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Lv M, Xu Y, Chen P, Li J, Qin Z, Huang B, Liu Y, Tao X, Xiang J, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zheng W, Zhang Z, Li L, Liao H. TSLP enhances progestin response in endometrial cancer via androgen receptor signal pathway. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:585-596. [PMID: 38172534 PMCID: PMC10876595 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enriched proteins within in vitro fertilisation (IVF)-generated human embryonic microenvironment could reverse progestin resistance in endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS The expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in EC was evaluated by immunoblot and IHC analysis. Transcriptome sequencing screened out the downstream pathway regulated by TSLP. The role of TSLP, androgen receptor (AR) and KANK1 in regulating the sensitivity of EC to progestin was verified through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS TSLP facilitates the formation of a BMP4/BMP7 heterodimer, resulting in activation of Smad5, augmenting AR signalling. AR in turn sensitises EC cells to progestin via KANK1. Downregulation of TSLP, loss of AR and KANK1 in EC patients are associated with tumour malignant progress. Moreover, exogenous TSLP could rescue the anti-tumour effect of progestin on mouse in vivo xenograft tumour. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TSLP enhances the sensitivity of EC to progestin through the BMP4/Smad5/AR/KANK1 axis, and provide a link between embryo development and cancer progress, paving the way for the establishment of novel strategy overcoming progestin resistance using embryo original factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Lv
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiqin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoshu Qin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Baozhu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, 200090, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200080, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200065, Shanghai, China.
| | - Linxia Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 358 Datong Road, 200137, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 200040, Shanghai, China.
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Wang W, Wang S, Wang M, Ma Y, Hu W, Wu B, Li C, Zhang D. Effects of TRAF3 on the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma depend partly on pyroptosis. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:942. [PMID: 37798663 PMCID: PMC10557279 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) has specific regulatory effects on a wide range of diseases, including tumors. However, the effect and mechanism of TRAF3 on lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to make clear the role and potential mechanism of TRAF3 in LUAD. METHODS TIMER2.0 database and western blot were applied to detect the expression of TRAF3 in lung adenocarcinoma tissue. Kaplan-Meier Plotter database was utilized to explore the effect of TRAF3 on the clinical prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Specific siRNA was used to inhibit the expression of TRAF3 in LUAD cells (A549 and H1299). CCK-8 and EdU assays were performed for assessing LUAD cells proliferation. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were performed for determining cells migration. CCK-8 assay was used to assess the response of the LUAD cells to paclitaxel. TIMER2.0 bioinformatics and western blot were employed to detect the effects of TRAF3 on pyroptosis in LUAD. RESULTS TRAF3 was highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Patients with TRAF3 hyperexpression had a good prognosis compared to those with lower expression. TRAF3 inhibition notably induced proliferation and migration of LUAD cells. Inhibition of TRAF3 also weakened the sensitivity of LUAD cells to paclitaxel. Moreover, bioinformatics results showed that TRAF3 was positively correlated with the expression of pyroptosis-related genes in LUAD. Western blot assays showed that TRAF3 inhibition visibly decreased the expression of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), cleaved caspase-1 and matured- IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of TRAF3 promotes the proliferation and migration of LUAD cells, and reduces the sensitivity of LUAD cells to paclitaxel. The effects of TRAF3 on LUAD cells were mediated in part by caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjia Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shangyu People's Hospital, Shaoxing, 312300, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China
| | - Yamei Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China
| | - Wanting Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China
| | - Binsha Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China
| | - Chichi Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou City, 325000, China.
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Han J, Wang Y. Hsa-miR-503-5p regulates CTDSPL to accelerate cisplatin resistance and angiogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:749-762. [PMID: 37341065 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the role of hsa-miR-503-5p in cisplatin resistance and angiogenesis in LUAD and its underlying mechanisms. Hsa-miR-503-5p expression in LUAD and the target gene downstream of hsa-miR-503-5p was predicted by bioinformatics analysis. Binding relationship between the two genes was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. qRT-PCR was conducted for detecting gene expression in cells, CCK-8 for IC50 value, angiogenesis assay for human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) angiogenic ability, flow cytometry for apoptosis ability, transwell assay for migration ability, and western blot for detecting the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), VEGFR2, and CTD small phosphatase like (CTDSPL). The results showed that hsa-miR-503-5p showed high expression, while its target gene CTDSPL presented decreased expression in LUAD. Hsa-miR-503-5p also had high expression in cisplatin-resistant LUAD cells. Knockdown of hsa-miR-503-5p resensitized LUAD cells to cisplatin, inhibited angiogenesis of drug-resistant cells, and reduced the protein expression of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and EMT-related targets in cisplatin-resistant LUAD cells, but promoted the apoptosis ability. Hsa-miR-503-5p bound to CTDSPL gene and promoted cisplatin resistance and malignant progression of LUAD cells by negatively regulating CTDSPL. Our results revealed that hsa-miR-503-5p and CTDSPL may be novel targets for overcoming cisplatin resistance in LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First People's Hospital of Jiande, Jiande, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, First People's Hospital of Jiande, Jiande, China
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4
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Xi Q, Ma J. Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14) as a Chemosensitivity-Related Biomarker for Osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:1083423. [PMID: 38024474 PMCID: PMC10681776 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1083423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GALNT14), a member of the N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family, has been considered to be associated with various cancers. However, its role in osteosarcoma remains unknown. Here, we aimed to explore the expression and potential mechanism of GALNT14 in osteosarcoma through bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments. Methods We investigated GALNT14 expression in osteosarcoma using GEO, the TIMER database, and clinical samples. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis on GALNT14 was performed by STRING. TARGET was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high and low GALNT14 expression. The correlation between GALNT14 and cuproptosis-related genes in osteosarcoma was analyzed by R language. The prognostic significance of GALNT14 was examined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Additionally, we inhibited GALNT14 function in an osteosarcoma cell line by transfecting siRNA and subsequently explored the effect on drug sensitivity by CCK-8, clonogenic assay, and flow cytometry. Results GALNT14 was significantly elevated in osteosarcoma tissue, osteosarcoma cell lines, and metastatic osteosarcoma. PPI analysis revealed that GALNT14 was associated with MUC7, MUC13, MUC5AC, C1GALT1, MUC15, MUC16, MUC1, MUC4, MUC21, and MUC17. In the high GALNT14 expression group, we discovered 81 upregulated DEGs and 73 downregulated DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs showed significant enrichment in the Wnt, TGF-β, Hippo, PI3K signaling pathways and cell adhesion molecules. Expression of cuproptosis-related genes was closely related in osteosarcoma, and GALNT14 expression was significantly positively correlated with FDX1, a key regulator of cuproptosis. Kaplan-Meier survival showed that GALNT14 was linked to poor overall survival and disease-free survival in osteosarcoma. In vitro experiments suggested that GALNT14 was associated with chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma. Conclusion We identified a GALNT family gene, GALNT14, that was highly expressed in osteosarcoma. This gene was closely associated with metastasis, progression, cuproptosis-related genes, and chemosensitivity of osteosarcoma, and showed correlation with poor overall survival and disease-free survival in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinqi Ma
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Circ_0058608 contributes to the progression and taxol resistance of non-small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-1299 to upregulate GBP1. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:103-114. [PMID: 36539364 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as key regulators in human cancers and chemoresistance. Here, we aimed to explore the role and mechanism of circ_0058608 in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and taxol resistance. The expression of circ_0058608, microRNA-1299 (miR-1299) and guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP1) mRNA was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. In-vitro and in-vivo assays were conducted using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation, transwell assays, flow cytometry and animal xenograft experiments. The interaction between miR-1299 and circ_0058608 or GBP1 was confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Circ_0058608 was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues/cells and taxol-resistant NSCLC tissues/cells. Circ_0058608 knockdown inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis and also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, circ_0058608 knockdown increased taxol sensitivity by increasing taxol-induced apoptosis in taxol-resistant NSCLC cells. Moreover, circ_0058608 silencing enhanced taxol-induced tumor growth of NSCLC in vivo. MiR-1299 was a target of circ_0058608, and the effects of circ_0058608 knockdown on NSCLC cell progression and taxol resistance were reversed by miR-1299 inhibition. Additionally, miR-1299 could interact with GBP1, and miR-1299 suppressed NSCLC cell progression and taxol resistance by targeting GBP1. Furthermore, circ_0058608 could regulate GBP1 expression by sponging miR-1299. Circ_0058608 promoted the progression and taxol resistance of NSCLC by regulating the miR-1299/GBP1 axis.
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Nguyen MT, Lee W. Kank1 Is Essential for Myogenic Differentiation by Regulating Actin Remodeling and Cell Proliferation in C2C12 Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132030. [PMID: 35805114 PMCID: PMC9265739 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics are essential regulatory processes in muscle development, growth, and regeneration due to their modulation of mechanotransduction, cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphological changes. Although the KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1 (Kank1) plays a significant role in cell adhesion dynamics, actin polymerization, and cell proliferation in various cells, the functional significance of Kank1 during the myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells has not been explored. Here, we report that Kank1 acts as a critical regulator of the proliferation and differentiation of muscle progenitor cells. Kank1 was found to be expressed at a relatively high level in C2C12 myoblasts, and its expression was modulated during the differentiation. Depletion of Kank1 by siRNA (siKank1) increased the accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin). Furthermore, it facilitated the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) by diminishing YAP1 phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, which activated the transcriptions of YAP1 target genes and promoted proliferation and cell cycle progression in myoblasts. Notably, depletion of Kank1 suppressed the protein expression of myogenic regulatory factors (i.e., MyoD and MyoG) and dramatically inhibited myoblast differentiation and myotube formation. Our results show that Kank1 is an essential regulator of actin dynamics, YAP1 activation, and cell proliferation and that its depletion impairs the myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells by promoting myoblast proliferation triggered by the F-actin-induced nuclear translocation of YAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
| | - Wan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju 38066, Korea;
- Channelopathy Research Center, Dongguk University College of Medicine, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsan Dong-gu, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-770-2409
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7
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Wu Y, Xie J, Wang H, Hou S, Feng J. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0011298 enhances Taxol resistance of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating miR-486-3p/CRABP2 axis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24408. [PMID: 35396749 PMCID: PMC9102507 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as critical regulators in the chemoresistance of human cancers, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to explore the role of hsa_circ_0011298 (circ_0011298) and its mechanism in Taxol resistance of NSCLC. Methods Circ_0011298, microRNA‐486‐3p (miR‐486‐3p), and CRABP2 mRNA expression were determined using qRT‐PCR. EdU and MTT assays were used to detect cell proliferation. Cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. Cell migratory and invasive abilities were detected using transwell assay. Cellular glycolysis was determined by specific kits. Protein levels were examined by western blot. Dual‐luciferase reporter and RIP assays were performed to confirm the relationship between miR‐486‐3p and circ_0011298 or CRABP2. Xenograft mice model was established to confirm the function of circ_0011298 in vivo. Results Circ_0011298 was overexpressed in Taxol‐resistant NSCLC cells and tissues. Circ_0011298 knockdown enhanced Taxol sensitivity by decreasing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis and inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Taxol‐resistant NSCLC cells. Circ_0011298 was a sponge of miR‐486‐3p, and the impact of circ_0011298 silencing on Taxol resistance was rescued by miR‐486‐3p inhibition. Moreover, miR‐486‐3p directly targeted CRABP2, and miR‐486‐3p inhibited Taxol resistance by targeting CRABP2. Furthermore, circ_0011298 regulated CRABP2 expression through targeting miR‐486‐3p. Importantly, circ_0011298 interference elevated Taxol sensitivity of NSCLC in vivo. Conclusion Circ_0011298 elevated Taxol resistance of NSCLC by sponging miR‐486‐3p and upregulating CRABP2, providing a possible circRNA‐targeted therapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wu
- The Second Internal Medicine Department, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Jieyun Xie
- The Second Internal Medicine Department, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Second Internal Medicine Department, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Shufang Hou
- The Second Internal Medicine Department, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
| | - Jiuhuan Feng
- The Second Internal Medicine Department, Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
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8
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Zou Y, Xu Y, Chen X, Wu Y, Fu L, Lv Y. Research Progress on Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein 1: A Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:809225. [PMID: 35095520 PMCID: PMC8797156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.809225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich alpha⁃2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an important member of the leucine-rich repetitive sequence protein family. LRG1 was mainly involved in normal physiological activities of the nervous system, such as synapse formation, synapse growth, the development of nerve processes, neurotransmitter transfer and release, and cell adhesion molecules or ligand-binding proteins. Also, LRG1 affected the development of respiratory diseases, hematological diseases, endocrine diseases, tumor diseases, eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic immune diseases, infectious diseases, etc. LRG1 was a newly discovered important upstream signaling molecule of transforming growth factor⁃β (TGF⁃β) that affected various pathological processes through the TGF⁃β signaling pathway. However, research on LRG1 and its involvement in the occurrence and development of diseases was still in its infancy and the current studies were mainly focused on proteomic detection and basic animal experimental reports. We could reasonably predict that LRG1 might act as a new direction and strategy for the treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yaoqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Longsheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Bei Y, Chen X, Xu Q, Lv J, Hu J, Yang S. Apatinib weakens resistance of gastric cancer cells to paclitaxel by suppressing JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:379-388. [PMID: 34405891 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Apatinib has experienced a long-term study in enhancing the sensitivity of various cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. Currently, researches show that apatinib could attenuate the resistance of gastric cancer (GC) cells to paclitaxel (PTX), but the mechanism has not been fully elucidated, which therefore was explored in this study. PTX-resistant GC cell, namely HGC-27R, was established by exposure to stepwise-increasing PTX. The cell viability of HGC-27 and HGC-27R under PTX or apatinib at different concentrations was assessed by CCK-8 assay, while scratching test and invasion assay were used for investigating the harmful influence of GC cells resistance to PTX. The function of apatinib in HGC-27R was studied by performing functional experiments (flow cytometry, scratching test, and invasion assay). Western blot was performed to measure the expressions of proteins concerning apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and janus-activated kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. PTX-resistant GC cell, namely HGC-27R, was successively constructed. HGC-27R cells showed resistance to PTX by promoting migratory and invasive capabilities. Apatinib not only inhibited cell viability of HGC-27 and HGC-27R, but also combined with PTX to suppress that of HGC-27R. Apatinib enhanced apoptosis, diminished migration and invasion of HGC-27R cells, elevated proapoptotic protein expression, and reduced Bcl-2, vimentin, snail, MMP-3, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expressions. The phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was repressed by apatinib. JAK2 partially reversed the effect of apatinib on enhancing sensitivity of GC cells to PTX. Apatinib strengthened sensitivity of GC cells to PTX by inhibiting JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Bei
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiaming Lv
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaohui Yang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mirzaei S, Hashemi F, Zarrabi A, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Sharifzadeh SO, Soleymani L, Daneshi S, Hushmandi K, Khan H, Kumar AP, Aref AR, Samarghandian S. New insight towards development of paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in cancer cells: EMT as a novel molecular mechanism and therapeutic possibilities. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111824. [PMID: 34175815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism is responsible for metastasis and migration of cancer cells to neighboring cells and tissues. Morphologically, epithelial cells are transformed to mesenchymal cells, and at molecular level, E-cadherin undergoes down-regulation, while an increase occurs in N-cadherin and vimentin levels. Increasing evidence demonstrates role of EMT in mediating drug resistance of cancer cells. On the other hand, paclitaxel (PTX) and docetaxel (DTX) are two chemotherapeutic agents belonging to taxene family, capable of inducing cell cycle arrest in cancer cells via preventing microtubule depolymerization. Aggressive behavior of cancer cells resulted from EMT-mediated metastasis can lead to PTX and DTX resistance. Upstream mediators of EMT such as ZEB1/2, TGF-β, microRNAs, and so on are involved in regulating response of cancer cells to PTX and DTX. Tumor-suppressing factors inhibit EMT to promote PTX and DTX sensitivity of cancer cells. Furthermore, three different strategies including using anti-tumor compounds, gene therapy and delivery systems have been developed for suppressing EMT, and enhancing cytotoxicity of PTX and DTX against cancer cells that are mechanistically discussed in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Sharifzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Vice President at Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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11
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Zhu L, Li X, Yuan Y, Dong C, Yang M. APC Promoter Methylation in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:653222. [PMID: 33968756 PMCID: PMC8103321 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.653222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, known as tumor suppressor gene, has the two promoters 1A and 1B. Researches on APC have usually focused on its loss-of-function variants causing familial adenomatous polyposis. Hypermethylation, however, which is one of the key epigenetic alterations of the APC CpG sequence, is also associated with carcinogenesis in various cancers. Accumulating studies have successively explored the role of APC hypermethylation in gastrointestinal (GI) tumors, such as in esophageal, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and hepatic cancer. In sporadic colorectal cancer, the hypermethylation of CpG island in APC is even considered as one of the primary causative factors. In this review, we systematically summarized the distribution of APC gene methylation in various GI tumors, and attempted to provide an improved general understanding of DNA methylation in GI tumors. In addition, we included a robust overview of demethylating agents available for both basic and clinical researches. Finally, we elaborated our findings and perspectives on the overall situation of APC gene methylation in GI tumors, aiming to explore the potential research directions and clinical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixia Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Indellicato R, Trinchera M. Epigenetic Regulation of Glycosylation in Cancer and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062980. [PMID: 33804149 PMCID: PMC7999748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the newly emerging field of epigenetic regulation of glycosylation acquired more importance because it is unraveling physiological and pathological mechanisms related to glycan functions. Glycosylation is a complex process in which proteins and lipids are modified by the attachment of monosaccharides. The main actors in this kind of modification are the glycoenzymes, which are translated from glycosylation-related genes (or glycogenes). The expression of glycogenes is regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms (mainly DNA methylation, histone acetylation and noncoding RNAs). This review focuses only on these last ones, in relation to cancer and other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and IgA1 nephropathy. In fact, it is clear that a deeper knowledge in the fine-tuning of glycogenes is essential for acquiring new insights in the glycan field, especially if this could be useful for finding novel and personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Indellicato
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Trinchera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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13
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Tadijan A, Samaržija I, Humphries JD, Humphries MJ, Ambriović-Ristov A. KANK family proteins in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 131:105903. [PMID: 33309958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Kank (kidney or KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing) family of proteins has been described as essential for crosstalk between actin and microtubules. Kank1, 2, 3 and 4 arose by gene duplication and diversification and share conserved structural domains. KANK proteins are localised mainly to the plasma membrane in focal adhesions, indirectly affecting RhoA and Rac1 thus regulating actin cytoskeleton. In addition, Kank proteins are part of the cortical microtubule stabilisation complex regulating microtubules. Most of the data have been collected for Kank1 protein whose expression promotes apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest while Kank3 was identified as hypoxia-inducible proapoptotic target of p53. A discrepancy in Kanks role in regulation of cell migration and sensitivity to antitumour drugs has been observed in different cell models. Since expression of Kank1 and 3 correlate positively with tumour progression and patient outcome, at least in some tumour types, they are candidates for tumour suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Tadijan
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Laboratory for Protein Dynamics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia; Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jonathan D Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, England, UK
| | - Martin J Humphries
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, England, UK
| | - Andreja Ambriović-Ristov
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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14
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Zhang Q, Wu L, Liu S, Chen Q, Zeng L, Chen X, Zhang Q. Targeted nanobody complex enhanced photodynamic therapy for lung cancer by overcoming tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:570. [PMID: 33292202 PMCID: PMC7694906 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the efficacy of a PLGA-based nanobody complex in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and NIR-II imaging in A549 tumor hypoxic model. Method IR1048-MZ was firstly synthesized by conjugating a nitro imidazole group to IR1048. IR1048-MZ and Cat were then encapsulated in PLGA-SH solution. Anti-EGFR-Nanobody was also expressed and purified, and finally Anti-EGFR-Nanobody@PLGA-IR1048MZ-Cat (Nb@IC-NPs) nanobody complex was obtained based on the formation of desulfide bond between PLGA-SH and Anti-EGFR-Nanobody. Size distribution and morphology were characterized by TEM and DLS. Spectrum of Nb@IC-NPs towards NTR was measured by UV and fluorescence, while the particle’s selective response was studied using fluorescence. The uptake of Nb@IC-NPs in A549 cells was observed by flow cytometry and CLSM. In the meantime, its’ catalytic ability that decomposes H2O2 both extra-and intra-cellular was observed by fluorescence and CLSM. In vitro photodynamic toxicity of Nb@IC-NPs was examined by MTT, Live/Dead Cell Staining, Flow Cytometry and Apoptosis Assay. Tumor-bearing model was constructed to observe a semi-quantitative fluorescent distribution and the possibility of NIR-II fluorescence/photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Effect of Nb@IC-NPs on enhancing A549 tumor hypoxia and expression profile of HIF-1α was investigated in the presence of NIR. An A549 tumor metastasis model was also constructed to confirm the complex’ potential to destroy primary tumor, inhibit lung metastasis, and prolong mice’ survival. Lastly, impact of Nb@IC-NPs on mice’ main organs and blood indices was observed. Results Nb@IC-NPs was successfully fabricated with good homogeneity. The fluorescent absorbance of Nb@IC-NPs showed a linear relationship with the concentration of NTR, and a higher concentration of NTR corresponded to a stronger photoacoustic signal. In addition, Nb@IC-NPs showed a stable selectivity toward NTR. Our results also suggested a high efficient uptake of Nb@IC-NPs in A549 cells, which was more efficient than IC-NPs and IR1048-MZ alone. In vitro assays confirmed the effects of Nb@IC-NPs on catalytic O2 generation even in hypoxic cells. The cell viability was upregulated with the nanocomplex at the absence of the laser, whereas it was dramatically declined with laser treatment that excited at 980 nm. Nb@IC-NPs achieved tumor hypoxia NIR-II/PA imaging through assisting A549 gathering. When NIR was applied, Nb@IC-NPs can significantly relieve A549 cellular/tumor hypoxia by generating more reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn helps lower the expression level of HIF-1α. In summary, Nb@IC-NPs based PDT can efficiently decimate A549 primary tumor, inhibit metastatic lung cancer, and prolong the lifespan of the mice under tolerable dosage. At last, in vivo toxicity tests of the nanocomplex showed its biosafety to the main organs and normal blood indices values. Conclusion Nb@IC-NPs improves tumor hypoxia through catalytic reaction and lowers the expression level of HIF-1α. It achieves tumor PA imaging through intensified NIR-II fluorescence signal that caused by response of the complex to the lesion’s nitroreductase (NTR). Nb@IC-NPs based PDT can efficiently kill A549 primary tumor, inhibit a lung metastasis, as well as prolong mice’ survival cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwai Zheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozheng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwai Zheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwai Zheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingpeng Zeng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwai Zheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhong Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwai Zheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17, Yongwai Zheng Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Digital Image Analysis Applied to Tumor Cell Proliferation, Aggressiveness, and Migration-Related Protein Synthesis in Neuroblastoma 3D Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228676. [PMID: 33212997 PMCID: PMC7698558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived cancer 3D models are a promising tool that will revolutionize personalized cancer therapy but that require previous knowledge of optimal cell growth conditions and the most advantageous parameters to evaluate biomimetic relevance and monitor therapy efficacy. This study aims to establish general guidelines on 3D model characterization phenomena, focusing on neuroblastoma. We generated gelatin-based scaffolds with different stiffness and performed SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y aggressive neuroblastoma cell cultures, also performing co-cultures with mouse stromal Schwann cell line (SW10). Model characterization by digital image analysis at different time points revealed that cell proliferation, vitronectin production, and migration-related gene expression depend on growing conditions and are specific to the tumor cell line. Morphometric data show that 3D in vitro models can help generate optimal patient-derived cancer models, by creating, identifying, and choosing patterns of clinically relevant artificial microenvironments to predict patient tumor cell behavior and therapeutic responses.
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16
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hashemi F, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Entezari M, Hushmandi K, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M. Curcumin in cancer therapy: A novel adjunct for combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and alleviation of its adverse effects. Life Sci 2020; 256:117984. [PMID: 32593707 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dealing with cancer is of importance due to enhanced incidence rate of this life-threatening disorder. Chemotherapy is an ideal candidate in overcoming and eradication of cancer. To date, various chemotherapeutic agents have been applied in cancer therapy and paclitaxel (PTX) is one of them. PTX is a key member of taxane family with potential anti-tumor activity against different cancers. Notably, PTX has demonstrated excellent proficiency in elimination of cancer in clinical trials. This chemotherapeutic agent is isolated from Taxus brevifolia, and is a tricyclic diterpenoid. However, resistance of cancer cells into PTX chemotherapy has endangered its efficacy. Besides, administration of PTX is associated with a number of side effects such as neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and so on, demanding novel strategies in obviating PTX issues. Curcumin is a pharmacological compound with diverse therapeutic effects including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and so on. In the current review, we demonstrate that curcumin, a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound is able to enhance anti-tumor activity of PTX against different cancers. Besides, curcumin administration reduces adverse effects of PTX due to its excellent pharmacological activities. These topics are discussed with an emphasis on molecular pathways to provide direction for further studies in revealing other signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzia, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM, Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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