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Boccia P, Mondellini S, Mauro S, Zanellato M, Parolini M, Sturchio E. Potential Effects of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Microplastics: An Overview of Air Contamination. TOXICS 2024; 12:320. [PMID: 38787098 PMCID: PMC11125735 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are now ubiquitous environmental contaminants that lead to unavoidable human exposure; they have received increasing attention in recent years and have become an emerging area of research. The greatest concern is the negative impacts of MPs on marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as human health, to the extent that the World Health Organization (WHO) calls for increased research and standardized methods to assess exposure to MPs. Many countries and international organizations are implementing or proposing legislation in this regard. This review aims to summarize the current state of legislation, indoor and outdoor contamination, and potential human health risk due to exposure to airborne MPs, considering that occupational exposure to MPs is also becoming a growing area of concern. Even though research regarding MPs has continuously increased in the last twenty years, the effects of MPs on human health have been scarcely investigated, and toxicity studies are still limited and not directly comparable, due to the lack of standardized studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Boccia
- INAIL—Istituto Nazionale per L’Assicurazione Contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro, Dit, 38/40 Via Roberto Ferruzzi, 00143 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (E.S.)
| | - Simona Mondellini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Simona Mauro
- Chemistry Department, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Miriam Zanellato
- INAIL—Istituto Nazionale per L’Assicurazione Contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro, Dit, 38/40 Via Roberto Ferruzzi, 00143 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (E.S.)
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Elena Sturchio
- INAIL—Istituto Nazionale per L’Assicurazione Contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro, Dit, 38/40 Via Roberto Ferruzzi, 00143 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (E.S.)
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2
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Chuang YS, Berekute AK, Hsu HY, Wei HS, Gong WC, Hsu YY, Tsai CJ, Yu KP. Assessment of emissions and exposure in 3D printing workplaces in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2024; 21:270-286. [PMID: 38451632 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2024.2313655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging and booming industry in Taiwan. Compared to traditional manufacturing, 3D printing has various advantages, such as advanced customization, additive manufacturing, reduced mold opening time, and reduced consumption of precursors. In this study, the real-time monitoring of particulate matter (PM) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from various filaments is investigated using fused deposition modeling with material extrusion technology, a liquid-crystal display, a stereolithography apparatus based on vat photopolymerization technology, and binder jetting for occupational settings. An exposure assessment for nearby workers using the 3D printing process was performed, and improvement measures were recommended. Nine 3D printing fields were measured. The generation rate of ultrafine particles ranged from 1.19 × 1010 to 4.90 × 1012 #/min, and the geometric mean particle size ranged from 30.91 to 55.50 nm. The average concentration of ultrafine particles ranged from 2.31 × 103 to 7.36 × 104 #/cm3, and the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in each field ranged from 0.74 ± 0.27 to 12.46 ± 5.61 μg/m3 and from 2.39 ± 0.60 to 30.65 ± 21.26 μg/m3, respectively. The TVOC concentration ranged from 0.127 ± 0.012 to 1.567 ± 0.172 ppm. The respiratory deposition (RDUFPs) dose ranged from 2.02 × 1013 to 5.54 × 1014 nm2/day. Depending on the operating conditions, appropriate control and protective measures should be employed to protect workers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sheng Chuang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Abiyu Kerebo Berekute
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Hsuan-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Wei
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Ya-Yuan Hsu
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Jinn Tsai
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Pin Yu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Barkane A, Jurinovs M, Briede S, Platnieks O, Onufrijevs P, Zelca Z, Gaidukovs S. Biobased Resin for Sustainable Stereolithography: 3D Printed Vegetable Oil Acrylate Reinforced with Ultra-Low Content of Nanocellulose for Fossil Resin Substitution. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1272-1286. [PMID: 38116215 PMCID: PMC10726172 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of biobased materials in additive manufacturing is a promising long-term strategy for advancing the polymer industry toward a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact. In commercial 3D printing formulations, there is still a scarcity of efficient biobased polymer resins. This research proposes vegetable oils as biobased components to formulate the stereolithography (SLA) resin. Application of nanocellulose filler, prepared from agricultural waste, remarkably improves the printed material's performance properties. The strong bonding of nanofibrillated celluloses' (NFCs') matrix helps develop a strong interface and produce a polymer nanocomposite with enhanced thermal properties and dynamical mechanical characteristics. The ultra-low NFC content of 0.1-1.0 wt% (0.07-0.71 vol%) was examined in printed samples, with the lowest concentration yielding some of the most promising results. The developed SLA resins showed good printability, and the printing accuracy was not decreased by adding NFC. At the same time, an increase in the resin viscosity with higher filler loading was observed. Resins maintained high transparency in the 500-700 nm spectral region. The glass transition temperature for the 0.71 vol% composition increased by 28°C when compared to the nonreinforced composition. The nanocomposite's stiffness has increased fivefold for the 0.71 vol% composition. The thermal stability of printed compositions was retained after cellulose incorporation, and thermal conductivity was increased by 11%. Strong interfacial interactions were observed between the cellulose and the polymer in the form of hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and ester groups, which were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This research demonstrates a great potential to use acrylated vegetable oils and nanocellulose fillers as a feedstock to produce high-performance resins for sustainable SLA 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sabine Briede
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pavels Onufrijevs
- Institute of Technical Physics, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Zelca
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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4
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Minář J, Pilnaj D, Uřičář J, Veselý P, Dušek K. Application of solid-phase microextraction arrows for characterizing volatile organic compounds from 3D printing of acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate filament. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464180. [PMID: 37393779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is an extensively used manufacturing technique that can pose specific health concerns due to the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Herein, a detailed characterization of 3D printing-related VOC using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) is described for the first time. The VOC were extracted in dynamic mode during the printing from the acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate filament in an environmental chamber. The effect of extraction time on the extraction efficiency of 16 main VOC was studied for four different commercial SPME arrows. The volatile and semivolatile compounds were the most effectively extracted by carbon wide range-containing and polydimethyl siloxane arrows, respectively. The differences in extraction efficiency between arrows were further correlated to the molecular volume, octanol-water partition coefficient, and vapour pressure of observed VOC. The repeatability of SPME arrows towards the main VOC was assessed from static mode measurements of filament in headspace vials. In addition, we performed a group analysis of 57 VOC classified into 15 categories according to their chemical structure. Divinylbenzene-polydimethyl siloxane arrow turned out to be a good compromise between the total extracted amount and its distribution among tested VOC. Thus, this arrow was used to demonstrate the usefulness of SPME for the qualification of VOC emitted during printing in a real-life environment. A presented methodology can serve as a fast and reliable method for the qualification and semi-quantification of 3D printing-related VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Minář
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Dominik Pilnaj
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University, Ústí nad Labem 400 96, Czech Republic
| | - Jonáš Uřičář
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Veselý
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Dušek
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
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5
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Al-Nimry SS, Daghmash RM. Three Dimensional Printing and Its Applications Focusing on Microneedles for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1597. [PMID: 37376046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) are considered to be a novel smart injection system that causes significantly low skin invasion upon puncturing, due to the micron-sized dimensions that pierce into the skin painlessly. This allows transdermal delivery of numerous therapeutic molecules, such as insulin and vaccines. The fabrication of MNs is carried out through conventional old methods such as molding, as well as through newer and more sophisticated technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing, which is considered to be a superior, more accurate, and more time- and production-efficient method than conventional methods. Three-dimensional printing is becoming an innovative method that is used in education through building intricate models, as well as being employed in the synthesis of fabrics, medical devices, medical implants, and orthoses/prostheses. Moreover, it has revolutionary applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and medical fields. Having the capacity to design patient-tailored devices according to their dimensions, along with specified dosage forms, has allowed 3D printing to stand out in the medical field. The different techniques of 3D printing allow for the production of many types of needles with different materials, such as hollow MNs and solid MNs. This review covers the benefits and drawbacks of 3D printing, methods used in 3D printing, types of 3D-printed MNs, characterization of 3D-printed MNs, general applications of 3D printing, and transdermal delivery using 3D-printed MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhair S Al-Nimry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rawand M Daghmash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Variability in the inorganic composition of colored acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene and polylactic acid filaments used in 3D printing. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFused filament fabrication is a 3D printing technique that has gained widespread use from homes to schools to workplaces. Thermoplastic filaments, such as acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA), are extruded at temperatures near their respective glass transition temperature or melting point, respectively. Little has been reported on the inorganic elemental composition and concentrations present in these materials or the methods available for extracting that information. Because inorganic constituents may be included in the aerosolized particulates emitted during the printing process, identifying elements that could be present and at what specific concentrations is critical. The objective of the current research is to determine the range of metals present in thermoplastic filaments along with their relative abundance and chemical speciation as a function of polymer type, manufacturer, and color. A variety of filaments from select manufacturers were digested using a range of techniques to determine the optimal conditions for metal extraction from ABS and PLA polymers. The extraction potential for each method was quantified using by ICP-MS analysis. When possible, further characterization of the chemical composition of the filaments was investigated using X-ray Absorption spectroscopy to determine chemical speciation of the metal. Optimal digestion conditions were established using a high temperature, high pressure microwave-assisted acid digestion method to produce the most complete and repeatable extraction results. The composition and abundance of metals in the filaments varied greatly as a function of polymer, manufacturer, and color. Potential elements of concern present in the filaments at elevated concentration included that could pose a respiratory risk included Si, Al, Ti, Cu, Zn, and Sn. XAS analysis revealed a mixture of metal oxides, mineral, and organometallic compounds were present in the filaments that were being used to increase opaqueness impart color (dyes), polymeric catalysts, and flame retardants. This work shows that a variety of metals are present in the starting materials used for 3D printing and depending on their partitioning into 3D printed products and byproducts as well as the exposure route, may pose a health risk which merits further investigation.
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7
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Gleissner H, Castrillon-Oberndorfer G, Gehrlich S. Introduction of 3D Printing in a German Municipal Hospital-Practice Guide for CMF Surgery. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2022; 15:369-378. [PMID: 36387315 PMCID: PMC9647375 DOI: 10.1177/19433875211050721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design This study aimed to introduce 3D printing in a municipal hospital to improve the treatment of craniomaxillofacial patients and optimize costs and operating time. Thus we describe the implementation of low-cost in-house 3D printing to facilitate orbital- and mandible reconstruction in CMF surgery. Moreover, we address legal requirements, safety at work, fire- and data protection. Finally, we want to share our experiences using 3D printing and point out its advantages in providing better patient care. Methods We outline the setup of in-house 3D printing and focus on obeying German health care regulations. We based our approach on a fused deposition modeling 3D printer and free software. As proof of concept, we treated 4 cases of severe orbital trauma and 1 case of mandibular reconstruction. We printed a 3D patient-specific model for each case and adapted a titanium mesh implant, respectively, a titanium reconstruction plate before performing the surgery. Results Our approach reduced costs, duration of anesthesia, operating time, recovery time, and postoperative swelling and increased the revenue. Functional outcome in orbital reconstruction like eye movement and double vision, was improved compared to the conventional technique. No severe complications like loss-of-vision or surgical revision occurred. Likewise, mandibular reconstruction showed no plate loosening or plate fracture. Conclusion The implementation of cost-efficient 3D printing resulted in successful patient treatment with excellent outcomes. Our practice guide offers a 3D printing workflow and could be adapted to fit the needs of other specialties like neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gleissner
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und
plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinik der Paracelsus Medizinischen
Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
- MKG Praxis Regensburg, Bavaria,
Germany
| | - G Castrillon-Oberndorfer
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und
plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinik der Paracelsus Medizinischen
Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
- ALB Fils Kliniken, Klinik für Mund-,
Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - St Gehrlich
- Klinik für Mund-, Kiefer- und
plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinik der Paracelsus Medizinischen
Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
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8
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Bowers LN, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, LeBouf RF, Martin SB, Ranpara AC, Burns DA, Virji MA. Potential for Exposure to Particles and Gases throughout Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Processes. BUILDINGS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:10.3390/buildings12081222. [PMID: 37961074 PMCID: PMC10641710 DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Vat photopolymerization (VP), a type of additive manufacturing process that cures resin to build objects, can emit potentially hazardous particles and gases. We evaluated two VP technologies, stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP), in three separate environmental chambers to understand task-based impacts on indoor air quality. Airborne particles, total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), and/or specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored during each task to evaluate their exposure potential. Regardless of duration, all tasks released particles and organic gases, though concentrations varied between SLA and DLP processes and among tasks. Maximum particle concentrations reached 1200 #/cm3 and some aerosols contained potentially hazardous elements such as barium, chromium, and manganese. TVOC concentrations were highest for the isopropyl alcohol (IPA) rinsing, soaking, and drying post-processing tasks (up to 36.8 mg/m3), lowest for the resin pouring pre-printing, printing, and resin recovery post-printing tasks (up to 0.1 mg/m3), and intermediate for the curing post-processing task (up to 3 mg/m3). Individual VOCs included, among others, the potential occupational carcinogen acetaldehyde and the immune sensitizer 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (pouring, printing, recovery, and curing tasks). Careful consideration of all tasks is important for the development of strategies to minimize indoor air pollution and exposure potential from VP processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | | | - Alycia K. Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Stephen B. Martin
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Anand C. Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Dru A. Burns
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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9
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Hossain SKM, Toledo Vega A, Valles-Rosales D, Park YH, Kuravi S, Sohn H. Particulate suspension: a review of studies characterizing particulates and volatile organic compounds emissions during additive manufacturing processes. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2022.2094301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azul Toledo Vega
- Department of Industrial Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Delia Valles-Rosales
- Department of Industrial Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sarada Kuravi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hansuk Sohn
- Department of Industrial Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
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10
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Bowers LN, Ranpara AC, Roach KA, Knepp AK, Arnold ED, Stefaniak AB, Virji MA. Comparison of product safety data sheet ingredient lists with skin irritants and sensitizers present in a convenience sample of light-curing resins used in additive manufacturing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105198. [PMID: 35659913 PMCID: PMC9351547 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Material jetting and vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) processes use liquid resins to build objects. These resins can contain skin irritants and/or sensitizers but product safety data sheets (SDSs) might not declare all ingredients. We characterized elemental and organic skin irritants and sensitizers present in 39 commercial products; evaluated the influence of resin manufacturer, system, color, and AM process type on the presence of irritants and sensitizers; and compared product SDSs to results. Among all products, analyses identified 23 irritant elements, 54 irritant organic substances, 22 sensitizing elements, and 23 sensitizing organic substances; SDSs listed 3, 9, 4, and 6 of these ingredients, respectively. Per product, the number and total mass (an indicator of potential dermal loading) of ingredients varied: five to 17 irritant elements (8.32-4756.65 mg/kg), one to 17 irritant organics (3273 to 356,000 mg/kg), four to 17 sensitizing elements (8.27-4755.63 mg/kg), and one to seven sensitizing organics (15-382,170 mg/kg). Median numbers and concentrations of irritants and sensitizers were significantly influenced by resin system and AM process type. The presence of undeclared irritants and sensitizers in these resins supports the need for more complete information on product SDSs for comprehensive dermal risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Bowers
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Anand C Ranpara
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Katherine A Roach
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Arnold
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - M Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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11
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Zhang Q, Davis AY, Black MS. Emissions and Chemical Exposure Potentials from Stereolithography Vat Polymerization 3D Printing and Post-processing Units. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Aika Y. Davis
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
| | - Marilyn S. Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, Georgia 30067, United States
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12
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Väisänen A, Alonen L, Ylönen S, Hyttinen M. Organic compound and particle emissions of additive manufacturing with photopolymer resins and chemical outgassing of manufactured resin products. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:198-216. [PMID: 34763622 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1998814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymer resins are applied at an increasing rate in additive manufacturing (AM) industry as vat photopolymerization (VP) and material jetting (MJ) methods gain more popularity. The aim of this study was to measure volatile organic compound (VOC), carbonyl compound, ultrafine particle (UFP), and particulate matter (PM10) air concentrations emitted in 3D printer operations. Individual chemicals were identified when multiple photopolymer resin feedstocks were used in various VP and MJ printers. The size distributions of UFPs, and indoor air parameters were also monitored. Finally, the VOC outgassing of the cured resin materials was determined over 84 days. The data demonstrated that 3D printer operators were exposed to low concentrations of airborne exposure agents as follows: average concentrations of VOCs were between 41 and 87 µg/m3, UFP number levels ranged between 0.19 and 3.62 × 103 number/cm3; however, no impact was detected on air parameters or PM10 concentrations. A majority of the UFPs existed in the 10-45 nm size range. The identified compounds included hazardous species included sensitizing acrylates and carcinogenic formaldehyde. The outgassed products included similar compounds that were encountered during the AM processes, and post-processing solvents. Products heated to 37°C emitted 1.4‒2.9-fold more VOCs than at room temperature. Total emissions were reduced by 84‒96% after 28 days roughly from 3000-14000 to 100-1000 µg/m2/hr. In conclusion, resin printer operators are exposed to low concentrations of hazardous emissions, which might result in adverse health outcomes during prolonged exposure. Manufactured resin products are suggested to be stored for 4 weeks after their production to reduce potential consumer VOC hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Väisänen
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lauri Alonen
- School of Engineering and Technology, Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampsa Ylönen
- School of Engineering and Technology, Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Hyttinen
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Zennifer A, Manivannan S, Sethuraman S, Kumbar SG, Sundaramurthi D. 3D bioprinting and photocrosslinking: emerging strategies & future perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 134:112576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dobrzyńska E, Kondej D, Kowalska J, Szewczyńska M. State of the art in additive manufacturing and its possible chemical and particle hazards-review. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1733-1758. [PMID: 34081372 PMCID: PMC8596642 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, enabling rapid prototyping and so-called on-demand production, has become a common method of creating parts or whole devices. On a 3D printer, real objects are produced layer by layer, thus creating extraordinary possibilities as to the number of applications for this type of devices. The opportunities offered by this technique seem to be pushing new boundaries when it comes to both the use of 3D printing in practice and new materials from which the 3D objects can be printed. However, the question arises whether, at the same time, this solution is safe enough to be used without limitations, wherever and by everyone. According to the scientific reports, three-dimensional printing can pose a threat to the user, not only in terms of physical or mechanical hazards, but also through the potential emissions of chemical substances and fine particles. Thus, the presented publication collects information on the additive manufacturing, different techniques, and ways of printing with application of diverse raw materials. It presents an overview of the last 5 years' publications focusing on 3D printing, especially regarding the potential chemical and particle emission resulting from the use of such printers in both the working environment and private spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Dobrzyńska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Dorota Kondej
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Joanna Kowalska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research InstituteWarsawPoland
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15
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Murashov V, Geraci CL, Schulte PA, Howard J. Nano- and microplastics in the workplace. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:489-494. [PMID: 34478348 PMCID: PMC10020928 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1976413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Murashov
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC
| | - Charles L Geraci
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC
| | - Paul A Schulte
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC
| | - John Howard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC
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16
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Creation of Anatomically Correct and Optimized for 3D Printing Human Bones Models. APPLIED SYSTEM INNOVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/asi4030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Educational institutions in several countries state that the education sector should be modernized to ensure a contemporary, individualized, and more open learning process by introducing and developing advance digital solutions and learning tools. Visualization along with 3D printing have already found their implementation in different medical fields in Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, and Rīga Stradiņš University, where models are being used for prosthetic manufacturing, surgery planning, simulation of procedures, and student education. The study aimed to develop a detailed methodology for the creation of anatomically correct and optimized models for 3D printing from radiological data using only free and widely available software. In this study, only free and cross-platform software from widely available internet sources has been used—“Meshmixer”, “3D Slicer”, and “Meshlab”. For 3D printing, the Ultimaker 5S 3D printer along with PLA material was used. In its turn, radiological data have been obtained from the “New Mexico Decedent Image Database”. In total, 28 models have been optimized and printed. The developed methodology can be used to create new models from scratch, which can be used will find implementation in different medical and scientific fields—simulation processes, anthropology, 3D printing, bioprinting, and education.
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17
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Runström Eden G, Tinnerberg H, Rosell L, Möller R, Almstrand AC, Bredberg A. Exploring Methods for Surveillance of Occupational Exposure from Additive Manufacturing in Four Different Industrial Facilities. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:163-177. [PMID: 34486024 PMCID: PMC8855698 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing, a type of additive manufacturing (AM), is a rapidly expanding field. Some adverse health effects have been associated with exposure to printing emissions, which makes occupational exposure studies important. There is a lack of exposure studies, particularly from printing methods other than material extrusion (ME). The presented study aimed to evaluate measurement methods for exposure assessment in AM environments and to measure exposure and emissions from four different printing methods [powder bed fusion (PBF), material extrusion (ME), material jetting (MJ), and vat photopolymerization] in industry. Structured exposure diaries and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors were used over a 5-day working week. Personal and stationary VOC samples and real-time particle measurements were taken for 1 day per facility. Personal inhalable and respirable dust samples were taken during PBF and MJ AM. The use of structured exposure diaries in combination with measurement data revealed that comparatively little time is spent on actual printing and the main exposure comes from post-processing tasks. VOC and particle instruments that log for a longer period are a useful tool as they facilitate the identification of work tasks with high emissions, highlight the importance of ventilation and give a more gathered view of variations in exposure. No alarming levels of VOCs or dust were detected during print nor post-processing in these facilities as adequate preventive measures were installed. As there are a few studies reporting negative health effects, it is still important to keep the exposure as low as reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunilla Runström Eden
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Rosell
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rickie Möller
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Charlotte Almstrand
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Bredberg
- RISE, Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Daoud GE, Pezzutti DL, Dolatowski CJ, Carrau RL, Pancake M, Herderick E, VanKoevering KK. Establishing a point-of-care additive manufacturing workflow for clinical use. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2021; 36:3761-3780. [PMID: 34248272 PMCID: PMC8259775 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-021-00270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, or 3-Dimensional (3-D) Printing, is built with technology that utilizes layering techniques to build 3-D structures. Today, its use in medicine includes tissue and organ engineering, creation of prosthetics, the manufacturing of anatomical models for preoperative planning, education with high-fidelity simulations, and the production of surgical guides. Traditionally, these 3-D prints have been manufactured by commercial vendors. However, there are various limitations in the adaptability of these vendors to program-specific needs. Therefore, the implementation of a point-of-care in-house 3-D modeling and printing workflow that allows for customization of 3-D model production is desired. In this manuscript, we detail the process of additive manufacturing within the scope of medicine, focusing on the individual components to create a centralized in-house point-of-care manufacturing workflow. Finally, we highlight a myriad of clinical examples to demonstrate the impact that additive manufacturing brings to the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo L. Carrau
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
- The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Mary Pancake
- Department of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Edward Herderick
- Department of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kyle K. VanKoevering
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
- The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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19
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Stefaniak A, Du Preez S, Du Plessis JL. Additive Manufacturing for Occupational Hygiene: A Comprehensive Review of Processes, Emissions, & Exposures. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:1-50. [PMID: 34139957 PMCID: PMC8678392 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1936319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review introduces occupational (industrial) hygienists and toxicologists to the seven basic additive manufacturing (AM) process categories. Forty-six articles were identified that reported real-world measurements for all AM processes, except sheet lamination. Particles released from powder bed fusion (PBF), material jetting (MJ), material extrusion (ME), and directed energy deposition (DED) processes exhibited nanoscale to submicron scale; real-time particle number (mobility sizers, condensation nuclei counters, miniDiSC, electrical diffusion batteries) and surface area monitors (diffusion chargers) were generally sufficient for these processes. Binder jetting (BJ) machines released particles up to 8.5 µm; optical particle sizers (number) and laser scattering photometers (mass) were sufficient for this process. PBF and DED processes (powdered metallic feedstocks) released particles that contained respiratory irritants (chromium, molybdenum), central nervous system toxicants (manganese), and carcinogens (nickel). All process categories, except those that use metallic feedstocks, released organic gases, including (but not limited to), respiratory irritants (toluene, xylenes), asthmagens (methyl methacrylate, styrene), and carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde). Real-time photoionization detectors for total volatile organics provided useful information for processes that utilize polymer feedstock materials. More research is needed to understand 1) facility-, machine-, and feedstock-related factors that influence emissions and exposures, 2) dermal exposure and biological burden, and 3) task-based exposures. Harmonized emissions monitoring and exposure assessment approaches are needed to facilitate inter-comparison of study results. Improved understanding of AM process emissions and exposures is needed for hygienists to ensure appropriate health and safety conditions for workers and for toxicologists to design experimental protocols that accurately mimic real-world exposure conditions.ABBREVIATIONS ABS : acrylonitrile butadiene styrene; ACGIH® TLV® : American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Threshold Limit Value; ACH : air change per hour; AM : additive manufacturing; ASA : acrylonitrile styrene acrylate; AVP : acetone vapor polishing; BJ : binder jetting; CAM-LEM : computer-aided manufacturing of laminated engineering materials; CNF : carbon nanofiber; CNT : carbon nanotube; CP : co-polyester; CNC : condensation nuclei counter; CVP : chloroform vapor polishing; DED : directed energy deposition; DLP : digital light processing; EBM : electron beam melting; EELS : electron energy loss spectrometry; EDB : electrical diffusion batteries; EDX : energy dispersive x-ray analyzer; ER : emission rate; FDM™ : fused deposition modeling; FFF : fused filament fabrication; IAQ : indoor air quality; LSP : laser scattering photometer; LCD : liquid crystal display; LDSA : lung deposited particle surface area; LOD : limit of detection; LOM : laminated object manufacturing; LOQ : limit of quantitation; MCE : mixed cellulose ester filter; ME : material extrusion; MJ : material jetting; OEL : occupational exposure limit; OPS : optical particle sizer; PBF : powder bed fusion; PBZ : personal breathing zone; PC : polycarbonate; PEEK : poly ether ether ketone; PET : polyethylene terephthalate; PETG : Polyethylene terephthalate glycol; PID : photoionization detector; PLA : polylactic acid; PM1 : particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 µm; PM2.5 : particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm; PM10 : particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm; PSL : plastic sheet lamination; PVA : polyvinyl alcohol; REL : recommended exposure limit; SDL : selective deposition lamination; SDS : safety data sheet; SEM : scanning electron microscopy; SL : sheet lamination; SLA : stereolithography; SLM : selective laser melting; SMPS : scanning mobility particle sizer; SVOC : semi-volatile organic compound; TEM : transmission electron microscopy; TGA : thermal gravimetric analysis; TPU : thermo polyurethane; UAM : ultrasonic additive manufacturing; UC : ultrasonic consolidation; TVOC : total volatile organic compounds; TWA : time-weighted average; VOC : volatile organic compound; VP : vat photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S Du Preez
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - JL Du Plessis
- North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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20
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Rojek I, Mikołajewski D, Macko M, Szczepański Z, Dostatni E. Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112737. [PMID: 34067326 PMCID: PMC8196833 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Technological and material issues in 3D printing technologies should take into account sustainable development, use of materials, energy, emitted particles, and waste. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the sustainability of 3D printing processes can be supported by computational intelligence (CI) and artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. We present a new AI-based software to evaluate the amount of pollution generated by 3D printing systems. We input the values: printing technology, material, print weight, etc., and the expected results (risk assessment) and determine if and what precautions should be taken. The study uses a self-learning program that will improve as more data are entered. This program does not replace but complements previously used 3D printing metrics and software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Rojek
- Institute of Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Dariusz Mikołajewski
- Institute of Computer Science, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (I.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Marek Macko
- Department of Mechatronic Systems, Faculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zbigniew Szczepański
- Department of Mechatronic Systems, Faculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.M.); (Z.S.)
| | - Ewa Dostatni
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, pl. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
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21
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Park J, Kwon OH, Yoon C, Park M. Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three-dimensional printing: How many particles can penetrate into our body? INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:392-404. [PMID: 32875646 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful emissions including particulates, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes are generated during three-dimensional (3D) printing. Ultrafine particles are particularly important due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. We modeled inhalation exposure by particle size during 3D printing. A total of six thermoplastic filaments were used for printing under manufacturer's recommended conditions, and particle emissions in the size range between 10 nm and 10 μm were measured. The inhalation exposure dose including inhaled and deposited doses was estimated using a mathematical model. For all materials, the number of particles between 10 nm and 1 μm accounted for a large proportion among the released particles, with nano-sized particles being the dominant size. More than 1.3 × 109 nano-sized particles/kgbw/g (95.3 ± 104.0 ng/kgbw/g) could be inhaled, and a considerable amount was deposited in respiratory regions. The total deposited dose in terms of particle number was 3.1 × 108 particles/kgbw/g (63.6% of the total inhaled dose), and most (41.3%) were deposited in the alveolar region. The total mass of particles deposited was 19.8 ± 16.6 ng/kgbw/g, with 10.1% of the total mass deposited in the alveolar region. Given our findings, the inhalation exposure level is mainly determined by printing conditions, particularly the filament type and manufacturer-recommended extruder temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Park
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Accident Response Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, The Ministry of Environment, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Hun Kwon
- Samsung Electronics Vietnam Co., Ltd., BắcNinh, Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Park
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Cantré D, Langner S, Kaule S, Siewert S, Schmitz KP, Kemmling A, Weber MA. Three-dimensional imaging and three-dimensional printing for plastic preparation of medical interventions. Radiologe 2021; 60:70-79. [PMID: 32926194 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-020-00739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been available for nearly four decades and is regarded as state of the art for visualization of anatomy and pathology and for procedure planning in many clinical fields. Together with 3D image reconstructions in the form of rendered virtual 3D models, it has helped to better perceive complex anatomic and pathologic relations, improved preprocedural measuring and sizing of implants, and nowadays enables even photorealistic quality. However, presentation on 2D displays limits the 3D experience. Novel 3D printing technologies can transfer virtual anatomic models into true 3D space and produce both patient-specific models and medical devices constructed by computer-aided design. Individualized anatomic models hold great potential for medical and patient education, research, device development and testing, procedure training, preoperative planning, and fabrication of individualized instruments and implants. Hand in hand with 3D imaging, medical 3D printing has started to revolutionize medicine in certain fields and new applications are developed and introduced regularly. The demand for medical 3D printing will likely continue to rise, as it is a promising tool for plastic preparation of medical interventions. However, there is ongoing debate on the appropriateness of medical 3D printing and further research on its efficiency is needed. As experts in 3D imaging, radiologists are not only capable of advising on adequate imaging parameters, but should also become adept in 3D printing to participate in on-site 3D printing facilities and randomized controlled trials on the topic, thus contributing to improving patient outcomes via personalized medicine through patient-specific preparation of medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cantré
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, Germany.
| | - Sönke Langner
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kaule
- Institute for Implant Technology and Biomaterials e. V., associated Institution of the University of Rostock, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Stefan Siewert
- Institute for Implant Technology and Biomaterials e. V., associated Institution of the University of Rostock, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Schmitz
- Institute for Implant Technology and Biomaterials e. V., associated Institution of the University of Rostock, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock University Medical Center, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, 18119, Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany
| | - André Kemmling
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Marc-André Weber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, Germany
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23
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Chen R, Yin H, Cole IS, Shen S, Zhou X, Wang Y, Tang S. Exposure, assessment and health hazards of particulate matter in metal additive manufacturing: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127452. [PMID: 32629313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM), also known as metal three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a new technology offering design freedom to create complex structures that has found increasing applications in industrial processes. However, due to the fine metal powders and high temperatures involved, the printing process is likely to generate particulate matter (PM) that has a detrimental impact on the environment and human health. Therefore, comprehensive assessement of the exposure and health hazards of PM pollution related to this technique is urgently required. This review provides general knowledge of metal AM and its possible particle release. The health issues of metal PM are described considering the exposure routes, adverse human health outcomes and influencing factors. Methods of evaluating PM exposure and risk assessment techniques are also summarized. Lastly, future research needs are suggested. The information and knowledge presented in this review will contribute to the understanding, assessment, and control of possible risks in metal AM and benefit the wider metal 3D printing community, which includes machine operators, consumers, R&D scientists, and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Hong Yin
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Ivan S Cole
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Shirley Shen
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Ave, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Xingfan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100054, China.
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24
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Zisook RE, Simmons BD, Vater M, Perez A, Donovan EP, Paustenbach DJ, Cyrs WD. Emissions associated with operations of four different additive manufacturing or 3D printing technologies. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2020; 17:464-479. [PMID: 32809925 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1798012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this pilot-scale study, a wide range of potential emissions were evaluated for four types of additive manufacturing (AM) machines. These included material extrusion (using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ABS]); material jetting (using liquid photopolymer); powder bed fusion (using nylon); and vat photopolymerization (using liquid photopolymer) in an industrial laboratory setting. During isolated operation of AM machines, adjacent area samples were collected for compounds of potential concern (COPCs), including total and individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nano- and micron-sized particulate matter, and inorganic gases. A total of 61 compounds were also sampled using a canister followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis. Most COPCs were not detected or were measured at concentrations far below relevant occupational exposure limits (OELs) during AM machine operations. Submicron particles, predominantly nanoparticles, were produced during material extrusion printing using ABS at approximately 12,000 particles per cubic centimeter (p cm-3) above background. After subtracting the mean background concentration, the mean concentration for material extrusion printing operations correlated with a calculated emission rate of 2.8 × 1010 p min-1 under the conditions tested. During processing of parts produced using material jetting or powder bed fusion, emissions were generally negligible, although concentrations above background of respirable and total dust were measured during processing of powder bed fusion parts. Results of this pilot-scale study indicate that airborne emissions associated with AM operations are variable, depending on printing and parts handling processes, raw materials, and ventilation characteristics. Although personal samples were not collected in this pilot-scale study, the results can be used to inform future exposure assessments. Based on the results of this evaluation, measurement of submicron particles emitted during material extrusion printing operations and dust associated with handling parts manufactured using powder bed fusion processes should be included in exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Vater
- Cardno ChemRisk, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Fan D, Li Y, Wang X, Zhu T, Wang Q, Cai H, Li W, Tian Y, Liu Z. Progressive 3D Printing Technology and Its Application in Medical Materials. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:122. [PMID: 32265689 PMCID: PMC7100535 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables patient-specific anatomical level productions with high adjustability and resolution in microstructures. With cost-effective manufacturing for high productivity, 3D printing has become a leading healthcare and pharmaceutical manufacturing technology, which is suitable for variety of applications including tissue engineering models, anatomical models, pharmacological design and validation model, medical apparatus and instruments. Today, 3D printing is offering clinical available medical products and platforms suitable for emerging research fields, including tissue and organ printing. In this review, our goal is to discuss progressive 3D printing technology and its application in medical materials. The additive overview also provides manufacturing techniques and printable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyang Fan
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tengjiao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Cai
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjun Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Farcas MT, Stefaniak AB, Knepp AK, Bowers L, Mandler WK, Kashon M, Jackson SR, Stueckle TA, Sisler JD, Friend SA, Qi C, Hammond DR, Thomas TA, Matheson J, Castranova V, Qian Y. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) filaments three-dimensional (3-D) printer emissions-induced cell toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2019; 317:1-12. [PMID: 31562913 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During extrusion of some polymers, fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printers emit billions of particles per minute and numerous organic compounds. The scope of this study was to evaluate FFF 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity in human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Emissions were generated from a commercially available 3-D printer inside a chamber, while operating for 1.5 h with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate (PC) filaments, and collected in cell culture medium. Characterization of the culture medium revealed that repeat print runs with an identical filament yield various amounts of particles and organic compounds. Mean particle sizes in cell culture medium were 201 ± 18 nm and 202 ± 8 nm for PC and ABS, respectively. At 24 h post-exposure, both PC and ABS emissions induced a dose dependent significant cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in SAEC. Though the emissions may not completely represent all possible exposure scenarios, this study indicate that the FFF could induce toxicological effects. Further studies are needed to quantify the detected chemicals in the emissions and their corresponding toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA; Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Lauren Bowers
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - William K Mandler
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Michael Kashon
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Stephen R Jackson
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Jenifer D Sisler
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Chaolong Qi
- Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, Division of Applied Research & Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Duane R Hammond
- Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch, Division of Applied Research & Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Treye A Thomas
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Joanna Matheson
- Office of Hazard Identification and Reduction, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
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Petretta M, Desando G, Grigolo B, Roseti L. 3D printing of musculoskeletal tissues: impact on safety and health at work. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:891-912. [PMID: 31545145 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1663458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (commonly referred to as 3D printing) created an attractive approach for regenerative medicine research in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Given the high number of fabrication technologies available, characterized by different working and physical principles, there are several related risks that need to be managed to protect operators. Recently, an increasing number of studies demonstrated that several types of 3D printers are emitters of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds whose harmful effects through inhalation, ingestion and skin uptake are known. Confirmation of danger of these products is not yet final, but this provides a basis to adopt preventive measures in agreement with the precautionary principle. The purpose of this investigation was to provide a useful tool to the researcher for managing the risks related to the use of different kinds of three-dimensional printers (3D printers) in the lab, especiallyconcerning orthopedic applications, and to define appropriate control measures. Particular attention was given to new emerging risks and to developing response strategies for a comprehensive coverage of the health and safety of operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Petretta
- RegenHU ltd, Z.I. du Vivier , Villaz-ST-Pierre , Switzerland
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Desando
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
| | - Livia Roseti
- RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT-Research, Innovation & Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy
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