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Rist D, DePalma T, Stagner E, Tallman MM, Venere M, Skardal A, Schultz ZD. Cancer Cell Targeting, Magnetic Sorting, and SERS Detection through Cell Surface Receptors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4636-4645. [PMID: 37988612 PMCID: PMC10921760 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are cellular surface receptors responsible for the activation of many cellular pathways in cancer. These integrin proteins can be specifically targeted by small peptide sequences that offer the potential for the differentiation of cellular subpopulations by using magnetically assisted cellular sorting techniques. By adding a gold shell to the magnetic nanoparticles, these integrin-peptide interactions can be differentiated by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), providing a quick and reliable method for on-target binding. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to differentiate the peptide-protein interactions of the small peptides CDPGYIGSR and cyclic RGDfC functionalized on gold-coated magnetic nanoparticles with the integrins they are known to bind to using their SERS signal. SW480 and SW620 colorectal cancer cells known to have the integrins of interest were then magnetically sorted using these functionalized nanoparticles, suggesting differentiation between the sorted populations and integrin populations among the two cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tom DePalma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emerie Stagner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Miranda M Tallman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Monica Venere
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zachary D. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Micropatterning Decellularized ECM as a Bioactive Surface to Guide Cell Alignment, Proliferation, and Migration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030102. [PMID: 32878055 PMCID: PMC7552701 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive surfaces and materials have displayed great potential in a variety of tissue engineering applications but often struggle to completely emulate complex bodily systems. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial, bioactive component in all tissues and has recently been identified as a potential solution to be utilized in combination with biomaterials. In tissue engineering, the ECM can be utilized in a variety of applications by employing the biochemical and biomechanical cues that are crucial to regenerative processes. However, viable solutions for maintaining the dimensionality, spatial orientation, and protein composition of a naturally cell-secreted ECM remain challenging in tissue engineering. Therefore, this work used soft lithography to create micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of a three-dimensional nature to control cell adhesion and alignment. Cells aligned on the micropatterned PDMS, secreted and assembled an ECM, and were decellularized to produce an aligned matrix biomaterial. The cells seeded onto the decellularized, patterned ECM showed a high degree of alignment and migration along the patterns compared to controls. This work begins to lay the groundwork for elucidating the immense potential of a natural, cell-secreted ECM for directing cell function and offers further guidance for the incorporation of natural, bioactive components for emerging tissue engineering technologies.
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Reciprocal integrin/integrin antagonism through kindlin-2 and Rho GTPases regulates cell cohesion and collective migration. Matrix Biol 2020; 93:60-78. [PMID: 32450218 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell behaviour during embryogenesis and tissue repair requires the coordination of intercellular junctions, cytoskeleton-dependent shape changes controlled by Rho GTPases, and integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesion. Many different integrins are simultaneously expressed during wound healing, embryonic development, and sprouting angiogenesis, suggesting that there is extensive integrin/integrin cross-talk to regulate cell behaviour. Here, we show that fibronectin-binding β1 and β3 integrins do not act synergistically, but rather antagonize each other during collective cell processes in neuro-epithelial cells, placental trophoblasts, and endothelial cells. Reciprocal β1/β3 antagonism controls RhoA activity in a kindlin-2-dependent manner, balancing cell spreading, contractility, and intercellular adhesion. In this way, reciprocal β1/β3 antagonism controls cell cohesion and cellular plasticity to switch between extreme and opposing states, including epithelial versus mesenchymal-like phenotypes and collective versus individual cell migration. We propose that integrin/integrin antagonism is a universal mechanism to effectuate social cellular interactions, important for tissue morphogenesis, endothelial barrier function, trophoblast invasion, and sprouting angiogenesis.
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Fibronectin amyloid-like aggregation alters its extracellular matrix incorporation and promotes a single and sparsed cell migration. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:104-121. [PMID: 30076804 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin (Fn) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) multifunctional glycoprotein essential for regulating cells behaviors. Within ECM, Fn is found as polymerized fibrils. Apart from fibrils, Fn could also form other kind of supramolecular assemblies such as aggregates. To gain insight into the impact of Fn aggregates on cell behavior, we generated several Fn oligomeric assemblies. These assemblies displayed various amyloid-like properties but were not cytotoxic. In presence of the more amyloid-like structured assemblies of Fn, the cell-ECM networks were altered and the cell shapes shifted toward extended mesenchymal morphologies. Additionnaly, the Fn amyloid-like aggregates promoted a single-cell and sparsed migration of SKOV3 cancer cells, which was associated with a relocalization of αv integrins from plasma membrane to perinuclear vesicles. These data pointed out that the features of supramolecular Fn assemblies could represent a higher level of fine-tuning cell phenotype, and especially migration of cancer cells.
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Abstract
The ability to create cell-derived decellularized matrices in a dish gives researchers the opportunity to possess a bioactive, biocompatible material made up of fibrillar proteins and other factors that recapitulates key features of the native structure and composition of in vivo microenvironments. By using cells in a culture system to provide a natural ECM, decellularization allows for a high degree of customization through the introduction of selected proteins and soluble factors. The culture system, culture medium, cell types, and physical environments can be varied to provide specialized ECMs for wide-ranging applications to study cell-ECM signaling, cell migration, cell differentiation, and tissue engineering purposes. This chapter describes a procedure for performing a detergent and high pH-based extraction that leaves the native, cell-assembled ECM intact while removing cellular materials. We address common evaluation methods for assessing the ECM and its composition as well as potential uses for a decellularized ECM.
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6
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Pacelli S, Basu S, Whitlow J, Chakravarti A, Acosta F, Varshney A, Modaresi S, Berkland C, Paul A. Strategies to develop endogenous stem cell-recruiting bioactive materials for tissue repair and regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:50-70. [PMID: 28734899 PMCID: PMC5705585 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A leading strategy in tissue engineering is the design of biomimetic scaffolds that stimulate the body's repair mechanisms through the recruitment of endogenous stem cells to sites of injury. Approaches that employ the use of chemoattractant gradients to guide tissue regeneration without external cell sources are favored over traditional cell-based therapies that have limited potential for clinical translation. Following this concept, bioactive scaffolds can be engineered to provide a temporally and spatially controlled release of biological cues, with the possibility to mimic the complex signaling patterns of endogenous tissue regeneration. Another effective way to regulate stem cell activity is to leverage the inherent chemotactic properties of extracellular matrix (ECM)-based materials to build versatile cell-instructive platforms. This review introduces the concept of endogenous stem cell recruitment, and provides a comprehensive overview of the strategies available to achieve effective cardiovascular and bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Settimio Pacelli
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Sayantani Basu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Jonathan Whitlow
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Aparna Chakravarti
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Francisca Acosta
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Saman Modaresi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Arghya Paul
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Mao Y, Hoffman T, Wu A, Goyal R, Kohn J. Cell type-specific extracellular matrix guided the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in 3D polymeric scaffolds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2017; 28:100. [PMID: 28534283 PMCID: PMC5440495 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment has profound effects on tissue-specific regeneration. The 3-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) niche influences the linage-specific differentiation of stem cells in tissue. To understand how ECM guides tissue-specific regeneration, we established a series of 3D composite scaffolds containing ECMs derived from different primary cells isolated from a single animal species and assessed their impact on the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Synthetic microfiber scaffolds (fiber mats) were fabricated by electrospinning tyrosine-derived polycarbonates (pDTEC). The bovine primary fibroblasts, chondrocytes and osteoblasts cultured on the fiber mats produced and assembled their ECMs, infiltrating the pores of the fibrous scaffold. The composite scaffolds were decellularized to remove cellular components, preserve ECM and minimally affect polymer integrity. Characterization of the ECMs derived from different primary cells in the composite scaffolds showed overlapping but distinct compositions. The chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs on the different composite scaffolds were compared. Our results showed that ECM derived from chondrocytes cultured in synthetic fiber mats promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC in the presence or absence of soluble inducing factors. ECM derived from co-culture of osteoblasts and chondrocytes promoted osteogenic differentiation in hMSCs better than ECM derived from chondrocytes. This study demonstrated that decellularized ECMs derived from different cell types formed within synthetic fiber scaffolds guide the tissue-specific differentiation of hMSCs. These composite scaffolds may be developed into models to study the mechanisms of ECM-induced tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mao
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Tyler Hoffman
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Amy Wu
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ritu Goyal
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, 145 Bevier Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Goyal R, Vega ME, Pastino AK, Singh S, Guvendiren M, Kohn J, Murthy NS, Schwarzbauer JE. Development of hybrid scaffolds with natural extracellular matrix deposited within synthetic polymeric fibers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2162-2170. [PMID: 28371271 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge of tissue engineering is to generate materials that combine bioactivity with stability in a form that captures the robust nature of native tissues. Here we describe a procedure to fabricate a novel hybrid extracellular matrix (ECM)-synthetic scaffold biomaterial by cell-mediated deposition of ECM within an electrospun fiber mat. Synthetic polymer fiber mats were fabricated using poly(desamino tyrosyl-tyrosine carbonate) (PDTEC) co-spun with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) used as a sacrificial polymer. PEG removal increased the overall mat porosity and produced a mat with a layered structure that could be peeled into separate sheets of about 50 μm in thickness. Individual layers had pore sizes and wettability that facilitated cell infiltration over the depth of the scaffold. Confocal microscopy showed the formation of a highly interpenetrated network of cells, fibronectin fibrils, and synthetic fibers mimicking a complex ECM as observed within tissues. Decellularization did not perturb the structure of the matrix or the fiber mat. The resulting hybrid ECM-scaffold promoted cell adhesion and spreading and stimulated new ECM assembly by stem cells and tumor cells. These results identify a new technique for fabricating highly porous synthetic fibrous scaffolds and an approach to supplement them with natural biomimetic cues. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 2162-2170, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Goyal
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8009
| | - Maria E Vega
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-1014
| | - Alexandra K Pastino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-1014
| | - Shivani Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-1014
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8009.,Otto H. York Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, 07102
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8009
| | - N Sanjeeva Murthy
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8009
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-1014
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9
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Abstract
Retinal fibrosis, characterized by dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein deposition by retinal endothelial cells, pigment epithelial cells, and other resident cell-types, is a unifying feature of several common retinal diseases. Fibronectin is an early constituent of newly deposited ECM and serves as a template for assembly of other ECM proteins, including collagens. Under physiologic conditions, fibronectin is found in all layers of Bruch's membrane. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), a complication of retinal surgery, is characterized by ECM accumulation. Among the earliest histologic manifestations of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is capillary basement membrane thickening, which occurs due to perturbations in ECM homeostasis. Neovascularization, the hallmark of late stage DR as well as exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), involves ECM assembly as a scaffold for the aberrant new vessel architecture. Rodent models of retinal injury demonstrate a key role for fibronectin in complications characteristic of PVR, including retinal detachment. In mouse models of DR, reducing fibronectin gene expression has been shown to arrest the accumulation of ECM in the capillary basement membrane. Alterations in matrix metalloproteinase activity thought to be important in the pathogenesis of AMD impact the turnover of fibronectin matrix as well as collagens. Growth factors involved in PVR, AMD, and DR, such as PDGF and TGFβ, are known to stimulate fibronectin matrix assembly. A deeper understanding of how pathologic ECM deposition contributes to disease progression may help to identify novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Greg Budoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
| | - Jonathan L Prenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA
- NJ Retina, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-2066, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
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Pashuck ET, Duchet BJR, Hansel CS, Maynard SA, Chow LW, Stevens MM. Controlled Sub-Nanometer Epitope Spacing in a Three-Dimensional Self-Assembled Peptide Hydrogel. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11096-11104. [PMID: 28024362 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells in the body use a variety of mechanisms to ensure the specificity and efficacy of signal transduction. One way that this is achieved is through tight spatial control over the position of different proteins, signaling sequences, and biomolecules within and around cells. For instance, the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin presents RGDS and PHSRN sequences that synergistically bind the α5β1 integrin when separated by 3.2 nm but are unable to bind when this distance is >5.5 nm.1 Building biomaterials to controllably space different epitopes with subnanometer accuracy in a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel is challenging. Here, we synthesized peptides that self-assemble into nanofiber hydrogels utilizing the β-sheet motif, which has a known regular spacing along the peptide backbone. By modifying specific locations along the peptide, we are able to controllably space different epitopes with subnanometer accuracy at distances from 0.7 nm to over 6 nm, which is within the size range of many protein clusters. Endothelial cells encapsulated within hydrogels displaying RGDS and PHSRN in the native 3.2 nm spacing showed a significant upregulation in the expression of the alpha 5 integrin subunit compared to those in hydrogels with a 6.2 nm spacing, demonstrating the physiological relevance of the spacing. Furthermore, after 24 h the cells in hydrogels with the 3.2 nm spacing appeared to be more spread with increased staining for the α5β1 integrin. This self-assembling peptide system can controllably space multiple epitopes with subnanometer accuracy, demonstrating an exciting platform to study the effects of ligand density and location on cells within a synthetic 3D environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thomas Pashuck
- Department of Materials, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Benoît J R Duchet
- Department of Materials, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S Hansel
- Department of Materials, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A Maynard
- Department of Materials, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley W Chow
- Department of Materials, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, ‡Department of Bioengineering, §Institute of Biomedical Engineering, and ⊥Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Syndecan-1-Induced ECM Fiber Alignment Requires Integrin αvβ3 and Syndecan-1 Ectodomain and Heparan Sulfate Chains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150132. [PMID: 26909794 PMCID: PMC4766302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the cell surface proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc1) is frequently induced in stromal fibroblasts of invasive breast carcinomas. We have recently identified a correlation between stromal Sdc1 expression and extracellular matrix (ECM) fiber alignment, both in vitro and in vivo. ECMs derived from Sdc1-positive human mammary fibroblasts (HMF) showed an aligned fiber architecture, which contrasted markedly with the more random fiber arrangement in the ECM produced by Sdc1-negative HMFs. We further demonstrated that aligned fiber architecture promotes the directional migration and invasion of breast carcinoma cells. To decipher the molecular mechanisms governing the formation of an aligned, invasion-permissive ECM, a series of Sdc1 mutants was introduced into HMF. We found that both the ectodomain and heparan sulfate chains of Sdc1 were required for full activity of Sdc1 in regulating ECM alignment, while transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains were dispensable. Sdc1 regulates the activities of several integrins via its ectodomain. Integrins are key players in the assembly of fibronectin-rich ECM. In addition, integrins are capable of regulating cell morphology and cell shape and orientation may affect ECM architecture. Therefore, we investigated the role of integrins in Sdc1-mediated ECM fiber alignment. Sdc1-overexpressing HMF gained an enhanced spindle-shaped morphology when cultured in an overconfluent state under conditions permissive for ECM production, which was partially reversed by siRNA-mediated silencing of β3 integrin expression. Moreover, suppression of αvβ3 integrin activity by a function-blocking antibody or β3 knockdown largely abolished the aligned ECM fiber architecture and consequently the invasion-permissive properties of the ECM induced by Sdc1. The results suggest that Sdc1 may modulate fibronectin fibrillogenesis and/or alter cell morphology during ECM production through αvβ3 integrin, thereby mediating ECM fiber alignment. Understanding the mechanisms governing ECM organization may lead to the development of novel stroma-targeted therapy for breast cancer, aiming at converting an invasion-permissive to an invasion-restrictive microenvironment.
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Ambesi A, McKeown-Longo PJ. Conformational remodeling of the fibronectin matrix selectively regulates VEGF signaling. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:3805-16. [PMID: 24982443 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.150458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibronectin matrix plays a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis during development, tissue repair and pathogenesis. Previous work has identified a fibronectin-derived homophilic binding peptide, anastellin, as an effective inhibitor of angiogenesis; however, its mechanism of action is not well understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that anastellin selectively inhibits microvessel cell signaling in response to the VEGF165 isoform, but not VEGF121, by preventing the assembly of the complex containing the VEGF receptor and neuropilin-1. Anastellin treatment resulted in the inactivation of α5β1 integrins but was not accompanied by a change in either adhesion complexes or adhesion-based signaling. Integrin inactivation was associated with a masking of the fibronectin synergy site within the extracellular matrix (ECM), indicating that α5β1 inactivation resulted from a decrease in available ligand. These data demonstrate that anastellin influences the microvessel cell response to growth factors by controlling the repertoire of ligated integrins and point to anastellin as an effective regulator of fibronectin matrix organization. These studies further suggest that homophilic fibronectin binding peptides might have novel applications in the field of tissue regeneration as tools to regulate neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ambesi
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, NY 12208, USA
| | - Paula J McKeown-Longo
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, NY 12208, USA
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13
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Peters SB, Naim N, Nelson DA, Mosier AP, Cady NC, Larsen M. Biocompatible tissue scaffold compliance promotes salivary gland morphogenesis and differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1632-42. [PMID: 24410370 PMCID: PMC4029047 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Substrate compliance is reported to alter cell phenotype, but little is known about the effects of compliance on cell development within the context of a complex tissue. In this study, we used 0.48 and 19.66 kPa polyacrylamide gels to test the effects of the substrate modulus on submandibular salivary gland development in culture and found a significant decrease in branching morphogenesis in explants grown on the stiff 19.66 kPa gels relative to those grown on the more physiologically compliant 0.48 kPa gels. While proliferation and apoptosis were not affected by the substrate modulus, tissue architecture and epithelial acinar cell differentiation were profoundly perturbed by aberrant, high stiffness. The glands cultured on 0.48 kPa gels were similar to developing glands in morphology and expression of the differentiation markers smooth muscle alpha-actin (SM α-actin) in developing myoepithelial cells and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in proacinar cells. At 19.66 kPa, however, tissue morphology and the expression and distribution of SM α-actin and AQP5 were disrupted. Significantly, aberrant gland development at 19.66 kPa could be rescued by both mechanical and chemical stimuli. Transfer of glands from 19.66 to 0.48 kPa gels resulted in substantial recovery of acinar structure and differentiation, and addition of exogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 at 19.66 kPa resulted in a partial rescue of morphology and differentiation within the proacinar buds. These results indicate that environmental compliance is critical for organogenesis, and suggest that both mechanical and chemical stimuli can be exploited to promote organ development in the contexts of tissue engineering and organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Nyla Naim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Deirdre A. Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Aaron P. Mosier
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Nathaniel C. Cady
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
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Li XY, Ji CN, Xu LJ, Hu WK, Zhou B, Li GG. Promotion of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment, proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on titanium. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:22-6. [PMID: 24634858 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment, proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on titanium (Ti) surface. METHODS The chimeric peptide RKLPDAPRGDN (minTBP-1-PRGDN) was synthesized by connecting RKLPDA (minTBP-1) to the N-terminal of PRGDN, the influence of minTBP-1-PRGDN on the attachment, proliferation and collagen I synthesis of human keratocyte on Ti surface were tested using PRGDN and minTBP-1as controls. The keratocytes attached to the surface of Ti were either stained with FITC-labeled phalloidin and viewed with fluorescence microscope or quantified with alamar Blue method. The proliferation of keratocytes on Ti were quantified with 3-(4,5-dim- ethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide up-taking methods. The secretion of type I collagen were determined using an ELISA kit. RESULTS The results showed that minTBP-1-PRGDN at a concentration of 100ng/mL was the most potent peptide to enhance the attachment of human keratocytes to the surface of Ti (1.40±0.03 folds, P=0.003), to promote the proliferation (1.26±0.05 folds, P=0.014) and the synthesis of type I collagen (1.530±0.128, P=0.008). MinTBP-1 at the same concentration could only promote the attachment (1.13±0.04 folds, P=0.020) and proliferation(1.15±0.06 folds, P=0.021), while PRGDN had no significant influence (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Our data shows that the novel chimeric peptide minTBP-1-PRGDN could promote the attachment, proliferation and type I collagen synthesis of human keratocytes on the surface of Ti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Cai-Ni Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ling-Juan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei-Kun Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gui-Gang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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15
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Stroka KM, Konstantopoulos K. Physical biology in cancer. 4. Physical cues guide tumor cell adhesion and migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C98-C109. [PMID: 24133064 PMCID: PMC3919991 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As tumor cells metastasize from the primary tumor location to a distant secondary site, they encounter an array of biologically and physically heterogeneous microenvironments. While it is well established that biochemical signals guide all stages of the metastatic cascade, mounting evidence indicates that physical cues also direct tumor cell behavior, including adhesion and migration phenotypes. Physical cues acting on tumor cells in vivo include extracellular matrix mechanical properties, dimensionality, and topography, as well as interstitial flow, hydrodynamic shear stresses, and local forces due to neighboring cells. State-of-the-art technologies have recently enabled us and other researchers to engineer cell microenvironments that mimic specific physical properties of the cellular milieu. Through integration of these engineering strategies, along with physics, molecular biology, and imaging techniques, we have acquired new insights into tumor cell adhesion and migration mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the extravasation and invasion stages of the metastatic cascade. We first discuss the physical role of the endothelium during tumor cell extravasation and invasion and how contractility of endothelial and tumor cells contributes to the ability of tumor cells to exit the vasculature. Next, we examine how matrix dimensionality and stiffness coregulate tumor cell adhesion and migration beyond the vasculature. Finally, we summarize how tumor cells translate and respond to physical cues through mechanotransduction. Because of the critical role of tumor cell mechanotransduction at various stages of the metastatic cascade, targeting signaling pathways involved in tumor cell mechanosensing of physical stimuli may prove to be an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Stroka
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Therapeutic cell encapsulation: Ten steps towards clinical translation. J Control Release 2013; 170:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Kutys ML, Doyle AD, Yamada KM. Regulation of cell adhesion and migration by cell-derived matrices. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2434-9. [PMID: 23751565 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional in vitro extracellular matrix models provide a physiological alternative to regular two-dimensional cell culture, though they lack the full diversity of molecular composition and physical properties of whole-animal systems. Cell-derived matrices are extracellular matrices that are the product of matrix secretion and assembly by cells cultured at high density in vitro. After the removal of the cells that produced the matrix, an assembled matrix scaffold is left that closely mimics native stromal fiber organization and molecular content. Cell-derived matrices have been shown to impart in vivo-like responses to cells cultured in these matrices. In this review, we focus on mechanisms through which the distinct molecular and topographical composition of cell-derived matrices directs cellular behavior, specifically through regulation of cell-matrix adhesions and subsequent contributions to the process of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Kutys
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, United States.
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18
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Shibasaki Y, Hirohara S, Terada K, Ando T, Tanihara M. Collagen-like polypeptide poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly) conjugated with Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser and Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn peptides enchances cell adhesion, migration, and stratification. Biopolymers 2011; 96:302-15. [PMID: 20939034 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Collagens are widely used in medical applications, including as a scaffold for tissue regeneration. However, animal-derived collagens have several drawbacks, such as low thermal stability, nonspecific cell adhesion, antigenicity, and contamination with pathogenic substances. To overcome these problems, we chemically synthesized the collagen-like polypeptide, poly(prolyl-hydroxyprolyl-glycyl) (poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly)), which forms a collagen-like triple-helical structure and shows biodegradability and biocompatibility. Here, we designed a novel scaffold where fibronectin-derived Gly Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) and Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) peptides were simultaneously conjugated with poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly). We assessed cell adhesion and migration activities using NIH3T3 cells in the scaffold and stratification ofimmortalized rabbit corneal epithelial cells. Cell adhesion was enhanced in scaffolds with GRGDS, increased with increasing amounts of conjugated GRGDS, and was significantly higher than bovine type I atelocollagen but lower than bovine fibronectin. Interestingly, simultaneous conjugation of GRGDS and PHSRN synergistically enhanced cell migration. Scaffolds containing almost equal amounts of GRGDS and PHSRN showed significantly higher cell migration than bovine type I atelocollagen. Addition of free GRGDS completely inhibited cell migration on the scaffold, whereas addition of free PHSRN partially inhibited cell migration. These results suggest that GRGDS plays a definitive role, and PHSRN plays an additional role, in cell migration. Conjugation of GRGDS resulted in the same level of stratification of rabbit corneal epithelial cells compared with bovine type I atelocollagen and bovine fibronectin. Because the simultaneous conjugation of GRGDS and PHSRN on poly(Pro-Hyp-Gly) enhances cell adhesion, migration, and stratification, it may be a useful scaffold for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Shibasaki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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19
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Bellis SL. Advantages of RGD peptides for directing cell association with biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4205-10. [PMID: 21515168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of in vitro research confirming the effectiveness of RGD in promoting cell attachment to a wide variety of biomaterials, animal studies evaluating tissue responses to implanted RGD-functionalized substrates have yielded more variable results. The goals of this report are to present some of the reasons why cell culture studies may not always reliably predict in vivo responses, and more importantly, to highlight potential applications that may benefit from the use of RGD peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Bellis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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20
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Brown AC, Rowe JA, Barker TH. Guiding epithelial cell phenotypes with engineered integrin-specific recombinant fibronectin fragments. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:139-50. [PMID: 20695776 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides important cues for directing cell phenotype. Cells interact with underlying ECM through cell-surface receptors known as integrins, which bind to specific sequences on their ligands. During tissue development, repair, and regeneration of epithelial tissues, cells must interact with an interstitial fibronectin (Fn)-rich matrix, which has been shown to direct a more migratory/repair phenotype, presumably through interaction with Fn's cell binding domain comprised of both synergy Pro-His-Ser-Arg-Asn (PHSRN) and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences. We hypothesized that the Fn synergy site is critical to the regulation of epithelial cell phenotype by directing integrin specificity. Epithelial cells were cultured on Fn fragments displaying stabilized synergy and RGD (FnIII9'10), or RGD alone (FnIII10) and cell phenotype analyzed by cytoskeleton changes, epithelial cell-cell contacts, changes in gene expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, and wound healing assay. Data indicate that epithelial cells engage RGD only with αv integrins and display a significant shift toward a mesenchymal phenotype due, in part, to enhanced transforming growth factor-β activation and/or signaling compared with cells on the synergy containing FnIII9'10. These studies demonstrate the importance of synergy in regulating epithelial cell phenotype relevant to tissue engineering as well as the utility of engineered integrin-specific ECM fragments in guiding cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C Brown
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0535, USA
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21
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Fong E, Tirrell DA. Collective cell migration on artificial extracellular matrix proteins containing full-length fibronectin domains. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5271-5275. [PMID: 20886461 PMCID: PMC3027490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Tirrell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Joseph J. Jacobs Institute for Molecular Engineering for Medicine, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA,
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22
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Abstract
In the process of matrix assembly, multivalent extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are induced to self-associate and to interact with other ECM proteins to form fibrillar networks. Matrix assembly is usually initiated by ECM glycoproteins binding to cell surface receptors, such as fibronectin (FN) dimers binding to α5ß1 integrin. Receptor binding stimulates FN self-association mediated by the N-terminal assembly domain and organizes the actin cytoskeleton to promote cell contractility. FN conformational changes expose additional binding sites that participate in fibril formation and in conversion of fibrils into a stabilized, insoluble form. Once assembled, the FN matrix impacts tissue organization by contributing to the assembly of other ECM proteins. Here, we describe the major steps, molecular interactions, and cellular mechanisms involved in assembling FN dimers into fibrillar matrix while highlighting important issues and major questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-1014, USA
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23
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Fraley SI, Feng Y, Krishnamurthy R, Kim DH, Celedon A, Longmore GD, Wirtz D. A distinctive role for focal adhesion proteins in three-dimensional cell motility. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:598-604. [PMID: 20473295 PMCID: PMC3116660 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are large multi-protein assemblies that form at the basal surface of cells on planar dishes, and that mediate cell signalling, force transduction and adhesion to the substratum. Although much is known about focal adhesion components in two-dimensional (2D) systems, their role in migrating cells in a more physiological three-dimensional (3D) matrix is largely unknown. Live-cell microscopy shows that for cells fully embedded in a 3D matrix, focal adhesion proteins, including vinculin, paxillin, talin, alpha-actinin, zyxin, VASP, FAK and p130Cas, do not form aggregates but are diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Despite the absence of detectable focal adhesions, focal adhesion proteins still modulate cell motility, but in a manner distinct from cells on planar substrates. Rather, focal adhesion proteins in matrix-embedded cells regulate cell speed and persistence by affecting protrusion activity and matrix deformation, two processes that have no direct role in controlling 2D cell speed. This study shows that membrane protrusions constitute a critical motility/matrix-traction module that drives cell motility in a 3D matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I Fraley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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24
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Engineering ECM Complexity into Biomaterials for Directing Cell Fate. STUDIES IN MECHANOBIOLOGY, TISSUE ENGINEERING AND BIOMATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2010_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Kubow KE, Klotzsch E, Smith ML, Gourdon D, Little WC, Vogel V. Crosslinking of cell-derived 3D scaffolds up-regulates the stretching and unfolding of new extracellular matrix assembled by reseeded cells. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:635-48. [PMID: 20027372 DOI: 10.1039/b914996a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of tissue crosslinking are associated with numerous diseases (cancer stroma, organ fibrosis), and also eliminate the otherwise remarkable clinical successes of tissue-derived scaffolds, instead eliciting a foreign body reaction. Nevertheless, it is not well understood how the initial physical and biochemical properties of cellular microenvironments, stem cell niches, or of 3D tissue scaffolds guide the assembly and remodeling of new extracellular matrix (ECM) that is ultimately sensed by cells. Here, we incorporated FRET-based mechanical strain sensors, either into cell-derived ECM scaffolds or into the fibronectin (Fn) matrix assembled by reseeded fibroblasts, and demonstrated the following. Cell-generated tensile forces change the conformation of Fn in both 3D scaffolds and new matrix over time. The time course by which new matrix fibers are stretched by reseeded cells is accelerated by scaffold crosslinking. Importantly, stretching Fn fibers increases their elastic modulus (rigidity) and alters their biochemical display. Regulated by Fn fiber unfolding, more soluble Fn binds to the native than to the crosslinked scaffolds. Additionally, matrix assembly of fibroblasts is decreased by scaffold crosslinking. Taken together, scaffold crosslinking has a multifactorial impact on the microenvironment that reseeded cells assemble and respond to, with far-reaching implications for tissue engineering and disease physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher E Kubow
- Department of Materials, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, HCI F 443 ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Carson AE, Barker TH. Emerging concepts in engineering extracellular matrix variants for directing cell phenotype. Regen Med 2009; 4:593-600. [PMID: 19580407 DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Directing specific, complex cell behaviors, such as differentiation, in response to biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications is, at present, a mostly unrealized goal. To date, current technological advances have been inspired by the reductionist point of view, focused on developing simple and merely adequate environments that facilitate simple cellular adhesion. However, even if extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived peptides, such as Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), have largely demonstrated their utility in supporting cell adhesion, their lack of biological specificity is simply not optimal for controlling more integrated processes, such as cell differentiation. These more complex cellular processes require specific integrin-signaling scaffolds and presumably synergistic integrin and growth factor-receptor signaling. This article will introduce some current efforts to engineer ECM variants that incorporate additional levels of complexity for directing greater integrin specificity and synergistic ECM growth factor signaling toward directing cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Carson
- The Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA
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27
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Morgan MR, Byron A, Humphries MJ, Bass MD. Giving off mixed signals--distinct functions of alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins in regulating cell behaviour. IUBMB Life 2009; 61:731-8. [PMID: 19514020 PMCID: PMC3328205 DOI: 10.1002/iub.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation, maturation, and dissolution of focal adhesions are basic prerequisites of cell migration and rely on the recruitment, signalling, and endocytosis of integrins. In many instances, extracellular matrix molecules are recognised by a number of integrins, and it is the sequential involvement of different integrins that allows establishment of cell polarity and migration towards a matrix stimulus. In this review, we consider both the similarities and differences between two key fibronectin receptors, alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(5)beta(1) integrin. By considering the GTPase and kinase signalling and trafficking of two such closely-related receptors, we begin to understand how cell migration is coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Morgan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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28
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Engler AJ, Chan M, Boettiger D, Schwarzbauer JE. A novel mode of cell detachment from fibrillar fibronectin matrix under shear. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:1647-53. [PMID: 19401337 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells within tissues are surrounded by fibrillar extracellular matrix (ECM) that supports cell adhesion via integrin receptors. The strength of cell interactions with fibrillar matrix and the effects of force on these interactions have not been quantified. To this end, we used a spinning disc device to apply radially increasing shear to human HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells attached to a cell-derived fibrillar fibronectin (FN) matrix. The shear required to detach 50% of HT1080 cells was eight times greater on a FN-coated, rigid glass substrate than on fibrillar FN matrix. Covalent crosslinking of the FN matrix increased its stiffness tenfold and produced a modest increase in shear detachment force for these cells. On FN-coated surfaces, cells detach by releasing interactions between alpha5beta1 integrin and FN. By contrast, cell detachment from fibrillar matrix occurred through a novel mechanism of fibril breakage, which left holes in the matrix visible by fluorescence microscopy. These results show that cells require less force to detach from fibrillar matrix than from FN adsorbed on glass and that detachment occurs through breaking fibrils instead of by release of integrin-matrix bonds. Thus, ECM fibril breakage is another molecular feature to consider when understanding cell and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Engler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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29
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Antia M, Baneyx G, Kubow KE, Vogel V. Fibronectin in aging extracellular matrix fibrils is progressively unfolded by cells and elicits an enhanced rigidity response. Faraday Discuss 2009; 139:229-49; discussion 309-25, 419-20. [PMID: 19048998 DOI: 10.1039/b718714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While the mechanical properties of a substrate or engineered scaffold can govern numerous aspects of cell behavior, cells quickly start to assemble their own matrix and will ultimately respond to their self-made extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironments. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we detected major changes in the conformation of a constituent ECM protein, fibronectin (Fn), as cells fabricated a thick three-dimensional (3D) matrix over the course of three days. These data provide the first evidence that matrix maturation occurs and that aging is associated with increased stretching of fibronectin fibrils, which leads to at least partial unfolding of the secondary structure of individual protein modules. A comparison of the conformations of Fn in these 3D matrices with those constructed by cells on rigid and flexible polyacrylamide surfaces suggests that cells in maturing matrices experience a microenviroment of gradually increasing rigidity. In addition, further matrix stiffening is caused by active Fn fiber alignment parallel to the contractile axis of the elongated fibroblasts, a cell-driven effect previously described for other fibrillar matrices. The fibroblasts, therefore, not only cause matrix unfolding, but reciprocally respond to the altered Fn matrix properties by up-regulating their own rigidity response. Consequently, our data demonstrate for the first time that a matured and aged matrix has distinctly different physical and biochemical properties compared to a newly assembled matrix. This might allow cells to specifically recognise the age of a matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Antia
- Laboratory for Biologically Oriented Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8093. Switzerland
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30
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Estrada Y, Dong J, Ossowski L. Positive crosstalk between ERK and p38 in melanoma stimulates migration and in vivo proliferation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 22:66-76. [PMID: 18983537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most therapy-resistant cancers. Activating mutations in BRAF and NRAS are the source of extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway activation. We show that melanoma cell lines, originating in different metastatic sites, with BRAF or NRAS mutations, in addition to active mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-ERK, also have highly activated stress activated protein kinase (SAPK)-p38. This is in direct contrast to carcinoma cells in which the activity of the two kinases appears to be mutually exclusive; high level of p38 activity inhibits, through a negative feedback, ERK activity and prevents tumorigenesis. Melanomas are insensitive to ERK inhibition by p38 and utilize p38-signaling pathway for migration and growth in vivo. We found a positive functional loop linking the high ERK activity to surface expression of alphaVbeta3-integrin. This integrin, by interacting with vitronectin, induces p38 activity and increases IL-8 production, enhancing cell migration. Because the negative loop from p38 to ERK is lost, the two kinases can remain simultaneously activated. Inhibition of ERK and p38 activities is more effective in blocking in vivo growth than inhibition of each kinase individually. Future therapies might have to consider targeting of both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeriel Estrada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
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31
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Kokubun K, Kashiwagi K, Yoshinari M, Inoue T, Shiba K. Motif-programmed artificial extracellular matrix. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3098-105. [PMID: 18826322 DOI: 10.1021/bm800638z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motif-programming is a method for creating artificial proteins by combining functional peptide motifs in a combinatorial manner. This method is particularly well suited for developing liaison molecules that interface between cells and inorganic materials. Here we describe our creation of artificial proteins through the programming of two motifs, a natural cell attachment motif (RGD) and an artificial Ti-binding motif (minTBP-1). The created proteins were found to reversibly bind Ti and to bind MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Moreover, although the interaction with Ti was not covalent, the proteins recapitulated several functions of fibronectin, and thus, could serve as an artificial ECM on Ti materials. Because this motif-programming system could be easily extended to create artificial proteins having other biological functions and material specificities, it should be highly useful for application to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Kokubun
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Division of Oral Implants Research and Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2, Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba, 261-8501 Japan
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32
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Green JA, Yamada KM. Three-dimensional microenvironments modulate fibroblast signaling responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:1293-8. [PMID: 17825946 PMCID: PMC2140276 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modes of signaling in fibroblasts can differ substantially depending on whether these cells are in their natural three-dimensional environment compared to artificial two-dimensional culture conditions. Although studying cell behavior in two-dimensional environments has been valuable for understanding biological processes, questions can be raised about their in vivo physiological relevance. This review focuses on some of our research involving fibroblast behavior in cell-derived three-dimensional matrices. Specifically, we examine how these matrices affect cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and signaling compared to two-dimensional substrates. We stress the importance of controls for three-dimensional matrix studies and discuss cancer as an example in which altered three-dimensional matrices can influence fibroblast signaling. Studying cells in three-dimensional microenvironments can lead to the design of more physiologically relevant conditions for assaying drug responses and deciphering biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Angelo Green
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, MSC 4370, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Meckmongkol TT, Harmon R, McKeown-Longo P, Van De Water L. The fibronectin synergy site modulates TGF-beta-dependent fibroblast contraction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 360:709-14. [PMID: 17631278 PMCID: PMC2034296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue remodeling following injury involves TGF-beta-mediated fibroblast contraction. While these cells are embedded in a fibronectin (FN)-rich matrix, the role of FN-cell interactions in this process is not fully understood. To explore the role of FN matrix presentation, we analyzed the effect of TGF-beta on fibroblasts adhered to FN-coated polyacrylamide gels (PAG). Surprisingly, under these conditions TGF-beta triggered cell rounding/contraction. This was accompanied by increased Rho activation and MLC phosphorylation and was reversed by inhibition of Rho kinase. Although fibroblasts are known to bind to fibronectin's RGD and synergy sites, their relative contribution to cell function is not clear. MLC phosphorylation was reduced and cell contraction was reversed when FN's synergy site was blocked, indicating that contraction requires signals from the synergy site in addition to TGF-beta-mediated Rho activation. Thus, regulating the FN synergy site therapeutically may provide a mechanism for modulating contractile forces during tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerin T Meckmongkol
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, MC-165, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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