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Worboys JD, Vowell KN, Hare RK, Ambrose AR, Bertuzzi M, Conner MA, Patel FP, Zammit WH, Gali-Moya J, Hazime KS, Jones KL, Rey C, Jonjic S, Rovis TL, Tannahill GM, Cruz De Matos GDS, Waight JD, Davis DM. TIGIT can inhibit T cell activation via ligation-induced nanoclusters, independent of CD226 co-stimulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5016. [PMID: 37596248 PMCID: PMC10439114 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
TIGIT is an inhibitory receptor expressed on lymphocytes and can inhibit T cells by preventing CD226 co-stimulation through interactions in cis or through competition of shared ligands. Whether TIGIT directly delivers cell-intrinsic inhibitory signals in T cells remains unclear. Here we show, by analysing lymphocytes from matched human tumour and peripheral blood samples, that TIGIT and CD226 co-expression is rare on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. Using super-resolution microscopy and other techniques, we demonstrate that ligation with CD155 causes TIGIT to reorganise into dense nanoclusters, which coalesce with T cell receptor (TCR)-rich clusters at immune synapses. Functionally, this reduces cytokine secretion in a manner dependent on TIGIT's intracellular ITT-like signalling motif. Thus, we provide evidence that TIGIT directly inhibits lymphocyte activation, acting independently of CD226, requiring intracellular signalling that is proximal to the TCR. Within the subset of tumours where TIGIT-expressing cells do not commonly co-express CD226, this will likely be the dominant mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Worboys
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Roseanna K Hare
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - William H Zammit
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judit Gali-Moya
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Khodor S Hazime
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Katherine L Jones
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Camille Rey
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Daniel M Davis
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK.
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Yadavilli S, Waight JD, Brett S, Bi M, Zhang T, Liu YB, Ellis C, Turner DC, Hahn A, Shi H, Seestaller-Wehr L, Jing J, Xie Q, Shaik JS, Ji X, Gagnon R, Fieles W, Hook L, Grant S, Hopley S, DeYoung MP, Blackwell C, Chisamore M, Biddlecombe R, Figueroa DJ, Hopson CB, Srinivasan R, Smothers J, Maio M, Rischin D, Olive D, Paul E, Mayes PA, Hoos A, Ballas M. Activating Inducible T-cell Costimulator Yields Antitumor Activity Alone and in Combination with Anti-PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Res Commun 2023; 3:1564-1579. [PMID: 37593752 PMCID: PMC10430783 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in mAb-based induction of costimulatory receptor signaling as an approach to combat cancer. However, promising nonclinical data have yet to translate to a meaningful clinical benefit. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) is a costimulatory receptor important for immune responses. Using a novel clinical-stage anti-ICOS immunoglobulin G4 mAb (feladilimab), which induces but does not deplete ICOS+ T cells and their rodent analogs, we provide an end-to-end evaluation of the antitumor potential of antibody-mediated ICOS costimulation alone and in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade. We demonstrate, consistently, that ICOS is expressed in a range of cancers, and its induction can stimulate growth of antitumor reactive T cells. Furthermore, feladilimab, alone and with a PD-1 inhibitor, induced antitumor activity in mouse and humanized tumor models. In addition to nonclinical evaluation, we present three patient case studies from a first-time-in-human, phase I, open-label, dose-escalation and dose-expansion clinical trial (INDUCE-1; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02723955), evaluating feladilimab alone and in combination with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. Preliminary data showing clinical benefit in patients with cancer treated with feladilimab alone or in combination with pembrolizumab was reported previously; with example cases described here. Additional work is needed to further validate the translation to the clinic, which includes identifying select patient populations that will benefit from this therapeutic approach, and randomized data with survival endpoints to illustrate its potential, similar to that shown with CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocking antibodies. Significance Stimulation of the T-cell activation marker ICOS with the anti-ICOS agonist mAb feladilimab, alone and in combination with PD-1 inhibition, induces antitumor activity across nonclinical models as well as select patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Brett
- GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao Ji
- GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Laura Hook
- GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michele Maio
- University of Siena and Center for Immuno-Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Danny Rischin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Olive
- CRCM, Immunity and Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM105, CNRS, UMR7258, Marseille, France
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3
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Valenzuela-Vázquez L, Nuñez-Enriquez JC, Sánchez-Herrera J, Medina-Sanson A, Pérez-Saldivar ML, Jiménez-Hernández E, Martiín-Trejo JA, Del Campo-Martínez MDLÁ, Flores-Lujano J, Amador-Sánchez R, Mora-Ríos FG, Peñaloza-González JG, Duarte-Rodríguez DA, Torres-Nava JR, Espinosa-Elizondo RM, Cortés-Herrera B, Flores-Villegas LV, Merino-Pasaye LE, Almeida-Hernández C, Ramírez-Colorado R, Solís-Labastida KA, Medrano-López F, Pérez-Gómez JA, Velázquez-Aviña MM, Martínez-Ríos A, Aguilar-De los Santos A, Santillán-Juárez JD, Gurrola-Silva A, García-Velázquez AJ, Mata-Rocha M, Hernández-Echáurregui GA, Sepúlveda-Robles OA, Rosas-Vargas H, Mancilla-Herrera I, Jimenez-Morales S, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Martinez-Duncker I, Waight JD, Hance KW, Madauss KP, Mejía-Aranguré JM, Cruz-Munoz ME. NK cells with decreased expression of multiple activating receptors is a dominant phenotype in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1023510. [PMID: 36419901 PMCID: PMC9677112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1023510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells have unique attributes to react towards cells undergoing malignant transformation or viral infection. This reactivity is regulated by activating or inhibitory germline encoded receptors. An impaired NK cell function may result from an aberrant expression of such receptors, a condition often seen in patients with hematological cancers. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer worldwide and NK cells have emerged as crucial targets for developing immunotherapies. However, there are important gaps concerning the phenotype and behavior of NK cells during emergence of ALL. In this study we analyze the phenotype and function of NK cells from peripheral blood in pediatric patients with ALL at diagnosis. Our results showed that NK cells exhibited an altered phenotype highlighted by a significant reduction in the overall expression and percent representation of activating receptors compared to age-matched controls. No significant differences were found for the expression of inhibitory receptors. Moreover, NK cells with a concurrent reduced expression in various activating receptors, was the dominant phenotype among patients. An alteration in the relative frequencies of NK cells expressing NKG2A and CD57 within the mature NK cell pool was also observed. In addition, NK cells from patients displayed a significant reduction in the ability to sustain antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Finally, an aberrant expression of activating receptors is associated with the phenomenon of leukemia during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Valenzuela-Vázquez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Nuñez-Enriquez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Sánchez-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Aurora Medina-Sanson
- Servicio de Oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Infantil de México, “Dr. Federico Gómez Sántos”, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Pérez-Saldivar
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elva Jiménez-Hernández
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General “Gaudencio González Garza”, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alfonso Martiín-Trejo
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María de Los Ángeles Del Campo-Martínez
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General “Gaudencio González Garza”, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Flores-Lujano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel Amador-Sánchez
- Hospital General Regional No. 1 “Carlos McGregor Sánchez Navarro”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Gustavo Mora-Ríos
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital General Regional Ignacio Zaragoza del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - David Aldebarán Duarte-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Refugio Torres-Nava
- Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Pediátrico de Moctezuma, Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Beatriz Cortés-Herrera
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Hospital General de México, Secretaria de Salud (SS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luz Victoria Flores-Villegas
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “20 de Noviembre”, Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Elizabeth Merino-Pasaye
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “20 de Noviembre”, Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carolina Almeida-Hernández
- Hospital General de Ecatepec “Las Américas”, Instituto de Salud del Estado de México (ISEM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Ramírez-Colorado
- Hospital Pediátrico La Villa, Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México (SSCDMX), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Anastacia Solís-Labastida
- Servicio de Hematología Pediátrica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Medrano-López
- Hospital General Regional (HGR) No. 72 “Dr. Vicente Santos Guajardo”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Arleet Pérez-Gómez
- Hospital General Regional (HGR) No. 72 “Dr. Vicente Santos Guajardo”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Annel Martínez-Ríos
- Departamento de Hematología, Hospital General Regional Ignacio Zaragoza del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jessica Denisse Santillán-Juárez
- Servicio de Hemato-oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Regional No. 1° de Octubre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma Gurrola-Silva
- Hospital Regional Tipo B de Alta Especialidad Bicentenario de la Independencia, Instituto de Seguridad Social al Servicio de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Jimena García-Velázquez
- Servicio de Hemato-oncología Pediátrica, Hospital Regional No. 1° de Octubre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Minerva Mata-Rocha
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Omar Alejandro Sepúlveda-Robles
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Haydeé Rosas-Vargas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia Jimenez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivan Martinez-Duncker
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré, ; Mario Ernesto Cruz-Munoz,
| | - Mario Ernesto Cruz-Munoz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré, ; Mario Ernesto Cruz-Munoz,
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Alsaid H, Cheng SH, Bi M, Xie F, Rambo M, Skedzielewski T, Hoang B, Mohanan S, Comroe D, Gehman A, Hsu CY, Farhangi K, Tran H, Sherina V, Doan M, Groseclose MR, Hopson CB, Brett S, Wilson IA, Nicholls A, Ballas M, Waight JD, Jucker BM. Immuno-PET Monitoring of CD8 + T Cell Infiltration Post ICOS Agonist Antibody Treatment Alone and in Combination with PD-1 Blocking Antibody Using a 89Zr Anti-CD8 + Mouse Minibody in EMT6 Syngeneic Tumor Mouse. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 25:528-540. [PMID: 36266600 PMCID: PMC10172244 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence and functional competence of intratumoral CD8+ T cells is often a barometer for successful immunotherapeutic responses in cancer. Despite this understanding and the extensive number of clinical-stage immunotherapies focused on potentiation (co-stimulation) or rescue (checkpoint blockade) of CD8+ T cell antitumor activity, dynamic biomarker strategies are often lacking. To help fill this gap, immuno-PET nuclear imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for in vivo molecular imaging of antibody targeting. Here, we took advantage of immuno-PET imaging using 89Zr-IAB42M1-14, anti-mouse CD8 minibody, to characterize CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltration dynamics following ICOS (inducible T-cell co-stimulator) agonist antibody treatment alone and in combination with PD-1 blocking antibody in a model of mammary carcinoma. PROCEDURES Female BALB/c mice with established EMT6 tumors received 10 µg, IP of either IgG control antibodies, ICOS agonist monotherapy, or ICOS/PD-1 combination therapy on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, or 14. Imaging was performed at 24 and 48 h post IV dose of 89Zr IAB42M1-14. In addition to 89Zr-IAB42M1-14 uptake in tumor and tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN), 3D radiomic features were extracted from PET/CT images to identify treatment effects. Imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed at end of study. RESULTS 89Zr-IAB42M1-14 uptake in the tumor was observed by day 11 and was preceded by an increase in the TDLN as early as day 4. The spatial distribution of 89Zr-IAB42M1-14 was more uniform in the drug treated vs. control tumors, which had spatially distinct tracer uptake in the periphery relative to the core of the tumor. IMC analysis showed an increased percentage of cytotoxic T cells in the ICOS monotherapy and ICOS/PD-1 combination group compared to IgG controls. Additionally, temporal radiomics analysis demonstrated early predictiveness of imaging features. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first detailed description of the use of a novel immune-PET imaging technique to assess the kinetics of CD8+ T-cell infiltration into tumor and lymphoid tissues following ICOS agonist and PD-1 blocking antibody therapy. By demonstrating the capacity for increased spatial and temporal resolution of CD8+ T-cell infiltration across tumors and lymphoid tissues, these observations underscore the widespread potential clinical utility of non-invasive PET imaging for T-cell-based immunotherapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA.
| | - Shih-Hsun Cheng
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Meixia Bi
- Immuno-Oncology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Fang Xie
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Mary Rambo
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | | | - Bao Hoang
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Sunish Mohanan
- Non-Clinical Safety, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Debra Comroe
- Integrated Biological Platform Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Gehman
- Research Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Chih-Yang Hsu
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Kamyar Farhangi
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Hoang Tran
- Research Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Minh Doan
- Bioimaging, IVIVT, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | | | | | - Sara Brett
- Oncology Cell Therapy Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Marc Ballas
- Oncology Clinical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Waight
- Immuno-Oncology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Beat M Jucker
- Clinical Imaging, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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5
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Abstract
In recent years, a set of immune receptors that interact with members of the nectin/nectin-like (necl) family has garnered significant attention as possible points of manipulation in cancer. Central to this axis, CD226, TIGIT, and CD96 represent ligand (CD155)-competitive co-stimulatory/inhibitory receptors, analogous to the CTLA-4/B7/CD28 tripartite. The identification of PVRIG (CD112R) and CD112 has introduced complexity and enabled additional nodes of therapeutic intervention. By virtue of the clinical progression of TIGIT antagonists and emergence of novel CD96- and PVRIG-based approaches, our overall understanding of the ‘CD226 axis’ in cancer immunotherapy is starting to take shape. However, several questions remain regarding the unique characteristics of, and mechanistic interplay between, each receptor-ligand pair. This review provides an overview of the CD226 axis in the context of cancer, with a focus on the status of immunotherapeutic strategies (TIGIT, CD96, and PVRIG) and their underlying biology (i.e., cis/trans interactions). We also integrate our emerging knowledge of the immune populations involved, key considerations for Fc gamma (γ) receptor biology in therapeutic activity, and a snapshot of the rapidly evolving clinical landscape.
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6
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Degenhardt Y, Guan J, Morley P, Jones D, Conner M, Eastman S, Wang W, Sanderson A, Ravindran A, Krueger J, Roth I, Smothers J, Waight JD. Abstract 6268: Discovery and characterization of the CD96 antibody GSK6097608, a high-affinity, antagonistic anti-CD96 antibody for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-6268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The overall therapeutic benefit of blocking the first generation of immune checkpoint pathways (PD-1 and CTLA-4) has been demonstrated across multiple tumor types, yielding long term protection in some patients. However, most patients do not respond to these single-agent approaches. Thus, collaborative strategies that seek to engage novel pathways and cell types may provide therapeutic options for patients wherein pre-existing host and tumor microenvironment factors do not favor current immunotherapeutic agents or in tumors where adaptive resistance has occurred.
In recent years, the CD226 (DNAX Accessory Molecule-1 [DNAM-1]) axis has emerged as a relevant regulatory node in for natural killer (NK) and T cells - particularly in the context of tumor immunology. Similar to the competitive interplay between CTLA-4/CD28 and B7 (CD80/86), inhibitory receptors within the axis (e.g., CD96 [TACTILE]) effectively compete with the co-stimulatory receptor CD226 for binding to shared ligands (e.g., CD155), thereby impairing the initiation and/or promotion of ongoing antitumor immune responses. Indeed, genetic or monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based co-inhibition of CD96 with other immune checkpoints has proven efficacious in several nonclinical tumor models.
CD96 has been shown to impact both T cell and NK cell function, offering a level of versatility as a target for cancer immunotherapy. For example, in the setting of anti-PD-1 neoadjuvant treatment, significantly improved survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumor-bearing mice was observed following enhancement of NK cell activity by CD96 antibody treatment. Equally, pronounced effects on primary tumor growth following anti-PD-1, -TIGIT, and -CD96 mAb treatment in a colorectal carcinoma tumor model (CT26) was found to be dependent on CD8+ T cells.
GSK6097608 is a clinical-stage fully-human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)κ mAb that targets the inhibitory immune receptor CD96. GSK6097608 was identified, in part, for its ability prevent and disrupt CD96:CD155 interactions, thereby promoting T and NK cell function. GSK6097608 demonstrated concentration-dependent rescue of human immune cell activity following exposure to plate-bound recombinant CD155 (cognate receptor/ligand); an effect that was improved with concomitant TIGIT blockade. Notably, functional activity was found to be dependent on intact Fc-FcγR co-engagement, as potentiation of primary human T and NK cell function was lost when GSK6097608 was grafted on an Fc-attenuated backbone. Here, we describe some of the biophysical and functional characteristics that support the rationale for clinical evaluation of GSK6097608.
Citation Format: Yan Degenhardt, Jun Guan, Peter Morley, David Jones, Michael Conner, Stephen Eastman, Wei Wang, Andrew Sanderson, Anand Ravindran, Julie Krueger, Iris Roth, James Smothers, Jeremy D. Waight. Discovery and characterization of the CD96 antibody GSK6097608, a high-affinity, antagonistic anti-CD96 antibody for cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 6268.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Guan
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
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7
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Alsaid H, Cheng SH, Bi M, Rambo MV, Skedzielewski T, Hoang B, Mohanan S, Gehman A, Hsu CY, Doan M, Xie F, Groseclose MR, Hopson C, Brett S, Wilson IA, Nicholls A, Ballas M, Waight JD, Jucker BM, Hoos A. Abstract 2816: Immuno-PET monitoring of CD8+ T cell infiltration post anti-ICOS agonist antibody treatment alone and in combination with PD-1 blocking antibody using a 89Zr anti-CD8+ mouse minibody in EMT 6 syngeneic tumor mouse. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) is a co-stimulatory receptor that is important for promoting immune activation and function. Despite reported clinical activity and a wide range of non-clinical studies supporting a role for ICOS in lymphocyte activation, proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, little is known regarding the potential of monoclonal agonist antibody-mediated ICOS signaling to drive cytotoxic T cell infiltration into tumors. Feladilimab (GSK3359609) is a non-depleting IgG4 ICOS agonist antibody currently being evaluated in pivotal clinical trials. Here, we used PET/CT imaging to evaluate CD8+ T cell infiltration following treatment with a rodent surrogate of feladilimab (7E.17G9 mouse [m] IgG1) alone or in combination with anti-PD-1 mAb (RMP-14 rat IgG2a) in a syngeneic model of breast cancer (EMT6).
Method Female BALB/c mice with established tumors (~150 mm3) received 10µg, IP of either IgG control mAbs, ICOS mAb, or ICOS + PD-1 mAbs on day 0, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, or 14. Imaging was performed at 24 & 48 hrs post IV dose of 89Zr labeled CD8 minibody (IAB42M1-14, ImaginAb, CA) on day 0, 3, 5, 9, or 14. In addition to the CD8 minibody uptake in tumor & tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN), 3D radiomic features were extracted from PET/CT images. Top ranked features were used for hierarchical clustering to identify treatment effects.
Results Tumor size regressed in all treated groups relative to IgG control, with a number of mice clearing tumors (ICOS: 4 mice, ICOS + PD-1: 9 mice). The in vivo uptake of CD8 minibody in TDLN was significantly higher in the ICOS + PD-1 group on day 4, 6, & 7 relative to IgG control P<0.05. The CD8 minibody uptake in tumor was significantly higher in the ICOS group on day 6, 11, & 16, and in the ICOS + PD-1 group on day 11 compared to IgG control P<0.05. Top ranked CT radiomic features were predictive for treatment effects at earlier days (day 3 - 5), while PET features were predictive at later days (6 - 10). Texture features in TDLN were consistently selected at earlier days and shape features in tumor were consistently selected in later days.
Conclusions Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with ICOS agonist mAb alone or in combination with PD-1 blockade can increase CD8+ T cell infiltration into tumors & TDLN, and is correlated with reduced tumor burden. Notably, radiomics features predicted an effect of treatment on CD8+ T cell infiltration earlier than the detection of absolute changes in the CD8 minibody uptake in tumor & TDLN. Overall, these data support the ongoing pivotal investigation of feladilimab. Moreover, this translational imaging method may be a useful tool to non-invasively monitor CD8+ T cell in response to immunotherapies and understand the temporal relationship between CD8+ T cell flux in tumor and in TDLN.
Citation Format: Hasan Alsaid, Shih-Hsun Cheng, Meixia Bi, Mary V. Rambo, Tinamarie Skedzielewski, Bao Hoang, Sunish Mohanan, Andrew Gehman, Chih-Yang Hsu, Minh Doan, Fang Xie, M. Reid Groseclose, Christopher Hopson, Sara Brett, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew Nicholls, Marc Ballas, Jeremy D. Waight, Beat M. Jucker, Axel Hoos. Immuno-PET monitoring of CD8+ T cell infiltration post anti-ICOS agonist antibody treatment alone and in combination with PD-1 blocking antibody using a 89Zr anti-CD8+ mouse minibody in EMT 6 syngeneic tumor mouse [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2816.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Xie
- 1GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
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8
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) induced during neoplasia display potent pro-tumorigenic activities. Tumor-derived factors influence MDSC development, yielding monocytic and granulocytic subsets. In contrast to monocytic MDSC, little is known about how granulocytic MDSC develop. We demonstrated that tumor-derived G-CSF drives granulocytic MDSC formation, thus providing new insights into myeloid-tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott I Abrams
- Department of Immunology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY USA
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9
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Dubuisson A, Fahrner JE, Goubet AG, Terrisse S, Voisin N, Bayard C, Lofek S, Drubay D, Bredel D, Mouraud S, Susini S, Cogdill A, Rebuffet L, Ballot E, Jacquelot N, Thomas de Montpreville V, Casiraghi O, Radulescu C, Ferlicot S, Figueroa DJ, Yadavilli S, Waight JD, Ballas M, Hoos A, Condamine T, Parier B, Gaudillat C, Routy B, Ghiringhelli F, Derosa L, Breuskin I, Rouanne M, André F, Lebacle C, Baumert H, Wislez M, Fadel E, Cremer I, Albiges L, Geoerger B, Scoazec JY, Loriot Y, Kroemer G, Marabelle A, Bonvalet M, Zitvogel L. Immunodynamics of explanted human tumors for immuno-oncology. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 13:e12850. [PMID: 33372722 PMCID: PMC7799366 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decision making in immuno‐oncology is pivotal to adapt therapy to the tumor microenvironment (TME) of the patient among the numerous options of monoclonal antibodies or small molecules. Predicting the best combinatorial regimen remains an unmet medical need. Here, we report a multiplex functional and dynamic immuno‐assay based on the capacity of the TME to respond to ex vivo stimulation with twelve immunomodulators including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in 43 human primary tumors. This "in sitro" (in situ/in vitro) assay has the potential to predict unresponsiveness to anti‐PD‐1 mAbs, and to detect the most appropriate and personalized combinatorial regimen. Prospective clinical trials are awaited to validate this in sitro assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Dubuisson
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Transgene S.A, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Goubet
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Safae Terrisse
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Voisin
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Charles Bayard
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sebastien Lofek
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Drubay
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Service de Biostatistique et d'epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Oncostat U1018, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Delphine Bredel
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Séverine Mouraud
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sandrine Susini
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexandria Cogdill
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lucas Rebuffet
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Elise Ballot
- Cancer Biology Transfer Platform, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France.,Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Jacquelot
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Odile Casiraghi
- Departement de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Camélia Radulescu
- Service d'Anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Sophie Ferlicot
- Service d'Anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | - Marc Ballas
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Axel Hoos
- Oncology R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Bastien Parier
- Service de Chirurgie urologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Bertrand Routy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Cancer Biology Transfer Platform, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France.,Centre de Recherche INSERM LNC-UMR1231, Dijon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Lisa Derosa
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Departement de Médicine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Ingrid Breuskin
- Département de Chirurgie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mathieu Rouanne
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Departement de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Service d'Urologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France.,UVSQ - Université Paris Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Fabrice André
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Cédric Lebacle
- Service de Chirurgie urologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Marie Wislez
- AP-HP, Centre - Université de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Unité d'Oncologie Thoracique, Service de Pneumologie, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Pneumologie, Paris, France
| | - Elie Fadel
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Team Inflammation, Complement and Cancer, INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Departement de Médicine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Departement de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Departement de Médicine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mélodie Bonvalet
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France
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10
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Waight JD, Bi M, Kilian D, Hopson C, Zhang SY, Brett S, Yadavilli S, Zhang T, Shi H, Hance KW, Ballas M, Hoos A. Abstract 2220: Non-clinical tumor models reveal broad combination potential of ICOS agonist antibodies. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Unprecedented rates of durable clinical responses have been observed for antibody-based therapeutics targeting immune checkpoint proteins such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1). Nonetheless, a significant number of patients fail to respond, highlighting the need for alternative and complementary immunotherapeutic interventions for cancer. Inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS/CD278) is a CD28 superfamily receptor that is predominantly expressed on effector and cytotoxic T cells shortly after T cell receptor (TCR) activation. In addition to promotion of T cell and B cell collaboration, ICOS signaling (via ICOS ligand [ICOSL] or antibody-based crosslinking) has been shown to improve T cell antitumor activity, survival, durable tumor rejection. To support the clinical development of GSK3359609 (a hIgG4 ICOS agonist antibody) several in vivo combination studies were conducted using a tool anti-mouse ICOS agonist antibody (clone 7E.17G9). Analogous with the Fc-based characteristics of a human IgG4 antibody, the anti-mouse ICOS tool antibody exhibited significant antitumor activity when grafted on a murine IgG1 (or Fc-reduced) backbone. Using an in vivo models of breast cancer (EMT6, BALB/c), the murinized ICOS tool antibody demonstrated potent antitumor activity alone (tumor growth inhibition [TGI] of 40-60%) in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 (TGI of 100% and 90%, respectively). Antitumor activity was associated with increased total T cell infiltration into the tumor, a higher tumor CD8/Treg cell ratio, and broad increases in T cell activation markers (e.g. CD25, CD69, Granzyme B, perforin, and PD-1). The cancer immunity cycle posits that multiple points of intervention exist for cancer immunotherapy, many of which should be considered in order to identify complementary therapeutic strategies. With this in mind, and consistent with ICI, antitumor activity was observed in combination with innate immune modulators (e.g. TLR4 agonist) and chemo/cytotoxic (e.g. carboplatin and paclitaxel) therapies in different syngeneic tumor models. Altogether these data underscore the broad utility of ICOS agonist antibodies as a reliable combination partner for cancer immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Jeremy D. Waight, Meixia Bi, David Kilian, Christopher Hopson, Shu-Yun Zhang, Sara Brett, Sapna Yadavilli, Tianqian Zhang, Hong Shi, Kenneth W. Hance, Marc Ballas, Axel Hoos. Non-clinical tumor models reveal broad combination potential of ICOS agonist antibodies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2220.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Shi
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA
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11
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Chand D, Waight JD, Paltrinieri E, Dietrich S, Bushell M, Costa M, Gombos R, Wilson NS, Buell JS, Stein RB, Duncan A, Savitsky DA. Abstract 2390: FcgR co-engagement by anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibodies enhances T cell functionality and antitumor immune responses. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) has emerged as an important regulator of the cancer-immunity cycle. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that TIGIT antibodies can enhance T and NK cell anti-tumor immunity, and therapeutic antibodies targeting TIGIT are advancing in the clinic. Nonetheless, questions on the optimal format for TIGIT therapeutics remain unresolved. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that anti-TIGIT antibodies enhance anti-tumor immunity by (1) blocking inhibitory signaling downstream of TIGIT/PVR and TIGIT/PVRL2 receptor-ligand interactions and (2) redirecting PVR/PVRL2 ligand binding to the co-stimulatory receptor CD226. Here we describe a novel and unanticipated mechanism of action of anti-TIGIT antibodies in which interactions between the antibody Fc domain and select FcγRs, particularly FcγRIIIA, dramatically improve T cell activation and effector function. In mouse tumor models, TIGIT antibodies that promote FcγR interactions enhance anti-tumor responses, whereas Fc-inert TIGIT antibodies show no such benefit. Moreover, TIGIT antibodies that enhance binding to human FcγRIIIA or mouse FcγRIV promote superior single agent activity and combination activity with other checkpoint modulators in antigen-stimulation assays and mouse tumor models respectively. Notably, this mechanism of action is independent of regulatory T cell depletion. Our findings support a dependence on Fc-FcγR interaction for promoting T cell responsiveness and effector function upon TIGIT antagonism. We further demonstrate that this novel mechanism also extends to anti-CTLA-4, but not anti-PD-1 or anti-LAG-3 antibodies. Altogether, our data describe a novel FcγR-dependent mechanism of action that may enhance the therapeutic activity of anti-TIGIT antibodies, deepen our understanding of this class of therapies, and inform on the optimal design for a new class of Fc-engineered antibodies that could be leveraged to potentially enhance antitumor immune responses.
Citation Format: Dhan Chand, Jeremy D. Waight, Elena Paltrinieri, Sylvia Dietrich, Mark Bushell, Mathew Costa, Randi Gombos, Nicholas S. Wilson, Jennifer S. Buell, Robert B. Stein, Alexander Duncan, David A. Savitsky. FcgR co-engagement by anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibodies enhances T cell functionality and antitumor immune responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2390.
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Waight JD, Chand D, Savitsky DA. New tricks for old targets: Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies re-envisioned for cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31171-31172. [PMID: 30131845 PMCID: PMC6101285 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Waight JD, Chand D, Dietrich S, Gombos R, Horn T, Gonzalez AM, Manrique M, Tanne A, Dupont C, Swiech L, Croker BA, Buell JS, Stein R, Duncan A, Savitsky DA, Wilson NS. Abstract 2721: Selective FcγR engagement by CTLA-4 antibodies results in increased functional activity. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies targeting T cell co-inhibitory pathways, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), have emerged as an important class of cancer therapies. Insights into how different IgG isotypes modulate biological activities of antibodies have opened new avenues to enhance their therapeutic effects. For example, Fc-FcγR interactions have been shown to enhance antibody-directed effector cell activities, as well as antibody-dependent forward signaling into target cells via receptor clustering. Here, we describe a novel FcγR-dependent mechanism for antibodies targeting CTLA-4. Our findings suggest that selective Fc-FcγR binding dramatically improves the quality of the immune synapse, which in turn modifies apical T cell receptor signaling events to increase effector T cell activity. Our data also suggest that subsets of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), expressing FcγRIV in mice and FcγRIIIA in humans are important mediators of this effect. Importantly, we find this mechanism to be independent of regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion. Altogether, we describe a novel mechanism of action that provides a foundation for a new class of Fc-engineered antibodies to enhance antitumor immune responses.
Citation Format: Jeremy D. Waight, Dhan Chand, Sylvia Dietrich, Randi Gombos, Thomas Horn, Ana M. Gonzalez, Mariana Manrique, Antoine Tanne, Christopher Dupont, Lukasz Swiech, Ben A. Croker, Jennifer S. Buell, Robert Stein, Alex Duncan, David A. Savitsky, Nicholas S. Wilson. Selective FcγR engagement by CTLA-4 antibodies results in increased functional activity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2721.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben A. Croker
- 2Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Lexington, MA
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14
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Waight JD, Chand D, Dietrich S, Gombos R, Horn T, Gonzalez AM, Manrique M, Swiech L, Morin B, Brittsan C, Tanne A, Akpeng B, Croker BA, Buell JS, Stein R, Savitsky DA, Wilson NS. Selective FcγR Co-engagement on APCs Modulates the Activity of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting T Cell Antigens. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:1033-1047.e5. [PMID: 29894690 PMCID: PMC6292441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The co-engagement of fragment crystallizable (Fc) gamma receptors (FcγRs) with the Fc region of recombinant immunoglobulin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and its contribution to therapeutic activity has been extensively studied. For example, Fc-FcγR interactions have been shown to be important for mAb-directed effector cell activities, as well as mAb-dependent forward signaling into target cells via receptor clustering. Here we identify a function of mAbs targeting T cell-expressed antigens that involves FcγR co-engagement on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In the case of mAbs targeting CTLA-4 and TIGIT, the interaction with FcγR on APCs enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses and tumoricidal activity. This mechanism extended to an anti-CD45RB mAb, which led to FcγR-dependent regulatory T cell expansion in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CTLA-4 Antigen/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia Dietrich
- Agenus Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Waight JD, Gombos RB, Wilson NS. Harnessing co-stimulatory TNF receptors for cancer immunotherapy: Current approaches and future opportunities. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:87-109. [PMID: 28085016 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) can sculpt the responsiveness of T cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens. For this reason, agonist antibodies targeting CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27 have received considerable attention for their therapeutic utility in enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, particularly in combination with other immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting co-inhibitory pathways in T cells. The design of therapeutic antibodies that optimally engage and activate co-stimulatory TNFRs presents an important challenge of how to promote effective anti-tumor immunity while avoiding serious immune-related adverse events. Here we review our current understanding of the expression, signaling and structural features of CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27, and how this may inform the design of pharmacologically active immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting these receptors. This includes the integration of our emerging knowledge of the role of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) in facilitating antibody-mediated receptor clustering and forward signaling, as well as promoting immune effector cell-mediated activities. Finally, we bring our current preclinical and clinical knowledge of co-stimulatory TNFR antibodies into the context of opportunities for next generation molecules with improved pharmacologic properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, IgG/agonists
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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16
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Waight JD, Hofmeister R, Wilson NS. Response to comment on "cutting edge: epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 defines a stable population of CD4+ regulatory T cells in tumors from mice and humans". J Immunol 2015; 194:3533-4. [PMID: 25848069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Waight
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; and Now Cancer Immunology Group, Agenus, Lexington, MA 02421
| | - Robert Hofmeister
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; and
| | - Nicholas S Wilson
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; and Now Cancer Immunology Group, Agenus, Lexington, MA 02421
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17
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Waight JD, Takai S, Marelli B, Qin G, Hance KW, Zhang D, Tighe R, Lan Y, Lo KM, Sabzevari H, Hofmeister R, Wilson NS. Cutting edge: epigenetic regulation of Foxp3 defines a stable population of CD4+ regulatory T cells in tumors from mice and humans. J Immunol 2014; 194:878-82. [PMID: 25548231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for maintaining self-tolerance and function to prevent autoimmune disease. High densities of intratumoral Tregs are generally associated with poor patient prognosis, a correlation attributed to their broad immune-suppressive features. Two major populations of Tregs have been defined, thymically derived natural Tregs (nTregs) and peripherally induced Tregs (iTregs). However, the relative contribution of nTregs versus iTregs to the intratumoral Treg compartment remains controversial. Demarcating the proportion of nTregs versus iTregs has important implications in the design of therapeutic strategies to overcome their antagonistic effects on antitumor immune responses. We used epigenetic, phenotypic, and functional parameters to evaluate the composition of nTregs versus iTregs isolated from mouse tumor models and primary human tumors. Our findings failed to find evidence for extensive intratumoral iTreg induction. Rather, we identified a population of Foxp3-stable nTregs in tumors from mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Waight
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Shinji Takai
- Oncology Section, Medical Affairs, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-8564, Japan
| | - Bo Marelli
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Guozhong Qin
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Kenneth W Hance
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Dong Zhang
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Robert Tighe
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Yan Lan
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Kin-Ming Lo
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Helen Sabzevari
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Robert Hofmeister
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821;
| | - Nicholas S Wilson
- Immuno-Oncology Platform, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; Now Cancer Immunology Group, Agenus, Lexington, MA 02421
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18
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Waight JD, Banik D, Griffiths EA, Nemeth MJ, Abrams SI. Regulation of the interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) tumor suppressor gene by the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) transcription factor in chronic myeloid leukemia. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15642-52. [PMID: 24753251 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as imatinib can effectively target the BCR-ABL oncoprotein in a majority of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Unfortunately, some patients are resistant primarily to imatinib and others develop drug resistance, prompting interest in the discovery of new drug targets. Although much of this resistance can be explained by the presence of mutations within the tyrosine kinase domain of BCR-ABL, such mutations are not universally identified. Interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) is a transcription factor that is essential for myelopoiesis. Depressed IRF-8 levels are observed in a majority of CML patients and Irf-8(-/-) mice exhibit a CML-like disease. The underlying mechanisms of IRF-8 loss in CML are unknown. We hypothesized that BCR-ABL suppresses transcription of IRF-8 through STAT5, a proximal BCR-ABL target. Treatment of primary cells from newly diagnosed CML patients in chronic phase as well as BCR-ABL(+) cell lines with imatinib increased IRF-8 transcription. Furthermore, IRF-8 expression in cell line models was necessary for imatinib-induced antitumor responses. We have demonstrated that IRF-8 is a direct target of STAT5 and that silencing of STAT5 induced IRF-8 expression. Conversely, activating STAT5 suppressed IRF-8 transcription. Finally, we showed that STAT5 blockade using a recently discovered antagonist increased IRF-8 expression in patient samples. These data reveal a previously unrecognized BCR-ABL-STAT5-IRF-8 network, which widens the repertoire of potentially new anti-CML targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth A Griffiths
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Michael J Nemeth
- From the Departments of Immunology, Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
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19
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Waight JD, Netherby C, Hensen ML, Miller A, Hu Q, Liu S, Bogner PN, Farren MR, Lee KP, Liu K, Abrams SI. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell development is regulated by a STAT/IRF-8 axis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4464-78. [PMID: 24091328 DOI: 10.1172/jci68189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) comprise immature myeloid populations produced in diverse pathologies, including neoplasia. Because MDSCs can impair antitumor immunity, these cells have emerged as a significant barrier to cancer therapy. Although much research has focused on how MDSCs promote tumor progression, it remains unclear how MDSCs develop and why the MDSC response is heavily granulocytic. Given that MDSCs are a manifestation of aberrant myelopoiesis, we hypothesized that MDSCs arise from perturbations in the regulation of interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8), an integral transcriptional component of myeloid differentiation and lineage commitment. Overall, we demonstrated that (a) Irf8-deficient mice generated myeloid populations highly homologous to tumor-induced MDSCs with respect to phenotype, function, and gene expression profiles; (b) IRF-8 overexpression in mice attenuated MDSC accumulation and enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy; (c) the MDSC-inducing factors G-CSF and GM-CSF facilitated IRF-8 downregulation via STAT3- and STAT5-dependent pathways; and (d) IRF-8 levels in MDSCs of breast cancer patients declined with increasing MDSC frequency, implicating IRF-8 as a negative regulator in human MDSC biology. Together, our results reveal a previously unrecognized role for IRF-8 expression in MDSC subset development, which may provide new avenues to target MDSCs in neoplasia.
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20
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Waight JD, Hu Q, Miller A, Liu S, Abrams SI. Tumor-derived G-CSF facilitates neoplastic growth through a granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27690. [PMID: 22110722 PMCID: PMC3218014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are induced under diverse pathologic conditions, including neoplasia, and suppress innate and adaptive immunity. While the mechanisms by which MDSC mediate immunosuppression are well-characterized, details on how they develop remain less understood. This is complicated further by the fact that MDSC comprise multiple myeloid cell types, namely monocytes and granulocytes, reflecting diverse stages of differentiation and the proportion of these subpopulations vary among different neoplastic models. Thus, it is thought that the type and quantities of inflammatory mediators generated during neoplasia dictate the composition of the resultant MDSC response. Although much interest has been devoted to monocytic MDSC biology, a fundamental gap remains in our understanding of the derivation of granulocytic MDSC. In settings of heightened granulocytic MDSC responses, we hypothesized that inappropriate production of G-CSF is a key initiator of granulocytic MDSC accumulation. We observed abundant amounts of G-CSF in vivo, which correlated with robust granulocytic MDSC responses in multiple tumor models. Using G-CSF loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we demonstrated for the first time that: 1) abrogating G-CSF production significantly diminished granulocytic MDSC accumulation and tumor growth; 2) ectopically over-expressing G-CSF in G-CSF-negative tumors significantly augmented granulocytic MDSC accumulation and tumor growth; and 3) treatment of naïve healthy mice with recombinant G-CSF protein elicited granulocytic-like MDSC remarkably similar to those induced under tumor-bearing conditions. Collectively, we demonstrated that tumor-derived G-CSF enhances tumor growth through granulocytic MDSC-dependent mechanisms. These findings provide us with novel insights into MDSC subset development and potentially new biomarkers or targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Waight
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Austin Miller
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott I. Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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21
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Abstract
Bacterial growth from a single flake of tobacco was documented for cigarettes that had been purchased recently from local vendors and from cigarettes that had been stored for more than six years in a warehouse. In a novel tobacco flake assay, a pack of cigarettes was opened within the sterile environment of a laminar flow hood. A single flake of tobacco was collected randomly and aseptically from the middle of the cigarette column and placed onto the surface of a blood agar plate. The test cigarettes included eight different popular US brands, and these were from three different tobacco companies. After 24 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C, the plates showed bacterial growth for tobacco from all brands of cigarettes. Further, more than 90% of the individual tobacco flakes of a given brand grew bacteria. Likewise, bacteria grew from microparticulate tobacco that had been sieved from cigarettes. Tobacco flakes were observed lying loosely on the cut surface of the filter of cigarettes in newly opened packs, and bacteria grew from cigarette filters that had been touched to the surface of a blood agar plate. In conclusion, the results of these studies predict that diverse microbes and microbial toxins are carried by tobacco microparticulates that are released from the cigarette during smoking, and carried into mainstream smoke that is sucked deep into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Pauly
- Department of Immunology, Cancer Cell Center, Room CCC-307, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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