CircRNA-UBE2G1 regulates LPS-induced osteoarthritis through miR-373/HIF-1a axis

Hsa_circ_0105040 promotes Cutbacterium acnes biofilm induced inflammation via sponge miR-146a in human keratinocyte

Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and the pathogenesis of acne induced by Cutibacterium acnes (C.acnes) is not well understood. Recently, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have attracted much attention because of its involvement in various diseases. However, the mechanisms by which circRNAs regulated acne have rarely been reported. We identified several differentially expressed circRNAs by sequencing patient-derived acne tissues. Among them, hsa_circ_0105040 was determined to be low expressed in acne tissues and localized in the cytoplasm of human primary keratinocytes. We established a C.acnes biofilms model of acne in vitro and showed that hsa_circ_0105040 promoted inflammation via MAPK and NF-κB pathway. Mechanistically, hsa_circ_0105040 could directly bind to miR-146a and inhibit the expression of miR-146a. Moreover, hsa_circ_0105040 promoted the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6 by sponging miR-146a, thereby elevating the level of inflammation in acne. Collectively, our data suggested that hsa_circ_0105040- miR-146a -IRAK1/TRAF6 axis was involved in regulating the inflammatory response in acne, which provided a potential therapeutic target for acne and a novel insight into the pathogenesis of inflammatory acne.

Biomaterial-Based Gene Delivery: Advanced Tools for Enhanced Cartilage Regeneration

Gene therapy has emerged as a promising and innovative approach in cartilage regeneration. Integrating biomaterials into gene therapy offers a unique opportunity to enhance gene delivery efficiency, optimize gene expression dynamics, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue regeneration. Despite the rapid progress in biomaterial-based gene delivery, there remains a deficiency of comprehensive discussions on recent advances and their specific application in cartilage regeneration. Therefore, this review aims to provide a thorough overview of various categories of biomaterials employed in gene delivery, including both viral and non-viral vectors, with discussing their distinct advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the diverse strategies employed in gene therapy are discussed and summarized, such as the utilization of growth factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and chondrogenic genes. Additionally, we highlights the significant challenges that hinder biomaterial-based gene delivery in cartilage regeneration, including immune response modulation, gene delivery efficiency, and the sustainability of long-term gene expression. By elucidating the functional properties of biomaterials-based gene therapy and their pivotal roles in cartilage regeneration, this review aims to enhance further advances in the design of sophisticated gene delivery systems for improved cartilage regeneration outcomes.

Inhibition of LncRNA SNHG14 protects chondrocyte from injury in osteoarthritis via sponging miR-137

Long-chain noncoding small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (LncRNA SNHG14) is highly expressed in various diseases and promotes diseases progression, but the role and mechanism of LncRNA SNHG14 on targeting miR-137 in promoting osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocyte injury remains unclear. To measure the expression of the LncRNAs SNHG14 and miR-137, cell survival, inflammatory response, chondrocyte apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) levels, we subjected human chondrocytes to a variety of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations. To measure the luciferase activity of SNHG14-WT and SNHG14-MUT transfected with miR-137 mimic or miR-NC mimic, luciferase reporter genes were utilized. The results showed that chondrocyte viability was significantly inhibited with LPS treatment and chondrocyte inflammatory response, apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation were significantly increased. However, the above results were significantly reversed after LncRNA SNHG14 inhibition. The luciferase activity bound to miR-137 was decreased in SNHG14-WT group, but there was no change in SNHG14-mut group, which indicated that LncRNA SNHG14 inhibited miR-137 expression as a miRNA sponge. In conclusion, inhibition of LncRNA SNHG14 attenuates chondrocyte inflammatory response, apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation by targeting miR-137 in LPS induced chondrocytes.

YTHDC1-Modified m6A Methylation of Hsa_circ_0102678 Promotes Keratinocyte Inflammation Induced by Cutibacterium acnes Biofilm through Regulating miR-146a/TRAF6 and IRAK1 Axis

INTRODUCTION

CircRNAs are closely related to many human diseases; however, their role in acne remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the role of hsa_circ_0102678 in regulating inflammation of acne.

METHODS

First, microarray analysis was performed to study the expression of circRNAs in acne. Subsequently, RNase R digestion assay and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay were utilized to confirm the characteristics of hsa_circ_0102678. Finally, qRT-PCR, Western blotting analysis, immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, circRNA probe pull-down assay, biotin-labeled miRNA pull-down assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay, and m6A dot blot assay were utilized to reveal the functional roles of hsa_circ_0102678 on inflammation induced by C. acnes biofilm in human primary keratinocytes.

RESULTS

Our investigations showed that the expression of hsa_circ_0102678 was significantly decreased in acne tissues, and hsa_circ_0102678 was a type of circRNAs, which was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of primary human keratinocytes. Moreover, hsa_circ_0102678 remarkably affected the expression of IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α, which induced by C. acnes biofilm. Importantly, mechanistic studies indicated that the YTHDC1 could bind directly to hsa_circ_0102678 and promote the export of N6-methyladenosine-modified hsa_circ_0102678 to the cytoplasm. Besides, hsa_circ_0102678 could bind to miR-146a and sponge miR-146a to promote the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6.

CONCLUSION

Our findings revealed a previously unknown process by which hsa_circ_0102678 promoted keratinocyte inflammation induced by C. acnes biofilm via regulating miR-146a/TRAF6 and IRAK1 axis.

Circular RNA CircDHRS3 Aggravates IL-1β-induced ECM Degradation, Apoptosis, and Inflammatory Response via Mediating MECP2 Expression

Previous studies have reported that circular RNA hsa_circ_0010024 (circDHRS3), microRNA (miR)-193a-3p, and Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) are unconventionally expressed in osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage samples. However, the regulatory mechanisms among circDHRS3, miR-193a-3p, and MECP2 in OA pathogenesis are unclear. Changes of circDHRS3, miR-193a-3p, and MECP2 mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR. Several protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. Cell proliferation was analyzed by 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and cell counting assays. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry assay. Detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines was conducted using ELISA. The relationship between circDHRS3 or MECP2 and miR-193a-3p was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. We verified that circDHRS3 and MECP2 were overexpressed in OA cartilage samples, whereas miR-193a-3p was downregulated. CircDHRS3 silencing weakened IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, apoptosis, and inflammatory response. CircDHRS3 adsorbed miR-193a-3p to modulate MECP2 expression. Also, silencing of miR-193a-3p impaired circDHRS3 silencing-mediated suppression on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury. Also, MECP2 overexpression alleviated miR-193a-3p mimic-mediated inhibition on IL-1β-prompted chondrocyte injury. CircDHRS3 silencing reduced MECP2 expression via sponging miR-193a-3p, thereby weakening IL-1β-induced chondrocyte ECM degradation, apoptosis, and inflammatory response.

Mitochondria-Related Gene MAOB is a Key Biomarker of Osteoarthritis and Inhibition of Its Expression Reduces LPS-induced Chondrocyte Damage

The mitochondria are an important organelle in cells responsible for producing energy, and its abnormal function is closely related to the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. Finding key genes associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoarthritis can provide new ideas for the study of its pathogenesis. Firstly, 371 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained through bioinformatics analysis of the GSE12021 and GSE55235 datasets in the GEO database, and 24 mitochondria-related DEGs (Mito-DEGs) were obtained by crossing differential genes with mitochondrial related genes. Next, KEGG and GO analysis of Mito-DEGs showed that upregulated Mito-DEGs were mainly enriched in small molecule catabolic process and tryptophan metabolism, while downregulated Mito-DEGs were mainly enriched in acetyl-CoA metabolic process and fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the key genes ME2 and MAOB were obtained through protein-protein interaction network analysis and lasso cox analysis of the 24 Mito-DEGs. In addition, the comparison results of immune cell scores showed differences between T cells CD4 memory resting, T cells regulatory (Tregs), Mast cells resting, and Mast cells activated in the OA group and the control group. More importantly, the potential regulatory mechanisms of key genes were studied through GSEA analysis and their correlation with immune infiltrating cells, immune checkpoints, m6A, and ferroptosis. Finally, in LPS-induced C28/I2 cells, silencing MAOB reduced inflammation injury and inhibited mitochondrial damage. Our research findings suggest that MAOB may hold potential as a target for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis.

Functional role of circRNAs in osteogenesis: A review

The extracellular matrixes (ECM), as well as the microenvironmental signals, play an essential role in osteogenesis by regulating intercellular pathways. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a newly identified RNA, circular RNA, contributes to the osteogenesis process. Circular RNA (circRNA), the most recently identified RNA, is involved in the regulation of gene expression at transcription to translation levels. The dysregulation of circRNAs has been observed in several tumors and diseases. Also, various studies have shown that circRNAs expression is changed during osteogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Therefore, understanding the role of circRNAs in osteogenesis might help the diagnosis as well as treatment of bone diseases such as bone defects and osteoporosis. In this review, circRNA functions and the related pathways in osteogenesis have been discussed.

Circ_PIAS1 Promotes the Apoptosis of ALV-J Infected DF1 Cells by Up-Regulating miR-183

(1) Background: circRNAs are closed circular molecules with covalent bonds generated by reverse shearing, which have high stability and have different manifestations in different tissues, cells, or physiological conditions and play important roles in various disease processes and physiological processes. In addition, circ_PIAS1 has been screened out and verified, and the bioinformatics analyzed in previous studies. In this study, we investigated the function of circ_PIAS1 and studied its role in ALV-J infection to provide a basis for the role of circRNA in ALV-J infection. (2) Methods: the effect of circ_PIAS1 on apoptosis during ALV-J infection was studied by flow cytometry and detection of apoptotic gene expression, and miR-183 was screened by a biotin-labeled RNA pull-down technique. After overexpression and inhibition of miR-183, the effect of miR-183 on apoptosis in the process of ALV-J infection was studied by flow cytometry and detection of apoptotic gene expression. (3) Results: after overexpression of circ_PIAS1, flow cytometry and apoptotic gene expression showed that circ_PIAS1 promoted apoptosis. The results of RNA pull-down showed that 173 miRNAs could bind to circ_PIAS1, and circ_PIAS1 up-regulated the expression of miR-183. On the other hand, the same results were obtained whether miR-183 was overexpressed or inhibited that miR-183 affected ALV-J infection by promoting cell apoptosis. (4) Conclusions: circ_PIAS1 up-regulated the expression of miR-183 and influenced ALV-J infection by promoting cell apoptosis.

Knockdown of circSOD2 ameliorates osteoarthritis progression via the miR-224-5p/PRDX3 axis

BACKGROUND

Although the implications of circular RNAs (circRNAs) with the progression of diverse pathological conditions have been reported, the circRNA players in osteoarthritis (OA) are barely studied.

METHODS

In this study, twenty-five OA patients who received arthroplasty were recruited for cartilage tissue collection. Public circRNA microarray data from Gene Expression Omnibus was retrieved for circRNA identification. An in vitro cell model of OA-related damages was constructed by treating human chondrocytes (CHON-001 cell line) with IL-1β, and circSOD2 siRNA was used to silence circSOD2 expression to study its functional role in apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Besides, we investigated the functional interactions among circSOD2, miR-224-5p, and peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3) by luciferase reporter assay, RNA-immunoprecipitation assay, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed the overexpression of circSOD2 in the OA cartilage and cell samples, and circSOD2 knockdown alleviated ECM degradation, inflammation, and apoptosis in CHON-001 cell model. In addition, our findings suggested the regulatory function of circSOD2 knockdown on miR-224-5p expression, while miR-224-5p was capable of downregulating PRDX3 expression. The co-transfection of miR-224-5p inhibitor or pcDNA-PRDX3 could prevent the effect of circSOD2 knockdown.

CONCLUSION

Hence, our results demonstrated that knockdown of circSOD2 may serve as an intervention strategy to alleviate OA progression through modulating miR-224-5p/PRDX3 signaling axis.

CircRNAs in osteoarthritis: research status and prospect

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease globally, and its progression is irreversible. The mechanism of osteoarthritis is not fully understood. Research on the molecular biological mechanism of OA is deepening, among which epigenetics, especially noncoding RNA, is an emerging hotspot. CircRNA is a unique circular noncoding RNA not degraded by RNase R, so it is a possible clinical target and biomarker. Many studies have found that circRNAs play an essential role in the progression of OA, including extracellular matrix metabolism, autophagy, apoptosis, the proliferation of chondrocytes, inflammation, oxidative stress, cartilage development, and chondrogenic differentiation. Differential expression of circRNAs was also observed in the synovium and subchondral bone in the OA joint. In terms of mechanism, existing studies have mainly found that circRNA adsorbs miRNA through the ceRNA mechanism, and a few studies have found that circRNA can serve as a scaffold for protein reactions. In terms of clinical transformation, circRNAs are considered promising biomarkers, but no large cohort has tested their diagnostic value. Meanwhile, some studies have used circRNAs loaded in extracellular vesicles for OA precision medicine. However, there are still many problems to be solved in the research, such as the role of circRNA in different OA stages or OA subtypes, the construction of animal models of circRNA knockout, and more research on the mechanism of circRNA. In general, circRNAs have a regulatory role in OA and have particular clinical potential, but further studies are needed in the future.

CircRNA-mediated ceRNA mechanism in Osteoarthritis: special emphasis on circRNAs in exosomes and the crosstalk of circRNAs and RNA methylation

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease with chronic inflammation, progressive articular cartilage destruction and subchondral bone sclerosis. CircRNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA with a circular structure that participate in a series of important pathophysiological processes of OA, especially its ceRNA mechanisms, and play an important role in OA. CircRNAs may be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of OA. Additionally, differentially expressed circRNAs were found in patients with OA, indicating that circRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Experiments have shown that the intra-articular injection of modified circRNAs can effectively relieve OA. Exosomal circRNAs and methylated circRNAs also provide new ideas for the treatment of OA. Clarifying the important roles of circRNAs in OA will deepen people's understanding of the pathogenesis of OA. CircRNAs may be developed as new biomarkers or drug targets for the diagnosis of OA and provide new methods for the treatment of OA.

The Role of Regulated Programmed Cell Death in Osteoarthritis: From Pathogenesis to Therapy

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide chronic disease that can cause severe inflammation to damage the surrounding tissue and cartilage. There are many different factors that can lead to osteoarthritis, but abnormally progressed programmed cell death is one of the most important risk factors that can induce osteoarthritis. Prior studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and cuproptosis, has a great connection with osteoarthritis. In this paper, we review the role of different types of programmed cell death in the generation and development of OA and how the different signal pathways modulate the different cell death to regulate the development of OA. Additionally, this review provides new insights into the radical treatment of osteoarthritis rather than conservative treatment, such as anti-inflammation drugs or surgical operation.

Integration Analysis of circRNA–miRNA–mRNA and Identification of Critical Networks in Valgus-Varus Deformity (Gallus gallus)

Valgus-valgus deformity (VVD) is a common leg deformity in broilers with inward or outward deviation of the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network plays an essential role in the study of leg disease. However, its role in the etiology and pathogenesis of VVD remains unclear. Here, based on case (VVD) and control (normal) group design, we performed analyses of differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs), differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs). Transcriptome data derived 86 DEcircRNAs, 13 DEmiRNAs and 410 DEmRNAs. Functional analysis showed that DEmRNAs were significantly enriched in cell cycle, apoptosis, ECM-receptor interaction, FoxO signaling pathway and protein processing synthesis. DEcirc/miRNA-associated DEmRNAs were associated with skeletal and muscle growth and development pathways, including mTOR, Wnt, and VEGF signaling pathways. Subsequently, a circRNA–miRNA–mRNA regulatory network was constructed based on the ceRNA hypothesis, including 8 circRNAs, 6 miRNAs, and 31 mRNAs, which were significantly enriched in the skeletal developmental pathway. Finally, two key mRNAs (CDC20 and CTNNB1) and their regulatory axes were screened by the PPI network and cytohubba. The expression levels of CDC20 and CTNNB1 in cartilage and seven other tissues were also quantified by qPCR. In conclusion, we analyzed the functions of DEmRNA, DEcircRNA and DEmiRNA and constructed the hub ceRNA regulatory axis, and obtained two hub genes, CDC20 and CTNNB1. The study more deeply explored the etiology and pathogenesis of VVD and lays the foundation for further study of the role of the ceRNA network on skeletal development.

LINC00313 promotes the proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of chondrocytes via regulating miR-525-5p/GDF5 axis

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to explore the potentials of lncRNA LINC00313 in osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of LINC00313 in OA tissues and cells. CCK-8 and EDU were used to detect cell proliferation. The ELISA test kit was conducted to detect the expression of inflammatory factors. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis rates. Western blot was applied to measure the protein expression. The luciferase reporter gene test was carried out to verify the relationship between miR-525-5p and LINC00313 or GDF5.

RESULTS

The data showed that the expression of LINC00313 was significantly down-regulated in OA tissues and cells. Functionally, LINC00313 promoted the proliferation of chondrocytes and suppressed the secretion of inflammatory factors and cell apoptosis. Moreover, LINC00313 functioned as a ceRNA to up-regulate the expression of GDF5 via sponging miR-525-5p. Luciferase and RNA pull-down assays further verified the interaction between miR-525-5p and LINC00313 (or GDF5). Moreover, overexpression of miR-525-5p or down-regulated GDF5 degraded the cellular functions of chondrocyte. Rescue experiments showed that the overexpression of miR-525-5p reversed the increase in cell viability and the decrease in pro-inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate mediated by LINC00313. The knockdown of GDF5 reversed the promotion of miR-525-5p knockdown on cell viability and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory factors and apoptosis rate.

CONCLUSIONS

LINC00313 inhibited the development of OA through regulating miR-525-5p/GDF5 axis. LncRNA LINC00313 can be used as a potential target for the treatment of OA.

Circular RNA_0003800 exacerbates IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury via miR-197-3p/SOX5 axis

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a serious degenerative disease of articular cartilage, which has a great impact on the quality of life of patients. Circular RNA (circRNA) plays an important role in OA progression. Our study aims to explore the role and mechanism of circ_0003800 in OA.

METHODS

Circ_0003800, microRNA-197-3p (miR-197-3p) and SRY-box transcription factor 5 (SOX5) contents were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were deployed to evaluate cell proliferation, apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Interaction of miR-197-3p and circ_0003800 or SOX5 was evidenced by dual-luciferase reporter system, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and RNA pull down assays.

RESULTS

OA tissues and model cells had higher abundance of circ_0003800 and SOX5, while miR-197-3p content was lower. Functionally, circ_0003800 knockdown alleviated IL-1β-mediated injury in C28/I2 cells. Mechanistically, circ_0003800 could sponge miR-197-3p, and miR-197-3p could target SOX5. Besides, in-miR-197-3p reversed the suppressive effect of circ_0003800 downregulation on IL-1β-induced C28/I2 cell injury, and SOX5 overexpression could also diminish the inhibitory effect of miR-197-3p on IL-1β-induced C28/I2 cell injury.

CONCLUSION

Circ_0003800 exacerbates IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury via miR-197-3p/SOX5 axis.

USP6-associated soft tissue tumors with bone metaplasia: Clinicopathologic and genetic analysis and the identification of novel USP6 fusion partners

Introduction

Among those tumors with consistent USP6 rearrangement, some arise from soft tissue and show bone metaplasia, including myositis ossificans (MO), fibro-osseous pseudotumor of digits (FOPD), soft tissue aneurysmal bone cyst (ST-ABC) and fasciitis ossificans (FO). These lesions are easily confused with malignancies because they show a rapid growth rate and brisk mitoses. Here, we aim to clarify the clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics of this entity and analyze the correlations among the different subtypes in one of the largest cohorts.

Materials and Methods

The clinicopathologic features of 73 cases of MO, FOPD, ST-ABC and FO diagnosed at West China Hospital, Sichuan University from January 2010 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Forty-three undecalcified samples were analyzed by systematic genetic studies, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Sanger sequencing and next-generation-based sequencing were performed.

Results

This series included 40 males and 33 females aged 2 to 80 years old (median: 31 years). FOPD occurred in extremal soft tissue, while lower extremities (38/58, 65.5%) were the most commonly involved lesions in the other three subgroups. Histologically, proliferative myofibroblasts/fibroblasts with varying degrees of osteoid tissue were present. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results indicated that 22 cases (22/27, 81.5%) were positive for USP6 rearrangement, and 5 cases were negative. Among those cases with positive FISH results, 18 underwent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection that successfully detected common USP6 fusion types. Thirteen cases showed COL1A1::USP6 fusion, one showed MYH9::USP6 fusion, and 4 were negative for common fusion types. Next-generation-based sequencing technology was performed on two lesions with negative RT-PCR results and novel fusion partners SNHG3 and UBE2G1 were discovered.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed that COL1A1 is the most common fusion partner in this entity, unlike primary aneurysmal bone cysts and nodular fasciitis. Notably, we believed that FO may demonstrate more similar clinicopathologic and genetic manifestations with MO/FOPD and ST-ABC instead of nodular fasciitis for involving lower limbs most frequently and showing recurrent COL1A1::USP6 fusion. Additionally, this study also found two novel USP6 fusion partners, which further expanded our knowledge of this neoplastic spectrum.

Mechanism of HIFs in osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disabling disease which has a high incidence rate in the elderly. Studies have found that many factors are involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are core regulators that induce hypoxia genes, repair the cellular oxygen environment, and play an important role in the treatment of OA. For example, HIF-1α can maintain the stability of the articular cartilage matrix, HIF-2α is able to cause chondrocyte apoptosis and intensify in-flammatory response, and HIF-3α may be the target gene of HIF-1α and HIF-2α, thereby playing a negative regulatory role. This review examines the mechanism of HIFs in cartilage extracellular matrix degradation, apoptosis, inflammatory reaction, autophagy and then further expounds on the roles of HIFs in OA, consequently providing theoretical support for the pathogenesis of OA and a new target for OA treatment.

Focusing on the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway: role, regulation, and therapy for osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic disabling disease that affects hundreds of millions of people around the world. The most important pathological feature is the rupture and loss of articular cartilage, and the characteristics of avascular joint tissues lead to limited repair ability. Currently, there is no effective treatment to prevent cartilage degeneration. Studies on the mechanism of cartilage metabolism revealed that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are key regulatory genes that maintain the balance of cartilage catabolism-matrix anabolism and are considered to be the major OA regulator and promising OA treatment target. Although the exact mechanism of HIFs in OA needs to be further clarified, many drugs that directly or indirectly act on HIF signaling pathways have been confirmed by animal experiments and regarded as promising treatments for OA. Targeting HIFs will provide a promising strategy for the development of new OA drugs. This article reviews the regulation of HIFs on intra-articular cartilage homeostasis and its influence on the progression of osteoarthritis and summarizes the recent advances in OA therapies targeting the HIF system.

A Study on the Potential Mechanism of Shujin Dingtong Recipe against Osteoarthritis Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Background. With the aging of the social population, Osteoarthritis (OA) has already become a vital health and economic problem globally. Shujin Dingtong recipe (SJDTR) is an effective formula to treat OA in China. Although studies have shown that SJDTR can significantly alleviate OA symptoms, its mechanism still remains unclear. Purpose. This study is aimed at investigating the potential mechanism of SJDTR for the treatment of OA based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Methods. Main ingredients of SJDTR were retrieved from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. OA disease targets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The overlapped targets and signaling pathways were explored using Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Following this, the core targets were employed to dock with corresponding components via molecular docking in order to further explore the mechanism of SJDTR in the treatment of OA. Results. From network pharmacology, we found 100 active components of SJDTR, 31 drug and OA-related targets, 1161 GO items, and 91 signaling pathways. Based on the analysis with PPI network and molecular docking, TP53, CCNB1, and MMP-2 were selected for the core targets of SJDTR against OA. Molecular docking demonstrated that Quercetin, Baicalein, and Luteolin, had good binding with the TP53, CCNB1, and MMP-2 protein, respectively. Conclusion. To conclude, our study suggested the main ingredients of SJDTR might alleviate the progression of OA through multiple targets and pathways. Additionally, network pharmacology and molecular docking, as new approaches, were adopted for systematically exploring the potential mechanism of SJDTR for the treatment of OA.

Circ-NCX1 inhibits LPS-induced chondrocyte apoptosis by regulating the miR-133a/SIRT1 axis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, which is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage, thickening of subchondral bone, and inflammation of the synovial membrane. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of circ-NCX1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury in SW1353 chondrocytes, an in vitro model of OA. The levels of circ-NCX1, miR-133a, and related apoptotic proteins were determined by RT-qPCR. MTT assay was used to evaluate the cell viability. The apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, whereas the expression of apoptosis proteins was detected by Western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to detect cleaved caspase-3 expression in cells. Luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the interaction between circ-NCX1 and miR-133a, and between miR-133a and Silent information regulator 2 homolog 1 (Sirt1). The results showed that the overexpression of circ-NCX1 significantly upregulated the chondrocyte viability and proliferation, and alleviated apoptosis in LPS-induced SW1353 cells. Immunofluorescence results showed that the overexpression of circ-NCX1 significantly reduced expression of LPS-stimulated cleaved Caspase-3. The RT-qPCR results showed that the overexpression of circ-NCX1 inhibited mRNA levels of cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax, and promoted mRNA levels of Bcl-2. Luciferase reporter assay showed that circ-NCX1 targeted miR-133a, and miR-133a directly targeted the Sirt1. In addition, overexpression of circ-NCX1 inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis and promoted Akt phosphorylation via the miR-133a/Sirt1 axis in LPS-induced chondrocytes. In conclusion, circ-NCX1 may serve as an important regulator of LPS-induced chondrocyte apoptosis through the miR-133a/Sirt1 axis, and may be involved in the development of OA.

Literature Mining of Disease Associated Noncoding RNA in the Omics Era

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) are transcripts without protein-coding potential that play fundamental regulatory roles in diverse cellular processes and diseases. The application of deep sequencing experiments in ncRNA research have generated massive omics datasets, which require rapid examination, interpretation and validation based on exiting knowledge resources. Thus, text-mining methods have been increasingly adapted for automatic extraction of relations between an ncRNA and its target or a disease condition from biomedical literature. These bioinformatics tools can also assist in more complex research, such as database curation of candidate ncRNAs and hypothesis generation with respect to pathophysiological mechanisms. In this concise review, we first introduced basic concepts and workflow of literature mining systems. Then, we compared available bioinformatics tools tailored for ncRNA studies, including the tasks, applicability, and limitations. Their powerful utilities and flexibility are demonstrated by examples in a variety of diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis and cancers. Finally, we outlined several challenges from the viewpoints of both system developers and end users. We concluded that the application of text-mining techniques will booster disease-associated ncRNA discoveries in the biomedical literature and enable integrative biology in the current omics era.

HIF-1α in Osteoarthritis: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications

Osteoarthritis is a common age-related joint degenerative disease. Pain, swelling, brief morning stiffness, and functional limitations are its main characteristics. There are still no well-established strategies to cure osteoarthritis. Therefore, better clarification of mechanisms associated with the onset and progression of osteoarthritis is critical to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. Chondrocytes exist in a hypoxic environment, and HIF-1α plays a vital role in regulating hypoxic response. HIF-1α responds to cellular oxygenation decreases in tissue regulating survival and growth arrest of chondrocytes. The activation of HIF-1α could regulate autophagy and apoptosis of chondrocytes, decrease inflammatory cytokine synthesis, and regulate the chondrocyte extracellular matrix environment. Moreover, it could maintain the chondrogenic phenotype that regulates glycolysis and the mitochondrial function of osteoarthritis, resulting in a denser collagen matrix that delays cartilage degradation. Thus, HIF-1α is likely to be a crucial therapeutic target for osteoarthritis via regulating chondrocyte inflammation and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the mechanism of hypoxia in the pathogenic mechanisms of osteoarthritis, and focus on a series of therapeutic treatments targeting HIF-1α for osteoarthritis. Further clarification of the regulatory mechanisms of HIF-1α in osteoarthritis may provide more useful clues to developing novel osteoarthritis treatment strategies.

CircCDK14 ameliorates interleukin-1β-induced chondrocyte damage by the miR-1183/KLF5 pathway in osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND

The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA), an endemic and debilitating disease, remains unclear. The study aimed to reveal the role of circular RNA cyclin dependent kinase 14 (circCDK14) in OA development and the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

Human chondrocytes were stimulated by 10 ng/mL interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to mimic OA cell model. The RNA expression of circCDK14, microRNA-1183 (miR-1183) and kruppel like factor 5 (KLF5) was checked through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Western blot was employed to detect protein expression. Cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis were investigated by cell counting kit-8, 5-Ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Starbase online database was performed to identify the interaction between miR-1183 and circCDK14 or KLF5. Exosomes were isolated by differential centrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot analysis.

RESULTS

CircCDK14 and KLF5 expression were significantly decreased, while miR-1183 was increased in OA cartilage tissues and IL-1β-treated chondrocytes in comparison with controls. CircCDK14 overexpression attenuated the inhibitory effect of IL-1β treatment on cell proliferation and the promoting effects on cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation. Additionally, miR-1183 was targeted by circCDK14, and miR-1183 mimics reversed circCDK14-mediated actions in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. The knockdown of KLF5, a target mRNA of miR-1183, also rescued the effects of miR-1183 inhibitors in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Moreover, circCDK14 could induce KLF5 expression by interacting with miR-1183. Further, exosomal circCDK14 had a high diagnostic value in OA.

CONCLUSION

CircCDK14 reintroduction assuaged IL-1β-caused chondrocyte damage by the miR-1183/KLF5 pathway, providing a diagnostic biomarker for OA.

Roles of exosomal circRNAs in tumour immunity and cancer progression

Tumour immunity plays an important role in the development of cancer. Tumour immunotherapy is an important component of antitumour therapy. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, act as mediators of intercellular communication and molecular transfer and play an essential role in tumour immunity. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new type of noncoding RNA that are enriched within exosomes. In this review, we describe the effects of exosomal circRNAs on various immune cells and the mechanisms of these effects, including macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and Natural killer (NK) cells. Next, we elaborate on the latest progress of exosome extraction. In addition, the function of exosomal circRNAs as a potential prognostic and drug sensitivity marker is described. We present the great promise of exosomal circRNAs in regulating tumour immunity, predicting patient outcomes, and evaluating drug efficacy.

Circular RNA ACTA1 Acts as a Sponge for miR-199a-5p and miR-433 to Regulate Bovine Myoblast Development through the MAP3K11/MAP2K7/JNK Pathway

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a special class of noncoding RNA molecules that regulate many different biological processes. Myogenesis, a complex process, is primarily regulated by myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and various noncoding RNAs. However, the functions and regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in myoblast development are unclear. In this study, we analyzed circRNA sequencing data of bovine myocyte tissues and identified circACTA1. Functional assays showed that circACTA1 could inhibit bovine myocyte proliferation and promote cell apoptosis and cytodifferentiation. In addition, circACTA1 could promote muscle repair in vivo. Mechanistically, luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to examine the interaction between circACTA1, miR-199a-5p, miR-433, and the target genes MAP3K11 and MAPK8. Meanwhile, we found that miR-199a-5p and miR-433 could suppress the expression of MAP3K11 and MAPK8, respectively. However, circACTA1 could mitigate this effect and activate the JNK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results suggest that circACTA1 regulates the multiplication, apoptosis, and cytodifferentiation of bovine myocytes by competitively combining with miR-199a-5p and miR-433 to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 (MAP3K11)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MAP2K7)/JNK signaling pathway.

Knockdown of circ_0001679 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced MLE-12 lung cell injury by regulating the miR-338-3p/ mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 axis

The upregulation of circ_0001679 was reported in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury mouse model, but its functional roles and mechanisms in LPS-induced lung injury remain to be investigated. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential role of circ_0001679 in septic acute lung injury. We initially established an in vitro lung cell injury model using LPS-treated MLE-12 cells. siRNAs targeting circRNA_0001679 were employed to stably knock down circRNA_0001679, followed by functional assays to investigate the effect of circRNA_0001679 silencing. The levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-β and TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α) were detected by ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Meanwhile, protein levels of Bcl-2, cleaved-caspase 3, Bax, and MAPK1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1) proteins expression level were measured by Western blot. We found that Circ_0001679 was upregulated in LPS-induced MLE-12 cells, and silencing circ_0001679 attenuated the growth inhibition and suppressed apoptosis induced by LPS. Circ_0001679 knockdown also lowered levels of IL-6, IL-β and TNF-α, and prevent the activation of cleaved-caspase 3 protein. We further revealed that circ_0001679 functioned as a sponge of miR-338-3p to negatively regulate miR-338-3p activity. miR-338-3p downregulated its downstream target MAPK1, while the upregulation of circ_0001679 maintained a high-level expression of MAPK1 by suppressing miR-338-3p. Collectively, our study indicates that circ_0001679/miR-338-3p/MAPK1 axis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI).

Circ-LRP1B functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and oxidative stress of LPS-induced human C28/I2 chondrocytes

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are crucial for the pathogenesis of human diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we set to elucidate the biological action of circ-LRP1B in OA pathogenesis. Human C28/I2 chondrocytes were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Circ-LRP1B, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 1 (NRF1) and microRNA (miR)-34a-5p were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) or immunoblotting. Cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis abilities were gauged by MTT, 5-Ethynyl-2'-Deoxyuridine (EdU) staining, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Direct relationship between miR-34a-5p and circ-LRP1B or NRF1 was validated by RNA pull-down and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Circ-LRP1B was found to be underexpressed in OA cartilage and LPS-stimulated C28/I2 chondrocytes. Enforced expression of circ-LRP1B promoted cell proliferation, and repressed apoptosis and oxidative stress, as well as impacted OA-specific hallmarks expression of LPS-stimulated C28/I2 cells. NRF1 was identified as a downstream effector of circ-LRP1B function. Moreover, NRF1 was identified as a miR-34a-5p target in LPS-stimulated C28/I2 cells. Circ-LRP1B acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR-34a-5p to involve the post-transcriptional regulation of NRF1 expression. Furthermore, the effects of circ-LRP1B overexpression partly depended on the reduction of available miR-34a-5p. These findings demonstrate that circ-LRP1B functions as a ceRNA to regulate the proliferation, apoptosis and oxidative stress of LPS-stimulated human C28/I2 chondrocytes by miR-34a-5p/NRF1 network.

Fxyd5 activates the NF‑κB pathway and is involved in chondrocytes inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation

It is known that increased inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in chondrocytes can promote the development of osteoarthritis (OA). The FXYD domain containing ion transport regulator 5 (Fxyd5) has been found to promote chronic inflammatory responses. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Fxyd5 in OA. Murine ATDC5 chondrocytes were transfected with short hairpin RNAs specifically targeting Fxyd5 to silence its expression. Subsequently, cells were induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The protein expression levels of Fxyd5, MMPs and proteins related to ECM, apoptosis and NF-κB signaling were detected using western blot analysis. In addition, cell viability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, while the secretion of the proinflammatory factors and those of the oxidative stress-related markers were measured using the corresponding kits. Finally, cells were treated with the NF-κB activator, betulinic acid (BA) and the above experiments were repeated. The results demonstrated that Fxyd5 was significantly upregulated in ATDC5 cells treated with LPS. Additionally, Fxyd5 knockdown increased cell viability, enhanced the protein expression of Bcl-2, Aggrecan and collagen II, while reduced the expression of Bax, cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, MMP3 and MMP13 in LPS-induced ATDC5 cells. The production of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-18 as well as reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and the reduction of superoxide dismutase caused by LPS in ATDC5 cells, were also reversed by Fxyd5 silencing. Fxyd5 silencing inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα induced by LPS. Finally, BA reversed the protective effect of Fxyd5 silencing on LPS induced chondrocytes injury. In conclusion, Fxyd5 could enhance chondrocyte inflammation and ECM degradation via activating the NF-κB signaling.

CircSCAPER contributes to IL-1β-induced osteoarthritis in vitro via miR-140-3p/EZH2 axis

Aims

Circular RNA (circRNA) S-phase cyclin A-associated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (circSCAPER, ID: hsa_circ_0104595) has been found to be highly expressed in osteoarthritis (OA) patients and has been associated with the severity of OA. Hence, the role and mechanisms underlying circSCAPER in OA were investigated in this study.

Methods

In vitro cultured human normal chondrocyte C28/I2 was exposed to interleukin (IL)-1β to mimic the microenvironment of OA. The expression of circSCAPER, microRNA (miR)-140-3p, and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays. The extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, proliferation, and apoptosis of chondrocytes were determined using Western blot, cell counting kit-8, and flow cytometry assays. Targeted relationships were predicted by bioinformatic analysis and verified using dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The levels of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway-related protein were detected using Western blot assays.

Results

CircSCAPER was highly expressed in OA cartilage tissues and IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. Knockdown of circSCAPER reduced IL-1β-evoked ECM degradation, proliferation arrest, and apoptosis enhancement in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, circSCAPER directly bound to miR-140-3p, and miR-140-3p inhibition reversed the effects of circSCAPER knockdown on IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. miR-140-3p was verified to target EZH2, and overexpression of miR-140-3p protected chondrocytes against IL-1β-induced dysfunction via targeting EZH2. Additionally, we confirmed that circSCAPER could regulate EZH2 through sponging miR-140-3p, and the circSCAPER/miR-140-3p/EZH2 axis could activate the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Conclusion

CircSCAPER promoted IL-1β-evoked ECM degradation, proliferation arrest, and apoptosis enhancement in chondrocytes via regulating miR-140-3p/EZH2 axis, which gained a new insight into the pathogenesis of OA.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(2):61–72.

Hypoxia-induced ebv-circLMP2A promotes angiogenesis in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma through the KHSRP/VHL/HIF1α/VEGFA pathway

EBV-encoded circular RNA LMP2A (ebv-circLMP2A) was found to be expressed in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and associated with distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Angiogenesis is a key step in tumor invasion and metastasis and plays a crucial role in tumor progression. However, it is unclear whether and how ebv-circLMP2A is involved in angiogenesis. In this study, we showed that MVD, HIF1α, and VEGFA expression was increased in EBVaGC mouse xenografts with high expression of ebv-circLMP2A. The expression of ebv-circLMP2A was positively correlated with MVD, HIF1α, and VEGFA expression in clinical samples of EBVaGC. Knockdown of ebv-circLMP2A repressed tube formation and migration of HUVECs and decreased VEGFA and HIF1α expression in cancer cells under hypoxia, while ectopic expression of ebv-circLMP2A reversed these effects. Additionally, knockdown of HIF1α blocked the upregulation of ebv-circLMP2A by hypoxia, and ebv-circLMP2A interacted with KHSRP to enhance KHSRP-mediated decay of VHL mRNA, leading to the accumulation of HIF1α under hypoxia. There was a positive feedback loop between HIF1α and ebv-circLMP2A that promotes angiogenesis under hypoxia. ebv-circLMP2A was essential in regulating tumor angiogenesis in EBVaGC and might provide a valuable therapeutic target for EBVaGC.

Interplay between circular RNA, microRNA, and human diseases

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous RNA formed by the back splicing process. They are ubiquitous, stable, evolutionally conserved, and are tissue-specific. The biochemical and molecular features of circRNAs hold the potential to be used as biomarkers in various diseases to achieve pharmacological goals. CircRNAs have numerous latent modes of action, from acting as sponges for microRNAs and RNA binding proteins to serve as transcriptional regulators, epigenetic alterations, etc. Dysregulated functioning of several circular RNAs lead to the progression of a plethora of diseases. Due to their extremely stable nature and amazing tissue specificity, circRNAs have paved the way for advanced clinical studies as a novel method of early disease detection and treatment efficacy. Therefore, they have been recognized as a latent diagnostic biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular diseases.

Crosstalk Among circRNA/lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that is pervasive in life, and the incidence and mortality of OA are increasing, causing many adverse effects on people's life. Therefore, it is very vital to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of OA. ncRNA is a nonprotein-coding RNA that does not translate into proteins but participates in protein translation. At the RNA level, it can perform biological functions. Many studies have found that miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA are closely related to the course of OA and play important regulatory roles in transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation, which can be used as biological targets for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of OA. In this review, we summarized and described the various roles of different types of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in OA, the roles of different lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis in OA, and the possible prospects of these ncRNAs in clinical application.

Circ_0022382 ameliorated intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating TGF-β3 expression through sponge adsorption of miR-4726-5p

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the progression of many diseases, but knowledge on the role of circRNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is limited. In this study, we discovered the characteristics of a new circRNA (circ_0022382) in human endplate chondrocytes. Currently, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) showed that the relative expression level of circ_0022382 was significantly lower under intermittent cyclic tension stimulation than in the control group. circ_0022382, miR-4726-5p and Transforming growth factor 3 (TGF-β3) were evaluated by RT-qPCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence assay. Additionally, the role and mechanism of circ_0022382 in vivo were also consistent in the rat model. Furthermore, Intermittent cyclic mechanical tension can cause degeneration of endplate chondrocytes. The tension-sensitive circRNA_0022382 was decreased, and we found that circRNA_0022382 promoted morphology of endplate chondrocytes by sponge-binding miR-4726-5p down-regulation of target gene the TGF-β3 expression, thereby alleviating IDD. In a rat model of acupuncture, intervertebral disc injection of circ_0022382 relieved the progression of IDD in vivo. In conclusion, the circ_0022382/miR-4726-5p/TGF-β3 axis plays a key role in the anabolism and catabolism of the endplate chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM). It is suggested that circ_0022382 may provide a new approach for the prevention and treatment of IDD.

Role of hsa_circ_0066966 in proliferation and migration of hepatitis B virus-related liver cancer cells

A large proportion of liver cancer cases is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In recent years, an increasing number of reports have indicated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) exert regulatory effects in cancer development, whereas the role of circRNAs in HBV-positive liver cancer requires further investigation. In the present study, abnormally expressed circRNAs were identified in HBV-positive liver cancer cells through microarray analysis. A total of 1,493 differentially expressed circRNAs [absolute fold-change (FC) ≥2] in HBV-positive liver cancer cells were detected, of which 171 were upregulated and 1,322 were downregulated. Subsequently, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that the genes of dysregulated circRNAs were mainly involved in regulating Sertoli cell differentiation and development, as well as telomeric DNA binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that most of these genes were enriched in cancer-related signaling pathways, including the MAPK and Hippo signaling pathways. Next, the expression levels of the top-10 dysregulated circRNAs were verified in HBV-positive liver cancer cells through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Among them, hsa_circ_0066966 had the highest absolute Log₂FC value and was abnormally increased in HBV-positive liver cancer cells. Functional experiments further verified that knockdown of hsa_circ_0066966 had a significant inhibitory effect on the proliferation and migration of HBV-positive liver cancer cells. By contrast, overexpression of hsa_circ_0066966 in HBV-negative liver cancer cells resulted in the opposite effect. In conclusion, in the present study, comprehensive circRNA profiling in HBV-positive liver cancer cells indicated that hsa_circ_0066966 may regulate the progression of HBV-positive liver cancer.

Comparison of Curative Effect of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Small Extracellular Vesicles in Treating Osteoarthritis

Introduction

Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) and their small extracellular vesicles (hUC-MSC-sEVs) have shown attractive prospects applying in regenerative medicine. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of two agents on osteoarthritis (OA) and investigate underlying mechanism using proteomics.

Methods

In vitro, the proliferation and migration abilities of chondrocytes treated with hUC-MSCs or hUC-MSC-sEVs were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and scratch wound assay. In vivo, hUC-MSCs (a single dose of 5 × 10⁵) or hUC-MSC-sEVs (30 μg/time) were injected into the knee joints of anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced OA model. Hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin O/Fast Green staining were used to observe cartilage degeneration. The levels of cartilage matrix metabolic molecules (Collagen II, MMP13 and ADAMTS5) and macrophage polarization markers (CD14, IL-1β, IL-10 and CD206) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Finally, proteomics analysis was performed to characterize the proteinaceous contents of two agents.

Results

In vitro data showed that hUC-MSC-sEVs were taken up by chondrocytes. A total of 15 μg/mL of sEVs show the greatest proliferative and migratory capacities among all groups. In the animal study, hUC-MSCs and hUC-MSC-sEVs alleviated cartilage damage. This effect was mediated via maintaining cartilage homeostasis, as was confirmed by upregulation of the COL II and downregulation of the MMP13 and ADAMTS5. Moreover, the M1 macrophage markers (CD14) were significantly reduced, while the M2 macrophage markers (CD206 and IL-10) were increased in the hUC-MSCs and hUC-MSC-sEVs relative to the untreated group. Mechanistically, we found that many proteins connected to cartilage repair were more abundant in sEVs. Notably, compared to hUC-MSCs, the upregulated proteins in sEVs were mostly involved in the regulation of immune effector process, extracellular matrix organization, PI3K-AKT signaling pathways, and Rap1 signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Our study indicated that hUC-MSC-sEVs protect cartilage from damage and many cartilage repair-related proteins are probably involved in the restoration process. These data suggest the promising potential of hUC-MSC-sEVs as a therapeutic agent for OA.

Recent Advances in Pharmacological Intervention of Osteoarthritis: A Biological Aspect

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease in the musculoskeletal system with a relatively high incidence and disability rate in the elderly. It is characterized by the degradation of articular cartilage, inflammation of the synovial membrane, and abnormal structure in the periarticular and subchondral bones. Although progress has been made in uncovering the molecular mechanism, the etiology of OA is still complicated and unclear. Nevertheless, there is no treatment method that can effectively prevent or reverse the deterioration of cartilage and bone structure. In recent years, in the field of pharmacology, research focus has shifted to disease prevention and early treatment rather than disease modification in OA. Biologic agents become more and more attractive as their direct or indirect intervention effects on the initiation or development of OA. In this review, we will discuss a wide spectrum of biologic agents ranging from DNA, noncoding RNA, exosome, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), to protein. We searched for key words such as OA, DNA, gene, RNA, exosome, PRP, protein, and so on. From the pharmacological aspect, stem cell therapy is a very special technique, which is not included in this review. The literatures ranging from January 2016 to August 2021 were included and summarized. In this review, we aim to help readers have a complete and precise understanding of the current pharmacological research progress in the intervention of OA from the biological aspect and provide an indication for the future translational studies.

CircRNA75 and CircRNA72 Function as the Sponge of MicroRNA-200 to Suppress Coelomocyte Apoptosis Via Targeting Tollip in Apostichopus japonicus

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as essential regulators in many biological processes, especially in mammalian immune response. Nonetheless, the functions and mechanisms of circRNAs in the invertebrate immune system are largely unclarified. In our previous work, 261 differentially expressed circRNAs potentially related to the development of Apostichopus japonicus skin ulceration syndrome (SUS), which is a major problem restricting the sea cucumber breeding industry, were identified by genome-wide screening. In this study, via miRanda analysis, both circRNA75 and circrRNA72 were shown to share the miR-200 binding site, a key microRNA in the SUS. The two circRNAs were verified to be increased significantly in LPS-exposed primary coelomocytes, similar to the results of circRNA-seq in sea cucumber under Vibrio splendidus-challenged conditions. A dual-luciferase assay indicated that both circRNA75 and circRNA72 could bind miR-200 in vivo, in which circRNA75 had four binding sites of miR-200 and only one for circRNA72. Furthermore, we found that miR-200 could bind the 3’-UTR of Toll interacting protein (Tollip) to negatively mediate the expression of Tollip. Silencing Tollip increased primary coelomocyte apoptosis. Consistently, inference of circRNA75 and circRNA72 could also downregulate Tollip expression, thereby increasing the apoptosis of primary coelomocytes, which could be blocked by miR-200 inhibitor treatment. Moreover, the rate of si-circRNA75-downregulated Tollip expression was higher than that of si-circRNA72 under an equivalent amount. CircRNA75 and circRNA72 suppressed coelomocyte apoptosis by sponging miR-200 to promote Tollip expression. The ability of circRNA to adsorb miRNA might be positively related to the number of binding sites for miRNA.

The Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OS) is the most frequent degenerative condition in the joints, disabling many adults. Several abnormalities in the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovial tissue, and meniscus have been detected in the course of OA. Destruction of articular cartilage, the formation of osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis, and hyperplasia of synovial tissue are hallmarks of OA. More recently, several investigations have underscored the regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in OA development. Different classes of non-coding RNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been reported to affect the development of OA. The expression level of these transcripts has also been used as diagnostic tools in OA. In the present article, we aimed at reporting the role of these transcripts in this process. We need to give a specific angle on the pathology to provide meaningful thoughts on it.

Punicalagin attenuates osteoarthritis progression via regulating Foxo1/Prg4/HIF3α axis

BACKGROUND

Punicalagin (PUN) is a common anti-inflammatory polyphenol. However, the function and mechanism of PUN in osteoarthritis remains unknown.

METHODS

Chondrocytes were isolated from rats, and confirmed by toluidine blue staining and immunofluorescence. Chondrocytes were challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and rat osteoarthritis model was established by Hulth method. The secretion of inflammatory factors, cell viability and apoptosis were tested via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), MTT and flow cytometry. The levels of forkhead box O1 (Foxo1), proteoglycan 4 (Prg4), hypoxia-inducible factor-3α (HIF3α), autophagy-related genes or extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins were examined via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot or immunohistochemistry. The cartilage tissue damage was assessed via hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, toluidine blue staining and terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick and labeling (TUNEL) staining.

RESULTS

LPS triggered inflammatory injury in chondrocytes. PUN promoted autophagy to mitigate LPS-induced inflammatory injury. Foxo1 silence attenuated the effect of PUN on LPS-mediated autophagy inhibition and inflammatory injury. Promotion of Prg4/HIF3α axis abolished the influence of Foxo1 knockdown on LPS-mediated chondrocytes injury. PUN mitigated the inflammatory injury in rat osteoarthritis model by promoting autophagy and inhibiting inflammation and ECM degradation via Foxo1/Prg4/HIF3α axis.

CONCLUSION

PUN attenuates LPS-induced chondrocyte injury and osteoarthritis progression by regulating Foxo1/Prg4/HIF3α axis.

The non-coding RNA interactome in joint health and disease

Non-coding RNAs have distinct regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of joint diseases including osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). As the amount of high-throughput profiling studies and mechanistic investigations of microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs in joint tissues and biofluids has increased, data have emerged that suggest complex interactions among non-coding RNAs that are often overlooked as critical regulators of gene expression. Identifying these non-coding RNAs and their interactions is useful for understanding both joint health and disease. Non-coding RNAs regulate signalling pathways and biological processes that are important for normal joint development but, when dysregulated, can contribute to disease. The specific expression profiles of non-coding RNAs in various disease states support their roles as promising candidate biomarkers, mediators of pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This Review synthesizes literature published in the past 2 years on the role of non-coding RNAs in OA and RA with a focus on inflammation, cell death, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix dysregulation. Research to date makes it apparent that 'non-coding' does not mean 'non-essential' and that non-coding RNAs are important parts of a complex interactome that underlies OA and RA.

Interactions Among lncRNA/circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA in Musculoskeletal Degenerative Diseases

Musculoskeletal degenerative diseases (MSDDs) are pathological conditions that affect muscle, bone, cartilage, joint and connective tissue, leading to physical and functional impairments in patients, mainly consist of osteoarthritis (OA), intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel regulators of gene expression that play an important role in biological regulation, involving in chondrocyte proliferation and apoptosis, extracellular matrix degradation and peripheral blood mononuclear cell inflammation. Research on MSDD pathogenesis, especially on RA and AS, is still in its infancy and major knowledge gaps remain to be filled. The effects of lncRNA/circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis on MSDD progression help us to fully understand their contribution to the dynamic cellular processes, provide the potential OA, IDD, RA and AS therapeutic strategies. Further studies are needed to explore the mutual regulatory mechanisms between lncRNA/circRNA regulation and effective therapeutic interventions in the pathology of MSDD.

Role of circular RNAs in osteoarthritis (Review)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic bone and joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and joint inflammation. OA is the most common form of arthritis, and the major clinical manifestations of OA are chronic pain and joint activity disorder, which severely affect patients' quality of life. Circular RNA (circRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA that is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells. Unlike standard linear RNAs, they form a covalently closed continuous loop without 5' or 3' polarity. They are usually considered as byproducts of mis-splicing or mRNA processing. CircRNAs have been detected and identified in numerous species. Various studies have confirmed that certain circRNAs are differentially expressed in OA cartilage and are closely associated with a variety of pathological processes of OA, including extracellular matrix degradation, inflammation and apoptosis. The present study reviewed the latest research on circRNAs in the pathogenesis of OA, providing a novel direction for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of OA.

Exosome-mediated circ_0001846 participates in IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cell damage by miR-149-5p-dependent regulation of WNT5B

AIMS

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of physical disability in middle-aged and elderly people globally. Previous studies have revealed that circular RNA (circRNA) is involved in the pathogenesis of OA. In this study, we studied the role of circ_0001846 in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced OA progression.

METHODS

Twenty-one patients with OA and 17 volunteers were recruited for the collection of articular cartilage tissues. The expression of circ_0001846, microRNA-149-5p (miR-149-5p) and Wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 5B (WNT5B) was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. Cell viability, apoptosis, invasion and migration were demonstrated by cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry analysis, transwell invasion and wound-healing assays, respectively. The levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction between miR-149-5p and circ_0001846 or WNT5B was predicted by starbase online database, and proved by dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays.

RESULTS

Circ_0001846 and WNT5B expression were upregulated, while miR-149-5p expression was downregulated in articular cartilage tissues from patients with OA and IL-1β-treated CHON-001 cells compared with normal articular cartilage tissues or untreated CHON-001 cells. Circ_0001846 expression was increased in IL-1β-treated CHON-001 cell exosomes. Circ_0001846 knockdown reversed IL-1β-mediated cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in CHON-001 cells. Additionally, circ_0001846 participated in IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cell damage by sponging miR-149-5p. MiR-149-5p mediated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cell dysfunction by targeting WNT5B. Furthermore, circ_0001846 secretion was mediated by exosomes in IL-1β-treated CHON-001 cells.

CONCLUSION

Exosome-mediated transfer of circ_0001846 modulated IL-1β-induced chondrocyte cell damage by miR-149-5p/WNT5B axis, providing a novel avenue for the therapy of OA.

Studies on the Role of circRNAs in Osteoarthritis

Objective

Provide a reference to elucidate the mechanism of circRNAs regulating osteoarthritis (OA) and the clinical treatment.

Methods

Herein, articles about circRNAs (hsa-circ) and osteoarthritis in the recent 5 years have been reviewed and the differential expression and regulatory effect of circRNAs in OA deduced. Based on these conclusions and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the acquired circRNAs, the potential functions and interactions of circRNAs in OA and the involved signaling pathways are discussed.

Results

A total of 33 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this study, and 27 circRNAs were upregulated and 8 circRNAs were downregulated in OA. A total of 31 circRNAs were finally included in the PPI, GO, and KEGG analyses. From PPI, 12 map nodes and 7 map edges were interrelated. VWF had the biggest node and edge size. From GO, VWF showed a majority of the functions. From KEGG, circRNAs are enriched in PI3K/AKT, human papillomavirus infection (HPI), and focal adhesion (FA) pathways, and VWF was involved in major pathways.

Conclusion

We found that most articles about circRNAs regulating OA in the recent 5 years focused on the mechanism, especially the absorption effect of circ-miRNA as sponges in the recent 2 years, while most of the articles about their functions addressed ECM and PI3K, AKT, and mTOR signaling pathways. Future studies might focus on the functions of circRNAs, and circRNA VWF, with preferable functions, interactions, and involvement, can be used as a biological indicator to detect OA in clinical practice.

Circ_0007121 Facilitates Trophoblastic Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion via the Regulation of the miR-421/ZEB1 Axis in Preeclampsia

Noncoding circular RNAs (circRNAs) have participated in the progression of preeclampsia (PE) via inhibiting microRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate gene expression. This study was designed to explore the miRNA/mRNA mechanism of hsa_circ_0007121 (circ_0007121) in PE. The expression detection of circ_0007121, microRNA-421 (miR-421), and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell proliferation was analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Transwell assay was used to determine cell migration and invasion. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using flow cytometry. The protein levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and ZEB1 were measured via western blot. The interaction between miR-421 and circ_0007121 or ZEB1 was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression detection indicated that circ_0007121 was downregulated in PE patients and the clinical data revealed that circ_0007121 was related to PE. The upregulation of circ_0007121 promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT in trophoblastic cells. Furthermore, circ_0007121 was identified as a sponge of miR-421 and the function of circ_0007121 was dependent on the sponge effect on miR-421. Moreover, ZEB1 was a target of miR-421 and circ_0007121/miR-421 axis could regulate the expression of ZEB1. In addition, miR-421 overexpression repressed trophoblastic cell behaviors through downregulating the ZEB1 level. Altogether, circ_0007121 contributed to the development of trophoblastic cells by regulating the miR-421/ZEB1 axis.

Effect of Etoricoxib on miR-214 and inflammatory reaction in knee osteoarthritis patients

PURPOSE

To explore the effect of Etoricoxib on serum miR-214 expression level and inflammatory reaction in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

METHODS

96 patients with knee osteoarthritis admitted to our hospital (January 2019 to January 2020) were selected. 48 patients in the control group received Celecoxib and 48 patients in the observation group received Etoricoxib. The treatment effect, knee function, inflammatory factor level, immune function, and serum miR-214 expression level of the two groups were compared. 6 months after treatment, the incidence of complications (deformities, deep infections and severe pain) between the two groups was compared.

RESULTS

(1) The observation group had a higher total effective rate (93.75%) in comparison to the control group (72.92%) (P<0.05). (2) Before treatment, the serum miR-214 expression level of the two groups was basically the same (P>0.05). After treatment, the serum miR-214 expression level of the two groups decreased significantly, with a more marked decrease in the observation group (P<0.05). (3) Before treatment, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and hs-CRP were not statistically different in the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, IL-1β, TNF-α, and hs-CRP in both groups decreased, and the decrease in the observation group was significantly greater (P<0.05). (4) Before treatment, the levels of CD3⁺CD8⁺ and CD3⁺ were basically the same in both groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the levels of CD3⁺CD8⁺ and CD3⁺ in the two groups increased, and for the observation group, were significantly greater P<0.05. (5) The Lysholm score was higher in the observation group than it was in the control group (inter-group effect: F = 58.070, P<0.001), and the Lysholm score of both groups tended to increase with time (time effect: F = 145.900, P<0.001). Grouping and time showed an interactive effect (interactive effect: F = 8.646, P<0.001). 6 months after treatment, observation group showed a lower complication rate when compared to the control groupt (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Etoricoxib has a strong effect on patients with knee osteoarthritis. It can significantly reduce the expression of serum miR-214 and the level of inflammatory factors, and is worthy of clinical application.

The role of circRNA derived from RUNX2 in the serum of osteoarthritis and its clinical value

Background

Circular RNA (circRNA) has been shown to affect the pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA) and is expected to become a potential marker for disease diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the association between circRNA derived from the gene of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and OA risk.

Methods

The expression profile of RUNX2‐derived circRNAs in serum of OA patients was detected. Then, the cytological localization of screened differential circRNAs was studied. Luciferase (LUC) reporter assay was used to identify the microRNA (miRNA) sponge capacity of the circRNAs. Bioinformatics analysis was used to construct the functional pathway of this circRNA‐miRNAs network. And then, the diagnostic value of RUNX2‐derived circRNAs in OA was evaluated.

Results

RUNX2‐derived hsa_circ_0005526 (circ_RUNX2) is significantly highly expressed in OA serum and mainly located in the cytoplasm within the cartilage cell by sponging multiple miRNAs (miR‐498, miR‐924, miR‐361‐3p, and miR‐665). Bioinformatics analysis showed ECM‐receptor interaction pathway ranked the most significant pathway of circ_RUNX2‐miRNAs regulatory network in KEGG database. The ROC curve showed that there may be good diagnostic value of serum circ_RUNX2 in OA.

Conclusion

RUNX2‐derived circ_RUNX2 may be involved in OA development via ECM‐receptor interaction pathways and may be used as potential clinical indicator of OA.