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Forman DA, Alizadeh S, Button DC, Holmes MW. The Use of Elastic Resistance Bands to Reduce Dynamic Knee Valgus in Squat-Based Movements: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1206-1217. [PMID: 37795322 PMCID: PMC10547095 DOI: 10.26603/001c.87764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An elastic band wrapped around the distal thighs has recently been proposed as a method for reducing dynamic knee valgus (medial movement of the knee joint in the frontal/coronal plane) while performing squats. The rationale behind this technique is that, by using an external force to pull the knees into further knee valgus, the band both exaggerates the pre-existing movement and provides additional local proprioceptive input, cueing individuals to adjust their knee alignment. If these mechanisms are true, then elastic bands might indeed reduce dynamic knee valgus, which could be promising for use in injury prevention as excessive knee valgus may be associated with a greater risk of sustaining an ACL rupture and/or other knee injuries. Due to this possibility, certain athletic populations have already adopted the use of elastic bands for training and/or rehab, despite a limited number of studies showing beneficial findings. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine current literature that has assessed lower limb muscle activity and/or lower limb kinematics performance on squat-based movements with or without an elastic band(s). Importantly, this paper will also discuss the key limitations that exist in this area, propose suggestions for future research directions, and provide recommendations for training implementations. Level of Evidence 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland
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Yun SH, Kim HJ, Ryu JK, Kim SC. Fine-Grained Motion Recognition in At-Home Fitness Monitoring with Smartwatch: A Comparative Analysis of Explainable Deep Neural Networks. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11070940. [PMID: 37046868 PMCID: PMC10094383 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11070940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The squat is a multi-joint exercise widely used for everyday at-home fitness. Focusing on the fine-grained classification of squat motions, we propose a smartwatch-based wearable system that can recognize subtle motion differences. For data collection, 52 participants were asked to perform one correct squat and five incorrect squats with three different arm postures (straight arm, crossed arm, and hands on waist). We utilized deep neural network-based models and adopted a conventional machine learning method (random forest) as a baseline. Experimental results revealed that the bidirectional GRU/LSTMs with an attention mechanism and the arm posture of hands on waist achieved the best test accuracy (F1-score) of 0.854 (0.856). High-dimensional embeddings in the latent space learned by attention-based models exhibit more clustered distributions than those by other DNN models, indicating that attention-based models learned features from the complex multivariate time-series motion signals more efficiently. To understand the underlying decision-making process of the machine-learning system, we analyzed the result of attention-based RNN models. The bidirectional GRU/LSTMs show a consistent pattern of attention for defined squat classes, but these models weigh the attention to the different kinematic events of the squat motion (e.g., descending and ascending). However, there was no significant difference found in classification performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Ho Yun
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Joo Kim
- Machine Learning Systems Lab., College of Sports Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeh-Kwang Ryu
- Department of Physical Education, Graduate School, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Kim
- Machine Learning Systems Lab., College of Sports Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Sex Difference in Lower-limb Electromyography and Kinematics when Using Resistance Bands during a Barbell Back Squat. J Hum Kinet 2023; 86:17-29. [PMID: 37181264 PMCID: PMC10170533 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the muscle activity of the gluteus medius (GMe), gluteus maximus (GMa), biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM) and erector spinae (ES) as well as medial knee displacement (MKD) while using varying stiffness resistance bands (red: 1.68 kg; black: 3.31 kg; gold: 6.44 kg) during a barbell back squat (BBS) among males and females. A total of 23 (females: 11) resistance trained people were recruited for this study. Muscle activity was measured using electromyography, and motion capture cameras tracked lower-limb kinematics and MKD. Three resistance bands were placed at the distal end of the femur while performing a BBS at their 85% repetition maximum (RM). Parametric and non-parametric statistical analyses were conducted with the alpha level of 0.05. The gold resistance band resulted in a smaller knee-width-index value (i.e., greater MKD) compared to other bands (p < 0.01). Males exhibited less MKD compared to females during the BBS for each resistance band (p = 0.04). Males produced greater VL activity when using the black and gold resistance bands during the BBS (p = 0.03). When using a gold resistance band, the GMe muscle activation was higher compared to other resistance bands (p < 0.01). VM muscle activity was reduced when using a gold resistance band compared to no band condition (p < 0.01). BF (p = 0.39) and ES (p = 0.88) muscle activity did not change when using different resistance bands. As a result, females may be at a biomechanical disadvantage when using resistance bands compared to males while performing the BBS hindering them from optimal performance.
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Heydarian M, Babakhani F, Hatefi M, Balouchi R, Mohammadian M. Effects of a band loop on muscle activity and dynamic Knee valgus during pedaling. Gait Posture 2020; 82:301-305. [PMID: 33007687 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Change in the lower extremity alignments in the frontal plane and muscle activation patterns have been associated with lower extremity injuries. Therefore, to prevent injuries, many therapeutic protocols focus on find ways to correct dynamic knee valgus (DKV). METHODS Thirty-one recreational male cyclists with DKV (26.4 ± 4.5 years, 176.63 ± 7.51 cm, 75.81 ± 9.29 kg, 23.20 ± 4.15 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in this study. Simultaneous recordings of kinematic and electromyography data were performed on ten consecutive pedal cycles which began during the last 30 seconds of each four test condition: with band at 0.5 kg workload, with band at 2 kg workload, without band at 0.5 kg workload, and without band at 2 kg workload. The paired t-test was used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS The results indicated significant differences in VM (band = 0.029, no band = 0.031) and VL (band = 0.015, no band = 0.035) activation between workloads in each condition. Also there were significant differences in Gmed activation (0.5kg = 0.001, 2kg = 0.037), onset of Gmed (0.5kg = 0.048, 2kg = 0.012), offset of Gmed (0.5kg = 0.048, 2kg = 0.015), TFL activation (0.5kg = 0.001, 2kg = 0.041) and offset of TFL (0.5kg = 0.078, 2kg = 0.005) between the band and no band conditions. There was no different significant in VM/VL ratio between in each of four testing conditions (p > 0.05). The Gmed/TFL ratio was significantly greater in band condition than no band at both 0.5 (p = 0.045) and 2 kg (p = 0.001) workload. Knee abduction angle was affected by the band loop during the pedaling at two different workloads (0.5 kg: p = 0.047, 2 kg: p = 0.021) but mean (p = 0.027) and peak (p = 0.033) knee abduction angle significantly increased with increasing workload during the pedaling with band loop. CONCLUSIONS pedaling with the band loop can be considered as an effective method to increase the Gmed, Gmed/TFL ratio and control of DKV but increasing the workload during pedaling must be done with caution to prevent DKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Heydarian
- Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Babakhani
- Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Hatefi
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Balouchi
- Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadamin Mohammadian
- Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Reece MB, Arnold GP, Nasir S, Wang WW, Abboud R. Barbell back squat: how do resistance bands affect muscle activation and knee kinematics? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000610. [PMID: 32095265 PMCID: PMC7010994 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to determine whether looped resistance bands affect knee kinematics and lower body muscle activation during the barbell back squat. Methods Twenty-six healthy participants (13 female, 13 male) calculated their one repetition maximum (RM) prior to data collection. Each participant performed three squats at both 80% and 40% 1RM wearing a light resistance band, an extra-heavy resistance band and no resistance band. Vicon 3D motion analysis cameras were used to collect the kinematic data, and Delsys Trigno Lab wireless electromyography (EMG) system was used to measure vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and biceps femoris muscle activity. Peak knee flexion angle, peak knee valgus angle and maximum tibial rotation values were examined. Peak EMG values were also analysed after being normalised and expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Results Gluteus maximus (GM) activity is significantly increased when a resistance band is used during squatting. However, squatting with a resistance band is detrimental to knee kinematics as it leads to an increase in knee valgus angle and maximum tibial rotation angle. A direct correlation is recorded between an increase in resistance and an increase in these two angles. Conclusions Squatting with resistance bands is likely to increase the risk of knee injury. Coaches and clinicians who already implement this technique are advised to remove resistance band squats from training and rehabilitation programmes. Further research evaluating the long-term effects of using resistance bands during the barbell back squat should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine B Reece
- nstitute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Graham P Arnold
- nstitute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sadiq Nasir
- nstitute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Weijie W Wang
- nstitute of Motion Analysis & Research (IMAR), University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rami Abboud
- Dean's Office, University of Balamand Faculty of Engineering, El-Koura, Lebanon
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Forman DA, Forman GN, Button DC, Holmes MWR. THERABAND® CLX gold reduces knee-width index and range of motion during overhead, barbell squatting. Sports Biomech 2018; 20:198-212. [PMID: 30526370 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1537371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of the TherabandTM CLX gold band on lower-limb muscle activity and kinematics during an overhead barbell squat. Participants performed two sets (band and no-band) of 12 repetitions of overhead barbell squats at 25% bodyweight. Three-dimensional kinematics were measured using motion capture with rigid bodies placed bilaterally on the foot, shank, thigh and thorax. Electromyography was collected from seven, bilateral muscles of the lower-limb and was unchanged for all muscles between conditions. Medial knee collapse was calculated using a knee-width index (KWI) ratio of the distance between the lateral epicondyles of the femur and the lateral malleoli. Average KWI was smaller during the band condition for the concentric (No band: 0.99 ± 0.05, Band: 0.97 ± 0.06, p < 0.05) and eccentric phases (No band: 1.00 ± 0.06, Band: 0.97 ± 0.05, p < 0.05). KWI was significantly smaller with the use of the TherabandTM CLX. As the gold band is the strongest of the CLX offerings, any benefit of increased proprioception may have been lost due to the high resistance of the band. Further research examining the dose-response of elastic band resistance to knee alignment may be needed to inform proper exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Forman
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Garrick N Forman
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University , St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael W R Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Kim T, Kil S, Chung J, Moon J, Oh E. Effects of specific muscle imbalance improvement training on the balance ability in elite fencers. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:1589-92. [PMID: 26157269 PMCID: PMC4483447 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The lunge Motion that occurs frequently in fencing training and matches results
in imbalance of the upper and lower limbs muscles. This research focuses on the
improvement of the imbalance that occurs in the national team fencers of the Republic of
Korea through specific muscle imbalance improvement training. [Subjects] The subjects of
this research were limited to right-handed male fencers. Nine male, right-handed national
fencing athletes were selected for this study (4 epee, 5 sabre; age 28.2 ± 2.2 years;
height 182.3 ± 4.0 cm; weight 76.5 ± 8.2 kg; experience 12.4 ± 3.0 years). [Methods] The
specific muscle imbalance improvement training program was performed for 12 weeks and
Pre-Post tests were to evaluate its effect on the experimental group. Measurements
comprised anthropometry, test of balance, and movement analysis. [Results] After the
training program, mediolateral sway of the nondominant lower limb and the balance scale
showed statistically significant improvement. [Conclusion] The specific muscle imbalance
improvement training program used in this research was proven to be effective for
improving the muscle imbalance of elite fencers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewhan Kim
- Division of Sports Science, Korea Institutes of Sport Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Sekee Kil
- Division of Sports Science, Korea Institutes of Sport Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Chung
- Division of Sports Science, Korea Institutes of Sport Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeheon Moon
- Division of Sports Science, Korea Institutes of Sport Science, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Oh
- Department of Sports Science, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Republic of Korea
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Dai B, Heinbaugh EM, Ning X, Zhu Q. A resistance band increased internal hip abduction moments and gluteus medius activation during pre-landing and early-landing. J Biomech 2014; 47:3674-80. [PMID: 25446268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An increased knee abduction angle during jump-landing has been identified as a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Activation of the hip abductors may decrease the knee abduction angle during jump-landing. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a resistance band on the internal hip abduction moment and gluteus medius activation during the pre-landing (100ms before initial contact) and early-landing (100ms after initial contact) phases of a jump-landing-jump task. Thirteen male and 15 female recreational athletes (age: 21.1±2.4yr; mass: 73.8±14.6kg; height: 1.76±0.1m) participated in the study. Subjects performed jump-landing-jump tasks with or without a resistance band applied to their lower shanks. During the with-band condition, subjects were instructed to maintain their movement patterns as performing the jump-landing task without a resistance band. Lower extremity kinematics, kinetics, and gluteus medius electromyography (EMG) were collected. Applying the band increased the average hip abduction moment during pre-landing (p<0.001, Cohen׳s d (d)=2.8) and early-landing (p<0.001, d=1.5), and the average gluteus medius EMG during pre-landing (p<0.001, d=1.0) and early-landing (p=0.003, d=0.55). Applying the band decreased the initial hip flexion angle (p=0.028, d=0.25), initial hip abduction angle (p<0.001, d=0.91), maximum knee flexion angle (p=0.046, d=0.17), and jump height (p=0.004, d=0.16). Applying a resistance band provides a potential strategy to train the strength and muscle activation for the gluteus medius during jump-landing. Additional instructions and feedback regarding hip abduction, hip flexion, and knee flexion may be required to minimize negative changes to other kinematic variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Dai
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA.
| | - Erika M Heinbaugh
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Ning
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Qin Zhu
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
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