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Peng Y, Qin D, Wang Y, Gao W, Xu X. Pharmacological inhibition of ICOS attenuates the protective effect of exercise on cardiac fibrosis induced by isoproterenol. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 965:176327. [PMID: 38224847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the cardioprotective mechanism of exercise or exercise combined with inducible costimulatory molecules (ICOS) monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac remodeling. MAIN METHODS Totally 24 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (normal saline treatment), ISO group (subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol, 10 mg/kg/day, once daily for 5 consecutive days), the exercise with subcutaneous ISO injection group (EPI), and the exercise with injected with ISO and ICOS mAb group (EPII). The mice in EPI and EPII group were trained on a small animal treadmill for 4 weeks (13 m/min, 0% grade, 60min/day). KEY FINDINGS Exercise significantly attenuated CD45+, Mac-2 inflammatory cell infiltration, cardiac fibrosis and inhibited the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL/CaMKII and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis pathways to counter ISO-induced severe cardiac injury. The administration of the ICOS mAb may inhibit the cardioprotection of exercise against ISO-induced heart damage. Compared to those in EPI, our data showed that the increasing levels of myocardial fibrosis, the leukocyte infiltration of cardiac tissue and proteins expression of cardiac myocyte necrosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways in the EPII group. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrated that exercise decreased leukocyte infiltration in heart, inhibited the cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and necroptosis signaling pathways, and attenuated inflammatory responses to alleviate ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis. However, the antifibrotic effects of combined treatment with exercise and ICOS mAb intervention did not exhibit synergistic enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports and Health Project, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Rehabilitation for Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Qin
- School of Sport and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yudi Wang
- School of Physical Education and Nursing, Chengdu College of Arts and Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyue Gao
- School of Sport and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Meci A, Goyal N, Slonimsky G. Mechanisms of Resistance and Therapeutic Perspectives in Immunotherapy for Advanced Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:703. [PMID: 38398094 PMCID: PMC10887076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is emerging as an effective treatment for advanced head and neck cancers and interest in this treatment modality has led to rapid expansion of this research. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab, monoclonal antibodies directed against the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor, are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- and European Medical Agency (EMA)-approved immunotherapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Resistance to immunotherapy is common, with about 60% of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC not responding to immunotherapy and only 20-30% of patients without disease progression in the long term. Overcoming resistance to immunotherapy is therefore essential for augmenting the effectiveness of immunotherapy in HNSCC. This review details the innate and adaptive mechanisms by which head and neck cancers can become resistant to immunotherapeutic agents, biomarkers that can be used for immunotherapy patient selection, as well as other factors of the tumor microenvironment correlated with therapeutic response and prognosis. Numerous combinations and novel immunotherapies are currently being trialed, based on better understood immune evasion mechanisms. These potential treatments hold the promise of overcoming resistance to immunotherapy in head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Meci
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Neerav Goyal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Guy Slonimsky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
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3
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Zhu KL, Su F, Yang JR, Xiao RW, Wu RY, Cao MY, Ling XL, Zhang T. TP53 to mediate immune escape in tumor microenvironment: an overview of the research progress. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:205. [PMID: 38270700 PMCID: PMC10811008 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that key cancer-causing driver genes continue to exert a sustained influence on the tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting the importance of immunotherapeutic targeting of gene mutations in governing tumor progression. TP53 is a prominent tumor suppressor that encodes the p53 protein, which controls the initiation and progression of different tumor types. Wild-type p53 maintains cell homeostasis and genomic instability through complex pathways, and mutant p53 (Mut p53) promotes tumor occurrence and development by regulating the TME. To date, it has been wildly considered that TP53 is able to mediate tumor immune escape. Herein, we summarized the relationship between TP53 gene and tumors, discussed the mechanism of Mut p53 mediated tumor immune escape, and summarized the progress of applying p53 protein in immunotherapy. This study will provide a basic basis for further exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting p53 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Li Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Su
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ru Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Wen Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Yue Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yue Cao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Ling
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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Bao J, Betzler AC, Hess J, Brunner C. Exploring the dual role of B cells in solid tumors: implications for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233085. [PMID: 37868967 PMCID: PMC10586314 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the tumor milieu of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), distinct B cell subpopulations are present, which exert either pro- or anti-tumor activities. Multiple factors, including hypoxia, cytokines, interactions with tumor cells, and other immune infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), alter the equilibrium between the dual roles of B cells leading to cancerogenesis. Certain B cell subsets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibit immunosuppressive function. These cells are known as regulatory B (Breg) cells. Breg cells suppress immune responses by secreting a series of immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, granzyme B, and adenosine or dampen effector TILs by intercellular contacts. Multiple Breg phenotypes have been discovered in human and mouse cancer models. However, when compartmentalized within a tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS), B cells predominantly play anti-tumor effects. A mature TLS contains a CD20+ B cell zone with several important types of B cells, including germinal-center like B cells, antibody-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. They kill tumor cells via antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, and local complement activation effects. TLSs are also privileged sites for local T and B cell coordination and activation. Nonetheless, in some cases, TLSs may serve as a niche for hidden tumor cells and indicate a bad prognosis. Thus, TIL-B cells exhibit bidirectional immune-modulatory activity and are responsive to a variety of immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the functional distinctions between immunosuppressive Breg cells and immunogenic effector B cells that mature within TLSs with the focus on tumors of HNSCC patients. Additionally, we review contemporary immunotherapies that aim to target TIL-B cells. For the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to complement T-cell-based immunotherapy, a full understanding of either effector B cells or Breg cells is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantong Bao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Ulm, Head & Neck Cancer Center of the Comprehensive Cancer Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Yadavilli S, Waight JD, Brett S, Bi M, Zhang T, Liu YB, Ellis C, Turner DC, Hahn A, Shi H, Seestaller-Wehr L, Jing J, Xie Q, Shaik JS, Ji X, Gagnon R, Fieles W, Hook L, Grant S, Hopley S, DeYoung MP, Blackwell C, Chisamore M, Biddlecombe R, Figueroa DJ, Hopson CB, Srinivasan R, Smothers J, Maio M, Rischin D, Olive D, Paul E, Mayes PA, Hoos A, Ballas M. Activating Inducible T-cell Costimulator Yields Antitumor Activity Alone and in Combination with Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1564-1579. [PMID: 37593752 PMCID: PMC10430783 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in mAb-based induction of costimulatory receptor signaling as an approach to combat cancer. However, promising nonclinical data have yet to translate to a meaningful clinical benefit. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) is a costimulatory receptor important for immune responses. Using a novel clinical-stage anti-ICOS immunoglobulin G4 mAb (feladilimab), which induces but does not deplete ICOS+ T cells and their rodent analogs, we provide an end-to-end evaluation of the antitumor potential of antibody-mediated ICOS costimulation alone and in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. We demonstrate, consistently, that ICOS is expressed in a range of cancers, and its induction can stimulate growth of antitumor reactive T cells. Furthermore, feladilimab, alone and with a PD-1 inhibitor, induced antitumor activity in mouse and humanized tumor models. In addition to nonclinical evaluation, we present three patient case studies from a first-time-in-human, phase I, open-label, dose-escalation and dose-expansion clinical trial (INDUCE-1; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02723955), evaluating feladilimab alone and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. Preliminary data showing clinical benefit in patients with cancer treated with feladilimab alone or in combination with pembrolizumab was reported previously; with example cases described here. Additional work is needed to further validate the translation to the clinic, which includes identifying select patient populations that will benefit from this therapeutic approach, and randomized data with survival endpoints to illustrate its potential, similar to that shown with CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocking antibodies. Significance Stimulation of the T-cell activation marker ICOS with the anti-ICOS agonist mAb feladilimab, alone and in combination with PD-1 inhibition, induces antitumor activity across nonclinical models as well as select patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Brett
- GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao Ji
- GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Laura Hook
- GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele Maio
- University of Siena and Center for Immuno-Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Danny Rischin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Olive
- CRCM, Immunity and Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
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Manso T, Kushwaha A, Abdollahi N, Duroux P, Giudicelli V, Kossida S. Mechanisms of action of monoclonal antibodies in oncology integrated in IMGT/mAb-DB. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129323. [PMID: 37215135 PMCID: PMC10196129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cells activate different immune checkpoint (IC) pathways in order to evade immunosurveillance. Immunotherapies involving ICs either block or stimulate these pathways and enhance the efficiency of the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. In this way, the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting ICs has significant success in cancer treatment. Recently, a systematic description of the mechanisms of action (MOA) of the mAbs has been introduced in IMGT/mAb-DB, the IMGT® database dedicated to mAbs for therapeutic applications. The characterization of these antibodies provides a comprehensive understanding of how mAbs work in cancer. Methods In depth biocuration taking advantage of the abundant literature data as well as amino acid sequence analyses from mAbs managed in IMGT/2Dstructure-DB, the IMGT® protein database, allowed to define a standardized and consistent description of the MOA of mAbs targeting immune checkpoints in cancer therapy. Results A fine description and a standardized graphical representation of the MOA of selected mAbs are integrated within IMGT/mAb-DB highlighting two main mechanisms in cancer immunotherapy, either Blocking or Agonist. In both cases, the mAbs enhance cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated anti-tumor immune response (Immunostimulant effect) against tumor cells. On the one hand, mAbs targeting co-inhibitory receptors may have a functional Fc region to increase anti-tumor activity by effector properties that deplete Treg cells (Fc-effector function effect) or may have limited FcγR binding to prevent Teff cells depletion and reduce adverse events. On the other hand, agonist mAbs targeting co-stimulatory receptors may bind to FcγRs, resulting in antibody crosslinking (FcγR crosslinking effect) and substantial agonism. Conclusion In IMGT/mAb-DB, mAbs for cancer therapy are characterized by their chains, domains and sequence and by several therapeutic metadata, including their MOA. MOAs were recently included as a search criterion to query the database. IMGT® is continuing standardized work to describe the MOA of mAbs targeting additional immune checkpoints and novel molecules in cancer therapy, as well as expanding this study to other clinical domains.
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7
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Jiang X, Mo B, Wang C, Tang M, Rong Y, Zhang G, Hu M, Cai H. Comprehensive analysis of the role of ICOS ( CD278 ) in pan-cancer prognosis and immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:194. [PMID: 36855091 PMCID: PMC9971684 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10564-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunological checkpoint known as Inducible T Cell Costimulatory Factor (ICOS, Cluster of Differentiation, CD278) is activated and expressed on T cells. Both somatic cells and antigen-presenting cells expressed its ligand, ICOSL (including tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment).It is important for immunosuppression. Uncertainty surrounds the function of ICOS in tumor immunity. METHODS Several bioinformatics techniques were employed by us to thoroughly examine the expression and prognostic value of ICOS in 33 cancers based on data collected from TCGA and GTEx. In addition, ICOS was explored with pathological stage, tumor-infiltrating cells, immune checkpoint genes, mismatch repair (MMR) genes, DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), microsatellite instability (MSI),and tumor mutation burden (TMB).In addition,To ascertain the level of ICOS expression in various cells, qRT-PCR was employed. RESULTS The findings revealed that ICOS expression was up regulation in most cancer types. The high expression of ICOS in tumor samples was related to the poor prognosis of UVM and LGG; The positive prognosis was boosted by the strong expression of ICOS in OV, SARC, SKCM, THYM, UCEC, and HNSC. The result is that the expression of malignancy was revealed by the immune cells' invasion.profile of ICOS in different types of cancer. Different ways that ICOS expression is connected to immune cell infiltration account for variations in patient survival. Additionally, the TMB, MSI, MMR, and DNMT genes as well as ICOS expression are linked in many cancer types.The results of PCR showed that it is highly expressed in gastric, breast, liver and renal cell carcinoma cell lines compared with normal cells. CONCLUSION This study suggests that ICOS may be a potential tumor immunotherapy target and prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiashuang Zhao
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Gansu, China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Gansu, China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, China ,grid.412643.60000 0004 1757 2902The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 204 Donggang West Road, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Xianglai Jiang
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,Graduate School, Ning Xia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, Ningxia China
| | - Bangqian Mo
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Graduate School, Ning Xia Medical University, 750004 Yinchuan, Ningxia China
| | - Mingzheng Tang
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Yao Rong
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Guiqian Zhang
- grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu, University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China ,grid.417234.70000 0004 1808 3203General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000 Lanzhou, Gansu China
| | - Ming Hu
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Hui Cai
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine for Surgical Oncology in Gansu Province, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000, Gansu, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, China. .,The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 204 Donggang West Road, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China. .,Gansu Provincial Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Cytotoxic Lymphocyte-Related Gene Signature in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030457. [PMID: 36983639 PMCID: PMC10054905 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To curate the signature genes of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CLs) and explore the heterogeneity based on the CL-related (CLR) gene signature, we analyzed the gene expression of 592 patients with histologically diagnosed triple-negative breast cancer. Based on the 13-gene panel, CLR signatures were curated and associated with the stage of tumor size. Patients in the CLR-low group exhibited the worse overall survival (OS) (median OS, 75.23 months vs. 292.66 months, p < 0.0001) and were characterized by the upregulation of the NF-κB, Wnt, and p53 pathways, the positive regulation of angiogenesis, and a higher expression of immune checkpoints including CTLA4, LAG3, CD86, ICOS, ICOSLG, and TNFSF9. In cancer immunotherapy cohorts (GSE157284, GSE35640, IMvigor210), a higher CLR signature score was remarkably associated with greater tumor shrinkage and immune characteristics consisting of higher PD-L1 and neoantigen expression, as well as an inflamed tumor microenvironment. In the pan-cancer atlas, the CLR signature was notably associated with patient survival and revealed a profound heterogeneity across the malignancy types. In sum, the CLR signature is a promising indicator for immune characteristics, tumor shrinkage, and survival outcomes following cancer immunotherapy in addition to the prognostic heterogeneity in the pan-cancer atlas.
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Sankaranarayanan I, Tavares-Ferreira D, Mwirigi JM, Mejia GL, Burton MD, Price TJ. Inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS) alleviates paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain via an IL-10-mediated mechanism in female mice. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 36774519 PMCID: PMC9922469 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a primary dose-limiting side effect caused by antineoplastic agents, such as paclitaxel. A primary symptom of this neuropathy is pain. Currently, there are no effective treatments for CIPN, which can lead to long-term morbidity in cancer patients and survivors. Neuro-immune interactions occur in CIPN pain and have been implicated both in the development and progression of pain in CIPN and the resolution of pain in CIPN. We investigated the potential role of inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS) in the resolution of CIPN pain-like behaviors in mice. ICOS is an immune checkpoint molecule that is expressed on the surface of activated T cells and promotes proliferation and differentiation of T cells. We found that intrathecal administration of ICOS agonist antibody (ICOSaa) alleviates mechanical hypersensitivity caused by paclitaxel and facilitates the resolution of mechanical hypersensitivity in female mice. Administration of ICOSaa reduced astrogliosis in the spinal cord and satellite cell gliosis in the DRG of mice previously treated with paclitaxel. Mechanistically, ICOSaa intrathecal treatment promoted mechanical hypersensitivity resolution by increasing interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression in the dorsal root ganglion. In line with these observations, blocking IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) activity occluded the effects of ICOSaa treatment on mechanical hypersensitivity in female mice. Suggesting a broader activity in neuropathic pain, ICOSaa also partially resolved mechanical hypersensitivity in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model. Our findings support a model wherein ICOSaa administration induces IL-10 expression to facilitate neuropathic pain relief in female mice. ICOSaa treatment is in clinical development for solid tumors and given our observation of T cells in the human DRG, ICOSaa therapy could be developed for combination chemotherapy-CIPN clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Pain Neurobiology Research Group, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Diana Tavares-Ferreira
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Pain Neurobiology Research Group, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Juliet M. Mwirigi
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Pain Neurobiology Research Group, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Galo L. Mejia
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Pain Neurobiology Research Group, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
| | - Michael D. Burton
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Neuroimmunology and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX USA
| | - Theodore J. Price
- grid.267323.10000 0001 2151 7939Pain Neurobiology Research Group, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
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10
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Catalano M, Shabani S, Venturini J, Ottanelli C, Voltolini L, Roviello G. Lung Cancer Immunotherapy: Beyond Common Immune Checkpoints Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6145. [PMID: 36551630 PMCID: PMC9777293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an ever-expanding field in lung cancer treatment research. Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress in identifying immunotherapy targets and creating specific therapeutic agents, leading to a major paradigm shift in lung cancer treatment. However, despite the great success achieved with programmed death protein 1/ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies and with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), only a minority of lung cancer patients respond to treatment, and of these many subsequently experience disease progression. In addition, immune-related adverse events sometimes can be life-threatening, especially when anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 are used in combination. All of this prompted researchers to identify novel immune checkpoints targets to overcome these limitations. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibitory Motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) are promising molecules now under investigation. This review aims to outline the current role of immunotherapy in lung cancer and to examine efficacy and future applications of the new immune regulating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catalano
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Shabani
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Jacopo Venturini
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ottanelli
- School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Voltolini
- Thoraco-Pulmonary Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
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11
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Mohanty R, Manoswini M, Dhal AK, Ganguly N. In silico analysis of a novel protein in CAR T- cell therapy for the treatment of hematologic cancer through molecular modelling, docking, and dynamics approach. Comput Biol Med 2022; 151:106285. [PMID: 36395593 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy has emerged as a key tool in the treatment of hematological malignancies. An advanced cell therapy known as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR T-cell therapy) has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as KYMRIAH by Novartis and YESCARTA by Gilead/Kite pharma in the year 2017. A chimeric receptor is composed of an extracellular antigen recognition site along with some co-stimulating and signalling domains. On the whole, it turns out to be one of the most potent receptors on T cells targeting a specific type of cancer cell based on its antigenic marker. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is the first clinically approved therapy for lymphoma with remarkable results in complete remission of B cell lymphoblastic leukemia up to 90%. The high rate of effectiveness of the CAR T-cell therapy against B-ALL justifies the investigation and application of this therapy for fatal diseases like all types of hematological malignancies. The most critical aspect of chimeric receptor therapy is designing and building an artificial receptor that is specific to a given type of cancer. For this reason, the in silico technique is an appropriate model to investigate the integrity and effectiveness of the engineered chimeric receptor prior to commencing in vitro experiments followed by clinical trials. This computerized experimental study aids in predicting the molecular mechanism of chimeric protein and how it interacts with both ligands. We have anticipated various features of the chimeric protein in terms of qualitative analysis (structure, protein modelling, physiological properties) and functional analysis (antigenicity, allergenicity, its receptor-ligand binding ability, involving signalling pathways). Furthermore, the reliability and validation of the binding mode of the chimeric protein against receptors were performed through a complex molecular dynamics simulation for a 100 ns timeframe in an aqueous environment. The obtained simulation study showed that CD30 was a better approachable marker as compared to CD20 due to its better binding energy score and also binding conformations stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimjhim Mohanty
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
| | - Manoswini Manoswini
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Dhal
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Niladri Ganguly
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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12
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PD1+CD8+ Cells Are an Independent Prognostic Marker in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112794. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) belong to a group of diverse tumors, which can be induced by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) or tobacco and alcohol consumption. The viral etiology of HNSCC relates to better clinical outcomes reflecting a different immune system response. Here, we retrospectively analyzed 97 tissue samples from oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas associated and non-associated with HPV infection using multispectral fluorescent immunohistochemistry. To evaluate the immune cell infiltration in tumor and stroma compartments, we designed four panels of four to five antibodies. We detected more T lymphocytes in the stroma, compared to the tumor parenchyma. In HPV positive (HPV+) in comparison to HPV negative (HPV−) tumors, higher counts of CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+, PD1+CD4+, PD1+CD8+ T cells, and ICOS− Treg cells were detected while more ICOS+ Treg cells and CTLA4+CD4+ T cells were observed in HPV− than in HPV+ tumors. The results of the univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed the predominant impact of HPV status on prognosis. More importantly, the number of CD8+PD-1+ T cells was identified as an independent factor, influencing the overall and/or disease-specific survival of patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal carcinomas.
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13
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Preliminary Analysis of Cervical Cancer Immunotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 2022; 45:486-490. [PMID: 36301242 PMCID: PMC9624377 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecologically malignancies worldwide. Although vaccine and cervical cancer screening including human papillomavirus testing, cytology testing, and colposcopy have developed rapidly in recent years, effectively reducing cervical cancer mortality, cervical cancer remains a malignancy with higher female fatality rates worldwide and has a high risk for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. The combination of platinum-paclitaxel and chemotherapy, possibly with the addition of bevacizumab, is currently the treatment of choice for advanced cervical cancer, but it only has remission purposes. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed for both locally advanced and metastatic cervical cancer. Here, we make a preliminary analysis of cervical cancer immunotherapy.
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Blair T, Baird J, Bambina S, Kramer G, Gostissa M, Harvey CJ, Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. ICOS is upregulated on T cells following radiation and agonism combined with radiation results in enhanced tumor control. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14954. [PMID: 36056093 PMCID: PMC9440216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple preclinical studies have shown improved outcomes when radiation therapy is combined with immune modulating antibodies. However, to date, many of these promising results have failed to translate to successful clinical studies. This led us to explore additional checkpoint and co-stimulatory pathways that may be regulated by radiation therapy. Here, we demonstrate that radiation increases the expression of inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) on both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the blood following treatment. Moreover, when we combined a novel ICOS agonist antibody with radiation we observed durable cures across multiple tumor models and mouse strains. Depletion studies revealed that CD8 T cells were ultimately required for treatment efficacy, but CD4 T cells and NK cells also partially contributed to tumor control. Phenotypic analysis showed that the combination therapy diminished the increased infiltration of regulatory T cells into the tumor that typically occurs following radiation alone. Finally, we demonstrate in a poorly immunogenic pancreatic tumor model which is resistant to combined radiation and anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade that the addition of this novel ICOS agonist antibody to the treatment regimen results in tumor control. These findings identify ICOS as part of a T cell pathway that is modulated by radiation and targeting this pathway with a novel ICOS antibody results in durable tumor control in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Blair
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, North Pavilion, Suite 2N108, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Jason Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, North Pavilion, Suite 2N108, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, North Pavilion, Suite 2N108, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, North Pavilion, Suite 2N108, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Monica Gostissa
- Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christopher J Harvey
- Jounce Therapeutics, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Phenomic AI, 661 University Ave Suite 1300, Toronto, ON, M5G 0B7, Canada
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, North Pavilion, Suite 2N108, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, North Pavilion, Suite 2N108, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
- The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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15
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Ratnayake G, Reinwald S, Edwards J, Wong N, Yu D, Ward R, Smith R, Haydon A, Au PM, van Zelm MC, Senthi S. Blood T-cell profiling in metastatic melanoma patients as a marker for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2022; 173:299-305. [PMID: 35772575 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The addition of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has the potential to significantly improve outcomes in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. We analysed peripheral blood immune cells of patients receiving combination SABR and ICI to detect the effect of treatment and identify potential biomarkers that predict outcome. METHODS 24 polymetastatic melanoma patients participated in the SABR IMPACT trial, receiving standard dose immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy to one site. Comprehensive immunophenotyping of T-cells was performed with flow cytometry on blood samples from 13 patients at baseline and following the first 4 cycles of treatment. RESULTS Following four cycles of immunotherapy and SABR, the proportion of naïve subsets were reduced within both the CD4 and CD8 T-cell lineages. Independently, SABR resulted in increased expression of PD-1 (p = 0.019) and ICOS (p = 0.046) on the CD8+ T-cells, accompanied by a reduction in regulatory T-cell frequencies (p = 0.048). A multivariate discriminant analysis revealed a baseline signature of lower levels of CD8+ naive T-cells and higher expression of TIM-3 on regulatory T-cells and memory T-cells better predicted response. CONCLUSION The combination of immunotherapy and SABR changed the immunophenotype of blood T cells, with some shifts attributable to SABR. Importantly, we identified a T-cell signature at baseline that best predicted response. Validation of these findings in an independent cohort could confirm these as biomarkers at baseline or early during treatment, and whether these can be utilised to stratify patients for high or low intensity treatment to reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gishan Ratnayake
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Radiation Oncology Princess Alexandra Hospital Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Simone Reinwald
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jack Edwards
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wong
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Bioinformatic Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rachel Ward
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robin Smith
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pei M Au
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Bioinformatic Platform, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sashendra Senthi
- Alfred Health Radiation Oncology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Radiation Oncology Princess Alexandra Hospital Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Unbalanced expression of sICOS and sPD‐1 correlates with tumor progression in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2022; 126:144-149. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.26865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Wu G, He M, Ren K, Ma H, Xue Q. Inducible Co-Stimulator ICOS Expression Correlates with Immune Cell Infiltration and Can Predict Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:3739-3751. [PMID: 35418779 PMCID: PMC8995865 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s349441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) is a cell-enhanced co-stimulatory receptor that has shown great potential in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. However, the role of ICOS in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. Methods We used data from the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) database to identify the expression and prognostic role of ICOS in LUAD. The results were validated using Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases. A model with predictive performance for overall survival of LUAD patients was constructed using fitted ICOS expression and other clinical parameters. We explored the biological function of ICOS. Subsequently, we further analysed and validated the effect of ICOS expression on tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) and survival. Finally, the CellMiner database was used to determine the relationship between ICOS expression and drug sensitivity. Results ICOS expression is significantly associated with poor prognosis in multiple cancers, especially LUAD, and is a good predictor of overall survival in LUAD patients. The biological function is to promote autoimmunity and inhibit cell proliferation. ICOS-related survival prediction model developed to more accurately predict 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probabilities for LUAD patients. In addition, we can use the expression of ICOS to effectively assess patient malignancy, prognosis, TIME status and clinical combination of drugs. Conclusion Our results suggest that ICOS is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating levels in LUAD. Higher ICOS expression predicts better TIME. This study provides a novel strategy for the development of immunotherapeutic and prognostic markers in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gujie Wu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min He
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuan Ren
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Ma
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Xue
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qun Xue, Email
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18
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Wang E, Li Y, Ming R, Wei J, Du P, Zhou P, Zong S, Xiao H. The Prognostic Value and Immune Landscapes of a m 6A/m 5C/m 1A-Related LncRNAs Signature in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:718974. [PMID: 34917609 PMCID: PMC8670092 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.718974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C) and N1-methyladenosine (m1A) are the main RNA methylation modifications involved in the progression of cancer. However, it is still unclear whether m6A/m5C/m1A-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect the prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: We summarized 52 m6A/m5C/m1A-related genes, downloaded 44 normal samples and 501 HNSCC tumor samples with RNA-seq data and clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and then searched for m6A/m5C/m1A-related genes co-expressed lncRNAs. We adopt the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression to obtain m6A/m5C/m1A-related lncRNAs to construct a prognostic signature of HNSCC. Results: This prognostic signature is based on six m6A/m5C/m1A-related lncRNAs (AL035587.1, AC009121.3, AF131215.5, FMR1-IT1, AC106820.5, PTOV1-AS2). It was found that the high-risk subgroup has worse overall survival (OS) than the low-risk subgroup. Moreover, the results showed that most immune checkpoint genes were significantly different between the two risk groups (p < 0.05). Immunity microenvironment analysis showed that the contents of NK cell resting, macrophages M2, and neutrophils in samples of low-risk group were significantly lower than those of high-risk group (p < 0.05), while the contents of B cells navie, plasma cells, and T cells regulatory (Tregs) were on the contrary (p < 0.05). In addition, patients with high tumor mutational burden (TMB) had the worse overall survival than those with low tumor mutational burden. Conclusion: Our study elucidated how m6A/m5C/m1A-related lncRNAs are related to the prognosis, immune microenvironment, and TMB of HNSCC. In the future, these m6A/m5C/m1A-related lncRNAs may become a new choice for immunotherapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhao Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijie Ming
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Du
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shimin Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongjun Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Freitas AP, Clissa PB, Soto DR, Câmara NOS, Faquim-Mauro EL. The modulatory effect of crotoxin and its phospholipase A 2 subunit from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom on dendritic cells interferes with the generation of effector CD4 + T lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:56-70. [PMID: 34626682 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic Cells (DCs) direct either cellular immune response or tolerance. The crotoxin (CTX) and its CB subunit (phospholipase A2) isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake venom modulate the DC maturation induced by a TLR4 agonist. Here, we analyzed the potential effect of CTX and CB subunit on the functional ability of DCs to induce anti-ovalbumin (OVA) immune response. Thus, CTX and CB inhibited the maturation of OVA/LPS-stimulated BM-DCs from BALB/c mice, which means inhibition of costimulatory and MHC-II molecule expression and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, accompanied by high expression of ICOSL, PD-L1/2, IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA expression. The addition of CTX and CB in cultures of BM-DCs incubated with ConA or OVA/LPS inhibited the proliferation of CD3+ or CD4+T cells from OVA-immunized mice. In in vitro experiment of co-cultures of purified CD4+T cells of DO11.10 mice with OVA/LPS-stimulated BM-DCs, the CTX or CB induced lowest percentage of Th1 and Th2 and CTX induced increase of Treg cells. In in vivo, CTX and CB induced lower percentage of CD4+IFNγ+ and CD4+IL-4+ cells, as well as promoted CD4+CD25+IL-10+ population in OVA/LPS-immunized mice. CTX in vivo also inhibited the maturation of DCs. Our findings demonstrate that the modulatory action of CTX and CB on DCs interferes with the generation of adaptive immunity and, therefore contribute for the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the generation of cellular immunity, which can be useful for new therapeutic approaches for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda P Freitas
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia B Clissa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dunia R Soto
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O S Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana L Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Pancreatic Cancer and Immunotherapy: A Clinical Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164138. [PMID: 34439292 PMCID: PMC8393975 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with high mortality. The vast majority of patients present with unresectable, advanced stage disease, for whom standard of care chemo(radio)therapy may improve survival by several months. Immunotherapy has led to a fundamental shift in the treatment of several advanced cancers. However, its efficacy in PDAC in terms of clinical benefit is limited, possibly owing to the immunosuppressive, inaccessible tumor microenvironment. Still, various immunotherapies have demonstrated the capacity to initiate local and systemic immune responses, suggesting an immune potentiating effect. In this review, we address PDAC's immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and immune evasion methods and discuss a wide range of immunotherapies, including immunomodulators (i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune stimulatory agonists, cytokines and adjuvants), oncolytic viruses, adoptive cell therapies (i.e., T cells and natural killer cells) and cancer vaccines. We provide a general introduction to their working mechanism as well as evidence of their clinical efficacy and immune potentiating abilities in PDAC. The key to successful implementation of immunotherapy in this disease may rely on exploitation of synergistic effects between treatment combinations. Accordingly, future treatment approaches should aim to incorporate diverse and novel immunotherapeutic strategies coupled with cytotoxic drugs and/or local ablative treatment, targeting a wide array of tumor-induced immune escape mechanisms.
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21
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Solinas C, Gu-Trantien C, Willard-Gallo K. The rationale behind targeting the ICOS-ICOS ligand costimulatory pathway in cancer immunotherapy. ESMO Open 2021; 5:S2059-7029(20)30002-8. [PMID: 32516116 PMCID: PMC7003380 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS, cluster of differentiation (CD278)) is an activating costimulatory immune checkpoint expressed on activated T cells. Its ligand, ICOSL is expressed on antigen-presenting cells and somatic cells, including tumour cells in the tumour microenvironment. ICOS and ICOSL expression is linked to the release of soluble factors (cytokines), induced by activation of the immune response. ICOS and ICOSL binding generates various activities among the diversity of T cell subpopulations, including T cell activation and effector functions and when sustained also suppressive activities mediated by regulatory T cells. This dual role in both antitumour and protumour activities makes targeting the ICOS/ICOSL pathway attractive for enhancement of antitumour immune responses. This review summarises the biological background and rationale for targeting ICOS/ICOSL in cancer together with an overview of the principal ongoing clinical trials that are testing it in combination with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and anti-programmed cell death-1 or anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 based immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Regional Hospital of Valle d'Aosta, Azienda USL Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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22
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Marceaux C, Weeden CE, Gordon CL, Asselin-Labat ML. Holding our breath: the promise of tissue-resident memory T cells in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2819-2829. [PMID: 34295680 PMCID: PMC8264348 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell memory is critical in controlling infection and plays an important role in anti-tumor responses in solid cancers. While effector memory and central memory T cells circulate and patrol non-lymphoid and lymphoid organs respectively, tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) permanently reside in tissues and provide local protective immune responses. In a number of solid tumors, tumor-specific T cell memory responses likely play an important role in keeping tumors in check, limiting cancer cell dissemination and reducing risk of relapse. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a subset of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) display phenotypic and functional characteristics associated with lung TRM (TRM-like TILs), including the expression of tissue-specific homing molecules and immune exhaustion markers. High infiltration of TRM-like TILs correlates with better survival outcomes for lung cancer patients, indicating that TRM-like TILs may contribute to anti-tumor responses. However, a number of TRM-like TILs do not display tumor specificity and the exact role of TRM-like TILs in mediating anti-tumor response in lung cancer is unclear. Here we review the characteristics of TRM-like TILs in lung cancer, the role these cells play in mediating anti-tumor immunity and the therapeutic implications of TRM-like TILs in the use and development of immunotherapy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marceaux
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Clare E Weeden
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Claire L Gordon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Cancer Early Detection and Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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23
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Li C, Liu T, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zuo D. Prognostic value of tumour microenvironment-related genes by TCGA database in rectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5811-5822. [PMID: 33949771 PMCID: PMC8184694 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal cancer is a common malignant tumour and the progression is highly affected by the tumour microenvironment (TME). This study intended to assess the relationship between TME and prognosis, and explore prognostic genes of rectal cancer. The gene expression profile of rectal cancer was obtained from TCGA and immune/stromal scores were calculated by Estimation of Stromal and Immune cells in Malignant Tumors using Expression data (ESTIMATE) algorithm. The correlation between immune/stromal scores and survival time as well as clinical characteristics were evaluated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified according to the stromal/immune scores, and the functional enrichment analyses were conducted to explore functions and pathways of DEGs. The survival analyses were conducted to clarify the DEGs with prognostic value, and the protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network was performed to explore the interrelation of prognostic DEGs. Finally, we validated prognostic DEGs using data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database by PrognoScan, and we verified these genes at the protein levels using the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. We downloaded gene expression profiles of 83 rectal cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Kaplan‐Meier plot demonstrated that low‐immune score was associated with worse clinical outcome (P = .034), metastasis (M1 vs. M0, P = .031) and lymphatic invasion (+ vs. ‐, P < .001). A total of 540 genes were screened as DEGs with 539 up‐regulated genes and 1 down‐regulated gene. In addition, 60 DEGs were identified associated with overall survival. Functional enrichment analyses and PPI networks showed that the DEGs are mainly participated in immune process, and cytokine‐cytokine receptor interaction. Finally, 19 prognostic genes were verified by GSE17536 and GSE17537 from GEO, and five genes (ADAM23, ARHGAP20, ICOS, IRF4,MMRN1) were significantly different in tumour tissues compared with normal tissues at the protein level. In summary, our study demonstrated the associations between TME and prognosis as well as clinical characteristics of rectal cancer. Moreover, we explored and verified microenvironment‐related genes, which may be the potential key prognostic genes of rectal cancer. Further clinical samples and functional studies are needed to validate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Didi Zuo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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24
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Immuno-profiling and cellular spatial analysis using five immune oncology multiplex immunofluorescence panels for paraffin tumor tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8511. [PMID: 33875760 PMCID: PMC8055659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF) has arisen as an important tool for immuno-profiling tumor tissues. We updated our manual protocol into an automated protocol that allows the use of up to seven markers in five mIF panels to apply to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. Using a tyramide signal amplification system, we optimized five mIF panels that included cytokeratin to characterize malignant cells (MCs), immune checkpoint markers (i.e., PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, IDO-1, VISTA, LAG3, ICOS, TIM3, and OX40), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytic markers (i.e., CD3, CD8, CD45RO, granzyme B, PD-1, and FOXP3), and markers to characterize myeloid-derived suppressor cells (i.e., CD68, CD66b, CD14, CD33, Arg-1, and CD11b). To determine analytical reproducibility and the impact of those panels for immuno-profiling tumor tissues, we performed an exploratory analysis in a set of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples. The slides were scanned, and the different cell phenotypes were quantified by simultaneous co-localizations with the markers using image analysis software. Comparison between the time points of staining showed high analytical reproducibility. The analysis of NSCLC cases showed an immunosuppressive microenvironment with PD-L1/PD-1 expression as a predominant axis. Interestingly, high density of MCs expressing B7-H4 was correlated with recurrence. Unexpectedly, MCs expressing OX40 were also detected, and those cells were a closer distance to CD3+T-cells than were MCs expressing other immune checkpoints. Two different cellular patterns of spatial distribution were determined according the CD3 distribution, and the predominant pattern was related with active immunosuppressive interaction with MCs. Our study shows that these five mIF panels can identify multiple targets in a single cell with high reproducibility. The study of different cell populations and their spatial relationship can open new ideas for therapeutic approaches.
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25
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dos Santos LV, Abrahão CM, William WN. Overcoming Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Front Oncol 2021; 11:596290. [PMID: 33747915 PMCID: PMC7973277 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.596290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical data suggest that head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) may evade immune surveillance and induce immunosuppression. One mechanism of immune evasion involves the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in tumor and immune cells, which is, to date, the only biomarker routinely used in clinical practice to select patients with advanced HNSCCs more likely to benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy. Nonetheless, PD-L1 expression alone incompletely captures the degree of sensitivity of HNSCCs to PD-1 inhibitors. Most patients exposed to anti-PD-1 antibodies do not respond to therapy, suggesting the existence of mechanisms of de novo resistance to immunotherapy. Furthermore, patients that initially respond to PD-1 inhibitors will eventually develop acquired resistance to immunotherapy through mechanisms that have not yet been completely elucidated. In this article, we will provide an overview of the immune landscape of HNSCCs. We will briefly describe the clinical activity of inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in this disease, as well as biomarkers of benefit from these agents that have been identified so far. We will review pre-clinical and clinical work in cancers in general, and in HNSCCs specifically, that have characterized the mechanisms of de novo and acquired resistance to immunotherapy. Lastly, we will provide insights into novel strategies under investigation to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William N. William
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital BP, A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Sallman DA, McLemore AF, Aldrich AL, Komrokji RS, McGraw KL, Dhawan A, Geyer S, Hou HA, Eksioglu EA, Sullivan A, Warren S, MacBeth KJ, Meggendorfer M, Haferlach T, Boettcher S, Ebert BL, Al Ali NH, Lancet JE, Cleveland JL, Padron E, List AF. TP53 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary AML confer an immunosuppressive phenotype. Blood 2020; 136:2812-2823. [PMID: 32730593 PMCID: PMC7731792 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic gene mutations are key determinants of outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and secondary AML (sAML). In particular, patients with TP53 mutations represent a distinct molecular cohort with uniformly poor prognosis. The precise pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these inferior outcomes have not been delineated. In this study, we characterized the immunological features of the malignant clone and alterations in the immune microenvironment in patients with TP53-mutant and wild-type MDS or sAML. Notably, PDL1 expression is significantly increased in hematopoietic stem cells of patients with TP53 mutations, which is associated with MYC upregulation and marked downregulation of MYC's negative regulator miR-34a, a p53 transcription target. Notably, patients with TP53 mutations display significantly reduced numbers of bone marrow-infiltrating OX40+ cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells, as well as decreased ICOS+ and 4-1BB+ natural killer cells. Further, highly immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) (ie, ICOShigh/PD-1-) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PD-1low) are expanded in cases with TP53 mutations. Finally, a higher proportion of bone marrow-infiltrating ICOShigh/PD-1- Treg cells is a highly significant independent predictor of overall survival. We conclude that the microenvironment of TP53 mutant MDS and sAML has an immune-privileged, evasive phenotype that may be a primary driver of poor outcomes and submit that immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies may offer a benefit for this molecularly defined subpopulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Female
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/immunology
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/immunology
- Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sallman
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Amy F McLemore
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Amy L Aldrich
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Rami S Komrokji
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Kathy L McGraw
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Abhishek Dhawan
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Susan Geyer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Hsin-An Hou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Erika A Eksioglu
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steffen Boettcher
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Najla H Al Ali
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Jeffrey E Lancet
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Eric Padron
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Alan F List
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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27
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Yokota T, Homma A, Kiyota N, Tahara M, Hanai N, Asakage T, Matsuura K, Ogawa T, Saito Y, Sano D, Kodaira T, Motegi A, Yasuda K, Takahashi S, Tanaka K, Onoe T, Okano S, Imamura Y, Ariizumi Y, Hayashi R. Immunotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2020; 50:1089-1096. [PMID: 32776100 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is characterized by an immunosuppressive environment and evades immune responses through multiple resistance mechanisms. A breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy employing immune checkpoint inhibitors has evolved into a number of clinical trials with antibodies against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), its ligand PD-L1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. CheckMate141 and KEYNOTE-048 were practice-changing randomized phase 3 trials for patients with platinum-refractory and platinum-sensitive recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, respectively. Furthermore, many combination therapies using anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune accelerators are currently under investigation. Thus, the treatment strategy of recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is becoming more heterogeneous and complicated in the new era of individualized medicine. Ongoing trials are investigating immunotherapeutic approaches in the curative setting for locoregionally advanced disease. This review article summarizes knowledge of the role of the immune system in the development and progression of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and provides a comprehensive overview on the development of immunotherapeutic approaches in both recurrent/metastatic and locoregionally advanced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yokota
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Sunto-gun, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naomi Kiyota
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Tahara
- Department of Head and Neck Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Matsuura
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takenori Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodaira
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Motegi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koichi Yasuda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Takuma Onoe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Japan
| | - Susumu Okano
- Department of Head and Neck Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Imamura
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ariizumi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hayashi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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28
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Amatore F, Ortonne N, Lopez M, Orlanducci F, Castellano R, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, De Croos A, Salvado C, Gorvel L, Goubard A, Collette Y, Bouabdallah R, Schiano JM, Bonnet N, Grob JJ, Gaulard P, Bagot M, Bensussan A, Berbis P, Olive D. ICOS is widely expressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its targeting promotes potent killing of malignant cells. Blood Adv 2020; 4:5203-5214. [PMID: 33095875 PMCID: PMC7594390 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of advanced-stage cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) remains an unmet medical need. Mogamulizumab, anti-KIR3DL2, and brentuximab vedotin (BV), an anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) coupled with monomethyl-auristatin-E (MMAE), provided encouraging results, but new targeted therapies are needed. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS), a T-cell costimulatory receptor, is a promising therapeutic target, not only because it is expressed by malignant T cells in CTCL but also because of its connection with the suppressive activity of regulatory T (Treg) cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ICOS was widely expressed by malignant cells in skin biopsy specimens from 52 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome (SS), as well as in involved node biopsy specimens from patients with SS. Furthermore, flow cytometry demonstrated its strong expression by circulating tumor cells in all our patients with SS. Percentages of ICOS+ Treg cells were significantly higher in patients with SS than in healthy donors. We then investigated the preclinical efficacy of anti-ICOS ADCs generated by coupling murine anti-ICOS monoclonal antibodies with MMAE and pyrrolobenzodiazepine. In 3 CTCL cell lines (Myla, MJ, and HUT78), we observed a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in the presence of anti-ICOS ADCs. In addition, anti-ICOS-MMAE ADCs had an in vitro and in vivo efficacy superior to BV in a mouse xenograft model (MyLa). Finally, we assessed the efficacy of anti-ICOS ADCs in ICOS+ patient-derived xenografts from patients with SS and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Collectively, our findings provide the preliminary basis for a therapeutic trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Amatore
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Cancers, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Department of Dermatology, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | | | - Marc Lopez
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Orlanducci
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Castellano
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Saskia Ingen-Housz-Oro
- Department of Dermatology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Gorvel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Armelle Goubard
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Collette
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Réda Bouabdallah
- Department of Hematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Schiano
- Department of Hematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnet
- Department of Dermatology, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Grob
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Cancers, Hôpital de la Timone, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Martine Bagot
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Louis Hospital, AP-HP, Paris University, INSERM U976, Paris, France; and
| | - Armand Bensussan
- Paris University, INSERM, UMR-976, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Berbis
- Department of Dermatology, Aix Marseille University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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29
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Jafari S, Molavi O, Kahroba H, Hejazi MS, Maleki-Dizaji N, Barghi S, Kiaie SH, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Clinical application of immune checkpoints in targeted immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3693-3710. [PMID: 32006051 PMCID: PMC11104895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is considered as an effective method for cancer treatment owing to the induction of specific and long-lasting anti-cancer effects. Immunotherapeutic strategies have shown significant success in human malignancies, particularly in prostate cancer (PCa), a major global health issue regarding its high metastatic rates. In fact, the first cancer vaccine approved by FDA was Provenge, which has been successfully used for treatment of PCa. Despite the remarkable success of cancer immunotherapy in PCa, many of the developed immunotherapy methods show poor therapeutic outcomes. Immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment (TME) induced by non-functional T cells (CD4+ and CD8+), tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs), and regulatory T cells, has been reported to be the main obstacle to the effectiveness of anti-tumor immune responses induced by an immunotherapy method. The present review particularly focuses on the latest findings of the immune checkpoints (ICPs), including CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, LAG-3, OX40, B7-H3, 4-1BB, VISTA, TIM-3, and ICOS; these checkpoints are able to have immune modulatory effects on the TME of PCa. This paper further discusses different approaches in ICPs targeting therapy and summarizes the latest advances in the clinical application of ICP-targeted therapy as monotherapy or in combination with other cancer therapy modalities in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ommoleila Molavi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Hejazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Maleki-Dizaji
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siamak Barghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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30
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Sainson RCA, Thotakura AK, Kosmac M, Borhis G, Parveen N, Kimber R, Carvalho J, Henderson SJ, Pryke KL, Okell T, O'Leary S, Ball S, Van Krinks C, Gamand L, Taggart E, Pring EJ, Ali H, Craig H, Wong VWY, Liang Q, Rowlands RJ, Lecointre M, Campbell J, Kirby I, Melvin D, Germaschewski V, Oelmann E, Quaratino S, McCourt M. An Antibody Targeting ICOS Increases Intratumoral Cytotoxic to Regulatory T-cell Ratio and Induces Tumor Regression. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1568-1582. [PMID: 32999002 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment constitutes a significant hurdle to immune checkpoint inhibitor responses. Both soluble factors and specialized immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Treg), are key components of active intratumoral immunosuppression. Inducible costimulatory receptor (ICOS) can be highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment, especially on immunosuppressive Treg, suggesting that it represents a relevant target for preferential depletion of these cells. Here, we performed immune profiling of samples from tumor-bearing mice and patients with cancer to demonstrate differential expression of ICOS in immune T-cell subsets in different tissues. ICOS expression was higher on intratumoral Treg than on effector CD8 T cells. In addition, by immunizing an Icos knockout transgenic mouse line expressing antibodies with human variable domains, we selected a fully human IgG1 antibody called KY1044 that bound ICOS from different species. We showed that KY1044 induced sustained depletion of ICOShigh T cells but was also associated with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from ICOSlow effector T cells (Teff). In syngeneic mouse tumor models, KY1044 depleted ICOShigh Treg and increased the intratumoral TEff:Treg ratio, resulting in increased secretion of IFNγ and TNFα by TEff cells. KY1044 demonstrated monotherapy antitumor efficacy and improved anti-PD-L1 efficacy. In summary, we demonstrated that using KY1044, one can exploit the differential expression of ICOS on T-cell subtypes to improve the intratumoral immune contexture and restore an antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miha Kosmac
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nahida Parveen
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Kimber
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kerstin L Pryke
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey Okell
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O'Leary
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Ball
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lauriane Gamand
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Taggart
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J Pring
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hanif Ali
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Craig
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian W Y Wong
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Liang
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jamie Campbell
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Kirby
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Melvin
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sonia Quaratino
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew McCourt
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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31
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Raskov H, Orhan A, Christensen JP, Gögenur I. Cytotoxic CD8 + T cells in cancer and cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:359-367. [PMID: 32929195 PMCID: PMC7853123 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of, and interactions between, the innate and adaptive immune systems are vital for anticancer immunity. Cytotoxic T cells expressing cell-surface CD8 are the most powerful effectors in the anticancer immune response and form the backbone of current successful cancer immunotherapies. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors are designed to target immune-inhibitory receptors that function to regulate the immune response, whereas adoptive cell-transfer therapies use CD8+ T cells with genetically modified receptors—chimaeric antigen receptors—to specify and enhance CD8+ T-cell functionality. New generations of cytotoxic T cells with genetically modified or synthetic receptors are being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. Furthermore, combinatory regimens might optimise treatment effects and reduce adverse events. This review summarises advances in research on the most prominent immune effectors in cancer and cancer immunotherapy, cytotoxic T cells, and discusses possible implications for future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Raskov
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.
| | - Adile Orhan
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ismail Gögenur
- Center for Surgical Science, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Golay J, Andrea AE. Combined Anti-Cancer Strategies Based on Anti-Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E17. [PMID: 32443877 PMCID: PMC7345008 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer came of age in 1997, with the approval of anti-CD20 Rituximab. Since then, a wide variety of antibodies have been developed with many different formats and mechanisms of action. Among these, antibodies blocking immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the field, based on the novelty of their concept and their demonstrated efficacy in several types of cancer otherwise lacking effective immunotherapy approaches. ICI are expressed by tumor, stromal or immune cells infiltrating the tumor microenvironment, and negatively regulate anti-tumor immunity. Antibodies against the first discovered ICI, CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1, have shown significant activity in phase III studies against melanoma and other solid cancers, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, not all cancers and not all patients respond to these drugs. Therefore, novel antibodies targeting additional ICI are currently being developed. In addition, CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 blocking antibodies are being combined with each other or with other antibodies targeting novel ICI, immunostimulatory molecules, tumor antigens, angiogenic factors, complement receptors, or with T cell engaging bispecific antibodies (BsAb), with the aim of obtaining synergistic effects with minimal toxicity. In this review, we summarize the biological aspects behind such combinations and review some of the most important clinical data on ICI-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, UOC Ematologia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut 1100, Lebanon;
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33
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Emamgolizadeh Gurt Tapeh B, Mosayyebi B, Samei M, Beyrampour Basmenj H, Mohammadi A, Alivand MR, Hassanpour P, Solali S. microRNAs involved in T-cell development, selection, activation, and hemostasis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8461-8471. [PMID: 32324267 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) characterized by small, noncoding RNAs have a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Additionally, miRNAs have recently been identified as potential regulators of various genes involved in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune and inflammatory disease. So far, the interaction between miRNAs and T lymphocytes in the immune response as a new and significant topic has not been emphasized substantially. The role of miRNAs in different biological processes including apoptosis, immune checkpoints and the activation of immune cells is still unclear. Aberrant miRNA expression profile affects various aspects of T-cell function. Accordingly, in this literature review, we summarized the role of significant miRNAs in T-cell development processes. Consequently, we demonstrated precise mechanisms that candidate miRNAs interfere in Immune response mediated by different types of T cells. We believe that a good understanding of the interaction between miRNAs and immune response contributes to the new therapeutic strategies in relation to disease with an immunological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Emamgolizadeh Gurt Tapeh
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bashir Mosayyebi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Samei
- Department of Immunology, Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of cancer and inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mohammad R Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parviz Hassanpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Solali
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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34
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de Vos L, Grünwald I, Bawden EG, Dietrich J, Scheckenbach K, Wiek C, Zarbl R, Bootz F, Landsberg J, Dietrich D. The landscape of CD28, CD80, CD86, CTLA4, and ICOS DNA methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1195-1212. [PMID: 32281488 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1754675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 blocking therapeutic antibodies are currently under investigation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). A better understanding of the epigenetic regulation of the CD28 superfamily members CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS and their B7 ligands, CD80 and CD86, could support the development of biomarkers for response prediction to anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy. We investigated methylation of the encoding genes CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD80, and CD86 at single CpG resolution (51 CpG sites) in a cohort of HNSCC (N = 528) and normal adjacent tissue samples (N = 50) provided by The Cancer Genome Research Atlas, in isolated blood leukocytes from healthy individuals (N = 28), and HNSCC cell lines (N = 39). We analysed methylation levels with regard to mRNA expression, overall survival, mutational load, interferon-γ signature, and signatures of immune cell infiltrates. Depending on the location of the CpG sites (promoter, promoter flank, gene body, and intergenic sites), we found significant differences in methylation levels among isolated leukocytes, between leukocytes and HNSCC cell lines, and among HNSCCs. Methylation of all analysed genes correlated inversely or positively with mRNA expression, depending on the CpG site. CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS revealed almost identical correlation patterns. Furthermore, we found significant correlations with survival and features of response to immunotherapy, i.e. interferon-γ signature, signatures of tumour infiltrating immune cells, and mutational load. Our results suggest CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD80, and CD86 expression levels are epigenetically co-regulated by DNA methylation. This study provides rationale to test their DNA methylation as potential biomarker for prediction of response to CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka de Vos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingela Grünwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Emma Grace Bawden
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jörn Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin Scheckenbach
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Romina Zarbl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Landsberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Dimo Dietrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn , Bonn, Germany
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35
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Coleman MF, Cozzo AJ, Pfeil AJ, Etigunta SK, Hursting SD. Cell Intrinsic and Systemic Metabolism in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040852. [PMID: 32244756 PMCID: PMC7225951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has shown extraordinary promise at treating cancers otherwise resistant to treatment. However, for ICI therapy to be effective, it must overcome the metabolic limitations of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor metabolism has long been understood to be highly dysregulated, with potent immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, T cell activation and longevity within the tumor microenvironment are intimately tied to T cell metabolism and are required for the long-term efficacy of ICI therapy. We discuss in this review the intersection of metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment, T cell activation and metabolism, the roles of tumor cell metabolism in immune evasion, and the impact of host metabolism in determining immune surveillance and ICI therapy outcomes. We also discussed the effects of obesity and calorie restriction—two important systemic metabolic perturbations that impact intrinsic metabolic pathways in T cells as well as cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alexander J. Pfeil
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Suhas K. Etigunta
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
- Correspondence:
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36
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Terabe M, Gilbert MR. Another layer of immune complication in glioblastoma: inducible co-stimulator and its ligand. Neuro Oncol 2020; 22:305-306. [PMID: 31909413 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Terabe
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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37
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Jeong S, Park SH. Co-Stimulatory Receptors in Cancers and Their Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e3. [PMID: 32158591 PMCID: PMC7049585 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapeutic agents, are now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of various types of cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs varies among patients and cancer types. Moreover, most patients do not develop durable antitumor responses after ICI therapy due to an ephemeral reversal of T-cell dysfunction. As co-stimulatory receptors play key roles in regulating the effector functions of T cells, activating co-stimulatory pathways may improve checkpoint inhibition efficacy, and lead to durable antitumor responses. Here, we review recent advances in our understating of co-stimulatory receptors in cancers, providing the necessary groundwork for the rational design of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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38
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Abstract
The role of inflammation in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now widely accepted. Immune cells, including T cells, are influenced by inflammatory signals and contribute to the onset and progression of CVD. T cell activation is modulated by T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting T cell inhibition pathways have revolutionized cancer treatment and improved survival in patients with cancer. However, ICIs might induce cardiovascular toxicity via T cell re-invigoration. With the rising use of ICIs for cancer treatment, a timely overview of the role of T cell co-stimulation and inhibition molecules in CVD is desirable. In this Review, the importance of these molecules in the pathogenesis of CVD is highlighted in preclinical studies on models of CVD such as vein graft disease, myocarditis, graft arterial disease, post-ischaemic neovascularization and atherosclerosis. This Review also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting T cell co-stimulation and inhibition pathways to treat CVD, as well as the possible cardiovascular benefits and adverse events after treatment. Finally, the Review emphasizes that patients with cancer who are treated with ICIs should be monitored for CVD given the reported association between the use of ICIs and the risk of cardiovascular toxicity.
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39
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Clemente N, Boggio E, Gigliotti LC, Raineri D, Ferrara B, Miglio G, Argenziano M, Chiocchetti A, Cappellano G, Trotta F, Caldera F, Capucchio MT, Yagi J, Rojo MJ, Renò F, Cavalli R, Dianzani C, Dianzani U. Immunotherapy of experimental melanoma with ICOS-Fc loaded in biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles. J Control Release 2020; 320:112-124. [PMID: 31962094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) upon binding to its ligand (ICOSL) mediates adaptive immunity and antitumor response. Thus, antitumor therapies targeting the ICOS/ICOSL pathway hold great promise for cancer treatment. In this regard, ICOSL triggering by a soluble recombinant form of ICOS (ICOS-Fc) hampered adhesiveness and migration of dendritic, endothelial, and tumor cells in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with ICOS-Fc previously showed the capability to inhibit lung metastatization of ICOSL+ B16-F10 melanoma cells when injected intravenously in mice, but it failed to block the growth of established subcutaneous B16-F10 murine tumors. Thus, we asked whether passive targeting of solid tumors with ICOS-Fc-loaded biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles (NPs) could instead prove effectiveness in reducing tumor growth. Here, ICOS-Fc was loaded in two types of polymer nanoparticles, i.e. cross-linked β-cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs and in vitro characterized. In vivo experiments showed that treatment of C57BL6/J mice with ICOS-Fc loaded into the two nanoformulations inhibits the growth of established subcutaneous B16-F10 tumors. This anticancer activity appears to involve both anti-angiogenic and immunoregulatory effects, as shown by decreased tumor vascularization and downmodulation of IL-10 and Foxp3, two markers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Overall, the substantial in vivo anticancer activity of ICOS-Fc-loaded CDNS and PLGA NPs against different components of the tumor microenvironment makes these nanoformulations attractive candidates for future combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausicaa Clemente
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Casimiro Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Raineri
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ferrara
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Miglio
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Junji Yagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maria Josè Rojo
- Departamento de Medicina Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientıficas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Filippo Renò
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Inter Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases, UPO, 28100 Novara, Italy; Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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40
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Bonnefoy N, Olive D, Vanhove B. [Next generation of anti-immune checkpoints antibodies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 35:966-974. [PMID: 31903901 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoints balance initial antigen-driven T cell stimulation by enhancing or dampening activation, allowing co-existence of efficient immune responses and maintenance of self-tolerance. In oncology, checkpoints currently targeted by inhibitors to amplify activity of T cell, NK cells or myeloid cells responses comprise CTLA-4 (cytolytic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 or CD152), PD-1 (programmed cell death 1, or CD279), PD-L1 ( programmed cell death-ligand 1, or CD274), LAG-3 (Lymphocyte-activation gene 3, or CD223), TIM3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3), TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains ), VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation), B7/H3 (or CD276), KIR (killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor), NKG2A, CD39, CD73, CSF1R (colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor), CD47 or CD172a. Other "checkpoints" are being pharmacologically triggered in order to directly amplify T cell co-stimulation. Among these molecules, CD28, CD137 (also called 4-1BB), OX40 [also called tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4)], GITR (Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein) or CD40 are also tested in oncology, most often in combination with an inhibitory checkpoint inhibitor. In autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, checkpoint inhibitors or activators (LAG-3, CD28, CD40L) are also being tested. In this review, we focus on some modulators of immune checkpoints for which the mechanism of action has been particularly studied. As this description cannot be exhaustive, we have grouped in Table I all monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) or recombinant proteins in clinical use (to our knowledge), modulating the action of a control point of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, F-34298 France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université et Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Vanhove
- Centre de recherche en transplantation et immunologie (CRTI) UMR1064, Inserm, Université de Nantes, Nantes, 44093, France
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41
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High CD3 and ICOS and low TIM-3 expression predict favourable survival in resected oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20197. [PMID: 31882943 PMCID: PMC6934772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing oncological potential of immunotherapy, several immune checkpoint modulators are being investigated. The value of immune markers, including programmed cell death ligand-1, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), lymphocyte activation gene-3, T-cell immunoglobulin, and mucin-dominant containing-3 (TIM-3), is not well known. Using tissue microarrays of 396 patients who underwent surgery for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), infiltrated T-cell subsets (CD3, CD8, and Foxp3) and checkpoint protein expression were scored. With a median follow-up of 24.8 months, CD3+ TIL subsets (50.0%) had longer median recurrence-free survival (RFS, 55.0 vs 21.4 months) and overall survival (OS, 77.7 vs 35.8 months). Patients with high ICOS expression (46.5%) had longer median RFS (53.9 vs 25.3 months) and OS (88.8 vs 36.9 months). For PD-1, RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.67) and OS (HR 0.66) were significantly longer in the high-expression group (45.2%). In the multivariate analysis, high TIM-3 expression (50.8%) had a significant relationship with shorter RFS (HR = 1.52) and OS (HR = 1.60). High CD3+ TIL and T-cell ICOS expression were associated with favourable prognosis, whereas high TIM-3 expression suggested a poor prognosis. Our findings may confer new insights to improve ESCC outcomes beyond the application of PD-1 blockade.
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Targeting Negative and Positive Immune Checkpoints with Monoclonal Antibodies in Therapy of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111756. [PMID: 31717326 PMCID: PMC6895894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoints are regulatory molecules that maintain immune homeostasis in physiological conditions. By sending T cells a series of co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals via receptors, immune checkpoints can both protect healthy tissues from adaptive immune response and activate lymphocytes to remove pathogens effectively. However, due to their mode of action, suppressive immune checkpoints may serve as unwanted protection for cancer cells. To restore the functioning of the immune system and make the patient’s immune cells able to recognize and destroy tumors, monoclonal antibodies are broadly used in cancer immunotherapy to block the suppressive or to stimulate the positive immune checkpoints. In this review, we aim to present the current state of application of monoclonal antibodies in clinics, used either as single agents or in a combined treatment. We discuss the limitations of these therapies and possible problem-solving with combined treatment approaches involving both non-biological and biological agents. We also highlight the most promising strategies based on the use of monoclonal or bispecific antibodies targeted on immune checkpoints other than currently implemented in clinics.
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Mardomi A, Mohammadi N, Khosroshahi HT, Abediankenari S. An update on potentials and promises of T cell co-signaling molecules in transplantation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4183-4197. [PMID: 31696513 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The promising outcomes of immune-checkpoint based immunotherapies in cancer have provided a proportional perspective ahead of exploiting similar approaches in allotransplantation. Belatacept (CTLA-4-Ig) is an example of costimulation blockers successfully exploited in renal transplantation. Due to the wide range of regulatory molecules characterized in the past decades, some of these molecules might be candidates as immunomodulators in the case of tolerance induction in transplantation. Although there are numerous attempts on the apprehension of the effects of co-signaling molecules on immune response, the necessity for a better understanding is evident. By increasing the knowledge on the biology of co-signaling pathways, some pitfalls are recognized and improved approaches are proposed. The blockage of CD80/CD28 axis is an instance of evolution toward more efficacy. It is now evident that anti-CD28 antibodies are more effective than CD80 blockers in animal models of transplantation. Other co-signaling axes such as PD-1/PD-L1, CD40/CD154, 2B4/CD48, and others discussed in the present review are examples of critical immunomodulatory molecules in allogeneic transplantation. We review here the outcomes of recent experiences with co-signaling molecules in preclinical studies of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mardomi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nabiallah Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Saeid Abediankenari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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44
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Current Perspectives in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101472. [PMID: 31575023 PMCID: PMC6826426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different immunotherapeutic approaches have proved to be of significant clinical value to many patients with different types of advanced cancer. However, we need more precise immunotherapies and predictive biomarkers to increase the successful response rates. The advent of next generation sequencing technologies and their applications in immuno-oncology has helped us tremendously towards this aim. We are now moving towards the realization of personalized medicine, thus, significantly increasing our expectations for a more successful management of the disease. Here, we discuss the current immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer, including immune checkpoint blockade with an emphasis on anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. We also analyze a growing list of other co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers and emphasize the mechanism of action of the principal pathway for each of these, as well as on drugs that either have been FDA-approved or are under clinical investigation. We further discuss recent advances in other immunotherapies, including cytokine therapy, adoptive cell transfer therapy and therapeutic vaccines. We finally discuss the modulation of gut microbiota composition and response to immunotherapy, as well as how tumor-intrinsic factors and immunological processes influence the mutational and epigenetic landscape of progressing tumors and response to immunotherapy but also how immunotherapeutic intervention influences the landscape of cancer neoepitopes and tumor immunoediting.
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45
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Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Lacal PM, Graziani G, Marini S. On the Horizon: Targeting Next-Generation Immune Checkpoints for Cancer Treatment. Chemotherapy 2019; 64:62-80. [PMID: 31387102 DOI: 10.1159/000500902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoints are critical regulatory pathways of the immune system which finely tune the response to biological threats. Among them, the CD-28/CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 axes play a key role in tumour immune escape and are well-established targets of cancer immunotherapy. SUMMARY The clinical experience accumulated to date provides unequivocal evidence that anti-CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies, used as monotherapy or in combination regimes, are effective in a variety of advanced/metastatic types of cancer, with improved clinical outcomes compared to conventional chemotherapy. However, the therapeutic success is currently restricted to a limited subset of patients and reliable predictive biomarkers are still lacking. Key Message: The identification and characterization of additional co-inhibitory pathways as novel pharmacological targets to improve the clinical response in refractory patients has led to the development of different immune checkpoint inhibitors, the activities of which are currently under investigation. In this review, we discuss recent literature data concerning the mechanisms of action of next-generation monoclonal antibodies targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT co-inhibitory molecules that are being explored in clinical trials, as single agents or in combination with other immune-stimulating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy,
| | - Diego Sbardella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Pedro M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marini
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Soldevilla MM, Villanueva H, Meraviglia-Crivelli D, Menon AP, Ruiz M, Cebollero J, Villalba M, Moreno B, Lozano T, Llopiz D, Pejenaute Á, Sarobe P, Pastor F. ICOS Costimulation at the Tumor Site in Combination with CTLA-4 Blockade Therapy Elicits Strong Tumor Immunity. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1878-1891. [PMID: 31405808 PMCID: PMC6838990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) blockade therapy is able to induce long-lasting antitumor responses in a fraction of cancer patients. Nonetheless, there is still room for improvement in the quest for new therapeutic combinations. ICOS costimulation has been underscored as a possible target to include with CTLA-4 blocking treatment. Herein, we describe an ICOS agonistic aptamer that potentiates T cell activation and induces stronger antitumor responses when locally injected at the tumor site in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in different tumor models. Furthermore, ICOS agonistic aptamer was engineered as a bi-specific tumor-targeting aptamer to reach any disseminated tumor lesions after systemic injection. Treatment with the bi-specific aptamer in combination with CTLA-4 blockade showed strong antitumor immunity, even in a melanoma tumor model where CTLA-4 treatment alone did not display any significant therapeutic benefit. Thus, this work provides strong support for the development of combinatorial therapies involving anti-CTLA-4 blockade and ICOS agonist tumor-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez Soldevilla
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Helena Villanueva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Daniel Meraviglia-Crivelli
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Ashwathi Puravankara Menon
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Javier Cebollero
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - María Villalba
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Diana Llopiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pejenaute
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.
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Expression of costimulatory and inhibitory receptors in FoxP3 + regulatory T cells within the tumor microenvironment: Implications for combination immunotherapy approaches. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 144:193-261. [PMID: 31349899 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has given rise to a rapidly growing number of immuno-oncology agents undergoing preclinical and clinical development and an exponential increase in possible combinations. Defining a clear rationale for combinations by identifying synergies between immunomodulatory pathways has therefore become a high priority. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME) represent a major roadblock to endogenous and therapeutic tumor immunity. However, Tregs are also essential for the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance, and share many molecular pathways with conventional T cells including cytotoxic T cells, the primary mediators of tumor immunity. Hence the inability to specifically target and neutralize Tregs within the TME of cancer patients without globally compromising self-tolerance poses a significant challenge. Here we review recent advances in the characterization of tumor-infiltrating Tregs with a focus on costimulatory and inhibitory receptors. We discuss receptor expression patterns, their functional role in Treg biology and mechanistic insights gained from targeting these receptors in preclinical models to evaluate their potential as clinical targets. We further outline a framework of parameters that could be used to refine the assessment of Tregs in cancer patients and increase their value as predictive biomarkers. Finally, we propose modalities to integrate our increasing knowledge on Treg phenotype and function for the rational design of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapies. Such combinations have great potential for synergy, as they could concomitantly enhance cytotoxic T cells and inhibit Tregs within the TME, thereby increasing the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies.
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48
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Cunningham RA, Holland M, McWilliams E, Hodi FS, Severgnini M. Detection of clinically relevant immune checkpoint markers by multicolor flow cytometry. J Biol Methods 2019; 6:e114. [PMID: 31453261 PMCID: PMC6706095 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2019.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies gain traction among cancer researchers and clinicians, the need grows for assays that can definitively phenotype patient immune cells. Herein, we present an 8-color flow cytometry panel for lineage and immune checkpoint markers and validate it using healthy human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Flow cytometry data was generated on a BD LSR Fortessa and supported by Luminex multiplex soluble immunoassay. Our data showed significant variation between donors at both baseline and different stages of activation, as well as a trend in increasing expression of checkpoint markers on stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells with time. Soluble immune checkpoint quantification assays revealed that LAG-3, TIM-3, CTLA-4, and PD-1 soluble isoforms are upregulated after stimulation. This 8-color flow cytometry panel, supported here by soluble immunoassay, can be used to identify and evaluate immune checkpoints on T-lymphocytes in cryopreserved human PBMC samples. This panel is ideal for characterizing checkpoint expression in clinical samples for which cryopreservation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Cunningham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline, Ave Mayer Building 305, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Martha Holland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline, Ave Mayer Building 305, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emily McWilliams
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline, Ave Mayer Building 305, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Frank Stephen Hodi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline, Ave Mayer Building 305, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mariano Severgnini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline, Ave Mayer Building 305, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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49
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Khair DO, Bax HJ, Mele S, Crescioli S, Pellizzari G, Khiabany A, Nakamura M, Harris RJ, French E, Hoffmann RM, Williams IP, Cheung A, Thair B, Beales CT, Touizer E, Signell AW, Tasnova NL, Spicer JF, Josephs DH, Geh JL, MacKenzie Ross A, Healy C, Papa S, Lacy KE, Karagiannis SN. Combining Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Established and Emerging Targets and Strategies to Improve Outcomes in Melanoma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:453. [PMID: 30941125 PMCID: PMC6435047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system employs several checkpoint pathways to regulate responses, maintain homeostasis and prevent self-reactivity and autoimmunity. Tumor cells can hijack these protective mechanisms to enable immune escape, cancer survival and proliferation. Blocking antibodies, designed to interfere with checkpoint molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 and counteract these immune suppressive mechanisms, have shown significant success in promoting immune responses against cancer and can result in tumor regression in many patients. While inhibitors to CTLA-4 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis are well-established for the clinical management of melanoma, many patients do not respond or develop resistance to these interventions. Concerted efforts have focused on combinations of approved therapies aiming to further augment positive outcomes and survival. While CTLA-4 and PD-1 are the most-extensively researched targets, results from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials indicate that novel agents, specific for checkpoints such as A2AR, LAG-3, IDO and others, may further contribute to the improvement of patient outcomes, most likely in combinations with anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 blockade. This review discusses the rationale for, and results to date of, the development of inhibitory immune checkpoint blockade combination therapies in melanoma. The clinical potential of new pipeline therapeutics, and possible future therapy design and directions that hold promise to significantly improve clinical prognosis compared with monotherapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa O Khair
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather J Bax
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Mele
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Crescioli
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Pellizzari
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Atousa Khiabany
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mano Nakamura
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Harris
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elise French
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ricarda M Hoffmann
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iwan P Williams
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Cheung
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Thair
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie T Beales
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Touizer
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian W Signell
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nahrin L Tasnova
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James F Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debra H Josephs
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny L Geh
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair MacKenzie Ross
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran Healy
- Department of Plastic Surgery at Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Papa
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie E Lacy
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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50
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Chakrabarti R, Kapse B, Mukherjee G. Soluble immune checkpoint molecules: Serum markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1160. [PMID: 32721130 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of the immune system with developing tumor, it has become imperative to consider the immunological parameters for both cancer diagnosis and disease prognosis. Additionally, in the era of emerging immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer, it is very important to follow the treatment outcome and also to predict the correct immunotherapeutic strategy in individual patients. There being enormous heterogeneity among tumors at different sites or between primary and metastatic tumors in the same individual, or interpatient heterogeneity, it is very important to study the tumor-immune interaction in the tumor microenvironment and beyond. Importantly, molecular tools and markers identified for such studies must be suitable for monitoring in a noninvasive manner. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that the immune checkpoint molecules play a key role in the development and progression of tumors. In-depth studies of these molecules have led to the development of most of the cancer immunotherapeutic reagents that are currently either in clinical use or under different phases of clinical trials. Interestingly, many of these cell surface molecules undergo alternative splicing to produce soluble isoforms, which can be tracked in the serum of patients. CONCLUSIONS Several studies demonstrate that the serum levels of these soluble isoforms could be used as noninvasive markers for cancer diagnosis and disease prognosis or to predict patient response to specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Chakrabarti
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Bhavya Kapse
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Gayatri Mukherjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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