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He Z, Chen Z, Mo Y, Lu X, Luo Y, Lin S, Zhong Y, Deng J, Zheng S, Xia L, Wu H, Routledge MN, Hong Y, Xian X, Yang X, Gong Y. Assessment of the Adverse Health Effects of Aflatoxin Exposure from Unpackaged Peanut Oil in Guangdong, China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:646. [PMID: 37999509 PMCID: PMC10675126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are liver carcinogens and are common contaminants in unpackaged peanut (UPP) oil. However, the health risks associated with consuming aflatoxins in UPP oil remain unclear. In this study, aflatoxin contamination in 143 UPP oil samples from Guangdong Province were assessed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We also recruited 168 human subjects, who consumed this oil, to measure their liver functions and lipid metabolism status. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected in 79.72% of the UPP oil samples, with levels ranging from 0.02 to 174.13 μg/kg. The average daily human intake of AFB1 from UPP oil was 3.14 ng/kg·bw/day; therefore, the incidence of liver cancer, caused by intake of 1 ng/kg·bw/day AFB1, was estimated to be 5.32 cases out of every 100,000 persons per year. Meanwhile, Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and AFB1 exposure exerted a synergistic effect to cause liver dysfunction. In addition, the triglycerides (TG) abnormal rate was statistically significant when using AFB1 to estimate daily intake (EDI) quartile spacing grouping (p = 0.011). In conclusion, high aflatoxin exposure may exacerbate the harmful effects of HBV infection on liver function. Contamination of UPP oil with aflatoxins in Guangdong urgently requires more attention, and public health management of the consumer population is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhini He
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Zihui Chen
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yunying Mo
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yanheng Luo
- Zhaoqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhaoqing 526060, China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Zhaoqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhaoqing 526060, China
| | - Yanxu Zhong
- Food Safety Monitoring and Evaluation Department, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Junfeng Deng
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Shixiong Zheng
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Lei Xia
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hang Wu
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael N. Routledge
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ye Hong
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Xian
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Xingfen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China (Y.H.)
| | - Yunyun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Alamir J, Almaiman L, Alrujib Y, Alhamidi R, Alowais B, Alhussain S, Aldakheelallah A, Alkhalaf M, Bineid M. Aflatoxins in food products consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A preliminary dietary risk assessment. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5948-5958. [PMID: 37823116 PMCID: PMC10563739 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are hepatotoxic, mutagenic, genotoxic, and immunosuppressive toxins. Several food commodities consumed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are susceptible to AF contamination because of improper storage practices and the warm and humid climate of the country. Therefore, the occurrence of AFs in 2388 food samples was measured and the estimated daily intake (EDI) of AFs in Saudi adults was assessed. The risks of AFB1 exposure were characterized using the margin of exposure (MoE) approach and by estimating the number of possible hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases in the KSA. The results revealed that 12.1% of the analyzed samples were contaminated with AFs and the highest concentration of total AFs was observed in the nut and seed group. The mean EDI of AFB1 was estimated to be 0.21 and 0.55 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for the lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) scenarios, respectively. The MoEs were estimated to be 1902.4 and 722.1, while the estimated liver cancer risk ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 cancer cases/year/100,000 persons. Based on the study's findings, contamination with AFs in the KSA is low; however, AFs are considered potent genotoxic contaminants, and therefore, exposure through food should be kept as low as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumanah Alamir
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Lama Almaiman
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Yasser Alrujib
- Executive Department of Laboratories, Research and Laboratories SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Rayan Alhamidi
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alowais
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Saqer Alhussain
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldakheelallah
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alkhalaf
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
- National Nutrition CommitteeSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bineid
- Department of Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Food SectorSaudi Food and Drug AuthorityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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Liang L, Zhang W, Hao J, Wang Y, Wei S, Zhang S, Hu Y, Lv Y. Estragole Inhibits Growth and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus by Affecting Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0134823. [PMID: 37289093 PMCID: PMC10434025 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01348-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of essential oils and edible compounds have been widely recognized for their antifungal activity in recent years. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of estragole from Pimenta racemosa against Aspergillus flavus and investigated the underlying mechanism of action. The results showed that estragole had significant antifungal activity against A. flavus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 μL/mL against spore germination. Additionally, estragole inhibited the biosynthesis of aflatoxin in a dose-dependent manner, and aflatoxin biosynthesis was significantly inhibited at 0.125 μL/mL. Pathogenicity assays showed that estragole had potential antifungal activity against A. flavus in peanut and corn grains by inhibiting conidia and aflatoxin production. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly related to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and secondary metabolite synthesis following estragole treatment. Importantly, we experimentally verified reactive oxidative species accumulation following downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase. These results suggest that estragole inhibits the growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. flavus by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis. These findings expand our knowledge on the antifungal activity and molecular mechanisms of estragole, and provide a basis for estragole as a potential agent against A. flavus contamination. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus flavus contaminates crops and produces aflatoxins, carcinogenic secondary metabolites which pose a serious threat to agricultural production and animal and human health. Currently, control of A. flavus growth and mycotoxin contamination mainly relies on antimicrobial chemicals, agents with side effects such as toxic residues and the emergence of resistance. With their safety, environmental friendliness, and high efficiency, essential oils and edible compounds have become promising antifungal agents to control growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis in hazardous filamentous fungi. In this study, we explored the antifungal activity of estragole from Pimenta racemosa against A. flavus and investigated its underlying mechanism. The results demonstrated that estragole inhibits the growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis of A. flavus by modulating intracellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuke Liang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Hao
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaibing Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang H, Liu B, Chen H, Xu P, Xue H, Yuan J. Dynamic changes of DNA methylation induced by benzo(a)pyrene in cancer. Genes Environ 2023; 45:21. [PMID: 37391844 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-023-00278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), the earliest and most significant carcinogen among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been found in foods, tobacco smoke, and automobiles exhaust, etc. Exposure to BaP induced DNA damage directly, or oxidative stress-related damage, resulting in cell apoptosis and carcinogenesis in human respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system, etc. Moreover, BaP triggered genome-wide epigenetic alterations by methylation, which might cause disturbances in regulation of gene expression, and thereby induced cancer. It has been proved that BaP reduced genome-wide DNA methylation, and activated proto-oncogene by hypomethylation in the promoter region, but silenced tumor suppressor genes by promoter hypermethylation, resulting in cancer initiation and progression. Here we summarized the changes in DNA methylation in BaP exposure, and revealed the methylation of DNA plays a role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Bingchun Liu
- Stem Cell Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Peixin Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China
| | - Huiting Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010010, China.
| | - Jianlong Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010050, China.
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Wang L, Li R, Zhang Q, Liu J, Tao T, Zhang T, Wu C, Ren Q, Pu X, Peng W. Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li: A comprehensive review of its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and product development. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.940900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li has been used as a herbal medicine in China in its long history. Since ancient times, the fruits of P. fortuneana has been considered a functional food to improve various diseases. Many bioactive substances, including proanthocyanidins, phenols, polysaccharides, and dietary fibers, have been isolated and identified from the P. fortuneana, which possess diverse biological properties both in vitro and in vivo. Although the researches on the P. fortuneana have achieved extensive progress, the systematic study of its biological activities is still relatively lacking. In addition, accumulating researches focus on the landscape value of the P. fortuneana and the development of its by-products. The by-products of P. fortuneana, which show good development potentials in the field of agricultural production and environmental protection, are important for improving the economic value of P. fortuneana and its significance. After extensive reviewing and analyzing the existing published articles, books, and patents, this study aims to a systematic and summarized research trends of P. fortuneana and its phytochemical compositions, nutritional values, pharmacological effects and health benefits of its extracts/monomers, which would be beneficial for the future development of this medicinal plant as functional food or drugs.
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The Value of Color Doppler Ultrasound and CT Combined with Serum AFP Examination in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4147753. [PMID: 35378937 PMCID: PMC8976622 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4147753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the value of the combination of color Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and serum tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) examination in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods 98 patients with HCC (malignant tumor group) and 50 liver lesion patients (benign control group), were selected for the study, and retrospective statistical methods were used to evaluate the diagnostic values of the three examinations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Results (1) When comparing color Doppler ultrasound blood flow parameters, the hepatic artery diameter, peak flow velocity, minimum flow velocity, and resistance index (RI) of hepatocellular carcinoma were significantly higher than those of the benign control group (P < 0.05), while the portal vein flow velocity was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). (2) Enhanced CT imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions showed mostly outflow-type enhancement changes, with high- or slightly high-density shadowing and uneven enhancement in the arterial phase, relatively low density and withdrawal of enhancement in the portal vein phase and delayed phase. (3) The serum AFP level of hepatocellular carcinoma patients was significantly higher than that of the benign control group (P < 0.01). (4) The sensitivity of color Doppler ultrasound, CT, and serum AFP alone for the diagnosis of HCC was 79.59%, 85.71%, and 66.33%, and the accuracy was 83.78%, 87.16%, and 74.32%, respectively, while the combination of the three tests could significantly increase the sensitivity to 96.94% and the accuracy to 93.92%, compared with each individual test (P < 0.01). Conclusion Color Doppler ultrasound and CT combined with serum AFP examination could significantly improve the sensitivity and accuracy of hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, reduce misdiagnosis, and facilitate early diagnosis and clinical early intervention.
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Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Induced Nephrotoxicity-Current Status and Expected Future Trends. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120848. [PMID: 34941686 PMCID: PMC8708607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensifying world-wide spread of mycotoxigenic fungal species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed and the human food chain. Growing evidence shows the deleterious toxicological effects of mycotoxins from infants to adults, while large population-based screening programs are often missing to identify affected individuals. The kidney functions as the major excretory system, which makes it particularly vulnerable to nephrotoxic injury. However, few studies have attempted to screen for kidney injury biomarkers in large, mycotoxin-exposed populations. As a result, there is an urgent need to screen them with sensitive biomarkers for potential nephrotoxicity. Although a plethora of biomarkers have been tested to estimate the harmful effects of a wide spectrum of toxicants, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are currently the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research. Nevertheless, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as useful and informative markers to reveal mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity. In this opinion article we consider the nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, the biomarkers available to detect and quantify the kidney injuries caused by them, and to recommend biomarkers to screen mycotoxin-exposed populations for renal damage.
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Islam F, Das Trisha A, Hafsa JM, Hasan A, Degen GH, Ali N. Occurrence of aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in Bangladesh. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:241-248. [PMID: 34159478 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk is the best, most complete form of nutrition for newborns and infants. However, human milk can contain aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) upon ingestion of dietary mycotoxin contaminants, namely, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), by lactating mothers. AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolite AFM1 are potent carcinogens and thus an important issue in food safety and public health. This study is the first to explore the presence of AFM1 in breast milk samples from Bangladesh and assess infant exposure to this toxin, as a consequence of maternal mycotoxin intake. A total of 62 breast milk samples were collected from nursing mothers in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. The milk samples were collected between October 2019 and March 2020 and analyzed by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AFM1 was detected in 51.6% of the breast milk samples (colostrum, transitional and mature milk), with a mean concentration of 4.42 ± 0.56 pg/mL, and in the range between LOD (4.0 pg/mL) and 6.66 pg/mL. The frequent detection of AFM1 in breast milk indicates widespread dietary exposure to mycotoxins in our cohort. The estimated average daily intake of AFM1 for all nursed infants was 0.49 ng/kg b.w./day. No significant correlations were observed between AFM1 levels in human milk and food items regularly consumed by nursing women. Overall, AFM1 levels in breast milk samples from the Sylhet region of Bangladesh are moderate, and lower than the permissible levels established for AFM1 in dairy milk or infant formulae (50 and 25 ng/kg, respectively). Yet, this first data for AFM1 breast milk contaminant levels just reflect the recent situation in one cohort, and monitoring should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Aporajita Das Trisha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jaasia Momtahena Hafsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Akibul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
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Gupta R, Raza N, Bhardwaj SK, Vikrant K, Kim KH, Bhardwaj N. Advances in nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of microbial toxins, pathogenic bacteria in food matrices. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123379. [PMID: 33113714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing demand to protect food products against the hazard of microbes and their toxins. To satisfy such goals, it is important to develop highly sensitive, reliable, sophisticated, rapid, and cost-effective sensing techniques such as electrochemical sensors/biosensors. Although diverse forms of nanomaterials (NMs)-based electrochemical sensing methods have been introduced in markets, the reliability of commercial products is yet insufficient to meet the practical goal. In this review, we focused on: 1) sources of pathogenic microbes and their toxins; 2) possible routes of their entrainment in food, and 3) current development of NM-based biosensors to realize real-time detection of the target analytes. At last, future prospects and challenges in this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Gupta
- Life Sciences Department, INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Govt. Emerson College Multan Affiliated With Bahauddin Zakaryia University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instrument Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University (PU), Sector 25, Chandigarh, India.
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Ali N, Manirujjaman M, Rana S, Degen GH. Determination of aflatoxin M 1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3775-3786. [PMID: 32880717 PMCID: PMC7603468 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are found worldwide in crops and dietary staples. The prevalence and levels of these contaminants can vary greatly, and data in Bangladeshi food commodities are scarce. To characterize human exposure, we have conducted biomonitoring, analyzing AFM1 (a metabolite of AFB1) and DON levels in urines of adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Yet, AFM1 and DON occurrence has not been studied in the very young population of this country. Thus, the same methods, HPLC-FD for AFM1 and LC-MS/MS for DON analysis, were now applied to determine these biomarkers in urines of infants (n = 49) and young children (n = 105) in Rajshahi and Dhaka district. Overall, AFM1 and DON detection frequency was 43.5% and 33.4%, with 34.7% and 11.5% in infant and 47.6% and 39.4% in children urines, respectively. The mean AFM1 levels in all infants (9.1 ± 14.3, max 55.6 pg/mL) and children (8.8 ± 12.9, max 75.3 pg/mL) were not significantly different. The AFM1 mean level was slightly higher in Dhaka (9.4 ± 12.4) compared to Rajshahi (8.5 ± 13.9 pg/mL) district. The average DON level was about 2-fold higher in infant (3.8 ± 2.9, max 6.8 ng/mL) than children urines (1.6 ± 1.8, max 8.6 ng/mL), and higher in Rajshahi (2.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) than Dhaka (1.4 ± 1.6 ng/mL) district. The biomarker-based estimated average daily DON intake (29.6 ± 108.3 ng/kg bw in infants and 36.4 ± 81.8 ng/kg bw in children) or the maximum exposure (560 ng/kg bw) do not exceed the current maximum provisional tolerable daily intake value of 1 µg/kg bw for DON, although DON exposure in infants and children is higher than that of Bangladeshi adults. The AFM1 urine levels in young children are somewhat lower than those found previously in adult cohorts in Bangladesh, but the frequent detection of this biomarker for AFB1 exposure raises further concerns, also for this vulnerable part of the population. Therefore, continuous surveillance for aflatoxins in Bangladeshi food commodities is clearly required, first to identify major sources of intake and then to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - M. Manirujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, 1344 Bangladesh
| | - Sohel Rana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
| | - Gisela H. Degen
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at the TU Dortmund, Ardeystr. 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Determination of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk from Different Provinces of Ecuador. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080498. [PMID: 32756414 PMCID: PMC7472276 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin from Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, classified as carcinogenic and hepatotoxic. The objective of the present investigation was to determine its presence in raw milk from north-central Ecuador, constituted by the provinces of Pichincha, Manabí, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. These areas represent approximately 30% of Ecuadorian milk production. By the end of the investigation, a total of 209 raw milk samples were collected, obtained both during the dry (June and August) and rainy seasons (April and November) of 2019. AFM1 concentrations were measured with lateral flow immunochromatographic assays, and 100% of the samples were positive for this mycotoxin, presenting a mean value of 0.0774 μg/kg with a range of 0.023 to 0.751 μg/kg. These AFM1 levels exceeded the European Union regulatory limit of 0.05 μg/kg in 59.3% (124/209) of samples, while only 1.9% (4/209) exceeded the Ecuadorian legal limit of 0.5 μg/kg. By using non-parametric tests, significant differences were determined (p ≤ 0.05) between the provinces for months of study, climatic season (being higher in the dry season), and climatic region (greater in the coast region). On the other hand, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the types of producers or between production systems. Therefore, AFM1 contamination in raw milk does not present a serious public health problem in Ecuador, but a monitoring and surveillance program for this mycotoxin in milk should be developed to prevent consumer health problems.
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12
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Li P, Guo H, Wu K, Su L, Huang K, Lai R, Deng Z, Li S, Ouyang P, Wang Y, Chen Z, Zhou G, Wang S. Decreased IL-37 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and liver cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:2639-2648. [PMID: 32218814 PMCID: PMC7068331 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-37 in cancer is currently largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate IL-37 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), paracancerous tissues (PT) and liver cancer cell lines, and their associations between IL-37 and NF-κB. A total of 65 HCC and 65 PT tissues were collected. The expression of IL-37 and NF-κB in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the data was analyzed using SPSS software. In the in vitro studies, IL-37 gene was transfected into HepG2 and MHCC97H cell lines with Lipofectamine 3000, and the protein regulation of NF-κB by IL-37 was verified by immunofluorescence (IF) and western blotting. In HCC, the positive expression rates of IL-37 and NF-kB were 21.5 and 95.4%, respectively. In PT, strong positive staining of IL-37and weak positive staining of NF-κB were observed. The normal expression levels of IL-37 and NF-κB, the increased IL-37 and decreased NF-κB induced by IL-37 gene transfection were observed through IF in cell lines. In terms of clinical significance, the difference in IL-37 expression between HCC and PT was statistically significant (χ2=55.05; P<0.001). IL-37 expression in HCC but not PT was negatively associated with serum AFP (χ2=6.522; P=0.039). IL-37 expression in PT was associated with sex (χ2=13.12; P=0.003) and tumor size (χ2=7.996; P=0.045). NF-κB expression in PT was associated with age, sex and BCLC stage. Notably, there was a negative correlation between IL-37 and NF-κB in HCC (r=-0.277; P=0.029) but not in PT (P>0.05). IL-37 overexpression downregulated the NF-κB protein by 56.50% in HepG2 cells (P<0.05) and 30.52% in MHCC97H cells (P<0.05). In conclusion, the expression of IL-37 in HCC and PT was specifically associated with serum AFP and tumor size, respectively. IL-37 expression was negatively correlated with NF-κB protein expression in HCC tissues and liver cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Liudan Su
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ruizhi Lai
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ziliang Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Zhangquan Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Guangji Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, P.R. China
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13
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Ráduly Z, Szabó L, Madar A, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2908. [PMID: 31998250 PMCID: PMC6962185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to Earth's changing climate, the ongoing and foreseeable spreading of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in the feed and food production chain. These harmful mycotoxins have aroused serious health and economic problems since their first appearance. The most potent Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, gliotoxin, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, and patulin. Some of them can be found in dairy products, mainly in milk and cheese, as well as in fresh and especially in dried fruits and vegetables, in nut products, typically in groundnuts, in oil seeds, in coffee beans, in different grain products, like rice, wheat, barley, rye, and frequently in maize and, furthermore, even in the liver of livestock fed by mycotoxin-contaminated forage. Though the mycotoxins present in the feed and food chain are well documented, the human physiological effects of mycotoxin exposure are not yet fully understood. It is known that mycotoxins have nephrotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic properties and, as a consequence, these toxins may cause liver carcinomas, renal dysfunctions, and also immunosuppressed states. The deleterious physiological effects of mycotoxins on humans are still a first-priority question. In food production and also in the case of acute and chronic poisoning, there are possibilities to set suitable food safety measures into operation to minimize the effects of mycotoxin contaminations. On the other hand, preventive actions are always better, due to the multivariate nature of mycotoxin exposures. In this review, the occurrence and toxicological features of major Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins are summarized and, furthermore, the possibilities of treatments in the medical practice to heal the deleterious consequences of acute and/or chronic exposures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Madar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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14
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Benkerroum N. Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3633. [PMID: 31569703 PMCID: PMC6801849 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the array of structurally and toxicologically diverse mycotoxins, aflatoxins have attracted the most interest of scientific research due to their high toxicity and incidence in foods and feeds. Despite the undeniable progress made in various aspects related to aflatoxins, the ultimate goal consisting of reducing the associated public health risks worldwide is far from being reached due to multiplicity of social, political, economic, geographic, climatic, and development factors. However, a reasonable degree of health protection is attained in industrialized countries owing to their scientific, administrative, and financial capacities allowing them to use high-tech agricultural management systems. Less fortunate situations exist in equatorial and sub-equatorial developing countries mainly practicing traditional agriculture managed by smallholders for subsistence, and where the climate is suitable for mould growth and aflatoxin production. This situation worsens due to climatic change producing conditions increasingly suitable for aflatoxigenic mould growth and toxin production. Accordingly, it is difficult to harmonize the regulatory standards of aflatoxins worldwide, which prevents agri-foods of developing countries from accessing the markets of industrialized countries. To tackle the multi-faceted aflatoxin problem, actions should be taken collectively by the international community involving scientific research, technological and social development, environment protection, awareness promotion, etc. International cooperation should foster technology transfer and exchange of pertinent technical information. This review presents the main historical discoveries leading to our present knowledge on aflatoxins and the challenges that should be addressed presently and in the future at various levels to ensure higher health protection for everybody. In short, it aims to elucidate where we come from and where we should go in terms of aflatoxin research/development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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