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Hosseinzadeh A, Jamshidi Naeini A, Sheibani M, Gholamine B, Reiter RJ, Mehrzadi S. Melatonin and oral diseases: possible therapeutic roles based on cellular mechanisms. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:487-503. [PMID: 38607587 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Oral diseases, including periodontal disorders, oral cancer, periodontitis, and mucositis are the major challenges for both patients and healthcare providers. These conditions often involve inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired cellular processes, leading to symptoms ranging from discomfort to severe debilitation. Conventional treatments for such oral diseases exhibit constraints, prompting the investigation of innovative therapeutic approaches. Considering the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects of melatonin, this study was carried out to investigate the potential protective effects of melatonin in mitigating the severity of oral diseases. Studies indicate that melatonin influences the differentiation of periodontal stem cells, inhibits oral cancer progression, reduces inflammation associated with periodontitis, and alleviates the severity of oral mucositis. Melatonin has demonstrated potential efficacy in both preclinical and clinical investigations; however, findings are frequently heterogeneous and contingent upon contextual factors. This review provides a comprehensiveoverview of current state of knowledge in this domain, elucidating the multifaceted role that melatonin may assume in combatingoral diseases. Further research should be directed toward determining the most effective dosing, timing, and administration methods for melatonin-based therapies for oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jamshidi Naeini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Gholamine
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Luo P, Zhang F, Li X, Wan J, Bian W. Exploring the factors influencing nutritional literacy based on the socioecological model among patients with age-related macular degeneration: a qualitative study from China. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081468. [PMID: 38806439 PMCID: PMC11138290 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although nutritional support is beneficial to the visual rehabilitation of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a large gap continues to exist between the relevant guidelines and the actual practices of AMD patients; this gap can be attributed to a lack of nutritional literacy. Therefore, this study explored the factors affecting nutritional literacy among AMD patients. DESIGN A qualitative study was carried out based on individual in-person interviews with 15 AMD patients; a semistructured interview guide was used for data collection. The socioecological model (SEM) was employed for data analysis. SETTING The Southwest Hospital in Chongqing Province, China. PARTICIPANTS A purposive sample of 15 AMD patients was recruited between May and June 2023. RESULTS The social ecosystem of patients with AMD has not been positive. At the intrapersonal level, the factors affecting the nutritional literacy of such patients are lack of knowledge, nutrition self-efficacy, economic burdens, dietary preferences and health status. At the interpersonal level, the factors that can influence patients' nutritional literacy are social support and social roles. At the institutional level, the relevant factors are doctor-patient trust and interdisciplinary-team consistency. Finally, at the policy level, a powerful factor is the large gap between policy and implementation. DISCUSSION Nutritional literacy focuses on the changes in an individual's knowledge and behaviour concerning nutrition. To inform the development of nutritional-literacy interventions for people with AMD, medical staff should consider multiple perspectives that can remove the barriers to the SEM at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Luo
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Wan
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Bian
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Yu Y, Wang G, Liu Y, Meng Z. Potential application of traditional Chinese medicine in age-related macular degeneration-focusing on mitophagy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1410998. [PMID: 38828456 PMCID: PMC11140084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1410998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial cell and neuroretinal damage in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to serious visual impairments and blindness. Studies have shown that mitophagy, a highly specialized cellular degradation system, is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. Mitophagy selectively eliminates impaired or non-functioning mitochondria via several pathways, such as the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin, BCL2-interacting protein 3 and NIP3-like protein X, FUN14 domain-containing 1, and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. This has a major impact on the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Therefore, the regulation of mitophagy could be a promising therapeutic strategy for AMD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses natural products that could potentially prevent and treat various diseases, such as AMD. This review aims to summarize recent findings on mitophagy regulation pathways and the latest progress in AMD treatment targeting mitophagy, emphasizing methods involving TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yu
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoru Meng
- School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Hosseinzadeh A, Alinaghian N, Sheibani M, Seirafianpour F, Naeini AJ, Mehrzadi S. Melatonin: Current evidence on protective and therapeutic roles in gynecological diseases. Life Sci 2024; 344:122557. [PMID: 38479596 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger, has been demonstrated to be effective in gynecological conditions and female reproductive cancers. This review consolidates the accumulating evidence on melatonin's multifaceted protective effects in different pathological contexts. In gynecological conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and uterine leiomyoma, melatonin has shown promising effects in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormonal imbalances. It inhibits adhesion molecules' production, and potentially mitigates leukocyte adherence and inflammatory responses. Melatonin's regulatory effects on hormone production and insulin sensitivity in PCOS individuals make it a promising candidate for improving oocyte quality and menstrual irregularities. Moreover, melatonin exhibits significant antitumor effects by modulating various signaling pathways, promoting apoptosis, and suppressing metastasis in breast cancers and gynecological cancers, including ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. Furthermore, melatonin's protective effects are suggested to be mediated by interactions with its receptors, estrogen receptors and other nuclear receptors. The regulation of clock-related genes and circadian clock systems may also contribute to its inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth. However, more comprehensive research is warranted to fully elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and establish melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazila Alinaghian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Jamshidi Naeini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Romeo A, Kazsoki A, Musumeci T, Zelkó R. A Clinical, Pharmacological, and Formulation Evaluation of Melatonin in the Treatment of Ocular Disorders-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3999. [PMID: 38612812 PMCID: PMC11011996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin's cytoprotective properties may have therapeutic implications in treating ocular diseases like glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Literature data suggest that melatonin could potentially protect ocular tissues by decreasing the production of free radicals and pro-inflammatory mediators. This study aims to summarize the screened articles on melatonin's clinical, pharmacological, and formulation evaluation in treating ocular disorders. The identification of relevant studies on the topic in focus was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. The studies were searched in the following databases and web search engines: Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Reaxys, Google Scholar, Google Patents, Espacenet, and Patentscope. The search time interval was 2013-2023, with the following keywords: melatonin AND ocular OR ophthalmic AND formulation OR insert AND disease. Our key conclusion was that using melatonin-loaded nano-delivery systems enabled the improved permeation of the molecule into intraocular tissues and assured controlled release profiles. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of developed formulations, a considerable gap has been observed in the clinical translation of the results. To overcome this failure, revising the preclinical experimental phase might be useful by selecting endpoints close to clinical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Romeo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Adrienn Kazsoki
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7–9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Teresa Musumeci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7–9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary;
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6
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Iliescu DA, Ghita AC, Ilie LA, Voiculescu SE, Geamanu A, Ghita AM. Non-Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Assessment: Focus on Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:764. [PMID: 38611677 PMCID: PMC11011935 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The imagistic evaluation of non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is crucial for diagnosis, monitoring progression, and guiding management of the disease. Dry AMD, characterized primarily by the presence of drusen and retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, requires detailed visualization of the retinal structure to assess its severity and progression. Several imaging modalities are pivotal in the evaluation of non-neovascular AMD, including optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, or color fundus photography. In the context of emerging therapies for geographic atrophy, like pegcetacoplan, it is critical to establish the baseline status of the disease, monitor the development and expansion of geographic atrophy, and to evaluate the retina's response to potential treatments in clinical trials. The present review, while initially providing a comprehensive description of the pathophysiology involved in AMD, aims to offer an overview of the imaging modalities employed in the evaluation of non-neovascular AMD. Special emphasis is placed on the assessment of progression biomarkers as discerned through optical coherence tomography. As the landscape of AMD treatment continues to evolve, advanced imaging techniques will remain at the forefront, enabling clinicians to offer the most effective and tailored treatments to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Adriana Iliescu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bld., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.E.V.); (A.M.G.)
- Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.G.); (L.A.I.)
| | - Ana Cristina Ghita
- Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.G.); (L.A.I.)
| | - Larisa Adriana Ilie
- Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.G.); (L.A.I.)
| | - Suzana Elena Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bld., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.E.V.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Aida Geamanu
- Ophthalmology Department, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, 169 Independence Street, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurelian Mihai Ghita
- Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Bld., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (S.E.V.); (A.M.G.)
- Ocularcare Ophthalmology Clinic, 128 Ion Mihalache Bld., 012244 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.G.); (L.A.I.)
- Ophthalmology Department, Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, 169 Independence Street, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
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7
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Rusciano D, Russo C. The Therapeutic Trip of Melatonin Eye Drops: From the Ocular Surface to the Retina. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:441. [PMID: 38675402 PMCID: PMC11054783 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule found in living organisms, ranging from bacteria to plants and mammals. It possesses various properties, partly due to its robust antioxidant nature and partly owed to its specific interaction with melatonin receptors present in almost all tissues. Melatonin regulates different physiological functions and contributes to the homeostasis of the entire organism. In the human eye, a small amount of melatonin is also present, produced by cells in the anterior segment and the posterior pole, including the retina. In the eye, melatonin may provide antioxidant protection along with regulating physiological functions of ocular tissues, including intraocular pressure (IOP). Therefore, it is conceivable that the exogenous topical administration of sufficiently high amounts of melatonin to the eye could be beneficial in several instances: for the treatment of eye pathologies like glaucoma, due to the IOP-lowering and neuroprotection effects of melatonin; for the prevention of other dysfunctions, such as dry eye and refractive defects (cataract and myopia) mainly due to its antioxidant properties; for diabetic retinopathy due to its metabolic influence and neuroprotective effects; for macular degeneration due to the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties; and for uveitis, mostly owing to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. This paper reviews the scientific evidence supporting the use of melatonin in different ocular districts. Moreover, it provides data suggesting that the topical administration of melatonin as eye drops is a real possibility, utilizing nanotechnological formulations that could improve its solubility and permeation through the eye. This way, its distribution and concentration in different ocular tissues may support its pleiotropic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Rusciano
- Fidia Research Centre, c/o University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 89, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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8
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Silva BR, Nascimento DR, Costa FC, Azevedo AV, Paulino LRFM, Aguiar FLN, Batista ALPS, Donato MAM, Silva JRV. Melatonin improves the viability and ultrastructure of bovine oocyte-granulosa complexes of in vitro cultured early antral follicles. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14543. [PMID: 38459831 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of melatonin on follicular growth, viability and ultrastructure, as well as on the levels of mRNA for antioxidant enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and meiotic progression in oocytes from in vitro cultured bovine early antral follicles. To this end, isolated early antral follicles (500-600 μm) were cultured in TCM-199+ alone or supplemented with 10-6 , 10-7 or 10-8 M melatonin at 38.5°C with 5% CO2 for 8 days. Follicle diameters were evaluated at days 0, 4 and 8 of culture. At the end of culture, ultrastructure, chromatin configuration, viability (calcein-AM and ethidium homodimer-1 staining), and the levels of ROS and mRNA for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were investigated in oocyte-granulosa cell complexes (OGCs). The results showed that early antral follicles cultured with 10-6 and 10-8 M melatonin had a progressive and significant increase in their diameters throughout the culture period (p < .05). Additionally, oocytes from follicles cultured with 10-7 or 10-8 M melatonin had increased fluorescence for calcein-AM, while those cultured with 10-6 or 10-7 M had reduced fluorescence for ethidium homodimer-1. Different from follicles cultured in other treatments, those cultured with 10-8 M melatonin had well-preserved ultrastructure of oocyte and granulosa cells. Melatonin, however, did not influence the levels of ROS, the mitochondrial activity, oocyte meiotic resumption and expression mRNA for SOD, CAT, GPX1 and PRDX6. In conclusion, the presence of 10-8 M melatonin in culture medium improves viability and preserves the ultrastructure of oocyte and granulosa cells of early antral follicles cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca R Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Danisvânia R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco C Costa
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônia V Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Laís R F M Paulino
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisco L N Aguiar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sousa Campus, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ana L P S Batista
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
| | - Mariana A M Donato
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, CNPqAM/FIOCRUZ, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - José R V Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology of Reproduction (LABIREP), Federal University of Ceara, Sobral, CE, Brazil
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Landowski M, Gogoi P, Ikeda S, Ikeda A. Roles of transmembrane protein 135 in mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions - implications for age-related retinal disease. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1355379. [PMID: 38576540 PMCID: PMC10993500 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1355379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Aging is the most significant risk factor for age-related diseases in general, which is true for age-related diseases in the eye including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, in order to identify potential therapeutic targets for these diseases, it is crucial to understand the normal aging process and how its mis-regulation could cause age-related diseases at the molecular level. Recently, abnormal lipid metabolism has emerged as one major aspect of age-related symptoms in the retina. Animal models provide excellent means to identify and study factors that regulate lipid metabolism in relation to age-related symptoms. Central to this review is the role of transmembrane protein 135 (TMEM135) in the retina. TMEM135 was identified through the characterization of a mutant mouse strain exhibiting accelerated retinal aging and positional cloning of the responsible mutation within the gene, indicating the crucial role of TMEM135 in regulating the normal aging process in the retina. Over the past decade, the molecular functions of TMEM135 have been explored in various models and tissues, providing insights into the regulation of metabolism, particularly lipid metabolism, through its action in multiple organelles. Studies indicated that TMEM135 is a significant regulator of peroxisomes, mitochondria, and their interaction. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular functions of TMEM135 which is crucial for regulating mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipids. The review also discusses the age-dependent phenotypes in mice with TMEM135 perturbations, emphasizing the importance of a balanced TMEM135 function for the health of the retina and other tissues including the heart, liver, and adipose tissue. Finally, we explore the potential roles of TMEM135 in human age-related retinal diseases, connecting its functions to the pathobiology of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Landowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Purnima Gogoi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sakae Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Akihiro Ikeda
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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Qu S, Lin H, Pfeiffer N, Grus FH. Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Mitochondria-Associated Autoantibodies: A Review of the Specific Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1624. [PMID: 38338904 PMCID: PMC10855900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a severe retinal disease that causes irreversible visual loss and blindness in elderly populations worldwide. The pathological mechanism of AMD is complex, involving the interactions of multiple environmental and genetic factors. A poor understanding of the disease leads to limited treatment options and few effective prevention methods. The discovery of autoantibodies in AMD patients provides an opportunity to explore the pathogenesis and treatment direction of the disease. This review focuses on the mitochondria-associated autoantibodies and summarizes the functional roles of mitochondria under physiological conditions and their alterations during the pathological states. Additionally, it discusses the crosstalk between mitochondria and other organelles, as well as the mitochondria-related therapeutic strategies in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franz H. Grus
- Department of Experimental and Translational Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.Q.); (H.L.)
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Pastor-Idoate S, Mateos-Olivares M, Sobas EM, Marcos M, Toribio A, Pastor JC, Usategui Martín R. Short-Wavelength Light-Blocking Filters and Oral Melatonin Administration in Patients With Retinitis Pigmentosa: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e49196. [PMID: 37971796 PMCID: PMC10690531 DOI: 10.2196/49196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medical community is beginning to recognize that retinitis pigmentosa (RP), due to its disabling progression, eventually leads to a reduction in the patient´s quality of life, a direct economic impact, and an increase in the burden on the health care system. There is no curative treatment for the origin of the disease, and most of the current interventions fail in reducing the associated negative psychological states, such as anxiety and depression, which lead to increased variability of vision and pose a continuous threat to the patient's independence. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the effect of oral melatonin (OM) administration alone and combined with short-wavelength light (SWL)-blocking filters on patients with RP and test their effectiveness in improving the level of stress and sleep problems in many of these patients. METHODS We have developed a low-cost therapy protocol for patients with RP with sleep disorders and negative psychological stress. Patients will be randomized to receive a combined intervention with SWL-blocking filters and OM, SWL-blocking filters alone, or OM alone. There will also be a nonintervention arm as a control group. This study will be conducted across 2 retinal units in patients with RP with sleep disorders and high perceived stress and anxiety score reports. Patients will be assessed in the preintervention period, weekly during the 4 weeks of intervention, and then at 6 months postintervention. The primary outcomes are the differences in changes from baseline to postintervention in hormone release (α-amylase, cortisol, and melatonin) and sleep quality, as measured with the visual analog scale. Secondary outcome measures include clinical macular changes, as measured with optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography; retinal function, as measured using the visual field and best-corrected visual acuity; sleep data collected from personal wearables; and several patient-reported variables, such as self-recorded sleep diaries, quality of life, perceived stress, and functional status. RESULTS This project is still a study protocol and has not yet started. Bibliographic research for information for its justification began in 2020, and this working group is currently seeking start-up funding. As soon as we have the necessary means, we will proceed with the registration and organization prior to the preliminary phase. CONCLUSIONS In this feasibility randomized clinical controlled trial, we will compare the effects of SWL blocking alone, administration of OM alone, and a combined intervention with both in patients with RP. We present this study so that it may be replicated and incorporated into future studies at other institutions, as well as applied to additional inherited retinal dystrophies. The goal of presenting this protocol is to aid recent efforts in reducing the impact of sleeping disorders and other psychological disorders on the quality of life in patients with RP and recovering their self-autonomy. In addition, the results of this study will represent a significant step toward developing a novel low-cost therapy for patients with RP and validating a novel therapeutic target. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/49196.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Pastor-Idoate
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networks of Cooperative Research oriented to Health Results, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- European Reference Network dedicated to Rare Eye Diseases, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Milagros Mateos-Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical University Hospital of Caceres, Caceres, Spain
| | - Eva María Sobas
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Nursing School, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfredo Toribio
- Federation of Associations of Hereditary Retinal Dystrophies in Spain, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Pastor
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Networks of Cooperative Research oriented to Health Results, National Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- European Reference Network dedicated to Rare Eye Diseases, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Usategui Martín
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Pariente A, Peláez R, Ochoa R, Pérez-Sala Á, Villanueva-Martínez Á, Bobadilla M, Larráyoz IM. Targeting 7KCh-Induced Cell Death Response Mediated by p38, P2X7 and GSDME in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells with Sterculic Acid. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2590. [PMID: 38004569 PMCID: PMC10675123 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of blindness in developed countries. AMD is characterized by the formation of drusen, which are lipidic deposits, between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid. One of the main molecules accumulated in drusen is 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh), an oxidized-cholesterol derivative. It is known that 7KCh induces inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in different cell types and the study of its mechanism of action is interesting in order to understand the development of AMD. Sterculic acid (SA) counteracts 7KCh response in RPE cells and could represent an alternative to improve currently used AMD treatments, which are not efficient enough. In the present study, we determine that 7KCh induces a complex cell death signaling characterized by the activation of necrosis and an alternative pyroptosis mediated by P2X7, p38 and GSDME, a new mechanism not yet related to the response to 7KCh until now. On the other hand, SA treatment can successfully attenuate the activation of both necrosis and pyroptosis, highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pariente
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Rodrigo Ochoa
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pérez-Sala
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Ángela Villanueva-Martínez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Miriam Bobadilla
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
| | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.P.); (R.P.); (R.O.); (Á.P.-S.); (Á.V.-M.)
- Biomarkers, Artificial Intelligence and Signaling (BIAS), Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, Duquesa de la Victoria 88, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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13
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Prabhu SS, Nair AS, Nirmala SV. Multifaceted roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in diseases: from powerhouses to saboteurs. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:723-743. [PMID: 37751031 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The fact that mitochondria play a crucial part in energy generation has led to the nickname "powerhouses" of the cell being applied to them. They also play a significant role in many other cellular functions, including calcium signalling, apoptosis, and the creation of vital biomolecules. As a result, cellular function and health as a whole can be significantly impacted by mitochondrial malfunction. Indeed, malignancies frequently have increased levels of mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control. Adverse selection exists for harmful mitochondrial genome mutations, even though certain malignancies include modifications in the nuclear-encoded tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes that generate carcinogenic metabolites. Since rare human cancers with mutated mitochondrial genomes are often benign, removing mitochondrial DNA reduces carcinogenesis. Therefore, targeting mitochondria offers therapeutic options since they serve several functions and are crucial to developing malignant tumors. Here, we discuss the various steps involved in the mechanism of cancer for which mitochondria plays a significant role, as well as the role of mitochondria in diseases other than cancer. It is crucial to understand mitochondrial malfunction to target these organelles for therapeutic reasons. This highlights the significance of investigating mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and other disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapriya Surendranath Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Saiprabha Vijayakumar Nirmala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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14
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Pariente A, Pérez-Sala Á, Ochoa R, Bobadilla M, Villanueva-Martínez Á, Peláez R, Larráyoz IM. Identification of 7-Ketocholesterol-Modulated Pathways and Sterculic Acid Protective Effect in Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells by Using Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087459. [PMID: 37108627 PMCID: PMC10144535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. AMD is characterized by the formation of lipidic deposits between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choroid called drusen. 7-Ketocholesterol (7KCh), an oxidized-cholesterol derivative, is closely related to AMD as it is one of the main molecules accumulated in drusen. 7KCh induces inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in different cell types, and a better knowledge of the signaling pathways involved in its response would provide a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms that lead to the development of AMD. Furthermore, currently used therapies for AMD are not efficient enough. Sterculic acid (SA) attenuates the 7KCh response in RPE cells and is presented as an alternative to improve these therapies. By using genome-wide transcriptomic analysis in monkey RPE cells, we have provided new insight into 7KCh-induced signaling in RPE cells, as well as the protective capacity of SA. 7KCh modulates the expression of several genes associated with lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and cell death and induces a complex response in RPE cells. The addition of SA successfully attenuates the deleterious effect of 7KCh and highlights its potential for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pariente
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pérez-Sala
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ochoa
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miriam Bobadilla
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ángela Villanueva-Martínez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Rafael Peláez
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Biomarkers and Molecular Signaling Group, Neurodegeneration Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- Biomarkers, Artificial Intelligence and Signaling (BIAS), Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, Duquesa de la Victoria 88, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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16
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Reiter RJ, Sharma R, Cucielo MS, Tan DX, Rosales-Corral S, Gancitano G, de Almeida Chuffa LG. Brain washing and neural health: role of age, sleep, and the cerebrospinal fluid melatonin rhythm. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:88. [PMID: 36917314 PMCID: PMC11072793 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain lacks a classic lymphatic drainage system. How it is cleansed of damaged proteins, cellular debris, and molecular by-products has remained a mystery for decades. Recent discoveries have identified a hybrid system that includes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled perivascular spaces and classic lymph vessels in the dural covering of the brain and spinal cord that functionally cooperate to remove toxic and non-functional trash from the brain. These two components functioning together are referred to as the glymphatic system. We propose that the high levels of melatonin secreted by the pineal gland directly into the CSF play a role in flushing pathological molecules such as amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from the brain via this network. Melatonin is a sleep-promoting agent, with waste clearance from the CNS being highest especially during slow wave sleep. Melatonin is also a potent and versatile antioxidant that prevents neural accumulation of oxidatively-damaged molecules which contribute to neurological decline. Due to its feedback actions on the suprachiasmatic nucleus, CSF melatonin rhythm functions to maintain optimal circadian rhythmicity, which is also critical for preserving neurocognitive health. Melatonin levels drop dramatically in the frail aged, potentially contributing to neurological failure and dementia. Melatonin supplementation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) defers Aβ accumulation, enhances its clearance from the CNS, and prolongs animal survival. In AD patients, preliminary data show that melatonin use reduces neurobehavioral signs such as sundowning. Finally, melatonin controls the mitotic activity of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone, suggesting its involvement in neuronal renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Maira Smaniotto Cucielo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology-IBB/UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Giuseppe Gancitano
- 1st "Tuscania" Paratrooper Regiment, Italian Ministry of Defense, 57127, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology-IBB/UNESP, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
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17
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Wang Y, Shen H, Pang L, Qiu B, Yuan Y, Guan X, Xiang X. Qihuang Granule protects the retinal pigment epithelium from oxidative stress via regulation of the alternative complement pathway. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:55. [PMID: 36800952 PMCID: PMC9938598 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in elderly people, and dry AMD is the most common type of AMD. Oxidative stress and alternative complement pathway activation may play essential roles in the pathogenesis of dry AMD. There are no available drugs for dry AMD. Qihuang Granule (QHG) is an herbal formula for the treatment of dry AMD, and it achieves a good clinical effect in our hospital. However, its potential mechanism is unclear. Our study investigated the effects of QHG on oxidative stress-associated retinal damage to reveal its underlying mechanism. METHODS Oxidative stress models were established using H2O2 and NaIO3 in ARPE-19 cells and C57BL/6 mice. Cell apoptosis and viability were assessed using phase contrast microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. Alterations in the mouse retinal structure were evaluated using Masson staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of complement factor H (CFH), complement component 3a (C3a) and complement component 5a (C5a) in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and mice was measured using RT‒PCR, Western blot analysis and ELISA. RESULTS Pretreatment with QHG significantly prevented cell apoptosis and disorder of the RPE and inner segment/outer segment (IS/OS) in H2O2-treated RPE cells and NaIO3-injected mice. QHG alleviated mitochondrial damage in mouse RPE cells, as shown by TEM. QHG also promoted CFH expression and inhibited the expression of C3a and C5a. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that QHG protects the retinal pigment epithelium from oxidative stress, likely by regulating the alternative complement pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Huangxuan Shen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060 China
| | - Long Pang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Bo Qiu
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 111 Dade Road, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Xiaoying Guan
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685The Second Clinical college of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Xiaolan Xiang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685The Second Clinical college of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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18
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Mafi A, Rezaee M, Hedayati N, Hogan SD, Reiter RJ, Aarabi MH, Asemi Z. Melatonin and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy: opportunities and efficacy in cancer therapy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:33. [PMID: 36759799 PMCID: PMC9912526 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined chemotherapy is a treatment method based on the simultaneous use of two or more therapeutic agents; it is frequently necessary to produce a more effective treatment for cancer patients. Such combined treatments often improve the outcomes over that of the monotherapy approach, as the drugs synergistically target critical cell signaling pathways or work independently at different oncostatic sites. A better prognosis has been reported in patients treated with combination therapy than in patients treated with single drug chemotherapy. In recent decades, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has become one of the most widely used chemotherapy agents in cancer treatment. This medication, which is soluble in water, is used as the first line of anti-neoplastic agent in the treatment of several cancer types including breast, head and neck, stomach and colon cancer. Within the last three decades, many studies have investigated melatonin as an anti-cancer agent; this molecule exhibits various functions in controlling the behavior of cancer cells, such as inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting invasion. The aim of this review is to comprehensively evaluate the role of melatonin as a complementary agent with 5-FU-based chemotherapy for cancers. Additionally, we identify the potential common signaling pathways by which melatonin and 5-FU interact to enhance the efficacy of the combined therapy. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mafi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Malihe Rezaee
- grid.411600.2School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Neda Hedayati
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sara Diana Hogan
- grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- grid.43582.380000 0000 9852 649XDepartment of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health. Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Aarabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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19
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Moradian F, Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Karimi‐Behnagh A, Hosseinzadeh A. Therapeutic potentials of melatonin in the treatment of lymphoma: A review of current evidence. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:777-789. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Moradian
- Departement of General Surgery Alborz University of Medical Science Alborz Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | | | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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20
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Is Melatonin the “Next Vitamin D”?: A Review of Emerging Science, Clinical Uses, Safety, and Dietary Supplements. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193934. [PMID: 36235587 PMCID: PMC9571539 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin has become a popular dietary supplement, most known as a chronobiotic, and for establishing healthy sleep. Research over the last decade into cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, fertility, PCOS, and many other conditions, combined with the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to greater awareness of melatonin because of its ability to act as a potent antioxidant, immune-active agent, and mitochondrial regulator. There are distinct similarities between melatonin and vitamin D in the depth and breadth of their impact on health. Both act as hormones, affect multiple systems through their immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory functions, are found in the skin, and are responsive to sunlight and darkness. In fact, there may be similarities between the widespread concern about vitamin D deficiency as a “sunlight deficiency” and reduced melatonin secretion as a result of “darkness deficiency” from overexposure to artificial blue light. The trend toward greater use of melatonin supplements has resulted in concern about its safety, especially higher doses, long-term use, and application in certain populations (e.g., children). This review aims to evaluate the recent data on melatonin’s mechanisms, its clinical uses beyond sleep, safety concerns, and a thorough summary of therapeutic considerations concerning dietary supplementation, including the different formats available (animal, synthetic, and phytomelatonin), dosing, timing, contraindications, and nutrient combinations.
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21
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Xue B, Ge M, Fan K, Huang X, Yan X, Jiang W, Jiang B, Yang Z. Mitochondria-targeted nanozymes eliminate oxidative damage in retinal neovascularization disease. J Control Release 2022; 350:271-283. [PMID: 35987352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization is typically accompanied by hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in the vascular system. This study developed an ultrasmall (6-8 nm) platinum (Pt) nanozyme loaded mitochondria-targeted liposome (Pt@MitoLipo) to alleviate hypoxia and eliminate excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) for effective retinal neovascularization disease therapy. Pt nanozymes possess superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) cascade enzyme-like activities, which convert cytotoxic O2•- and H2O2 into nontoxic H2O and O2. Triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-conjugated liposomes were coated on the surface of Pt nanozymes to increase their biocompatibility and help them penetrate the cell membrane, escape from the lysosomal barrier, and target mitochondria, thus achieving precise scavenging of mitochondrial O2•- and relief from hypoxia. Using an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model, we demonstrated that Pt@MitoLipo nanozymes significantly suppressed hypoxia-induced abnormal neovascularization and facilitated avascular normalization of the retina in vivo without any noticeable toxicity. This study provides a promising way to break through cellular barriers and target scavenging mitochondrial O2•- and illustrates the potential of ROS-scavenging and hypoxia relief in retinal neovascularization disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Xue
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Mengyue Ge
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinglu Huang
- Key laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Bing Jiang
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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22
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Telegina DV, Antonenko AK, Fursova AZ, Kolosova NG. The glutamate/GABA system in the retina of male rats: effects of aging, neurodegeneration, and supplementation with melatonin and antioxidant SkQ1. Biogerontology 2022; 23:571-585. [PMID: 35969289 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-09983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the most abundant amino acids in the retina. An imbalance of the glutamate/GABA system is involved in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Here we for the first time analyzed alterations of expression of glutamate- and GABA-synthesizing enzymes, transporters, and relevant receptors in the retina with age in Wistar rats and in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats who develop AMD-like retinopathy. We noted consistent age-dependent expression changes of GABAergic-system proteins (GAD67, GABA-T, and GAT1) in OXYS and Wistar rats: upregulation by age 3 months and downregulation at age 18 months. At a late stage of AMD-like retinopathy in OXYS rats (18 months), there was significant upregulation of glutaminase and downregulation of glutamine synthetase, possibly indicating an increasing level of glutamate in the retina. AMD-like-retinopathy development in the OXYS strain was accompanied by underexpression of glutamate transporter GLAST. Prolonged supplementation with both melatonin and SkQ1 (separately) suppressed the progression of the AMD-like pathology in OXYS rats without affecting the glutamate/GABA system but worsened the condition of the Wistar rat's retina during normal aging. We observed decreasing protein levels of glutamine synthetase, GLAST, and GABAAR1 and an increasing level of glutaminase in Wistar rats. In summary, both melatonin and mitochondrial antioxidant SkQ1 had different effect on the retinal glutamate / GABA in healthy Wistar and senescence-accelerated OXYS rats.
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Hosseinzadeh A, Bagherifard A, Koosha F, Amiri S, Karimi-Behnagh A, Reiter RJ, Mehrzadi S. Melatonin effect on platelets and coagulation: Implications for a prophylactic indication in COVID-19. Life Sci 2022; 307:120866. [PMID: 35944663 PMCID: PMC9356576 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is associated with the dynamic changes in coagulation parameters. Coagulopathy is considered as a major extra-pulmonary risk factor for severity and mortality of COVID-19; patients with elevated levels of coagulation biomarkers have poorer in-hospital outcomes. Oxidative stress, alterations in the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, development of the cytokine storm and inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) enzyme malfunction and renin–angiotensin system (RAS) imbalance are among other mechanisms suggested to be involved in the coagulopathy induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The activity and function of coagulation factors are reported to have a circadian component. Melatonin, a multipotential neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland exclusively at night, regulates the cytokine system and the coagulation cascade in infections such as those caused by coronaviruses. Herein, we review the mechanisms and beneficial effects of melatonin against coagulopathy induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Su WL, Wu CC, Wu SFV, Lee MC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Lu CL. A Review of the Potential Effects of Melatonin in Compromised Mitochondrial Redox Activities in Elderly Patients With COVID-19. Front Nutr 2022; 9:865321. [PMID: 35795579 PMCID: PMC9251345 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.865321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, an endogenous indoleamine, is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule widely distributed in the body. It efficiently regulates pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines under various pathophysiological conditions. The melatonin rhythm, which is strongly associated with oxidative lesions and mitochondrial dysfunction, is also observed during the biological process of aging. Melatonin levels decline considerably with age and are related to numerous age-related illnesses. The signs of aging, including immune aging, increased basal inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, significant telomeric abrasion, and disrupted autophagy, contribute to the increased severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These characteristics can worsen the pathophysiological response of the elderly to SARS-CoV-2 and pose an additional risk of accelerating biological aging even after recovery. This review explains that the death rate of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) increases with chronic diseases and age, and the decline in melatonin levels, which is closely related to the mitochondrial dysfunction in the patient, affects the virus-related death rate. Further, melatonin can enhance mitochondrial function and limit virus-related diseases. Hence, melatonin supplementation in older people may be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Vivienne Wu
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Hosseinzadeh A, Dehdashtian E, Jafari-Sabet M, Mehrzadi S. The effects of vitamin D3 and melatonin combination on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:118-124. [PMID: 35507790 DOI: 10.2174/1871524922666220429121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic seizures are associated with the overproduction of free radicals in the brain leading to neuronal cell death. Therefore, reduction of oxidative stress may inhibit seizure-induced neuronal cell damage. Current study evaluated the effects of Vit D3 and melatonin and their combination on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced tonic clonic seizures in mice. METHODS Animals were divided into six groups. Group I was administrated with normal saline (0.5 ml, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) on the 15th day of experiment. Group II was injected with PTZ (60 mg/kg dissolved in 0.5 ml normal saline, i.p) on the 15th day. Groups III-IV were treated with diazepam (4 mg/kg/day), Vit D3 (6000 IU/kg/day), melatonin (20 mg/kg/day) and Vit D3 (6000 IU/kg/day)/melatonin (20 mg/kg/day), respectively, and were then injected with PTZ (60 mg/kg) on the 15th day of experiment. Immediately after the injection of PTZ on the 15th day, mice were observed for a 30-min period for the measurement of seizure latency and duration. For determination of oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in mouse brains. RESULTS Treatment with Vit D3, melatonin, and Vit D3/melatonin significantly increased seizure latency and decreased seizure duration. The brain level of MDA was lower and SOD activity was greater than the PTZ group. Mice treated with Vit D3/melatonin had lower seizure duration compared to other treated groups. CONCLUSIONS Combination of Vit D3 and melatonin may reduce seizure frequency in epileptic patients; this effect may result from various mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsanz Dehdashtian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hemati K, Pourhanifeh MH, Fatemi I, Hosseinzadeh A, Mehrzadi S. Anti-degenerative effect of melatonin on intervertebral disc: protective contribution against inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:711-718. [PMID: 35034592 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220114151654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a leading cause of lower back pain. Although the etiology of IVD degeneration (IVDD) is unclear, excessive oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis and disruption of autophagy play important role in the pathogenesis of IVDD. Therefore, finding a solution to mitigate these processes could stop or reduce the development of IVDD. Melatonin, a powerful antioxidant, plays an important role in regulating cartilage tissue hemostasis. Melatonin inhibits destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) of disc. Melatonin preserves ECM contents including sox-9, aggrecan, and collagen II through inhibiting matrix degeneration enzymes such as MMP-13. These protective effects may be mediated by the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and regulation of autophagy in IVD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Iman Fatemi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hasanvand A, Hosseinzadeh A, Saeedavi M, Goudarzi M, Basir Z, Mehrzadi S. Neuroprotective effects of tannic acid against kainic acid-induced seizures in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221093989. [PMID: 35544363 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221093989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epileptic seizures are associated with the release of potentially neurotoxic amount of glutamate, which results in the over-production of free radicals and inflammatory factors, and induction of neuronal cell death. Current study evaluated the effect of tannic acid (TA) on Kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures in mice. METHODS Mice were divided into the six groups. Group I was administrated with normal saline (NS; 1 mL/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), Group II was injected with KA (15 mg/kg, i.p.), Groups III was treated with diazepam (DZ; 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and KA (15 mg/kg, i.p.), Groups IV-VI were treated with TA (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) and KA (15 mg/kg, i.p.). Animals received all treatments 30 min before injection of KA. After the injection of KA, mice were observed for seizure (latency, activity and duration) and mortality for 2 h. In the brain tissue, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers were evaluated in addition to the determination of histological alterations in the CA1 molecular layer of hippocampus. RESULTS Treatment with TA significantly increased seizure latency and decreased seizure duration and activity, but could not significantly decrease mice mortality. This effect was associated with the reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment with TA significantly improved KA-induced pyramidal cell loss and change in the arrangement of CA1 molecular layer. CONCLUSIONS Tannic acid may be useful in the control of epileptic seizures through regulating oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasanvand
- Student Research Committee, 48407Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Saeedavi
- Student Research Committee, 48407Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Medicinal Plant Research Center, 394243Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Basir
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 48513Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hosseinzadeh A, Mehrzadi S, Rezaei M, Badavi M, Nesari A, Goudarzi M. Lovastatin attenuates glyoxal-induced toxicity on rat liver mitochondria. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:2215-2222. [PMID: 34165024 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211027939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-dicarbonyls such as glyoxal (GO) trigger mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in the development of different diabetic complications. The present study investigated the effects of lovastatin against GO-induced toxicity on rat liver mitochondria. The rat liver mitochondria (0.5 mg protein/mL) were treated with various concentrations of lovastatin (1, 5, 10 µM) at 37°C for 30 min and then exposed to GO (3 mM) at 37°C for 30 min. Oxidative stress markers including MDA, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and protein carbonylation (PC) level were measured. Mitochondrial complex II activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed for evaluating mitochondrial function. Glyoxal significantly increased the level of ROS, PC and MDA. This effect was associated with the reduction of MMP, complex II activity and GSH content. Pre-treatment with lovastatin potentially reversed GO-induced mitochondrial toxicity. These results suggest that lovastatin have a protective effect against GO-induced toxicity in isolated rat liver mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Rezaei
- Research center of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Badavi
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - A Nesari
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M Goudarzi
- Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Yu H, Wang Q, Wu W, Zeng W, Feng Y. Therapeutic Effects of Melatonin on Ocular Diseases: Knowledge Map and Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:721869. [PMID: 34795578 PMCID: PMC8593251 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.721869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin plays a critical role in the pathophysiological process including circadian rhythm, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. It can be synthesized in ocular tissues, and its receptors are also found in the eye, triggering more investigations concentrated on the role of melatonin in the eye. In the past decades, the protective and therapeutic potentials of melatonin for ocular diseases have been widely revealed in animal models. Herein, we construct a knowledge map of melatonin in treating ocular diseases through bibliometric analysis and review its current understanding and clinical evidence. The overall field could be divided into twelve topics through keywords co-occurrence analysis, in which the glaucoma, myopia, and retinal diseases were of greatest research interests according to the keywords burst detection. The existing clinical trials of melatonin in ocular diseases mainly focused on the glaucoma, and more research should be promoted, especially for various diseases and drug administration. We also discuss its bioavailability and further research topics including developing melatonin sensors for personalized medication, acting as stem cell therapy assistant drug, and consuming food-derived melatonin for facilitating its clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qicong Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine of Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weizhen Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Fatemi I, Dehdashtian E, Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A. Therapeutic Application of Melatonin in the Treatment of Melanoma: A Review. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210526140950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which is responsible for more deaths
than nonmelanoma skin cancers. Therapeutic strategies include targeted therapy, biochemotherapy,
immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. Depending on the
clinical stage, single or combination therapy may be used to prevent and treat cancer. Due to resistance
development during treatment courses, the efficacy of mentioned therapies can be reduced.
In addition to resistance, these treatments have serious side effects for melanoma patients. According
to available reports, melatonin, a pineal indolamine with a wide spectrum of biological potentials,
has anticancer features. Furthermore, melatonin could protect against chemotherapy- and radiation-
induced adverse events and can sensitize cancer cells to therapy. The present review discusses
the therapeutic application of melatonin in the treatment of melanoma. This review was carried
out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases comprising the date of publication period
from January 1976 to March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Fatemi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman,Iran
| | - Ehsan Dehdashtian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | | | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
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Bilbao-Malavé V, González-Zamora J, de la Puente M, Recalde S, Fernandez-Robredo P, Hernandez M, Layana AG, Saenz de Viteri M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Age Related Macular Degeneration, Role in Pathophysiology, and Possible New Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081170. [PMID: 34439418 PMCID: PMC8388889 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of legal blindness in developed countries. It is a multifactorial disease in which a combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to increased risk of developing this vision-incapacitating condition. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathophysiology of AMD and recent publications have highlighted the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in this disease. Although treatment with vascular endothelium growth factor inhibitors have decreased the risk of blindness in patients with the exudative form of AMD, the search for new therapeutic options continues to prevent the loss of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells, characteristic of late stage AMD. In this review, we explain how mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress participate in AMD pathogenesis. We also discuss a role of several antioxidants (bile acids, resveratrol, melatonin, humanin, and coenzyme Q10) in amelioration of AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bilbao-Malavé
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
| | - Jorge González-Zamora
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
| | - Miriam de la Puente
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
| | - Sergio Recalde
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernandez-Robredo
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Hernandez
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Garcia Layana
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Saenz de Viteri
- Department of Opthalmology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (V.B.-M.); (J.G.-Z.); (M.d.l.P.); (A.G.L.)
- Retinal Pathologies and New Therapies Group, Experimental Ophthalmology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.R.); (P.F.-R.); (M.H.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud: ‘Prevention, Early Detection, and Treatment of the Prevalent Degenerative and Chronic Ocular Pathology’ from (RD16/0008/0011), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-255-400
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Melatonin and neuroblastoma: a novel therapeutic approach. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4659-4665. [PMID: 34061325 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a deadly and serious malignancy among children. Although many developments have been occurred for the treatment of this disease, the rate of mortality is still high. Therefore, it is necessary to search for novel complementary and alternative therapies. Melatonin, a hormone secreted from pineal gland, is a multifunctional agent having anticancer potentials. Recently, several investigations have been conducted indicating melatonin effects against neuroblastoma. In this paper, we summarize current evidence on anti-neuroblastoma effects of melatonin based on cellular pathways.
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Potential Effects of Melatonin and Micronutrients on Mitochondrial Dysfunction during a Cytokine Storm Typical of Oxidative/Inflammatory Diseases. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020030. [PMID: 33919780 PMCID: PMC8167770 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated oxidative stress and hyper-inflammation are essential features of oxidative/inflammatory diseases. Simultaneously, both processes may be the cause or consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction, thus establishing a vicious cycle among these three factors. However, several natural substances, including melatonin and micronutrients, may prevent or attenuate mitochondrial damage and may preserve an optimal state of health by managing the general oxidative and inflammatory status. This review aims to describe the crucial role of mitochondria in the development and progression of multiple diseases as well as the close relationship among mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cytokine storm. Likewise, it attempts to summarize the main findings related to the powerful effects of melatonin and some micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), which may be useful (alone or in combination) as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several examples of oxidative/inflammatory pathologies, including sepsis, as well as cardiovascular, renal, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders.
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Toxicology of Blister Agents: Is Melatonin a Potential Therapeutic Option? Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9020027. [PMID: 33920224 PMCID: PMC8167553 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blister or vesicant chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been widely used in different military conflicts, including World War I and the Iran-Iraq War. However, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. Sulfur and nitrogen mustard exert toxic effects not only through the alkylation of thiol-bearing macromolecules, such as DNA and proteins, but also produce free radicals that can develop direct toxic effects in target organs such as the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. The lack of effective treatments against vesicant CWAs-induced injury makes us consider, in this complex scenario, the use and development of melatonin-based therapeutic strategies. This multifunctional indoleamine could facilitate neutralization of the oxidative stress, modulate the inflammatory response, and prevent the DNA damage, as well as the long-term health consequences mediated by vesicant CWAs-induced epigenetic mechanisms. In this context, it would be essential to develop new galenic formulations for the use of orally and/or topically applied melatonin for the prophylaxis against vesicant CWAs, as well as the development of post-exposure treatments in the near future.
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Mehrzadi S, Pourhanifeh MH, Mirzaei A, Moradian F, Hosseinzadeh A. An updated review of mechanistic potentials of melatonin against cancer: pivotal roles in angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:188. [PMID: 33789681 PMCID: PMC8011077 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are serious life-threatening diseases which annually are responsible for millions of deaths across the world. Despite many developments in therapeutic approaches for affected individuals, the rate of morbidity and mortality is high. The survival rate and life quality of cancer patients is still low. In addition, the poor prognosis of patients and side effects of the present treatments underscores that finding novel and effective complementary and alternative therapies is a critical issue. Melatonin is a powerful anticancer agent and its efficiency has been widely documented up to now. Melatonin applies its anticancer abilities through affecting various mechanisms including angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress. Regarding the implication of mentioned cellular processes in cancer pathogenesis, we aimed to further evaluate the anticancer effects of melatonin via these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Mirzaei
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Moradian
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Melatonin Ameliorates Hemorrhagic Transformation via Suppression of ROS-Induced NLRP3 Activation after Cerebral Ischemia in Hyperglycemic Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6659282. [PMID: 33777317 PMCID: PMC7972845 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6659282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a strong antioxidant which beneficially protects against middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by hemorrhagic transformation in rats; protection includes the reduction of neurological deficits, infarction, and hematoma volume. The molecular mechanisms underlying these neuroprotective effects in the MCAO model have not been clearly identified. This study examined the influence and involved mechanism of melatonin on inflammation in hemorrhagic transformation following hyperglycemia MCAO rat model. Compared with the MCAO group, MCAO+dextrose (DX) group showed worse neurological function and higher infarction and hematoma volume. Interestingly, the protein expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome increased in the MCAO+DX group compared with the MCAO group, which indicated that NLRP3 inflammasome may be involved in the DX-induced hemorrhagic transformation following MCAO. Then, three dosages of melatonin were intraperitoneally injected 2 h after MCAO induction. Melatonin treatment attenuated inflammatory response by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NLRP3 inflammasome, alleviating neuronal injury, and reducing infarction and hematoma volume, finally improving neurological score. Melatonin also repressed cortical levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β, which were increased 24 h after hyperglycemia MCAO. In order to identify the potential mechanisms, we further revealed that nigericin administration reversed the neuroprotective effect of melatonin by promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In general, this present study reveals that melatonin prevents the occurrence of hyperglycemia-enhanced hemorrhagic transformation, and this effect might be beneficial to attenuate neurological dysfunction via suppressing the inflammatory response after MCAO which possibly associated with the inhibition of the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Mehrzadi S, Karimi MY, Fatemi A, Reiter RJ, Hosseinzadeh A. SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses negatively influence mitochondrial quality control: beneficial effects of melatonin. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107825. [PMID: 33662449 PMCID: PMC7919585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of single stranded RNA viruses, of which some of them such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with deadly worldwide human diseases. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a condition caused by SARS-CoV-2, results in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with high mortality in the elderly and in people with underlying comorbidities. Results from several studies suggest that CoVs localize in mitochondria and interact with mitochondrial protein translocation machinery to target their encoded products to mitochondria. Coronaviruses encode a number of proteins; this process is essential for viral replication through inhibiting degradation of viral proteins and host misfolded proteins including those in mitochondria. These viruses seem to maintain their replication by altering mitochondrial dynamics and targeting mitochondrial-associated antiviral signaling (MAVS), allowing them to evade host innate immunity. Coronaviruses infections such as COVID-19 are more severe in aging patients. Since endogenous melatonin levels are often dramatically reduced in the aged and because it is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, melatonin has been proposed to be useful in CoVs infections by altering proteasomal and mitochondrial activities. Melatonin inhibits mitochondrial fission due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on cytosolic calcium overload. The collective data suggests that melatonin may mediate mitochondrial adaptations through regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. We propose that melatonin may inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced cell damage by regulating mitochondrial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Fatemi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Potential Role of Melatonin as an Adjuvant for Atherosclerotic Carotid Arterial Stenosis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040811. [PMID: 33557283 PMCID: PMC7914857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery stenosis (CAS) is an atherosclerotic disease characterized by a narrowing of the artery lumen and a high risk of ischemic stroke. Risk factors of atherosclerosis, including smoking, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, aging, and disrupted circadian rhythm, may potentiate atherosclerosis in the carotid artery and further reduce the arterial lumen. Ischemic stroke due to severe CAS and cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury after the revascularization of CAS also adversely affect clinical outcomes. Melatonin is a pluripotent agent with potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective properties. Although there is a shortage of direct clinical evidence demonstrating the benefits of melatonin in CAS patients, previous studies have shown that melatonin may be beneficial for patients with CAS in terms of reducing endothelial damage, stabilizing arterial plaque, mitigating the harm from CAS-related ischemic stroke and cerebral I/R injury, and alleviating the adverse effects of the related risk factors. Additional pre-clinical and clinical are required to confirm this speculation.
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El-Goly AMM. Lines of Treatment of COVID-19 Infection. COVID-19 INFECTIONS AND PREGNANCY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8298380 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90595-4.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A. Melatonin and regulation of miRNAs: novel targeted therapy for cancerous and noncancerous disease. Epigenomics 2020; 13:65-81. [PMID: 33350862 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs, small noncoding RNAs with crucial diagnostic and prognostic capabilities, play essential therapeutic roles in different human diseases. These biomarkers are involved in several biological mechanisms and are responsible for the regulation of multiple genes expressions in cells. miRNA-based therapy has shown a very bright future in the case of clinical interventions. Melatonin, the main product of the pineal gland, is a multifunctional neurohormone with numerous therapeutic potentials in human diseases. Melatonin is able to regulate miRNAs in different pathologies such as malignant and nonmalignant diseases, which can be considered as a novel kind of targeted therapy. Herein, this review discusses possible therapeutic utility of melatonin for the regulation of miRNAs in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Possible A2E Mutagenic Effects on RPE Mitochondrial DNA from Innovative RNA-Seq Bioinformatics Pipeline. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111158. [PMID: 33233726 PMCID: PMC7699917 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are subject to continuous oxidative stress stimuli that, over time, can impair their genome and lead to several pathologies, like retinal degenerations. Our main purpose was the identification of mtDNA variants that might be induced by intense oxidative stress determined by N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), together with molecular pathways involving the genes carrying them, possibly linked to retinal degeneration. We performed a variant analysis comparison between transcriptome profiles of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells exposed to A2E and untreated ones, hypothesizing that it might act as a mutagenic compound towards mtDNA. To optimize analysis, we proposed an integrated approach that foresaw the complementary use of the most recent algorithms applied to mtDNA data, characterized by a mixed output coming from several tools and databases. An increased number of variants emerged following treatment. Variants mainly occurred within mtDNA coding sequences, corresponding with either the polypeptide-encoding genes or the RNA. Time-dependent impairments foresaw the involvement of all oxidative phosphorylation complexes, suggesting a serious damage to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis, that can result in cell death. The obtained results could be incorporated into clinical diagnostic settings, as they are hypothesized to modulate the phenotypic expression of mtDNA pathogenic variants, drastically improving the field of precision molecular medicine.
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Melatonin potentials against viral infections including COVID-19: Current evidence and new findings. Virus Res 2020; 287:198108. [PMID: 32768490 PMCID: PMC7405774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are dangerous diseases for human health worldwide, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality each year. Because of their importance and the lack of effective therapeutic approaches, further attempts should be made to discover appropriate alternative or complementary treatments. Melatonin, a multifunctional neurohormone mainly synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland, plays some roles in the treatment of viral infections. Regarding a deadly outbreak of COVID-19 across the world, we decided to discuss melatonin functions against various viral infections including COVID-19. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current evidence on melatonin therapy for viral infections with focus on possible underlying mechanisms of melatonin actions.
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Luo F, Sandhu AF, Rungratanawanich W, Williams GE, Akbar M, Zhou S, Song BJ, Wang X. Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197174. [PMID: 32998479 PMCID: PMC7584015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, the nervous system gradually undergoes degeneration. Increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death are considered to be common pathophysiological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autophagy is a cellular basic metabolic process that degrades the aggregated or misfolded proteins and abnormal organelles in cells. The abnormal regulation of neuronal autophagy is accompanied by the accumulation and deposition of irregular proteins, leading to changes in neuron homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Autophagy exhibits both a protective mechanism and a damage pathway related to programmed cell death. Because of its "double-edged sword", autophagy plays an important role in neurological damage and NDDs including AD, PD, HD, OPIDN, and ALS. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone mainly synthesized in the pineal gland and exhibits a wide range of biological functions, such as sleep control, regulating circadian rhythm, immune enhancement, metabolism regulation, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-tumor effects. It can prevent cell death, reduce inflammation, block calcium channels, etc. In this review, we briefly discuss the neuroprotective role of melatonin against various NDDs via regulating autophagy, which could be a new field for future translational research and clinical studies to discover preventive or therapeutic agents for many NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Aaron F. Sandhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.R.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - George E. Williams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Mohammed Akbar
- Division of Neuroscience & Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Shuanhu Zhou
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (W.R.); (B.-J.S.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (F.L.); (A.F.S.); (G.E.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Clinical Application of Melatonin in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: Current Evidence and New Insights into the Cardioprotective and Cardiotherapeutic Properties. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 36:131-155. [PMID: 32926271 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading global cause of mortality and disability, tending to happen in younger individuals in developed countries. Despite improvements in medical treatments, the therapy and long-term prognosis of CVDs such as myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, atherosclerosis, heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and other CVDs threatening human life are not satisfactory enough. Therefore, many researchers are attempting to identify novel potential therapeutic methods for the treatment of CVDs. Melatonin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent with a wide range of therapeutic properties. Recently, several investigations have been carried out to evaluate its effectiveness and efficiency in CVDs therapy, focusing on mechanistic pathways. Herein, this review aims to summarize current findings of melatonin treatment for CVDs.
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Mehrzadi MH, Hosseinzadeh A, Juybari KB, Mehrzadi S. Melatonin and urological cancers: a new therapeutic approach. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:444. [PMID: 32943992 PMCID: PMC7488244 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers are responsible for thousands of cancer-related deaths around the world. Despite all developments in therapeutic approaches for cancer therapy, the absence of efficient treatments is a critical and vital problematic issue for physicians and researchers. Furthermore, routine medical therapies contribute to several undesirable adverse events for patients, reducing life quality and survival time. Therefore, many attempts are needed to explore potent alternative or complementary treatments for great outcomes. Melatonin has multiple beneficial potential effects, including anticancer properties. Melatonin in combination with chemoradiation therapy or even alone could suppress urological cancers through affecting essential cellular pathways. This review discusses current evidence reporting the beneficial effect of melatonin in urological malignancies, including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Mehrzadi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kobra Bahrampour Juybari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Kamali M, Hosseinzadeh A. Melatonin and gastrointestinal cancers: Current evidence based on underlying signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173471. [PMID: 32877658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, leading causes of cancer-related deaths, have been serious challenging human diseases up to now. Because of high rates of mortality, late-stage diagnosis, metastasis to distant locations, and low effectiveness and adverse events of routine standard therapies, the quality of life and survival time are low in patients with GI cancers. Hence, many efforts need to be done to explore and find novel efficient treatments. Beneficial effects of melatonin have been reported in a wide variety of human diseases. Melatonin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. Various studies have showed the regulatory effects of melatonin on apoptotsis, autophagy and angiogenesis; these properties result in the inhibition of invasion, migration, and proliferation of GI cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Together, this review suggests that melatonin in combination with anticancer agents may improve the efficacy of routine medicine and survival rate of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sayed RKA, Mokhtar DM, Fernández-Ortiz M, Fernández-Martínez J, Aranda-Martínez P, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D. Lack of retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha accelerates and melatonin supplementation prevents testicular aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12648-12668. [PMID: 32644943 PMCID: PMC7377884 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) on male reproductive functions during aging is unclear. Here, we analyze the morphological changes in the testis of both young and aged RORα-deficient mice, with and without melatonin supplementation. Young mutants showed vacuolation, degeneration and pyknosis of spermatogenic epithelium and Sertoli cells. Aged mutants showed atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and absence of mitotic spermatogenic cells. Absence of sperms in many tubules, loss of acrosomal cap, vacuolation and hypertrophy of Sertoli cells were detected in aged mice, with a significant reduction in the number of seminiferous tubules and a significant increase in the number of Leydig cells and telocytes. Repair in seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues with enhancement of spermatogenesis was observed in melatonin-treated aged mice. Young mutants overexpressed VEGF that was weaker in aged animals and observed only in the spermatocytes, while melatonin increased VEGF expression in spermatocytes and spermatids. Caspase 3 increased in both young and aged mutant mice in all seminiferous tubules and interstitium; caspase 3 immunostaining in seminiferous tubules, however, showed a normal pattern of apoptosis with melatonin supplementation. The present study reports that age-dependent testicular changes in RORα mutant mice were recovered by melatonin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy K A Sayed
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Marisol Fernández-Ortiz
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - José Fernández-Martínez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Paula Aranda-Martínez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Germaine Escames
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento, Ibs. Granada, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento, Ibs. Granada, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorios Clínicos, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada 18016, Spain
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Hemati K, Pourhanifeh MH, Dehdashtian E, Fatemi I, Mehrzadi S, Reiter RJ, Hosseinzadeh A. Melatonin and morphine: potential beneficial effects of co-use. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:25-39. [PMID: 32415694 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is a potent analgesic agent used to control acute or chronic pain. Chronic administration of morphine results in analgesic tolerance, hyperalgesia, and other side effects including dependence, addiction, respiratory depression, and constipation, which limit its clinical usage. Therefore, identifying the new analgesics with fewer side effects which could increase the effect of morphine and reduce its side effects is crucial. Melatonin, a multifunctional molecule produced in the body, is known to play an important role in pain regulation. The strong anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin is suggested to be involved in the attenuation of the pain associated with inflammation. Melatonin also increases the anti-nociceptive actions of opioids, such as morphine, and reverses their tolerance through regulating several cellular signaling pathways. In this review, published articles evaluating the effect of the co-consumption of melatonin and morphine in different conditions were investigated. Our results show that melatonin has pain-killing properties when administered alone or in combination with other anti-nociceptive drugs. Melatonin decreases morphine consumption in different pathologies. Furthermore, attenuation of morphine intake can be accompanied by reduction of morphine-associated side-effects, including physical dependence, morphine tolerance, and morphine-related hyperalgesia. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the combination of melatonin with morphine could reduce morphine-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia, which may result from anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of melatonin. Overall, we underscore that, to further ameliorate patients' life quality and control their pain in various pathological conditions, melatonin deserves to be used with morphine by anesthesiologists in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Hemati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Ghotb-e-Ravandy Boulevard, Kashan, 8715988141, Iran
| | - Ehsan Dehdashtian
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, IRAN, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Iman Fatemi
- Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, imam Ali Bolvard, Rafsanjan, 7719617996, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, Mail Code 7762, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Highway, Tehran, 1449614535, Iran
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