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Reedy JL, Jensen KN, Crossen AJ, Basham KJ, Ward RA, Reardon CM, Harding HB, Hepworth OW, Simaku P, Kwaku GN, Tone K, Willment JA, Reid DM, Stappers MHT, Brown GD, Rajagopal J, Vyas JM. Fungal melanin suppresses airway epithelial chemokine secretion through blockade of calcium fluxing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.28.534632. [PMID: 37034634 PMCID: PMC10081279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by the human fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of mortality for immunocompromised patients. Exposure to these pathogens occurs through inhalation, although the role of the respiratory epithelium in disease pathogenesis has not been fully defined. Employing a primary human airway epithelial model, we demonstrate that fungal melanins potently block the post-translational secretion of the chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 independent of transcription or the requirement of melanin to be phagocytosed, leading to a significant reduction in neutrophil recruitment to the apical airway both in vitro and in vivo . Aspergillus -derived melanin, a major constituent of the fungal cell wall, dampened airway epithelial chemokine secretion in response to fungi, bacteria, and exogenous cytokines. Furthermore, melanin muted pathogen-mediated calcium fluxing and hindered actin filamentation. Taken together, our results reveal a critical role for melanin interaction with airway epithelium in shaping the host response to fungal and bacterial pathogens.
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Sonnberger J, Kasper L, Lange T, Brunke S, Hube B. "We've got to get out"-Strategies of human pathogenic fungi to escape from phagocytes. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:341-358. [PMID: 37800630 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens are a deadly and underappreciated risk to global health that most severely affect immunocompromised individuals. A virulence attribute shared by some of the most clinically relevant fungal species is their ability to survive inside macrophages and escape from these immune cells. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms behind intracellular survival and elaborate how escape is mediated by lytic and non-lytic pathways as well as strategies to induce programmed host cell death. We also discuss persistence as an alternative to rapid host cell exit. In the end, we address the consequences of fungal escape for the host immune response and provide future perspectives for research and development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Sonnberger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Theresa Lange
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Tsopela V, Korakidis E, Lagou D, Kalliampakou KI, Milona RS, Kyriakopoulou E, Mpekoulis G, Gemenetzi I, Stylianaki EA, Sideris CD, Sioli A, Kefallinos D, Sideris DC, Aidinis V, Eliopoulos AG, Kambas K, Vassilacopoulou D, Vassilaki N. L-Dopa decarboxylase modulates autophagy in hepatocytes and is implicated in dengue virus-caused inhibition of autophagy completion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119602. [PMID: 37778471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme L-Dopa Decarboxylase (DDC) synthesizes the catecholamine dopamine and the indolamine serotonin. Apart from its role in the brain as a neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzyme, DDC has been detected also in the liver and other peripheral organs, where it is implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and host-virus interactions. Dengue virus (DENV) suppresses DDC expression at the later stages of infection, during which DENV also inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion. As dopamine affects autophagy in neuronal cells, we investigated the possible association of DDC with autophagy in human hepatocytes and examined whether DDC mediates the relationship between DENV infection and autophagy. We performed DDC silencing/overexpression and evaluated autophagic markers upon induction of autophagy, or suppression of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Our results showed that DDC favored the autophagic process, at least in part, through its biosynthetic function, while knockdown of DDC or inhibition of DDC enzymatic activity prevented autophagy completion. In turn, autophagy induction upregulated DDC, while autophagy reduction by chemical or genetic (ATG14L knockout) ways caused the opposite effect. This study also implicated DDC with the cellular energetic status, as DDC silencing reduced the oxidative phosphorylation activity of the cell. We also report that upon DDC silencing, the repressive effect of DENV on the completion of autophagy was enhanced, and the inhibition of autolysosome formation did not exert an additive effect on viral proliferation. These data unravel a novel role of DDC in the autophagic process and suggest that DENV downregulates DDC expression to inhibit the completion of autophagy, reinforcing the importance of this protein in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilina Tsopela
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Korakidis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Lagou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Raphaela S Milona
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Kyriakopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - George Mpekoulis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Gemenetzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aggelina Sioli
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysis Kefallinos
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Technical University of Athens, 157 73 Athens, Greece
| | - Diamantis C Sideris
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 01 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, NKUA, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kambas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece
| | - Dido Vassilacopoulou
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 01 Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 115 21 Athens, Greece.
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4
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Zhang S, Liu X, Li C, Wang Q, Yang S, Peng X, Hu L, Zhao G, Lin J. Role of Inhibiting Inflammation of LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Dry Eye Disease. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:25-32. [PMID: 37732765 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2262169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To confirm the expression and investigate the role of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) in dry eye disease (DED). METHODS The DED model of mice was established by scopolamine subcutaneous injection in a low-humidity environment chamber. Tear secretion test and corneal fluorescein sodium staining were used to evaluate the severity of DED. Expression levels of Rubicon, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), Beclin-1 and autophagy-related gene-7 (Atg-7) in corneas of mice with DED were tested by western blot. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the effects of different concentrations of hypertonic solutions on the proliferation activity of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). The expression levels of Dectin-1, IL-6 and IL-1β in HCECs after stimulation with different concentrations of hypertonic solutions were tested. The expressions of Rubicon, LC3-II, Beclin-1 and ATG-7 in HCECs were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). After being pretreated with 10 μM si-Rubicon, the severity of the disease was documented by corneal fluorescein sodium staining. And the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β were also tested by RT-PCR. RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, the corneal fluorescein sodium staining scores and tear secretion were significantly reduced. Rubicon, LC3-II, Beclin-1 and ATG-7 were significantly elevated. CCK-8 showed that the 400 and 450 mOsM hypertonic solutions did not affect the proliferation activity of HCECs. The expression of Dectin-1, IL-1β and IL-6 were elevated after stimulation with 450 mOsM solution. LC3-II, Rubicon, ATG-7 and Beclin-1 increased after stimulation with 450 mOsM hyperosmolar solution in HCECs. Corneal fluorescein staining showed that si-Rubicon increased the severity of DED in mice. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-6 in the cornea of mice were significantly increased. CONCLUSION DED increased the expression of proteins associated with LAP. LAP could play an anti-inflammatory effect in DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Liting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
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Zheng Z, Zhao M, Shan H, Fang D, Jin Z, Tang J, Liu Z, Hong L, Liu P, Li M. Noncanonical autophagy is a new strategy to inhibit HSV-1 through STING1 activation. Autophagy 2023; 19:3096-3112. [PMID: 37471002 PMCID: PMC10621258 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2237794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
STING1 (stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1) plays an essential role in immune responses for virus inhibition via inducing the production of type I interferon, inflammatory factors and macroautophagy/autophagy. In this study, we found that STING1 activation could induce not only canonical autophagy but also non-canonical autophagy (NCA) which is independent of the ULK1 or BECN1 complexes to form MAP1LC3/LC3-positive structures. Whether STING1-induced NCA has similar characters and physiological functions to canonical autophagy is totally unknown. Different from canonical autophagy, NCA could increase single-membrane structures and failed to degrade long-lived proteins, and could be strongly suppressed by interrupting vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) activity. Importantly, STING1-induced NCA could effectively inhibit DNA virus HSV-1 in cell model. Moreover, STING1 [1-340], a STING1 mutant lacking immunity and inflammatory response due to deletion of the tail end of STING1, could degrade virus through NCA alone, suggesting that the antiviral effect of activated STING1 could be separately mediated by inherent immunity, canonical autophagy, and NCA. In addition, the translocation and dimerization of STING1 do not rely on its immunity function and autophagy pathway. Similar to canonical autophagy, LC3-positive structures of NCA induced by STING1 could finally fuse with lysosomes, and the degradation of HSV-1 could be reverted by inhibition of lysosome function, suggesting that the elimination of DNA virus via NCA still requires the lysosome pathway. Collectively, we proved that besides its classical immunity function and canonical autophagy pathway, STING1-induced NCA is also an efficient antiviral pathway for the host cell.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; Baf: bafilomycin A1; CASM: conjugation of LC3 to a single membrane; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-AMP; CQ: chloroquine; CTD: C-terminal domain; CTT: C-terminal tail; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERGIC: ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus 1; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; IFNs: interferons; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TGOLN2/TGN46: trans-golgi network protein 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Man Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuyi Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiuge Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Earle K, Valero C, Conn DP, Vere G, Cook PC, Bromley MJ, Bowyer P, Gago S. Pathogenicity and virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus. Virulence 2023; 14:2172264. [PMID: 36752587 PMCID: PMC10732619 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2172264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary infections caused by the mould pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Compromised lung defences arising from immunosuppression, chronic respiratory conditions or more recently, concomitant viral or bacterial pulmonary infections are recognised risks factors for the development of pulmonary aspergillosis. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge of the mechanistic basis of pulmonary aspergillosis with a focus on emerging at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Earle
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Clara Valero
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel P. Conn
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - George Vere
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter C. Cook
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael J. Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Gago
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Bento-Lopes L, Cabaço LC, Charneca J, Neto MV, Seabra MC, Barral DC. Melanin's Journey from Melanocytes to Keratinocytes: Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of Melanin Transfer and Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11289. [PMID: 37511054 PMCID: PMC10379423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation ensures efficient photoprotection and relies on the pigment melanin, which is produced by epidermal melanocytes and transferred to surrounding keratinocytes. While the molecular mechanisms of melanin synthesis and transport in melanocytes are now well characterized, much less is known about melanin transfer and processing within keratinocytes. Over the past few decades, distinct models have been proposed to explain how melanin transfer occurs at the cellular and molecular levels. However, this remains a debated topic, as up to four different models have been proposed, with evidence presented supporting each. Here, we review the current knowledge on the regulation of melanin exocytosis, internalization, processing, and polarization. Regarding the different transfer models, we discuss how these might co-exist to regulate skin pigmentation under different conditions, i.e., constitutive and facultative skin pigmentation or physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss recent evidence that sheds light on the regulation of melanin exocytosis by melanocytes and internalization by keratinocytes, as well as how melanin is stored within these cells in a compartment that we propose be named the melanokerasome. Finally, we review the state of the art on the molecular mechanisms that lead to melanokerasome positioning above the nuclei of keratinocytes, forming supranuclear caps that shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation. Thus, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating skin pigmentation, from melanin exocytosis by melanocytes and internalization by keratinocytes to processing and polarization within keratinocytes. A better knowledge of these molecular mechanisms will clarify long-lasting questions in the field that are crucial for the understanding of skin pigmentation and can shed light on fundamental aspects of organelle biology. Ultimately, this knowledge can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to treat hypo- or hyper-pigmentation disorders, which have a high socio-economic burden on patients and healthcare systems worldwide, as well as cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Duarte C. Barral
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal; (L.B.-L.); (L.C.C.); (J.C.); (M.V.N.); (M.C.S.)
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8
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Forn-Cuní G, Welvaarts L, Stel FM, van den Hondel CJ, Arentshorst M, Ram AFJ, Meijer AH. Stimulating the autophagic-lysosomal axis enhances host defense against fungal infection in a zebrafish model of invasive Aspergillosis. Autophagy 2023; 19:324-337. [PMID: 35775203 PMCID: PMC9809955 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2090727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antifungal-resistant human pathogenic fungi, particularly azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus, is a life-threatening challenge to the immunocompromised population. Autophagy-related processes such as LC3-associated phagocytosis have been shown to be activated in the host response against fungal infection, but their overall effect on host resistance remains uncertain. To analyze the relevance of these processes in vivo, we used a zebrafish animal model of invasive Aspergillosis. To confirm the validity of this model to test potential treatments for this disease, we confirmed that immunosuppressive treatments or neutropenia rendered zebrafish embryos more susceptible to A. fumigatus. We used GFP-Lc3 transgenic zebrafish to visualize the autophagy-related processes in innate immune phagocytes shortly after phagocytosis of A. fumigatus conidia, and found that both wild-type and melanin-deficient conidia elicited Lc3 recruitment. In macrophages, we observed GFP-Lc3 accumulation in puncta after phagocytosis, as well as short, rapid events of GFP-Lc3 decoration of single and multiple conidia-containing vesicles, while neutrophils covered single conidia-containing vesicles with bright and long-lasting GFP-Lc3 signal. Next, using genetic and pharmacological stimulation of three independent autophagy-inducing pathways, we showed that the antifungal autophagy response improves the host survival against A. fumigatus infection, but only in the presence of phagocytes. Therefore, we provide proof-of-concept that stimulating the (auto)phagolysosomal pathways is a promising approach to develop host-directed therapies against invasive Aspergillosis, and should be explored further either as adjunctive or stand-alone therapy for drug-resistant Aspergillus infections.Abbreviations: DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; HR: hazard ratio; HDT: host-directed therapy; Hpf: hours post fertilization; IA: invasive Aspergillosis; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MTZ: metronidazole; PTU: N-phenylthiourea; ROS: reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forn-Cuní
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,CONTACT G Forn-Cuní Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - L Welvaarts
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - FM Stel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - CJ van den Hondel
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Arentshorst
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - AFJ Ram
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - AH Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands,AH Meijer Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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9
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Changotra H, Kaur S, Yadav SS, Gupta GL, Parkash J, Duseja A. ATG5: A central autophagy regulator implicated in various human diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:650-667. [PMID: 36062813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular conserved degradative process, plays a central role in the renewal/recycling of a cell to maintain the homeostasis of nutrients and energy within the cell. ATG5, a key component of autophagy, regulates the formation of the autophagosome, a hallmark of autophagy. ATG5 binds with ATG12 and ATG16L1 resulting in E3 like ligase complex, which is necessary for autophagosome expansion. Available data suggest that ATG5 is indispensable for autophagy and has an imperative role in several essential biological processes. Moreover, ATG5 has also been demonstrated to possess autophagy-independent functions that magnify its significance and therapeutic potential. ATG5 interacts with various molecules for the execution of different processes implicated during physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, ATG5 genetic variants are associated with various ailments. This review discusses various autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent roles of ATG5, highlights its various deleterious genetic variants reported until now, and various studies supporting it as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sargeet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Gonçalves SM, Cunha C, Carvalho A. Understanding the genetic basis of immune responses to fungal infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:987-996. [PMID: 35385368 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2063839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal infections represent a global public health problem that affect millions of people. Despite remarkable advances achieved over the last decades, available diagnostic and therapeutic tools remain insufficient for the optimal management of these diseases. The clinical course of fungal infection is highly variable, and evidence accumulated from patients with rare mutations and cohort-based studies suggests that the trajectory of disease is largely defined by patient genetics and its impact on immune responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which which genetic variants influence the risk, progression, and outcome of fungal infection. AREAS COVERED In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the genetic factors that influence antifungal immune responses based on candidate gene studies and genome-wide approaches performed in different experimental and clinical models. EXPERT OPINION Research on genetics of susceptibility to infection is expected to lead to a detailed knowledge framework for the pathogenesis of human fungal infections and unveil novel targets and pathways amenable to clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Grijmans BJM, van der Kooij SB, Varela M, Meijer AH. LAPped in Proof: LC3-Associated Phagocytosis and the Arms Race Against Bacterial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:809121. [PMID: 35047422 PMCID: PMC8762105 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.809121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system continuously patrol the extracellular environment for potential microbial threats that are to be neutralized by phagocytosis and delivery to lysosomes. In addition, phagocytes employ autophagy as an innate immune mechanism against pathogens that succeed to escape the phagolysosomal pathway and invade the cytosol. In recent years, LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has emerged as an intermediate between phagocytosis and autophagy. During LAP, phagocytes target extracellular microbes while using parts of the autophagic machinery to label the cargo-containing phagosomes for lysosomal degradation. LAP contributes greatly to host immunity against a multitude of bacterial pathogens. In the pursuit of survival, bacteria have developed elaborate strategies to disarm or circumvent the LAP process. In this review, we will outline the nature of the LAP mechanism and discuss recent insights into its interplay with bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Dewi IM, Janssen NA, Rosati D, Bruno M, Netea MG, Brüggemann RJ, Verweij PE, van de Veerdonk FL. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis associated with viral pneumonitis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 62:21-27. [PMID: 34034082 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in critically ill patients with viral pneumonitis has increasingly been reported in recent years. Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are the two most common forms of this fungal infection. These diseases cause high mortality in patients, most of whom were previously immunocompetent. The pathogenesis of IAPA and CAPA is still not fully understood, but involves viral, fungal and host factors. In this article, we discuss several aspects regarding IAPA and CAPA, including their possible pathogenesis, the use of immunotherapy, and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Mw Dewi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Microbiology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Af Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Germany; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roger Jm Brüggemann
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc - CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Bruno M, Dewi IM, Matzaraki V, ter Horst R, Pekmezovic M, Rösler B, Groh L, Röring RJ, Kumar V, Li Y, Carvalho A, Netea MG, Latgé JP, Gresnigt MS, van de Veerdonk FL. Comparative host transcriptome in response to pathogenic fungi identifies common and species-specific transcriptional antifungal host response pathways. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:647-663. [PMID: 33510868 PMCID: PMC7817431 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis cause the majority of nosocomial fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. Using an unbiased transcriptional profiling in PBMCs exposed to the fungal species causing these infections, we found a core host response in healthy individuals that may govern effective fungal clearance: it consists of 156 transcripts, involving canonical and non-canonical immune pathways. Systematic investigation of key steps in antifungal host defense revealed fungal-specific signatures. As previously demonstrated, Candida albicans induced type I and Type II interferon-related pathways. In contrast, central pattern recognition receptor, reactive oxygen species production, and host glycolytic pathways were down-regulated in response to Rhizopus oryzae, which was associated with an ER-stress response. TLR5 was identified to be uniquely regulated by Aspergillus fumigatus and to control cytokine release in response to this fungus. In conclusion, our data reveals the transcriptional profiles induced by C. albicans, A. fumigatus, and R. oryzae, and describes both the common and specific antifungal host responses that could be exploited for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Intan M.W. Dewi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicky Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob ter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Pekmezovic
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Berenice Rösler
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laszlo Groh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J. Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) and TWINCORE, Joint Ventures between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães/Braga, Portugal
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Mark S. Gresnigt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Lin L, Xu J. Fungal Pigments and Their Roles Associated with Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E280. [PMID: 33198121 PMCID: PMC7711509 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can produce myriad secondary metabolites, including pigments. Some of these pigments play a positive role in human welfare while others are detrimental. This paper reviews the types and biosynthesis of fungal pigments, their relevance to human health, including their interactions with host immunity, and recent progresses in their structure-activity relationships. Fungal pigments are grouped into carotenoids, melanin, polyketides, and azaphilones, etc. These pigments are phylogenetically broadly distributed. While the biosynthetic pathways for some fungal pigments are known, the majority remain to be elucidated. Understanding the genes and metabolic pathways involved in fungal pigment synthesis is essential to genetically manipulate the production of both the types and quantities of specific pigments. A variety of fungal pigments have shown wide-spectrum biological activities, including promising pharmacophores/lead molecules to be developed into health-promoting drugs to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, infectious diseases, Alzheimer's diseases, and so on. In addition, the mechanistic elucidation of the interaction of fungal pigments with the host immune system provides valuable clues for fighting fungal infections. The great potential of fungal pigments have opened the avenues for academia and industries ranging from fundamental biology to pharmaceutical development, shedding light on our endeavors for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China;
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important biology process, central to the maintenance of biology process in both physiological and pathological situations. It is regarded as a “double-edged sword”—exerting both protective and/or detrimental effects. These two-way effects are observed in immune cells as well as renal resident cells, including podocytes, mesangial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries. Mounting evidence suggests that autophagy is implicated in the pathological process of various immune-related renal diseases (IRRDs) as well as the kidney that underwent transplantation. Here, we provide an overview of the pathological role of autophagy in IRRDs, including lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy, membrane nephropathy, ANCA-associated nephritis, and diabetic nephropathy. The understanding of the pathogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in these renal diseases may lead to the identification of new diagnostic targets and refined therapeutic modulation.
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16
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Abstract
Respiratory fungal infection is a severe clinical problem, especially in patients with compromised immune functions. Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and endemic fungi are major pulmonary fungal pathogens that are able to result in life-threatening invasive diseases. Growing data being reported have indicated that multiple cells and molecules orchestrate the host's response to a fungal infection in the lung. Upon fungal challenge, innate myeloid cells including macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), and recruited neutrophils establish the first line of defense through the phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines. Natural killer cells control the fungal expansion in the lung via the direct and indirect killing of invading organisms. Adaptive immune cells including Th1 and Th17 cells confer anti-fungal activity by producing their signature cytokines, interferon-γ, and IL-17. In addition, lung epithelial cells (LEC) also participate in the resistance against fungal infection by internalization, inflammatory cytokine production, or antimicrobial peptide secretion. In the host cells mentioned above, various molecules with distinct functions modulate the immune defense signaling: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as dectin-1 expressed on the cell surface are involved in fungal recognition; adaptor proteins such as MyD88 and TRAF6 are required for transduction of signals to the nucleus for transcriptional regulation; inflammasomes also play crucial roles in the host's defense against a fungal infection in the lung. Furthermore, transcriptional factors modulate the transcriptions of a series of genes, especially those encoding cytokines and chemokines, which are predominant regulators in the infectious microenvironment, mediating the cellular and molecular immune responses against a fungal infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Lu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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17
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Menacing Mold: Recent Advances in Aspergillus Pathogenesis and Host Defense. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4229-4246. [PMID: 30954573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is ubiquitous in the environment and contains a number of species, primarily A. fumigatus, that cause mold-associated disease in humans. Humans inhale several hundred to several thousand Aspergillus conidia (i.e., vegetative spores) daily and typically clear these in an asymptomatic manner. In immunocompromised individuals, Aspergillus conidia can germinate into tissue-invasive hyphae, disseminate, and cause invasive aspergillosis. In this review, we first discuss novel concepts in host defense against Aspergillus infections and emphasize new insights in fungal recognition and signaling, innate immune activation, and fungal killing. Second, the review focuses on novel concepts of Aspergillus pathogenesis and highlights emerging knowledge regarding fungal strain heterogeneity, stress responses, and metabolic adaptations on infectious outcomes. Mechanistic insight into the host-pathogen interplay is thus critical to define novel druggable fungal targets and to exploit novel immune-based strategies to improve clinical outcomes associated with aspergillosis in vulnerable patient populations.
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18
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Westman J, Hube B, Fairn GD. Integrity under stress: Host membrane remodelling and damage by fungal pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13016. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms Hans Knoell Institute Jena Germany
- Institute of Microbiology Microbial Pathogenicity Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences St. Michael's Hospital Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Surgery University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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19
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Ye X, Zhou XJ, Zhang H. Exploring the Role of Autophagy-Related Gene 5 ( ATG5) Yields Important Insights Into Autophagy in Autoimmune/Autoinflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2334. [PMID: 30386331 PMCID: PMC6199349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process that degrades certain intracellular contents in both physiological and pathological conditions. Autophagy-related proteins (ATG) are key players in this pathway, among which ATG5 is indispensable in both canonical and non-canonical autophagy. Recent studies demonstrate that ATG5 modulates the immune system and crosstalks with apoptosis. However, our knowledge of the pathogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in various immune related diseases is lacking. Thus, a deeper understanding of ATG5's role in the autophagy mechanism may shed light on the link between autophagy and the immune response, and lead to the development of new therapies for autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases. In this focused review, we discuss the latest insights into the role of ATG5 in autoimmunity. Although these studies are at a relatively early stage, ATG5 may eventually come to be regarded as a “guardian of immune integrity.” Notably, accumulating evidence indicates that other ATG genes may have similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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20
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21
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Autophagy and LAP in the Fight against Fungal Infections: Regulation and Therapeutics. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6195958. [PMID: 29692681 PMCID: PMC5859860 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6195958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes fight fungi using canonical and noncanonical, also called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), autophagy pathways. However, the outcomes of autophagy/LAP in shaping host immune responses appear to greatly vary depending on fungal species and cell types. By allowing efficient pathogen clearance and/or degradation of inflammatory mediators, autophagy proteins play a broad role in cellular and immune homeostasis during fungal infections. Indeed, defects in autophagic machinery have been linked with aberrant host defense and inflammatory states. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between the different forms of autophagy may offer a way to identify drugable molecular signatures discriminating between selective recognition of cargo and host protection. In this regard, IFN-γ and anakinra are teaching examples of successful antifungal agents that target the autophagy machinery. This article provides an overview of the role of autophagy/LAP in response to fungi and in their infections, regulation, and therapeutic exploitation.
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Schmidt H, Vlaic S, Krüger T, Schmidt F, Balkenhol J, Dandekar T, Guthke R, Kniemeyer O, Heinekamp T, Brakhage AA. Proteomics of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia-containing Phagolysosomes Identifies Processes Governing Immune Evasion. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1084-1096. [PMID: 29507050 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive infections by the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus start with the outgrowth of asexual, airborne spores (conidia) into the lung tissue of immunocompromised patients. The resident alveolar macrophages phagocytose conidia, which end up in phagolysosomes. However, A. fumigatus conidia resist phagocytic degradation to a certain degree. This is mainly attributable to the pigment 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin located in the cell wall of conidia, which manipulates the phagolysosomal maturation and prevents their intracellular killing. To get insight in the underlying molecular mechanisms, we comparatively analyzed proteins of mouse macrophage phagolysosomes containing melanized wild-type (wt) or nonmelanized pksP mutant conidia. For this purpose, a protocol to isolate conidia-containing phagolysosomes was established and a reference protein map of phagolysosomes was generated. We identified 637 host and 22 A. fumigatus proteins that were differentially abundant in the phagolysosome. 472 of the host proteins were overrepresented in the pksP mutant and 165 in the wt conidia-containing phagolysosome. Eight of the fungal proteins were produced only in pksP mutant and 14 proteins in wt conidia-containing phagolysosomes. Bioinformatical analysis compiled a regulatory module, which indicates host processes affected by the fungus. These processes include vATPase-driven phagolysosomal acidification, Rab5 and Vamp8-dependent endocytic trafficking, signaling pathways, as well as recruitment of the Lamp1 phagolysosomal maturation marker and the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin Z. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed the proteome data and moreover showed differential abundance of the major metabolic regulator mTOR. Taken together, with the help of a protocol optimized to isolate A. fumigatus conidia-containing phagolysosomes and a potent bioinformatics algorithm, we were able to confirm A. fumigatus conidia-dependent modification of phagolysosomal processes that have been described before and beyond that, identify pathways that have not been implicated in A. fumigatus evasion strategy, yet.Mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD005724 and PXD006134.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schmidt
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vlaic
- §Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Balkenhol
- ¶Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- ¶Department of Bioinformatics, Julius Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- §Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinekamp
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany; .,‖Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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23
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Bertuzzi M, Hayes GE, Icheoku UJ, van Rhijn N, Denning DW, Osherov N, Bignell EM. Anti-Aspergillus Activities of the Respiratory Epithelium in Health and Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E8. [PMID: 29371501 PMCID: PMC5872311 DOI: 10.3390/jof4010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory epithelia fulfil multiple roles beyond that of gaseous exchange, also acting as primary custodians of lung sterility and inflammatory homeostasis. Inhaled fungal spores pose a continual antigenic, and potentially pathogenic, challenge to lung integrity against which the human respiratory mucosa has developed various tolerance and defence strategies. However, respiratory disease and immune dysfunction frequently render the human lung susceptible to fungal diseases, the most common of which are the aspergilloses, a group of syndromes caused by inhaled spores of Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhaled Aspergillus spores enter into a multiplicity of interactions with respiratory epithelia, the mechanistic bases of which are only just becoming recognized as important drivers of disease, as well as possible therapeutic targets. In this mini-review we examine current understanding of Aspergillus-epithelial interactions and, based upon the very latest developments in the field, we explore two apparently opposing schools of thought which view epithelial uptake of Aspergillus spores as either a curative or disease-exacerbating event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Gemma E Hayes
- Northern Devon Healthcare NHS Trust, North Devon District Hospital, Raleigh Park, Barnstaple EX31 4JB, UK.
| | - Uju J Icheoku
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - Norman van Rhijn
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
| | - David W Denning
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, Education and Research Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK.
| | - Nir Osherov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.
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24
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Gresnigt MS, Jaeger M, Subbarao Malireddi RK, Rasid O, Jouvion G, Fitting C, Melchers WJG, Kanneganti TD, Carvalho A, Ibrahim-Granet O, van de Veerdonk FL. The Absence of NOD1 Enhances Killing of Aspergillus fumigatus Through Modulation of Dectin-1 Expression. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1777. [PMID: 29326692 PMCID: PMC5733348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major life-threatening infections for which severely immunocompromised patients are at risk is invasive aspergillosis (IA). Despite the current treatment options, the increasing antifungal resistance and poor outcome highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcome of patients with IA. In the current study, we investigated whether and how the intracellular pattern recognition receptor NOD1 is involved in host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus. When exploring the role of NOD1 in an experimental mouse model, we found that Nod1−/− mice were protected against IA and demonstrated reduced fungal outgrowth in the lungs. We found that macrophages derived from bone marrow of Nod1−/− mice were more efficiently inducing reactive oxygen species and cytokines in response to Aspergillus. Most strikingly, these cells were highly potent in killing A. fumigatus compared with wild-type cells. In line, human macrophages in which NOD1 was silenced demonstrated augmented Aspergillus killing and NOD1 stimulation decreased fungal killing. The differentially altered killing capacity of NOD1 silencing versus NOD1 activation was associated with alterations in dectin-1 expression, with activation of NOD1 reducing dectin-1 expression. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that Nod1−/− mice have elevated dectin-1 expression in the lung and bone marrow, and silencing of NOD1 gene expression in human macrophages increases dectin-1 expression. The enhanced dectin-1 expression may be the mechanism of enhanced fungal killing of Nod1−/− cells and human cells in which NOD1 was silenced, since blockade of dectin-1 reversed the augmented killing in these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that NOD1 receptor plays an inhibitory role in the host defense against Aspergillus. This provides a rationale to develop novel immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of aspergillosis that target the NOD1 receptor, to enhance the efficiency of host immune cells to clear the infection by increasing fungal killing and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gresnigt
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité Histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Unité de recherche Cytokines and Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Laboratory for Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental filamentous fungus that can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. The interactions between A. fumigatus and the host environment are dynamic and complex. The host immune system needs to recognize the distinct morphological forms of A. fumigatus to control fungal growth and prevent tissue invasion, whereas the fungus requires nutrients and needs to adapt to the hostile environment by escaping immune recognition and counteracting host responses. Understanding these highly dynamic interactions is necessary to fully understand the pathogenesis of aspergillosis and to facilitate the design of new therapeutics to overcome the morbidity and mortality caused by A. fumigatus. In this Review, we describe how A. fumigatus adapts to environmental change, the mechanisms of host defence, and our current knowledge of the interplay between the host immune response and the fungus.
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26
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Dirhamnolipids secreted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa modify anjpegungal susceptibility of Aspergillus fumigatus by inhibiting β1,3 glucan synthase activity. ISME JOURNAL 2017; 11:1578-1591. [PMID: 28338676 PMCID: PMC5584477 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus fumigatus are the two microorganisms responsible for most of the chronic infections in cystic fibrosis patients. P. aeruginosa is known to produce quorum-sensing controlled rhamnolipids during chronic infections. Here we show that the dirhamnolipids secreted from P. aeruginosa (i) induce A. fumigatus to produce an extracellular matrix, rich in galactosaminogalactan, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)- and pyo-melanin, surrounding their hyphae, which facilitates P. aeruginosa binding and (ii) inhibit A. fumigatus growth by blocking β1,3 glucan synthase (GS) activity, thus altering the cell wall architecture. A. fumigatus in the presence of diRhls resulted in a growth phenotype similar to that upon its treatment with anjpegungal echinocandins, showing multibranched hyphae and thicker cell wall rich in chitin. The diRhl structure containing two rhamnose moieties attached to fatty acyl chain is essential for the interaction with β1,3 GS; however, the site of action of diRhls on GS is different from that of echinocandins, and showed synergistic anjpegungal effect with azoles.
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27
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Garth JM, Steele C. Innate Lung Defense during Invasive Aspergillosis: New Mechanisms. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:271-280. [PMID: 28231567 DOI: 10.1159/000455125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of the most difficult to treat and, consequently, one of the most lethal fungal infections known to man. Continued use of immunosuppressive agents during chemotherapy and organ transplantation often leads to the development of neutropenia, the primary risk factor for IA. However, IA is also becoming more appreciated in chronic diseases associated with corticosteroid therapy. The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, the primary agent in IA, plays a pivotal role in the recognition and elimination of organisms from the pulmonary system. This review highlights recent findings about innate host defense mechanisms, including novel aspects of innate cellular immunity and pathogen recognition, and the inflammatory mediators that control infection with A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleesa M Garth
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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28
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Al-Bader N, Sheppard DC. Aspergillosis and stem cell transplantation: An overview of experimental pathogenesis studies. Virulence 2016; 7:950-966. [PMID: 27687755 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1231278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening infection caused by the opportunistic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for the treatment of hematological malignancy are at particularly high risk of developing this fatal infection. The susceptibility of HSCT patients to infection with A. fumigatus is a consequence of a complex interplay of both fungal and host factors. Here we review our understanding of the host-pathogen interactions underlying the susceptibility of the immunocompromised host to infection with A. fumigatus with a focus on the experimental validation of fungal and host factors relevant to HSCT patients. These include fungal factors such as secondary metabolites, cell wall constituents, and metabolic adaptations that facilitate immune evasion and survival within the host microenvironment, as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense against A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Al-Bader
- a Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- a Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b Infectious Diseases in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
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29
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Sprenkeler EGG, Gresnigt MS, van de Veerdonk FL. LC3-associated phagocytosis: a crucial mechanism for antifungal host defence against Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1208-16. [PMID: 27185357 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a non-canonical autophagy pathway involved in the maturation of single-membrane phagosomes and subsequent killing of ingested pathogens by phagocytes. This pathway is initiated following recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors and leads to the recruitment of LC3 into the phagosomal membrane. This form of phagocytosis is utilized for the antifungal host defence and is required for an efficient fungal killing. Here, we provide an overview of the LAP pathway and review the role of LAP in anti-Aspergillus host defence, as well as mechanisms induced by Aspergillus that modulate LAP to promote its survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien G G Sprenkeler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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