobacco products. Part II. Determination of free-base nicotine in the aqueous extracts of smokeless tobacco products and the relevance of these findings to product design parameters. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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O'Connor RJ, Norton KJ, Bansal-Travers M, Mahoney MC, Cummings KM, Borland R. US smokers' reactions to a brief trial of oral nicotine products. Harm Reduct J 2011; 8:1. [PMID: 21219609 PMCID: PMC3032705 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that cigarette smokers will switch to alternative oral nicotine delivery products to reduce their health risks if informed of the relative risk difference. However, it is important to assess how smokers are likely to use cigarette alternatives before making predictions about their potential to promote individual or population harm reduction. OBJECTIVES This study examines smokers' interest in using a smokeless tobacco or a nicotine replacement product as a substitute for their cigarettes. METHODS The study included 67 adult cigarette smokers, not currently interested in quitting, who were given an opportunity to sample four alternative oral nicotine products: 1) Camel Snus, 2) Marlboro Snus, 3) Stonewall dissolvable tobacco tablets, and 4) Commit nicotine lozenges. At visit 1, subjects were presented information about the relative benefits/risks of oral nicotine delivery compared to cigarettes. At visit 2, subjects were given a supply of each of the four products to sample at home for a week. At visit 3, subjects received a one-week supply of their preferred product to see if using such products reduced or eliminated cigarette use. RESULTS After multiple product sampling, participants preferred the Commit lozenges over the three smokeless tobacco products (p = 0.011). Following the one week single-product trial experience, GEE models controlling for gender, age, level of education, baseline cigarettes use, and alternative product chosen, indicated a significant decline in cigarettes smoked per day across one week of single-product sampling (p < 0.01, from 11.8 to 8.7 cigarettes per day), but no change in alternative product use (approximately 4.5 units per day). Biomarkers of exposure showed no change in cotinine, but a 19% reduction in exhaled CO (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study show that smokers, who are currently unwilling to make a quit attempt, may be willing to use alternative products in the short term as a temporary substitute for smoking. However, this use is more likely to be for partial substitution (i.e. they will continue to smoke, albeit at a lower rate) rather than complete substitution. Of the various substitutes offered, smokers were more willing to use a nicotine replacement product over a tobacco-based product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Rees VW, Connolly GN, Norton KJ, Sweanor D, Parascandola M, Hatsukami DK, Shields PG. Surveillance methods for identifying, characterizing, and monitoring tobacco products: potential reduced exposure products as an example. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3334-48. [PMID: 19959680 PMCID: PMC4637821 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco products are widely sold and marketed, yet integrated data systems for identifying, tracking, and characterizing products are lacking. Tobacco manufacturers recently have developed potential reduced exposure products (PREP) with implied or explicit health claims. Currently, a systematic approach for identifying, defining, and evaluating PREPs sold at the local, state, or national levels in the United States has not been developed. Identifying, characterizing, and monitoring new tobacco products could be greatly enhanced with a responsive surveillance system. This article critically reviews available surveillance data sources for identifying and tracking tobacco products, including PREPs, evaluating strengths and weaknesses of potential data sources in light of their reliability and validity. With the absence of regulations mandating disclosure of product-specific information, it is likely that public health officials will need to rely on a variety of imperfect data sources to help identify, characterize, and monitor tobacco products, including PREPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. Richard.O'
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Giovino GA, Biener L, Hartman AM, Marcus SE, Schooley MW, Pechacek TF, Vallone D. Monitoring the tobacco use epidemic I. Overview: Optimizing measurement to facilitate change. Prev Med 2009; 48:S4-10. [PMID: 18809429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This Overview paper (I of V) summarizes research work to date on monitoring the tobacco use epidemic, discusses the recommendations made at the November, 2002 National Tobacco Monitoring, Research and Evaluation Workshop sponsored by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Legacy Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation on the topic of tobacco surveillance and evaluation, and discusses the current state of affairs. METHODS A conceptual model based on the classical infectious diseases framework/paradigm focusing on the Agent, Host, Vector and Environment is used to integrate the work presented in the four other papers that appear in this supplemental issue of Preventive Medicine. RESULTS The Agent paper (II) describes surveillance on tobacco products and biomarkers; the Host paper (III) describes surveillance on the smoker/user, or potential smoker/user; the Vector paper (IV) describes monitoring of industry activity; and the Environment paper (V) describes several key strategies for monitoring influential environmental factors. Overall, some improvements to the nation's surveillance system have been made in recent years. However, additional steps are needed to optimize measurement of tobacco use and factors influencing use in the United States. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco monitoring efforts play a vital role in combating the epidemic of addiction and disease produced by various tobacco products. The knowledge and experience gained by the tobacco use prevention and control community through this commitment to linkages of data collected in the domains of Vector and Environment, in addition to Agent and Host, could inform monitoring of a wide range of other public health issues as well, including diet and nutrition, physical activity, overweight and obesity, and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Giovino
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 312 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, New York 14214-8028, USA.
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Ashley DL, Pankow JF, Tavakoli AD, Watson CH. Approaches, challenges, and experience in assessing free nicotine. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:437-56. [PMID: 19184658 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69248-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of nicotine in the most desirable form is critical in maintaining people's use of tobacco products. Interpretation of results by tobacco industry scientists, studies that measure free-base nicotine directly in tobacco smoke, and the variability of free-base nicotine in smokeless tobacco products all indicate that the form of nicotine delivered to the tobacco user, in addition to the total amount, is an important factor in whether people continue to use the product following their initial exposure. The physiological impact of nicotine varies with the fraction that is in the free-base form and this leads to continued exposure to other toxic tobacco contents and emissions. In addition to evaluating the total nicotine delivered to the user, measuring the fraction of nicotine in the free-base form is critical in understanding and controlling the influence of nicotine on tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Ashley
- Emergency Response and Air Toxicants Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway Mailstop 47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Stepanov I, Jensen J, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. New and traditional smokeless tobacco: comparison of toxicant and carcinogen levels. Nicotine Tob Res 2008; 10:1773-82. [PMID: 19023828 PMCID: PMC2892835 DOI: 10.1080/14622200802443544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Declining cigarette use and spreading bans on smoking in public places in the United States are encouraging the U.S. cigarette industry to turn to another tobacco category, smokeless tobacco products. Currently, a number of new brands are being test marketed, including Taboka, Marlboro Snus, Camel Snus, and Skoal Dry. We report here levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), alkaloids, anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and volatile aldehydes in these products, and compare them to the most popular traditional moist snuff brands. Total TSNAs averaged 1.97 microg/g dry weight tobacco in Taboka, Marlboro Snus, and Camel Snus, 4.54 microg/g tobacco in Skoal Dry, and 7.42 microg/g tobacco in traditional brands. The amounts of unprotonated nicotine averaged 0.961 mg/g tobacco in Taboka, Marlboro Snus, and Skoal Dry, 7.22 mg/g tobacco in Camel Snus, and 7.57 mg/g tobacco in traditional brands. Levels of minor tobacco alkaloids were relatively high in Taboka, Marlboro Snus, and Skoal Dry, as compared to other products analyzed here. Levels of nitrite and nitrate in new U.S. smokeless tobacco products and the Swedish snus General were lower than those in the other products. Remarkably high levels of chloride and some PAH were observed in the traditional moist snuff. Crotonaldehyde levels were about five times higher in Taboka and Marlboro Snus than in traditional products. The large variation in the levels of some toxicants and carcinogens analyzed here indicates that more effort is required from the U.S. tobacco industry to further reduce their amounts in new and traditional smokeless tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hecht SS, Carmella SG, Edmonds A, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Luo X, Hatsukami DK. Exposure to nicotine and a tobacco-specific carcinogen increase with duration of use of smokeless tobacco. Tob Control 2008; 17:128-31. [PMID: 18375734 PMCID: PMC3889131 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2007.023242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco is an efficient delivery vehicle for nicotine and can contain significant amounts of carcinogens. However, few studies have examined factors that might moderate levels of nicotine or carcinogen exposure. AIMS To determine the effect of duration of smokeless tobacco use on the uptake of nicotine and a tobacco-specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). METHODS Questionnaires on use of smokeless tobacco were administered, and urine samples from 212 smokeless tobacco users were analysed for biomarkers of uptake of nicotine and NNK. The biomarkers were cotinine and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Male smokeless tobacco users were recruited for studies designed to investigate methods of reducing smokeless tobacco use. The questionnaire and biomarker data were obtained at baseline, prior to reduction. RESULTS Levels of cotinine (p<0.001) and total NNAL (p<0.001) were significantly correlated with duration (in years) of use of smokeless tobacco products. Median cotinine and total NNAL were 2.4 and 2.1 times higher, respectively, in the > or = 21 years of use than in the 0-5 years of use category. CONCLUSIONS Smokeless tobacco users adjust their intensity of use with experience in order to increase their nicotine dose, resulting in a corresponding increase in exposure to NNK, a powerful carcinogen. These results indicate the importance of educating smokeless tobacco users about the effects of prolonged use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Hecht
- Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Hatsukami DK, Ebbert JO, Feuer RM, Stepanov I, Hecht SS. Changing smokeless tobacco products new tobacco-delivery systems. Am J Prev Med 2007; 33:S368-78. [PMID: 18021912 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Smokeless or noncombusted oral tobacco use as a substitute for cigarette smoking has been gaining greater interest and attention by the public health community and the tobacco industry. In order for the product to appeal to smokers, tobacco companies have been manufacturing new noncombusted oral tobacco (i.e., moist snuff) that is lower in moisture content and nitrosamine levels, packaged in small sachets and "spitless." While the primary motives of the major tobacco companies are to maintain or increase tobacco use, some members of the public health community perceive the use of noncombusted oral tobacco products as a harm reduction tool. Because cigarette smoking is associated with greater toxicant exposure compared to noncombusted oral tobacco, reduced mortality and morbidity are hypothesized to ensue, if cigarette smokers switched completely to these products. However, variability exists in levels of nicotine and toxicants and potential health consequences from use within and across countries. Therefore, promulgating noncombusted oral tobacco products as a safer alternative to smoking or as a substitute for smoking may engender more rather than less harm. To date, limited research is available on the effects of marketing noncombusted oral tobacco products to smokers, to support the use of these products as a harm reduction tool, and to determine the effects of varying levels of tobacco toxicants including nicotine on health. The need exists for manufacturing standards to lower toxicant levels of all noncombusted oral tobacco products, for the formulation of appropriate tobacco-product regulations and for the development of a strategic plan by the public health community to address this controversial topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA.
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Rickert WS, Wright WG, Trivedi AH, Momin RA, Lauterbach JH. A comparative study of the mutagenicity of various types of tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 48:320-30. [PMID: 17614170 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxicological data are an important aspect of tobacco product characterization. In this study, TPM (Total Particulate Matter) (three replicates) was collected from cigarettes [five brands, ISO conditions: puff volume, 35 mL; duration, 2s; interval, 60s (35/2/60)], cigars (two brands, 45/2/30), cigarillos (two brands, 35/2/60), bidis (two brands, 45/2/30), and pipe tobacco (two brands, 50/2/12). TPM was extracted from the Cambridge filter pad using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Smokeless tobacco (ST) (six brands) was extracted with DMSO using an ultrasonic homogenizer. Both types of extracts were filtered and stored at -80 degrees C. All extracts were analyzed for humectants, water and nicotine. Mutagenic activity was assessed per OECD guideline 471 using Salmonella typhimurium TA98+S9 and TA100+S9. TA98+S9 response (specific activity expressed as revertants/mg nicotine) was greatest for the cigarette fabricated with dark, air-cured tobaccos. Average product responses with TA98+S9 based on nicotine and relative to cigarettes (excluding dark tobacco) were cigars, 242%; cigarillos, 238%; bidis, 91%; and pipe tobacco, 44%. ST response was not significant for TA98+S9. Corresponding values for TA100+S9 were cigars, 189%; cigarillos, 155%; pipe tobacco, 130%; bidis, 114% and ST, 34%. ST TA100+S9 response ranged from a low of 501 to a high of 8547 revertants/mg nicotine, depending on ST composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Rickert
- Labstat International ULC, 262 Manitou Drive, Kitchener, Ont., Canada N2C 1L3.
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Kotlyar M, Mendoza-Baumgart MI, Li ZZ, Pentel PR, Barnett BC, Feuer RM, Smith EA, Hatsukami DK. Nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three potential reduced exposure products, moist snuff and nicotine lozenge. Tob Control 2007; 16:138-42. [PMID: 17400953 PMCID: PMC2598476 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2006.018440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of three new smokeless tobacco potential reduced exposure products (PREPs; Ariva, Revel and Stonewall) with moist snuff (Copenhagen) and medicinal nicotine (Commit lozenge). METHODS 10 subjects completed a randomised, within-subject, crossover study. Subjects used one product for 30 min at each of the five laboratory sessions. Maximal nicotine concentration (Cmax) was determined and area under the concentration time curve (AUC) was calculated for a 90-min period (during use and 60 min after use). Nicotine craving, withdrawal symptoms and ratings of product effects and liking were measured during product use. RESULTS Nicotine AUC and Cmax were higher for Copenhagen than for any other product (p<0.002) and higher for Commit than for either Ariva or Revel (p<0.001). Cmax for Commit was also higher than for Stonewall (p = 0.03). Craving was lowest during use of Copenhagen (p<0.03). Craving during use of Stonewall, Ariva and Commit was lower than during use of Revel (p<0.05). Withdrawal symptom score during use of Copenhagen was lower than during use of Revel (p = 0.009). Copenhagen scores were higher (p<0.005) than all other products in several measures of drug effects and liking (feel good effects, satisfaction, liking and desire for product, and strength of product). CONCLUSION The new smokeless tobacco PREPs result in lower nicotine concentrations and equivalent or lower reductions in subjective measures compared with medicinal nicotine. Since health effects of PREPs are largely unknown, medicinal nicotine should be preferentially encouraged for smokers or smokeless tobacco users wishing to switch to lower-risk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kotlyar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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