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Sun G, Huang S, Wang S, Li Y. Nanomaterial-based drug-delivery system as an aid to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in treating oral biofilm. Future Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38683167 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms live as biofilm in the mouth accounts for oral diseases and treatment failure. For decades, the prevention and treatment of oral biofilm is a global challenge. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) holds promise for oral biofilm elimination due to its several traits, including broad-spectrum antimicrobial capacity, lower possibility of resistance and low cytotoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of photosensitizers and the biological barrier of oral biofilm have limited the efficiency of aPDT. Nanomaterials has been used to fabricate nanocarriers to improve photosensitizer properties and thus enhance antimicrobial effect. In this review, we have discussed the challenges of aPDT used in dentistry, categorized the nanomaterial-delivery system and listed the possible mechanisms involved in nanomaterials when enhancing aPDT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanwen Sun
- Department of stomatology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis & Treatment, Xiamen, China
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2
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Garg P, Priyadarshi N, Ambule MD, Kaur G, Kaul S, Gupta R, Sagar P, Bajaj G, Yadav B, Rishi V, Goyal B, Srivastava AK, Singhal NK. Multiepitope glycan based laser assisted fluorescent nanocomposite with dual functionality for sensing and ablation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15179-15195. [PMID: 37548288 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection is becoming a severe health hazard and needs early diagnosis with high specificity. However, the non-specific binding of a biosensor is a challenge to the current bacterial detection system. For the first time, we chemically synthesized a galactose tripod (GT) as a P. aeruginosa-specific ligand. We conjugated GT to a photothermally active fluorescent nanocomposite (Au@SiO2-TCPP). P. aeruginosa can be detected using Au@SiO2-TCPP-GT, and additionally ablated as well using synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Molecular dynamics and simulation studies suggested better binding of GT (binding energy = -6.6 kcal mol-1) with P. aeruginosa lectin than that of galactose monopod (GM) (binding energy = -5.9 kcal mol-1). Furthermore, a binding study was extended to target P. aeruginosa, which has a galactose-binding carbohydrate recognition domain receptor. The colorimetric assay confirmed a limit of detection (LOD) of 104 CFU mL-1. We also looked into the photosensitizing property of Au@SiO2-TCPP-GT, which is stimulated by laser light (630 nm) and causes photoablation of bacteria by the formation of singlet oxygen in the surrounding media. The cytocompatibility of Au@SiO2-TCPP-GT was confirmed using cytotoxicity assays on mammalian cell lines. Moreover, Au@SiO2-TCPP-GT also showed non-hemolytic activity. Considering the toxicity analysis and efficacy of the synthesized glycan nanocomposites, these can be utilized for the treatment of P. aeruginosa-infected wounds. Furthermore, the current glycan nanocomposites can be used for bacterial detection and ablation of P. aeruginosa in contaminated food and water samples as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Garg
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Nitesh Priyadarshi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Mayur D Ambule
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gurmeet Kaur
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Sunaina Kaul
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ritika Gupta
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Poonam Sagar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Geetika Bajaj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Binduma Yadav
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Regional Center for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Vikas Rishi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Bhupesh Goyal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Srivastava
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Singhal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector-81, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Eghbalifam N, Shojaosadati SA, Hashemi-Najafabadi S. Role of bioactive magnetic nanoparticles in the prevention of wound pathogenic biofilm formation using smart nanocomposites. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:161. [PMID: 37211593 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofilm formation and its resistance to various antibiotics is a serious health problem in the treatment of wound infections. An ideal wound dressing should have characteristics such as protection of wound from microbial infection, suitable porosity (to absorb wound exudates), proper permeability (to maintain wound moisture), nontoxicity, and biocompatibility. Although silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been investigated as antimicrobial agents, their limitations in penetrating into the biofilm, affecting their efficiency, have consistently been an area for further research. RESULTS Consequently, in this study, the optimal amounts of natural and synthetic polymers combination, along with AgNPs, accompanied by iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), were utilized to fabricate a smart bionanocomposite that meets all the requirements of an ideal wound dressing. Superparamagnetic IONPs (with the average size of 11.8 nm) were synthesized through co-precipitation method using oleic acid to improve their stability. It was found that the addition of IONPs to bionanocomposites had a synergistic effect on their antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Cytotoxicity assay results showed that nanoparticles does not considerably affect eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells. Based on the images obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), significant AgNPs release was observed when an external magnetic field (EMF) was applied to the bionanocomposites loaded with IONPs, which increased the antibacterial activity and inhibited the formation of biofilm significantly. CONCLUSION These finding indicated that the nanocomposite recommended can have an efficient properties for the management of wounds through prevention and treatment of antibiotic-resistant biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeimeh Eghbalifam
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abbas Shojaosadati
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sameereh Hashemi-Najafabadi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Skłodowski K, Chmielewska-Deptuła SJ, Piktel E, Wolak P, Wollny T, Bucki R. Metallic Nanosystems in the Development of Antimicrobial Strategies with High Antimicrobial Activity and High Biocompatibility. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2104. [PMID: 36768426 PMCID: PMC9917064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major and growing global problem and new approaches to combat infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacterial strains are needed. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to nanomedicine, which has great potential in the development of controlled systems for delivering drugs to specific sites and targeting specific cells, such as pathogenic microbes. There is continued interest in metallic nanoparticles and nanosystems based on metallic nanoparticles containing antimicrobial agents attached to their surface (core shell nanosystems), which offer unique properties, such as the ability to overcome microbial resistance, enhancing antimicrobial activity against both planktonic and biofilm embedded microorganisms, reducing cell toxicity and the possibility of reducing the dosage of antimicrobials. The current review presents the synergistic interactions within metallic nanoparticles by functionalizing their surface with appropriate agents, defining the core structure of metallic nanoparticles and their use in combination therapy to fight infections. Various approaches to modulate the biocompatibility of metallic nanoparticles to control their toxicity in future medical applications are also discussed, as well as their ability to induce resistance and their effects on the host microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Skłodowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Ewelina Piktel
- Independent Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wolak
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielce 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wollny
- Holy Cross Oncology Center of Kielce, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielce 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
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Application of the Luminescent luxCDABE Gene for the Rapid Screening of Antibacterial Substances Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020392. [PMID: 36673482 PMCID: PMC9857705 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a typical Gram-negative bacterium that can cause the spoilage of catered food products. Using a luminescent reporter gene (luxCDABE), this study sought to construct a cell-based biosensor (PAO1-CE) to rapidly screen antibacterial substances against P. aeruginosa. A total of six antibiotics belonging to five categories were used as the model test substances. The results of the bioluminescence detection method were verified using traditional antibacterial research assessments. The correlation coefficient of the regression equation fitting the data generated using this method was greater than 0.98, supporting the credibility of this approach. Additionally, the EC50 of each of the antibiotics assessed in this study was lower than the 1/2 MIC determined by conventional means. All six of the antibiotics caused varying degrees of damage to the cell membrane and cell wall of P. aeruginosa. Importantly, this novel method helped shorten the time necessary for active-compound detection and could be used for high-throughput detection, which would also help improve the detection efficiency. The application of this method towards the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds targeting P. aeruginosa holds substantial promise for greatly improving the efficiency of compound discovery.
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Stoitsova S, Paunova-Krasteva T, Dimitrova PD, Damyanova T. The concept for the antivirulence therapeutics approach as alternative to antibiotics: hope or still a fiction? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2022.2106887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stoyanka Stoitsova
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetelina Paunova-Krasteva
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya D. Dimitrova
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsvetozara Damyanova
- Department of General Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Almas T, Haider R, Malik J, Mehmood A, Alvi A, Naz H, Satti DI, Zaidi SMJ, AlSubai AK, AlNajdi S, Alsufyani R, Ramtohul RK, Almesri A, Alsufyani M, H. Al-Bunnia A, Alghamdi HAS, Sattar Y, Alraies MC, Raina S. Nanotechnology in interventional cardiology: A state-of-the-art review. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2022; 43:101149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2022.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tawre MS, Shiledar A, Satpute SK, Ahire K, Ghosh S, Pardesi K. Synergistic and antibiofilm potential of Curcuma aromatica derived silver nanoparticles in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Front Chem 2022; 10:1029056. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1029056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital acquired infections caused due to ESKAPE pathogens pose a challenge for treatment due to their growing antimicrobial resistance. Curcuma aromatica (CA) is traditionally known for its antibacterial, wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study highlights the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (CAAgNPs) capped and stabilized by the compounds from CA rhizome extract, also further demonstrating their antibacterial, antibiofilm and synergistic effects against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. CAAgNPs were synthesized using aqueous rhizome extract of CA (5 mg/ml) and AgNO3 (0.8 mM) incubated at 60°C up to 144 h. UV-vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed CAAgNPs with characteristic peak at 430 nm, 13 ± 5 nm size of spherical shape, showing presence of silver and crystalline nature, respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential confirmed their monodispersed nature with average diameter of 77.88 ± 48.60 nm and stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis demonstrated the presence of phenolic -OH and carbonyl groups possibly involved in the reduction and stabilization of CAAgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) of CAAgNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, NCIM 5029 and PAW1, and, Staphylococcus aureus, NCIM 5021 and S8 were in range from 8 to 128 μg/ml. Almost 50% disruption of pre-formed biofilms at concentrations 8–1,024 μg/ml was observed. Fluorescence microscopy and FESEM analysis confirmed cell death and disruption of pre-formed biofilms of P. aeruginosa PAW1 and S. aureus S8. Checkerboard assay demonstrated the synergistic effect of CAAgNPs (0.125–4 μg/ml) in combination with various antibiotics (0.063–1,024 μg/ml) against planktonic and biofilm forms of P. aeruginosa PAW1. The study confirms the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of CAAgNPs alone and in combination with antibiotics against MDR pathogens, thus, reducing the dose as well as toxicity of both. CAAgNPs have the potential to be used in wound dressings and ointments, and to improve the performances of medical devices and surgical implants. In vivo toxicity of CAAgNPs however needs to be tested further using mice models.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pathogenesis, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, interaction with host, technology advances and emerging therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:199. [PMID: 35752612 PMCID: PMC9233671 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that infects patients with cystic fibrosis, burn wounds, immunodeficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cancer, and severe infection requiring ventilation, such as COVID-19. P. aeruginosa is also a widely-used model bacterium for all biological areas. In addition to continued, intense efforts in understanding bacterial pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa including virulence factors (LPS, quorum sensing, two-component systems, 6 type secretion systems, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), CRISPR-Cas and their regulation), rapid progress has been made in further studying host-pathogen interaction, particularly host immune networks involving autophagy, inflammasome, non-coding RNAs, cGAS, etc. Furthermore, numerous technologic advances, such as bioinformatics, metabolomics, scRNA-seq, nanoparticles, drug screening, and phage therapy, have been used to improve our understanding of P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and host defense. Nevertheless, much remains to be uncovered about interactions between P. aeruginosa and host immune responses, including mechanisms of drug resistance by known or unannotated bacterial virulence factors as well as mammalian cell signaling pathways. The widespread use of antibiotics and the slow development of effective antimicrobials present daunting challenges and necessitate new theoretical and practical platforms to screen and develop mechanism-tested novel drugs to treat intractable infections, especially those caused by multi-drug resistance strains. Benefited from has advancing in research tools and technology, dissecting this pathogen's feature has entered into molecular and mechanistic details as well as dynamic and holistic views. Herein, we comprehensively review the progress and discuss the current status of P. aeruginosa biophysical traits, behaviors, virulence factors, invasive regulators, and host defense patterns against its infection, which point out new directions for future investigation and add to the design of novel and/or alternative therapeutics to combat this clinically significant pathogen.
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Bakht M, Alizadeh SA, Rahimi S, Kazemzadeh Anari R, Rostamani M, Javadi A, Peymani A, Marashi SMA, Nikkhahi F. Phenotype and genetic determination of resistance to common disinfectants among biofilm-producing and non-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from clinical specimens in Iran. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:124. [PMID: 35525944 PMCID: PMC9078005 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in Hospitalized patients, and its various resistance mechanisms contribute to patient morbidity and mortality. The main aims of the present study were to assess the susceptibility of biofilm-producing and non-producing P. aeruginosa isolates to the five commonly used Hospital disinfectants, to evaluate the synergistic effect of selected disinfectants and Ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA), and the effect of exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of Sodium hypochlorite on antimicrobial susceptibility test. RESULTS The results showed that sodium hypochlorite 5% and Ethanol 70% were the most and least effective disinfectants against P. aeruginosa, respectively. The addition of EDTA significantly increased the effectiveness of the selected disinfectants. The changes in the antibiotic-resistance profiles after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of disinfectants were observed for different classes of antibiotics (Carbapenems, Aminoglycosides, Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones). As well as near the all isolates harbored efflux pump genes and 117 (97.5%) of isolates produced biofilm. CONCLUSION In the current study, the mixture of disinfectant and EDTA were the most suitable selection to disinfect Hospital surfaces and instruments. Also, it was clear that exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of Sodium hypochlorite results in resistance to some antibiotics in P. aeruginosa species. Strong and intermediate biofilm formers belonged to MDR/XDR strains. Future studies should include more complex microbial communities residing in the Hospitals, and more disinfectants use in Hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bakht
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Safar Ali Alizadeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Sara Rahimi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Raana Kazemzadeh Anari
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostamani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Peymani
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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Iudin D, Vasilieva M, Knyazeva E, Korzhikov-Vlakh V, Demyanova E, Lavrentieva A, Skorik Y, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Hybrid Nanoparticles and Composite Hydrogel Systems for Delivery of Peptide Antibiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052771. [PMID: 35269910 PMCID: PMC8911036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria poses a global threat to human health. For this reason, the search for ways to enhance the antibacterial activity of existing antibiotics is now an urgent medical task. The aim of this study was to develop novel delivery systems for polymyxins to improve their antimicrobial properties against various infections. For this, hybrid core–shell nanoparticles, consisting of silver core and a poly(glutamic acid) shell capable of polymyxin binding, were developed and carefully investigated. Characterization of the hybrid nanoparticles revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 100 nm and a negative electrokinetic potential. The nanoparticles demonstrated a lack of cytotoxicity, a low uptake by macrophages, and their own antimicrobial activity. Drug loading and loading efficacy were determined for both polymyxin B and E, and the maximal loaded value with an appropriate size of the delivery systems was 450 µg/mg of nanoparticles. Composite materials based on agarose hydrogel were prepared, containing both the loaded hybrid systems and free antibiotics. The features of polymyxin release from the hybrid nanoparticles and the composite materials were studied, and the mechanisms of release were analyzed using different theoretical models. The antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated for both the polymyxin hybrid and the composite delivery systems. All tested samples inhibited bacterial growth. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the polymyxin B hybrid delivery system demonstrated a synergistic effect when compared with either the antibiotic or the silver nanoparticles alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Iudin
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Marina Vasilieva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
| | - Elena Knyazeva
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Viktor Korzhikov-Vlakh
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhsakya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.K.); (E.D.)
| | - Antonina Lavrentieva
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Yury Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi VO 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (M.V.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Piktel E, Wnorowska U, Depciuch J, Łysik D, Cieśluk M, Fiedoruk K, Mystkowska J, Parlińska-Wojtan M, Janmey PA, Bucki R. N-Acetyl-Cysteine Increases Activity of Peanut-Shaped Gold Nanoparticles Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:851-871. [PMID: 35281576 PMCID: PMC8906902 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s348357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria, as they form a biofilm, determine the stability and viscoelastic properties of biofilms and prevent antibiotics from penetrating this multicellular structure. To date, studies demonstrated that an appropriate optimization of the chemistry and morphology of nanotherapeutics might provide a favorable approach to control their interaction with EPS and/or diffusion within the biofilm matrix. Targeting the biofilms’ EPS, which in certain conditions can adopt liquid crystal structure, was demonstrated to improve the anti-biofilm activity of antibiotics and nanoparticles. A similar effect is achievable by interfering EPS’ production by mucoactive agents, such as N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). In our previous study, we demonstrated the nanogram efficiency of non-spherical gold nanoparticles, which due to their physicochemical features, particularly morphology, were noted to be superior in antimicrobial activity compared to their spherical-shaped counterparts. Methods To explore the importance of EPS matrix modulation in achieving a suitable efficiency of peanut-shaped gold nanoparticles (AuP NPs) against biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from cystic fibrosis patients, fluorescence microscopy, as well as resazurin staining were employed. Rheological parameters of AuP NPs-treated biofilms were investigated by rotational and creep-recovery tests using a rheometer in a plate-plate arrangement. Results We demonstrated that tested nanoparticles significantly inhibit the growth of mono- and mixed-species biofilms, particularly when combined with NAC. Notably, gold nanopeanuts were shown to decrease the viscosity and increase the creep compliance of Pseudomonas biofilm, similarly to EPS-targeting NAC. Synergistic activity of AuP NPs with tobramycin was also observed, and the AuP NPs were able to eradicate bacteria within biofilms formed by tobramycin-resistant isolates. Conclusion We propose that peanut-shaped gold nanoparticles should be considered as a potent therapeutic agent against Pseudomonas biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Piktel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physic, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, PL-31342, Poland
| | - Dawid Łysik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, 15-351, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiedoruk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
| | - Joanna Mystkowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, 15-351, Poland
| | | | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, 15-222, Poland
- Correspondence: Robert Bucki, Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, Bialystok, 15-222, Poland, Tel + 48 85 748 5793, Email
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13
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Tong Q, Li T, Jiang L, Wang Z, Qian Y. Nanoparticle, a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of infective endocarditis. Anatol J Cardiol 2022; 26:90-99. [PMID: 35190356 PMCID: PMC8878918 DOI: 10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2021.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) has been recognized as a biofilm-related disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi that invade and damage the heart valves and endocardium. There are many difficulties and challenges in the antimicrobial treatment of IE, including multi-drug resistant pathogens, large dose of drug administration with following side effects, and poor prognosis. For the past few years, the development of nanotechnology has promoted the use of nanoparticles as antimicrobial nano-pharmaceuticals or novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) in antimicrobial therapy for chronic infections and biofilm-related infectious disease as these molecules exhibit several advantages. Therefore, nanoparticles have a potential role to play in solving problems in the treatment of IE, including improving antimicrobial activity, increasing drug bioavailability, minimizing frequency of drug administration, and preventing side effects. In this article, we review the latest advances in nanoparticles against drug-resistant bacteria in biofilm and recommends nanoparticles as an alternative strategy to the antibiotic treatment of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu-China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu-China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu-China
| | - Zhengjie Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu-China
| | - Yongjun Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University; Chengdu-China
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14
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Allend SO, Garcia MO, da Cunha KF, de Albernaz DTF, da Silva ME, Ishikame RY, Panagio LA, Nakazaro G, Reis GF, Pereira DB, Hartwig DD. Biogenic silver nanoparticle (Bio-AgNP) has an antibacterial effect against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with synergism and additivity when combined with polymyxin B. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:1036-1047. [PMID: 34496109 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii represents a public health problem, and the search for new antibacterial drugs has become a priority. Here, we investigate the antibacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (Bio-AgNPs) synthesized by Fusarium oxysporum, used alone or in combination with polymyxin B against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, ATCC® 19606™ strain and four carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains were used. The antibacterial activity of Bio-AgNPs and its synergism with polymyxin B were determined using broth microdilution, checkboard methods and time-kill assays. The integrity of the bacterial cell membrane was monitored by protein leakage assay. In addition, the cytotoxicity in the VERO mammalian cell line was also evaluated, and the selectivity index was calculated. Bio-AgNPs have an antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC ranging from 0.460 to 1.870 µg/ml. The combination of polymyxin B and Bio-AgNPs presents synergy against four of the five strains tested and additivity against one strain in the checkerboard assay. Considering the time of cell death, Bio-AgNPs killed all carbapenem-resistant isolates and ATCC® 19606™ within 1 h. When combined, Bio-AgNPs presented 16-fold reduction of the polymyxin B MIC and showed a decrease in terms of viable A. baumannii cells in 4 h of treatment, with synergic and additive effects. Protein leakage was observed with increasing concentrations for Bio-AgNPs treatments. Additionally, Bio-AgNP and polymyxin B showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against mammalian VERO cells and combined the cytotoxicity which was significantly reduced and presented a greater pharmacological safety. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here indicate that Bio-AgNPs in combination with polymyxin B could represent a good alternative in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study demonstrates the synergic effect between Bio-AgNPs and polymyxin B on carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzane Olachea Allend
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Oliveira Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Kamila Furtado da Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian Elert da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yudi Ishikame
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gerson Nakazaro
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Brayer Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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15
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Cho H, Naskar A, Lee S, Kim S, Kim KS. A New Surface Charge Neutralizing Nano-Adjuvant to Potentiate Polymyxins in Killing Mcr-1 Mediated Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:250. [PMID: 33670388 PMCID: PMC7917812 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to polymyxins when treating multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections limit therapeutic options. Here, we report the synthesis of a nickel (Ni) doped Zinc oxide (NZO) combined with black phosphorus (BP) (NZB) nanocomposite and its synergistic action with polymyxin B (PolB) against polymyxin-resistant Escherichia coli harboring mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene. NZB and PolB combination therapy expressed a specific and strong synergy against Mcr-1 expressing E. coli cells. The underlying mechanism of the synergy is the charge neutralization of the E. coli cell surface by NZB, resulting in a more feasible incorporation of PolB to E. coli. The synergistic concentration of NZB with PolB was proved biocompatible. Thus, the NZB is the first biocompatible nano-adjuvant to polymyxins against polymyxin-resistant E. coli cells, recognizing the physical status of bacteria instead of known adjuvants targeting cellular gene products. Therefore, NZB has the potential to revive polymyxins as leading last-resort antibiotics to combat polymyxin-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (A.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Atanu Naskar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (A.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Sohee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (A.N.); (S.L.)
| | - Semi Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea;
| | - Kwang-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (H.C.); (A.N.); (S.L.)
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16
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de Lacerda Coriolano D, de Souza JB, Bueno EV, Medeiros SMDFRDS, Cavalcanti IDL, Cavalcanti IMF. Antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of silver nanoparticles against antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:267-278. [PMID: 33231865 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the severity of infections caused by P. aeruginosa and the limitations in treatment, it is necessary to find new therapeutic alternatives. Thus, the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a viable alternative because of their potential actions in the combat of microorganisms, showing efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDR). In this sense, the aim of this work was to conduct a literature review related to the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of AgNPs against antibiotic-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The AgNPs are promising for future applications, which may match the clinical need for effective antibiotic therapy. The size of AgNPs is a crucial element to determine the therapeutic activity of nanoparticles, since smaller particles present a larger surface area of contact with the microorganism, affecting their vital functioning. AgNPs adhere to the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall of microorganisms, causing disruption, penetrating the cell, interacting with cellular structures and biomolecules, and inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Studies describe the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) between 1 and 200 μg/mL against susceptible and MDR P. aeruginosa strains. These studies have also shown antibiofilm activity through disruption of biofilm structure, and oxidative stress, inhibiting biofilm growth at concentrations between 1 and 600 μg/mL of AgNPs. This study evidences the advance of AgNPs as an antibacterial and antibiofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, demonstrating to be an extremely promising approach to the development of new antimicrobial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi de Lacerda Coriolano
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Barbosa de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Iago Dillion Lima Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Macário Ferro Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-901, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
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17
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Anwar F, Tayyab M, Salman M, Abdullah, Din M, Khan J, Haq I. Dengue outbreak 2018 in district Shangla KPK; clinical features and laboratory markers of dengue virus infection. Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To analyze and quantify the 2018 dengue outbreak which occurred in district Shangla, Pakistan. Materials & methods: 964 suspected dengue samples were collected and examined for clinical manifestation and laboratory markers. Results: In all, 375 suspected cases were confirmed with dengue virus infection using nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, immunoglobulin M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and real-time PCR whereas PCR was 92.2% sensitive. The most prevalent serotype was dengue virus 3 (60.26%). The male/female ratio was 1.84 and the most highly affected tehsil was Alpuri. The most affected age group was 16–40 years (70.4%). A significant number of cases were reported in September (48.54%). Conclusion: Recurrence of the dengue outbreaks in the study area could alarmingly increase the mortality rate, therefore, proper measures are essential to control dengue epidemics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Anwar
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (IBGE), The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Misbahud Din
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Khan
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra Pakistan
| | - Ihteshamul Haq
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Oriental Medicine Kyunghee University, Suwon, South Korea
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18
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Paunova-Krasteva T, Haladjova E, Petrov P, Forys A, Trzebicka B, Topouzova-Hristova T, R Stoitsova S. Destruction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pre-formed biofilms by cationic polymer micelles bearing silver nanoparticles. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:679-695. [PMID: 32741293 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1799354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen often associated with biofilm infections. This study evaluated the capacity for biofilm destruction of a novel combination of cationic polymer micelles formed from poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-PCL-PDMAEMA) triblock copolymer either alone, or loaded with silver nanoparticles (M_AgNPs). Pre-formed P. aeruginosa biofilms were incubated with either blank micelles, AgNO3, or M_AgNPs. Biofilm biomass (crystal violet assay), metabolic activity (Alamar blue reduction), structure (SEM) and viability (CLSM after Live/Dead staining, or plating for CFU) were checked. The results showed that the micelles alone loosened the biofilm matrix, and caused some alterations in the bacterial surface. AgNO3 killed the bacteria in situ leaving dead biofilm bacteria on the surface. M_AgNPs combined the two types of activities causing significant biofilm reduction, and alteration and death of biofilm bacteria. Therefore, the applied PDMAEMA-based micelles appear to be a successful candidate for the treatment of P. aeruginosa biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emi Haladjova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Polymers, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Petrov
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Polymers, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksander Forys
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Stoyanka R Stoitsova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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