1
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Lewis CTA, Melhedegaard EG, Ognjanovic MM, Olsen MS, Laitila J, Seaborne RAE, Gronset M, Zhang C, Iwamoto H, Hessel AL, Kuehn MN, Merino C, Amigo N, Frobert O, Giroud S, Staples JF, Goropashnaya AV, Fedorov VB, Barnes B, Toien O, Drew K, Sprenger RJ, Ochala J. Remodeling of skeletal muscle myosin metabolic states in hibernating mammals. eLife 2024; 13:RP94616. [PMID: 38752835 PMCID: PMC11098559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a period of metabolic suppression utilized by many small and large mammal species to survive during winter periods. As the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, our study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle myosin and its metabolic efficiency undergo alterations during hibernation to optimize energy utilization. We isolated muscle fibers from small hibernators, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus and Eliomys quercinus and larger hibernators, Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus. We then conducted loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments alongside X-ray diffraction to measure resting myosin dynamics and its ATP demand. In parallel, we performed multiple proteomics analyses. Our results showed a preservation of myosin structure in U. arctos and U. americanus during hibernation, whilst in I. tridecemlineatus and E. quercinus, changes in myosin metabolic states during torpor unexpectedly led to higher levels in energy expenditure of type II, fast-twitch muscle fibers at ambient lab temperatures (20 °C). Upon repeating loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments at 8 °C (near the body temperature of torpid animals), we found that myosin ATP consumption in type II muscle fibers was reduced by 77-107% during torpor compared to active periods. Additionally, we observed Myh2 hyper-phosphorylation during torpor in I. tridecemilineatus, which was predicted to stabilize the myosin molecule. This may act as a potential molecular mechanism mitigating myosin-associated increases in skeletal muscle energy expenditure during periods of torpor in response to cold exposure. Altogether, we demonstrate that resting myosin is altered in hibernating mammals, contributing to significant changes to the ATP consumption of skeletal muscle. Additionally, we observe that it is further altered in response to cold exposure and highlight myosin as a potentially contributor to skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marija M Ognjanovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mathilde S Olsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jenni Laitila
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Robert AE Seaborne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Magnus Gronset
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Changxin Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Hiroyuki Iwamoto
- Spring-8, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research InstituteHyogoJapan
| | - Anthony L Hessel
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MuensterMuensterGermany
- Accelerated Muscle Biotechnologies ConsultantsBostonUnited States
| | - Michel N Kuehn
- Institute of Physiology II, University of MuensterMuensterGermany
- Accelerated Muscle Biotechnologies ConsultantsBostonUnited States
| | | | | | - Ole Frobert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology, Örebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Energetics Lab, Department of Biology, Northern Michigan UniversityMarquetteUnited States
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine ViennaViennaAustria
| | - James F Staples
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
| | - Anna V Goropashnaya
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Vadim B Fedorov
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Brian Barnes
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Oivind Toien
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Kelly Drew
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksUnited States
| | - Ryan J Sprenger
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Julien Ochala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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2
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Wu J, Shindo Y, Hotta K, Vu CQ, Lu K, Wazawa T, Nagai T, Oka K. Calcium-induced upregulation of energy metabolism heats neurons during neural activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 708:149799. [PMID: 38522401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Cellular temperature affects every biochemical reaction, underscoring its critical role in cellular functions. In neurons, temperature not only modulates neurotransmission but is also a key determinant of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that the brain consumes a disproportionately high amount of energy relative to its weight, neural circuits likely generate a lot of heat, which can increase cytosolic temperature. However, the changes in temperature within neurons and the mechanisms of heat generation during neural excitation remain unclear. In this study, we achieved simultaneous imaging of Ca2+ and temperature using the genetically encoded indicators, B-GECO and B-gTEMP. We then compared the spatiotemporal distributions of Ca2+ responses and temperature. Following neural excitation induced by veratridine, an activator of the voltage-gated Na+ channel, we observed an approximately 2 °C increase in cytosolic temperature occurring 30 s after the Ca2+ response. The temperature elevation was observed in the non-nuclear region, while Ca2+ increased throughout the cell body. Moreover, this temperature increase was suppressed under Ca2+-free conditions and by inhibitors of ATP synthesis. These results indicate that Ca2+-induced upregulation of energy metabolism serves as the heat source during neural excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Wu
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan; School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Cong Quang Vu
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kai Lu
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuichi Wazawa
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan; School of Frontier Engineering, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.
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3
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Özen SD, Kir S. Ectodysplasin A2 receptor signaling in skeletal muscle pathophysiology. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:471-483. [PMID: 38443222 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is essential in generating mechanical force and regulating energy metabolism and body temperature. Pathologies associated with muscle tissue often lead to impaired physical activity and imbalanced metabolism. Recently, ectodysplasin A2 receptor (EDA2R) signaling has been shown to promote muscle loss and glucose intolerance. Upregulated EDA2R expression in muscle tissue was associated with aging, denervation, cancer cachexia, and muscular dystrophies. Here, we describe the roles of EDA2R signaling in muscle pathophysiology, including muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and aging-related sarcopenia. We also discuss the EDA2R pathway, which involves EDA-A2 as the ligand and nuclear factor (NF)κB-inducing kinase (NIK) as a downstream mediator, and the therapeutic potential of targeting these proteins in the treatment of muscle wasting and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Döndü Özen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Serkan Kir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
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4
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Jensen E, Rentzhog H, Herlitz J, Axelsson C, Lundgren P. Changes in temperature in preheated crystalloids at ambient temperatures relevant to a prehospital setting: an experimental simulation study with the application of prehospital treatment of trauma patients suffering from accidental hypothermia. BMC Emerg Med 2024; 24:59. [PMID: 38609897 PMCID: PMC11015674 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-024-00969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accidental hypothermia is common in all trauma patients and contributes to the lethal diamond, increasing both morbidity and mortality. In hypotensive shock, fluid resuscitation is recommended using fluids with a temperature of 37-42°, as fluid temperature can decrease the patient's body temperature. In Sweden, virtually all prehospital services use preheated fluids. The aim of the present study was to investigate how the temperature of preheated infusion fluids is affected by the ambient temperatures and flow rates relevant for prehospital emergency care. METHODS In this experimental simulation study, temperature changes in crystalloids preheated to 39 °C were evaluated. The fluid temperature changes were measured both in the infusion bag and at the patient end of the infusion system. Measurements were conducted in conditions relevant to prehospital emergency care, with ambient temperatures varying between - 4 and 28 °C and flow rates of 1000 ml/h and 6000 ml/h, through an uninsulated infusion set at a length of 175 cm. RESULTS The flow rate and ambient temperature affected the temperature in the infusion fluid both in the infusion bag and at the patient end of the system. A lower ambient temperature and lower flow rate were both associated with a greater temperature loss in the infusion fluid. CONCLUSION This study shows that both a high infusion rate and a high ambient temperature are needed if an infusion fluid preheated to 39 °C is to remain above 37 °C when it reaches the patient using a 175-cm-long uninsulated infusion set. It is apparent that the lower the ambient temperature, the higher the flow rate needs to be to limit temperature loss of the fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Herlitz
- Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Christer Axelsson
- Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- Department of Prehospital Emergency Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundgren
- Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Borgenström J, Kyröläinen H, Pihlainen K, Vaara JP, Ojanen T. Effects of male paratroopers' initial body composition on changes in physical performance and recovery during a 20-day winter military field training. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:437-446. [PMID: 38084583 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Changes in physiological markers and physical performance in relation to paratroopers' initial body composition were investigated during a 20-day winter military field training (MFT) and the subsequent 10-day recovery period. Body composition, serum hormone concentrations and enzymatic biomarkers, and physical performance of 58 soldiers were measured before, during, and after MFT. Comparisons were done according to soldiers' body fat percentage before MFT between low-fat (<12% body fat) and high-fat (>12% body fat) groups. Correlations between body fat percentage preceding MFT and changes in muscle mass, physical performance, and serum hormone concentrations and enzymatic biomarkers were investigated. It was hypothesized that soldiers with a higher fat percentage would have smaller decrements in muscle mass, physical performance, and serum testosterone concentration. The change in muscle and fat mass was different between groups (p < 0.001) as the low-fat group lost 0.8 kg of muscle mass and 2.0 kg of fat mass, while there was no change in muscle mass and a loss of 3.7 kg of fat mass in the high-fat group during MFT. Fat percentage before MFT correlated with the changes in muscle mass (R2 = 0.26, p < 0.001), serum testosterone concentration (R2 = 0.22, p < 0.001), and evacuation test time (R2 = 0.10, p < 0.05) during MFT. The change in muscle mass was correlated with the changes in evacuation test time (R2 = 0.11, p < 0.05) and countermovement jump test results (R2 = 0.13, p < 0.01) during MFT. Soldiers with a higher initial fat percentage lost less muscle mass, and had smaller decrements in some aspects of physical performance, as well as in serum testosterone concentration during MFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jere Borgenström
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki Kyröläinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, P.O. Box 7, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kai Pihlainen
- Defence Command, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 919, 00131 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani P Vaara
- Department of Leadership and Military Pedagogy, National Defence University, P.O. Box 7, 00861 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Ojanen
- Finnish Defence Research Agency, Finnish Defence Forces, P.O. Box 5, 04401 Järvenpää, Finland
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6
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Kriete A. Dissipative scaling of development and aging in multicellular organisms. Biosystems 2024; 237:105157. [PMID: 38367762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Evolution, self-replication and ontogenesis are highly dynamic, irreversible and self-organizing processes dissipating energy. While progress has been made to decipher the role of thermodynamics in cellular fission, it is not yet clear how entropic balances shape organism growth and aging. This paper derives a general dissipation theory for the life history of organisms. It implies a self-regulated energy dissipation facilitating exponential growth within a hierarchical and entropy lowering self-organization. The theory predicts ceilings in energy expenditures imposed by geometric constrains, which promote thermal optimality during development, and a dissipative scaling across organisms consistent with ecological scaling laws combining isometric and allometric terms. The theory also illustrates how growing organisms can tolerate damage through continuous extension and production of new dissipative structures low in entropy. However, when organisms reduce their rate of cell division and reach a steady adult state, they become thermodynamically unstable, increase internal entropy by accumulating damage, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Kriete
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone Research Center, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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7
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Lewis CTA, Melhedegaard EG, Ognjanovic MM, Olsen MS, Laitila J, Seaborne RAE, Gronset MN, Zhang C, Iwamoto H, Hessel AL, Kuehn MN, Merino C, Amigo N, Frobert O, Giroud S, Staples JF, Goropashnaya AV, Fedorov VB, Barnes BM, Toien O, Drew KL, Sprenger RJ, Ochala J. Remodelling of Skeletal Muscle Myosin Metabolic States in Hibernating Mammals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.14.566992. [PMID: 38014200 PMCID: PMC10680686 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.566992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation is a period of metabolic suppression utilized by many small and large mammal species to survive during winter periods. As the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood, our study aimed to determine whether skeletal muscle myosin and its metabolic efficiency undergo alterations during hibernation to optimize energy utilization. We isolated muscle fibers from small hibernators, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus and Eliomys quercinus and larger hibernators, Ursus arctos and Ursus americanus. We then conducted loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments alongside X-ray diffraction to measure resting myosin dynamics and its ATP demand. In parallel, we performed multiple proteomics analyses. Our results showed a preservation of myosin structure in U. arctos and U. americanus during hibernation, whilst in I. tridecemlineatus and E. quercinus, changes in myosin metabolic states during torpor unexpectedly led to higher levels in energy expenditure of type II, fast-twitch muscle fibers at ambient lab temperatures (20°C). Upon repeating loaded Mant-ATP chase experiments at 8°C (near the body temperature of torpid animals), we found that myosin ATP consumption in type II muscle fibers was reduced by 77-107% during torpor compared to active periods. Additionally, we observed Myh2 hyper-phosphorylation during torpor in I. tridecemilineatus, which was predicted to stabilize the myosin molecule. This may act as a potential molecular mechanism mitigating myosin-associated increases in skeletal muscle energy expenditure during periods of torpor in response to cold exposure. Altogether, we demonstrate that resting myosin is altered in hibernating mammals, contributing to significant changes to the ATP consumption of skeletal muscle. Additionally, we observe that it is further altered in response to cold exposure and highlight myosin as a potentially contributor to skeletal muscle non-shivering thermogenesis.
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8
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Błażejczyk K, Havenith G, Szymczak RK. Simulations of the human heat balance during Mount Everest summit attempts in spring and winter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:351-366. [PMID: 38114844 PMCID: PMC10794380 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The majority of research dealing with the impacts of the Himalayan climate on human physiology focuses on low air temperature, high wind speed, and low air pressure and oxygen content, potentially leading to hypothermia and hypoxia. Only a few studies describe the influence of the weather conditions in the Himalayas on the body's ability to maintain thermal balance. The aim of the present research is to trace the heat exchange between humans and their surroundings during a typical, 6-day summit attempt of Mount Everest in the spring and winter seasons. Additionally, an emergency night outdoors without tent protection is considered. Daily variation of the heat balance components were calculated by the MENEX_HA model using meteorological data collected at automatic weather stations installed during a National Geographic expedition in 2019-2020. The data represent the hourly values of the measured meteorological parameters. The research shows that in spite of extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone of Mount Everest during the spring weather window, it is possible to keep heat equilibrium of the climbers' body. This can be achieved by the use of appropriate clothing and by regulating activity level. In winter, extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone make it impossible to maintain heat equilibrium and lead to hypothermia. The emergency night in the sub-peak zone leads to gradual cooling of the body which in winter can cause severe hypothermia of the climber's body. At altitudes < 7000 m, climbers should consider using clothing that allows variation of insulation and active regulation of their fit around the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Błażejczyk
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 02-818, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough School of Design & Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Robert K Szymczak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Giraud D, Pomportes L, Nicol C, Bertin D, Gardarein JL, Hays A. Mechanism involved of post-exercise cold water immersion: Blood redistribution and increase in energy expenditure during rewarming. Temperature (Austin) 2024; 11:137-156. [PMID: 38846524 PMCID: PMC11152100 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2024.2303332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis is well understood, but the relationships between cold water immersion (CWI), the post-CWI rewarming and the associated physiological changes are not. This study investigated muscle and systemic oxygenation, cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic responses, and gastrointestinal temperature during and after CWI. 21 healthy men completed randomly 2 protocols. Both protocols consisted of a 48 minutes heating cycling exercise followed by 3 recovery periods (R1-R3), but they differed in R2. R1 lasted 20 minutes in a passive semi-seated position on a physiotherapy table at ambient room temperature. Depending on the protocol, R2 lasted 15 minutes at either ambient condition (R2_AMB) or in a CWI condition at 10°C up to the iliac crest (R2_CWI). R3 lasted 40 minutes at AMB while favoring rewarming after R2_CWI. This was followed by 10 minutes of cycling. Compared to R2_AMB, R2_CWI ended at higherV ˙ O2 in the non-immersed body part due to thermogenesis (7.16(2.15) vs. 4.83(1.62) ml.min-1.kg-1) and lower femoral artery blood flow (475(165) vs. 704(257) ml.min-1) (p < 0.001). Only after CWI, R3 showed a progressive decrease in vastus and gastrocnemius medialis O2 saturation, significant after 34 minutes (p < 0.001). As blood flow did not differ from the AMB protocol, this indicated local thermogenesis in the immersed part of the body. After CWI, a lower gastrointestinal temperature on resumption of cycling compared to AMB (36.31(0.45) vs. 37.30(0.49) °C, p < 0.001) indicated incomplete muscle thermogenesis. In conclusion, the rewarming period after CWI was non-linear and metabolically costly. Immersion and rewarming should be considered as a continuum rather than separate events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Giraud
- Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, HIPE Human Lab, Marseille, France
- Polytech Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Pomportes
- Faculty of Sport Science, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Nicol
- Faculty of Sport Science, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Bertin
- Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, HIPE Human Lab, Marseille, France
- Faculty of Sport Science, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ISM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Arnaud Hays
- Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, HIPE Human Lab, Marseille, France
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10
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Wallace PJ, Hartley GL, Nowlan JG, Ljubanovich J, Sieh N, Taber MJ, Gagnon DD, Cheung SS. Endurance capacity impairment in cold air ranging from skin cooling to mild hypothermia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:58-69. [PMID: 37942528 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00663.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the effects of cold air (0°C) exposure on endurance capacity to different levels of cold strain ranging from skin cooling to core cooling of Δ-1.0°C. Ten males completed a randomized, crossover, control study consisting of a cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) at 70% of their peak power output following: 1) 30-min of exposure to 22°C thermoneutral air (TN), 2) 30-min exposure to 0°C air leading to a cold shell (CS), 3) 0°C air exposure causing mild hypothermia of -0.5°C from baseline rectal temperature (HYPO-0.5°C), and 4) 0°C air exposure causing mild hypothermia of -1.0°C from baseline rectal temperature (HYPO-1.0°C). The latter three conditions tested TTE in 0°C air. Core temperature and seven-site mean skin temperature at the start of the TTE were: TN (37.0 ± 0.2°C, 31.2 ± 0.8°C), CS (37.1 ± 0.3°C, 25.5 ± 1.4°C), HYPO-0.5°C (36.6 ± 0.4°C, 22.3 ± 2.2°C), HYPO-1.0°C (36.4 ± 0.5°C, 21.4 ± 2.7°C). There was a significant condition effect (P ≤ 0.001) for TTE, which from TN (23.75 ± 13.75 min) to CS (16.22 ± 10.30 min, Δ-30.9 ± 21.5%, P = 0.055), HYPO-0.5°C (8.50 ± 5.23 min, Δ-61.4 ± 19.7%, P ≤ 0.001), and HYPO-1.0°C (6.50 ± 5.60 min, Δ-71.6 ± 16.4%, P ≤ 0.001). Furthermore, participants had a greater endurance capacity in CS compared with HYPO-0.5°C (P = 0.046), and HYPO-1.0°C (P = 0.007), with no differences between HYPO-0.5°C and HYPO-1.0°C (P = 1.00). Endurance capacity impairment at 70% peak power output occurs early in cold exposure with skin cooling, with significantly larger impairments with mild hypothermia up to Δ-1.0°C.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We developed a novel protocol that cooled skin temperature, or skin plus core temperature (Δ-0.5°C or Δ-1.0 °C), to determine a dose-response of cold exposure on endurance capacity at 70% peak power output. Skin cooling significantly impaired exercise tolerance time by ∼31%, whereas core cooling led to a further reduction of 30%-40% with no difference between Δ-0.5°C and Δ-1.0°C. Overall, simply cooling the skin impaired endurance capacity, but this impairment is further magnified by core cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Wallace
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey L Hartley
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josh G Nowlan
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johnathan Ljubanovich
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Sieh
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Taber
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- N2M Consulting Inc., St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dominique D Gagnon
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Mäkelänkatu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephen S Cheung
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Bornstein MR, Neinast MD, Zeng X, Chu Q, Axsom J, Thorsheim C, Li K, Blair MC, Rabinowitz JD, Arany Z. Comprehensive quantification of metabolic flux during acute cold stress in mice. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2077-2092.e6. [PMID: 37802078 PMCID: PMC10840821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) is widely studied as a potential avenue to treat obesity, but a thorough understanding of the metabolic changes driving CIT is lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the metabolic response to acute cold exposure, leveraging metabolomic profiling and minimally perturbative isotope tracing studies in unanesthetized mice. During cold exposure, brown adipose tissue (BAT) primarily fueled the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with fat in fasted mice and glucose in fed mice, underscoring BAT's metabolic flexibility. BAT minimally used branched-chain amino acids or ketones, which were instead avidly consumed by muscle during cold exposure. Surprisingly, isotopic labeling analyses revealed that BAT uses glucose largely for TCA anaplerosis via pyruvate carboxylation. Finally, we find that cold-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis is critical for CIT during fasting, demonstrating a key functional role for glucose metabolism. Together, these findings provide a detailed map of the metabolic rewiring driving acute CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Bornstein
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Neinast
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xianfeng Zeng
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessie Axsom
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea Thorsheim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan C Blair
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Walladbegi J, Raber-Durlacher J, Jontell M, Milstein D. Hemodynamics of the oral mucosa during cooling: A crossover clinical trial. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19958. [PMID: 37867864 PMCID: PMC10589791 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Oral cryotherapy is used to prevent the onset of oral mucositis, a common and debilitating adverse effect following cancer chemotherapy. A protective mechanism associated with oral cooling is thought to be mediated through reduced tissue microcirculation. The aim of the present study was to examine the underlying mechanism associated with oral mucosal cooling by measuring oral microcirculation and tissue oxygen saturation after cooling with ice chips (IC) and an intraoral cooling device (ICD). Study design In a single-center randomized crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers were assigned (1:1) randomly to the order in which the two intraoral cooling procedures (IC/ICD) were to be commenced. On day 1, half of the study participants started with IC and then crossed over to intraoral cooling with the ICD on day 2, while the other half of the participants undertook the same two procedures in the reverse order. Total and functional capillary density (T/FCD) and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) measurements were obtained at baseline and 30 min following oral cooling. Results Following 30 min of oral cooling, a statistically significant difference was found for FCD between IC and ICD (percentage points; +2 vs. -13; p < 0.05). A statistically significant decrease in StO2 was observed with both IC and ICD (%; 13 vs. 10) after 30 min of cooling as compared to baseline (p < 0.05). As for the participants' preference the ICD was preferred over IC by 9 out of 10 participants (p = 0.021). Conclusions Both microcirculation parameters and tissue oxygen saturation are altered in conjunction with oral cooling, indicating their potential mechanistic contribution towards cryoprevention of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Walladbegi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J.E. Raber-Durlacher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Medicine, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M. Jontell
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - D.M.J. Milstein
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Pani P, Swalsingh G, Pani S, Senapati U, Sahu B, Pati B, Rout S, Bal NC. Seasonal cold induces divergent structural/biochemical adaptations in different skeletal muscles of Columba livia: evidence for nonshivering thermogenesis in adult birds. Biochem J 2023; 480:1397-1409. [PMID: 37622342 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Birds are endothermic homeotherms even though they lack the well-studied heat producing brown adipose tissue (BAT), found in several clades of eutherian mammals. Earlier studies in ducklings have demonstrated that skeletal muscle is the primary organ of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) plausibly via futile calcium (Ca2+)-handling through ryanodine receptor (RyR) and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). However, recruitment of futile Ca2+-cycling in adult avian skeletal muscle has not been documented. Studies in mammals show remarkable mitochondrial remodeling concurrently with muscle NST during cold. Here, we wanted to define the mitochondrial and biochemical changes in the muscles in free-ranging adult birds and whether different skeletal muscle groups undergo similar seasonal changes. We analyzed four different muscles (pectoralis, biceps, triceps and iliotibialis) from local pigeon (Columba livia) collected during summer and winter seasons in two consecutive years. Remarkable increase in mitochondrial capacity was observed as evidenced from succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity staining in all the muscles. Interestingly, fibers with low SDH activity exhibited greater cross-sectional area during winter in all muscles except iliotibialis and became peripherally arranged in individual fascicles of pectoralis, which might indicate increased shivering. Furthermore, gene expression analysis showed that SERCA, sarcolipin and RyR are up-regulated to different levels in the muscles analyzed indicating muscle NST via futile Ca2+-cycling is recruited to varying degrees in winter. Moreover, proteins of mitochondrial-SR-tethering and biogenesis also showed differential alterations across the muscles. These data suggest that tropical winter (∼15°C) is sufficient to induce distinct remodeling across muscles in adult bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyadhara Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | | | - Sunil Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Unmod Senapati
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Bijayashree Sahu
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Benudhara Pati
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Subhasmita Rout
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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15
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MacDonald CR, Choi JE, Hong CC, Repasky EA. Consideration of the importance of measuring thermal discomfort in biomedical research. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:589-598. [PMID: 37330365 PMCID: PMC10619709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Core temperature stability is the result of a dynamically regulated balance of heat loss and gain, which is not reflected by a simple thermometer reading. One way in which these changes manifest is in perceived thermal comfort, 'feeling too cold' or 'feeling too hot', which can activate stress pathways. Unfortunately, there is surprisingly little preclinical research that tracks changes in perceived thermal comfort in response to either disease progression or various treatments. Without measuring this endpoint, there may be missed opportunities to evaluate disease and therapy outcomes in murine models of human disease. Here, we discuss the possibility that changes in thermal comfort in mice could be a useful and physiologically relevant measure of energy trade-offs required under various physiological or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Jee Eun Choi
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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16
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Warfel JD, Elks CM, Bayless DS, Vandanmagsar B, Stone AC, Velasquez SE, Olivares-Nazar P, Noland RC, Ghosh S, Zhang J, Mynatt RL. Rats lacking Ucp1 present a novel translational tool for the investigation of thermogenic adaptation during cold challenge. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e13935. [PMID: 36650072 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM Valuable studies have tested the role of UCP1 on body temperature maintenance in mice, and we sought to knockout Ucp1 in rats (Ucp1-/- ) to provide insight into thermogenic mechanisms in larger mammals. METHODS We used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to create Ucp1-/- rats. Body weight and adiposity were measured, and rats were subjected to indirect calorimetry. Rats were maintained at room temperature or exposed to 4°C for either 24 h or 14 days. Analyses of brown and white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle were conducted via histology, western blot comparison of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, and qPCR to compare mitochondrial DNA levels and mRNA expression profiles. RNA-seq was performed in skeletal muscle. RESULTS Ucp1-/- rats withstood 4°C for 14 days, but core temperature steadily declined. All rats lost body weight after 14 days at 4°C, but controls increased food intake more robustly than Ucp1-/- rats. Brown adipose tissue showed signs of decreased activity in Ucp1-/- rats, while mitochondrial lipid metabolism markers in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle were increased. Ucp1-/- rats displayed more visible shivering and energy expenditure than controls at 4°C. Skeletal muscle transcriptomics showed more differences between genotypes at 23°C than at 4°C. CONCLUSION Room temperature presented sufficient cold stress to rats lacking UCP1 to activate compensatory thermogenic mechanisms in skeletal muscle, which were only activated in control rats following exposure to 4°C. These results provide novel insight into thermogenic responses to UCP1 deficiency; and highlight Ucp1-/- rats as an attractive translational model for the study of thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaycob D Warfel
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Carrie M Elks
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David S Bayless
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bolormaa Vandanmagsar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Allison C Stone
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Samuel E Velasquez
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Paola Olivares-Nazar
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert C Noland
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Computational Biology and Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Randall L Mynatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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17
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Bioprotective role of platelet-derived microvesicles in hypothermia: Insight into the differential characteristics of peripheral and splenic platelets. Thromb Res 2023; 223:155-167. [PMID: 36758284 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most platelets are present in peripheral blood, but some are stored in the spleen. Because the tissue environments of peripheral blood vessels and the spleen are quite distinct, the properties of platelets present in each may also differ. However, no studies have addressed this difference. We previously reported that hypothermia activates splenic platelets, but not peripheral blood platelets, whose biological significance remains unknown. In this study, we focused on platelet-derived microvesicles (PDMVs) and analyzed their biological significance connected to intrasplenic platelet activation during hypothermia. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were placed in an environment of -20 °C, and their rectal temperature was decreased to 15 °C to model hypothermia. Platelets and skeletal muscle tissue were collected and analyzed for their interactions. RESULTS Transcriptomic changes between splenic and peripheral platelets were greater in hypothermic mice than in normal mice. Electron microscopy and real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that platelets activated in the spleen by hypothermia internalized transcripts, encoding tissue repairing proteins, into PDMVs and released them into the plasma. Plasma microvesicles from hypothermic mice promoted wound healing in the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12. Skeletal muscles in hypothermic mice were damaged but recovered within 24 h after rewarming. However, splenectomy delayed recovery from skeletal muscle injury after the mice were rewarmed. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PDMVs released from activated platelets in the spleen play an important role in the repair of skeletal muscle damaged by hypothermia.
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18
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Physiological and molecular mechanisms of cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis in humans beyond brown adipose tissue. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:338-347. [PMID: 36774412 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to low ambient temperatures has previously been demonstrated to markedly improve glucose homeostasis in both rodents and humans. Although the brown adipose tissue is key in mediating these beneficial effects in rodents, its contribution appears more limited in humans. Hence, the exact tissues and underlying mechanisms that mediate cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis in humans remain to be fully established. In this review, we evaluated the response of the main organs involved in glucose metabolism (i.e. pancreas, liver, (white) adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) to cold exposure and discuss their potential contribution to cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis in humans. We here show that cold exposure has widespread effects on metabolic organs involved in glucose regulation. Nevertheless, cold-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis appear primarily mediated via adaptations within the skeletal muscle and (presumably) white adipose tissue. Since the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, future studies should be aimed at pinpointing the exact physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in humans. Nonetheless, cold exposure holds great promise as a novel, additive lifestyle approach to improve glucose homeostasis in insulin resistant individuals. Parts of this graphical abstract were created using (modified) images from Servier Medical Art, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. TG = thermogenesis, TAG = triacylglycerol, FFA = free fatty acid, SLN = sarcolipin, UCP3 = uncoupling protein 3, β2-AR = beta-2 adrenergic receptor, SNS = sympathetic nervous system.
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19
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Mayes HS, Navarro M, Satchell LP, Tipton MJ, Ando S, Costello JT. The effects of manipulating the visual environment on thermal perception: A structured narrative review. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103488. [PMID: 36796929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to ambient temperatures that cause thermal discomfort, a human's behavioral responses are more effective than autonomic ones at compensating for thermal imbalance. These behavioral thermal responses are typically directed by an individual's perception of the thermal environment. Perception of the environment is a holistic amalgamation of human senses, and in some circumstances, humans prioritize visual information. Existing research has considered this in the specific case of thermal perception, and this review investigates the state of the literature examining this effect. We identify the frameworks, research rationales, and potential mechanisms that underpin the evidence base in this area. Our review identified 31 experiments, comprising 1392 participants that met the inclusion criteria. Methodological heterogeneity was observed in the assessment of thermal perception, and a variety of methods were employed to manipulate the visual environment. However, the majority of the included experiments (80%) reported a difference in thermal perception after the visual environment was manipulated. There was limited research exploring any effects on physiological variables (e.g. skin and core temperature). This review has wide-ranging implications for the broad discipline of (thermo)physiology, psychology, psychophysiology, neuroscience, ergonomics, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry S Mayes
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England, UK
| | - Martina Navarro
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England, UK
| | - Liam P Satchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England, UK
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joseph T Costello
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England, UK.
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20
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Kol E, Ince S, Erdoğan A, Karsli B, Keskin H, Özgür N. The Effectiveness of Active External Warming of Patient Concurrently With Ice Application on the Incision Site on Post-Thoracotomy Pain and Analgesic Consumption. Clin Nurs Res 2023; 32:323-336. [PMID: 35726475 DOI: 10.1177/10547738221101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of study is to investigate the effects of active external warming of patient concurrently with application of ice to incision site on thoracotomy pain and analgesic consumption. The research is a quasi-experimental design with control and study groups. The study was conducted in 2018 and 2019. A total of 70 patients were included in the study: 35 in the control group and 35 in the study group. The mean verbal pain scale values were significantly lower in the intervention group (2.85 point) than in the control group (4.57 point; p < .001). Opioid consumption rate was high in control group patients (77.1% tramadol 30 mg; 45.7% morphine sulfate 5 mg) In contrast, the rate of opioid consumption was lower in patients in the intervention group (40% tramadol 30 mg; 17% morphine sulfate 5 mg). Active external warming and ice application on the incision area, could reduce the intensity of thoracotomy pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kol
- Department of Fundamentals Nursing, Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Serpil Ince
- Department of Fundamentals Nursing, Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Erdoğan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Bilge Karsli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Keskin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Nazmiye Özgür
- Department of surgical medicine, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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21
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Arnold JT, Lennon JF, Lloyd AB. Modulation of cold-induced shivering activity by intermittent and continuous voluntary suppression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R102-R108. [PMID: 36440900 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00361.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This investigation assessed the physiological effects of voluntary suppression of shivering thermogenesis in response to whole body cooling. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent passive air cooling (10°C), across three visits: NO_SUP, where participants allowed their body to freely regulate against the cold; FULL_SUP, where participants constantly suppressed shivering; INT_SUP, where participants intermittently suppressed shivering (5 min phases), interspersed with 5 min free regulation. Shivering was assessed via electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), and whole body oxygen uptake (V̇o2), whereas body temperature and heat exchange were assessed via skin temperature, rectal temperature, and heat flux sensors. A 29% increase was observed in shivering onset time in the FULL_SUP trial compared with NO_SUP (P = 0.032). Assessing shivering intensity, EMG activity decreased by 29% (P = 0.034), MMG activity decreased by 35% (P = 0.031), whereas no difference was observed in V̇o2 (P = 0.091) in the FULL_SUP trial compared with NO_SUP. Partitioning the no-suppression and suppression phases of the INT_SUP trial, acute voluntary suppression significantly decreased V̇o2 (P = 0.001), EMG (P < 0.001), and MMG (P = 0.012) activity compared with the no-suppression phases. Shivering activity was restored in the no-suppression phases, equivalent to that in the NO_SUP trial (P > 0.3). No difference was observed in thermal metrics between conditions up to 60 min (P > 0.4). Humans can both constantly and periodically suppress shivering activity, leading to a delay in shivering onset and a reduction in shivering intensity. Following suppression, regular shivering is resumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh T Arnold
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jack F Lennon
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Alex B Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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22
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Biomarkers for warfighter safety and performance in hot and cold environments. J Sci Med Sport 2022:S1440-2440(22)00503-5. [PMID: 36623995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to extreme environmental heat or cold during military activities can impose severe thermal strain, leading to impairments in task performance and increasing the risk of exertional heat (including heat stroke) and cold injuries that can be life-threatening. Substantial individual variability in physiological tolerance to thermal stress necessitates an individualized approach to mitigate the deleterious effects of thermal stress, such as physiological monitoring of individual thermal strain. During heat exposure, measurements of deep-body (Tc) and skin temperatures and heart rate can provide some indication of thermal strain. Combining these physiological variables with biomechanical markers of gait (in)stability may provide further insight on central nervous system dysfunction - the key criterion of exertional heat stroke (EHS). Thermal strain in cold environments can be monitored with skin temperature (peripheral and proximal), shivering thermogenesis and Tc. Non-invasive methods for real-time estimation of Tc have been developed and some appear to be promising but require further validation. Decision-support tools provide useful information for planning activities and biomarkers can be used to improve their predictions, thus maximizing safety and performance during hot- and cold-weather operations. With better understanding on the etiology and pathophysiology of EHS, the microbiome and markers of the inflammatory responses have been identified as novel biomarkers of heat intolerance. This review aims to (i) discuss selected physiological and biomechanical markers of heat or cold strain, (ii) how biomarkers may be used to ensure operational readiness in hot and cold environments, and (iii) present novel molecular biomarkers (e.g., microbiome, inflammatory cytokines) for preventing EHS.
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23
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Eimonte M, Eimantas N, Baranauskiene N, Solianik R, Brazaitis M. Kinetics of lipid indicators in response to short- and long-duration whole-body, cold-water immersion. Cryobiology 2022; 109:62-71. [PMID: 36150503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cold exposure-induced secretion of stress hormones activates cold-defense responses and mobilizes substrates for increased energy demands to fuel thermogenesis. However, it is unclear whether acute cold exposure-induced stress hormone response kinetics affect circulating lipid parameter kinetics. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the 2-day kinetics of stress hormones (i.e., cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and the lipid profile (i.e., total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and triglycerides) in response to whole-body long- (intermittent 170 min; 170-CWI) or short-duration (10 min; 10-CWI) cold-water immersion (CWI; 14 °C water) in 17 healthy, young, adult men. Both CWI trials induced a marked release of the stress hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, with higher concentrations detected after 170-CWI (p < 0.05) and a disrupted diurnal peak of cortisol lasting for a few hours. 170-CWI increased triglyceride levels from immediately after until 2 h after CWI, thereafter the concentration decreased at 4 h, 6 h, 1 day and 2 days after CWI (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the HDL-cholesterol level increased immediately after and at 6 h after 170-CWI (p < 0.05), while TC and LDL-cholesterol levels were not altered within 2 days. Lipid parameters were not affected within the 2 days after 10-CWI. Although both CWIs decreased deep body temperature and increased stress hormone levels for a few hours, only long-duration CWI induced changes in the circulating lipid profile within 2 days after CWI. This should be considered when discussing therapeutic protocols to improve circulating lipid profiles and ameliorate diseases associated with such profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milda Eimonte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Nerijus Eimantas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Espeland D, de Weerd L, Mercer JB. Health effects of voluntary exposure to cold water - a continuing subject of debate. Int J Circumpolar Health 2022; 81:2111789. [PMID: 36137565 PMCID: PMC9518606 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2022.2111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is based on a multiple database survey on published literature to determine the effects on health following voluntary exposure to cold-water immersion (CWI) in humans. After a filtering process 104 studies were regarded relevant. Many studies demonstrated significant effects of CWI on various physiological and biochemical parameters. Although some studies were based on established winter swimmers, many were performed on subjects with no previous winter swimming experience or in subjects not involving cold-water swimming, for example, CWI as a post-exercise treatment. Clear conclusions from most studies were hampered by the fact that they were carried out in small groups, often of one gender and with differences in exposure temperature and salt composition of the water. CWI seems to reduce and/or transform body adipose tissue, as well as reduce insulin resistance and improve insulin sensitivity. This may have a protective effect against cardiovascular, obesity and other metabolic diseases and could have prophylactic health effects. Whether winter swimmers as a group are naturally healthier is unclear. Some of the studies indicate that voluntary exposure to cold water has some beneficial health effects. However, without further conclusive studies, the topic will continue to be a subject of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didrik Espeland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
| | - Louis de Weerd
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway,Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway
| | - James B. Mercer
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,Medical Imaging Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway,Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway,CONTACT James B. Mercer Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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Hypothermia evoked by stimulation of medial preoptic nucleus protects the brain in a mouse model of ischaemia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6890. [PMID: 36371436 PMCID: PMC9653397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34735-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia at 32-34 °C during or after cerebral ischaemia is neuroprotective. However, peripheral cold sensor-triggered hypothermia is ineffective and evokes vigorous counteractive shivering thermogenesis and complications that are difficult to tolerate in awake patients. Here, we show in mice that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of warm-sensitive neurones (WSNs) in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) produces tolerable hypothermia. In contrast to surface cooling-evoked hypothermia, DBS mice exhibit a torpor-like state without counteractive shivering. Like hypothermia evoked by chemogenetic activation of WSNs, DBS in free-moving mice elicits a rapid lowering of the core body temperature to 32-34 °C, which confers significant brain protection and motor function reservation. Mechanistically, activation of WSNs contributes to DBS-evoked hypothermia. Inhibition of WSNs prevents DBS-evoked hypothermia. Maintaining the core body temperature at normothermia during DBS abolishes DBS-mediated brain protection. Thus, the MPN is a DBS target to evoke tolerable therapeutic hypothermia for stroke treatment.
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Kopplin CS, Rosenthal L. The positive effects of combined breathing techniques and cold exposure on perceived stress: a randomised trial. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-13. [PMID: 36248220 PMCID: PMC9540300 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pranayama-inspired breathing technique, cold exposure, and their combined application were assessed for their potential to reduce perceived stress in adults and compared to a control group. An experiment involving four groups was conducted, yielding separate cells for breathing technique-only and cold exposure-only, as well as a combined treatment and a control group. Eighty-six individuals participated in the study. Perceived stress is measured employing the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 20-item version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). The instruments exhibit a substantial correlation (r = 0.842, p < 0.001). The combined group exhibited a medium to large positive effect on perceived stress compared to the control group. The breathing technique and cold exposure on their own were not found to yield substantial effects, indicating synergies between both exercises. Combinations of breathing techniques and cold exposure may be employed to decrease individuals' perceived stress.
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Kim Y, Rech N, Louder T, Bressel E. Relationship between Intramuscular and Skin Temperature and Anthropometric Consideration for Post-exercise Cryotherapy: Developing Prediction Models for Clinical Use. THE ASIAN JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.15758/ajk.2022.24.3.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationships among intramuscular cooling rates during (IM cooling rate) and after cold water immersion (CWI) (Post-IM cooling rate), skin tissue cooling rate during CWI (skin cooling rate), and anthropometric characteristics, and develop prediction models to assist clinical decision making.METHODS After a 30-min cycling trial, 16 young healthy adults received a CWI treatment (10 °C) until either intramuscular thigh temperature (2 cm sub-adipose) of the rectus femoris decreased 7 °C below preexercise level or 30 minutes was reached. Temperatures were recorded using skin and implantable finewire thermocouples. Before the cycling trial, %BF, anterior thigh adipose tissue thickness, muscle thickness, total thigh volume, and thigh circumference were measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to determine significant predictors of IM and Post-IM cooling rates (cooling rate: the amount of temperature reduction per minute). All predictors, including skin cooling rate, %BF, adipose tissue thickness, muscle thickness, total thigh volume, and thigh circumference, were included in multiple linear regression models to figure out factors that best predict the IM and Post-IM cooling rates.RESULTS Correlation analysis demonstrated significant correlations between IM cooling rate and skin cooling rate (r=.85), %BF (r=-.79), and adipose tissue thickness (r=-.79), and between Post-IM cooling rate and thigh circumference (r=-.68), adipose tissue thickness (r=-.58), total thigh volume (r=-.56), and %BF (r=-.53). Regression models identified skin cooling rate and %BF to have the greatest predictability for IM cooling rate (R2 =.82) and muscle thickness and thigh circumference to have the greatest predictability for the Post-IM cooling rate (R2 =.68).CONCLUSIONS This study provides justification for the use of skin cooling rates during CWI and %BF to estimate IM cooling rate and muscle thickness and thigh circumference to estimate Post-IM cooling rate. These findings will help practitioners to determine the duration of CWI treatment after exercise.
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Ahmed BA, Varah N, Ong FJ, Blondin DP, Gunn E, Konyer NB, Singh NP, Noseworthy MD, Haman F, Carpentier AC, Punthakee Z, Steinberg GR, Morrison KM. Impaired Cold-Stimulated Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Young Boys With Obesity. Diabetes 2022; 71:1193-1204. [PMID: 35293989 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a growing worldwide problem. In adults, lower cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is linked to obesity and metabolic dysfunction; this relationship remains uncertain in children. In this cross-sectional study, we compared cold-induced supraclavicular (SCV) BAT activity (percent change in proton density fat fraction [PDFF]) within the SCV region after 1 h of whole-body cold exposure (18°C), using MRI in 26 boys aged 8-10 years: 13 with normal BMI and 13 with overweight/obesity. Anthropometry, body composition, hepatic fat, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and pre- and postcold PDFF of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in the posterior neck region and the abdomen were measured. Boys with overweight/obesity had lower cold-induced percent decline in SCV PDFF compared with those with normal BMI (1.6 ± 0.8 vs. 4.7 ± 1.2%, P = 0.044). SCV PDFF declined significantly in boys with normal BMI (2.7 ± 0.7%, P = 0.003) but not in boys with overweight/obesity (1.1 ± 0.5%, P = 0.053). No cold-induced changes in the PDFF of either neck SAT (-0.89 ± 0.7%, P = 0.250, vs. 0.37 ± 0.3%, P = 0.230) or abdominal SAT (-0.39 ± 0.5%, P = 0.409, and 0.25 ± 0.2%, P = 0.139, for normal BMI and overweight/obesity groups, respectively) were seen. The cold-induced percent decline in SCV PDFF was inversely related to BMI (r = -0.39, P = 0.047), waist circumference (r = -0.48, P = 0.014), and VAT (r = -0.47, P = 0.014). Thus, in young boys, as in adults, BAT activity is lower in those with overweight/obesity, suggesting that restoring activity may be important for improving metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma A Ahmed
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina Varah
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank J Ong
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Gunn
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norman B Konyer
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nina P Singh
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Noseworthy
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francois Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre C Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zubin Punthakee
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Haman F, Souza SCS, Castellani JW, Dupuis MP, Friedl KE, Sullivan-Kwantes W, Kingma BRM. Human vulnerability and variability in the cold: Establishing individual risks for cold weather injuries. Temperature (Austin) 2022; 9:158-195. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2044740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- François Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara C. S. Souza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada
| | - John W. Castellani
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria-P. Dupuis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl E. Friedl
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy Sullivan-Kwantes
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, Defence Research Development Canada-Toronto, Defence Research and Development Canada, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris R. M. Kingma
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Human Performance, Unit Defence, Safety and Security, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
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30
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Mendes D, Peixoto F, Oliveira MM, Andrade PB, Videira RA. Mitochondria research and neurodegenerative diseases: on the track to understanding the biological world of high complexity. Mitochondrion 2022; 65:67-79. [PMID: 35623557 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
From the simple unicellular eukaryote to the highly complex multicellular organism like Human, mitochondrion emerges as a ubiquitous player to ensure the organism's functionality. It is popularly known as "the powerhouse of the cell" by its key role in ATP generation. However, our understanding of the physiological relevance of mitochondria is being challenged by data obtained in different fields. In this review, a short history of the mitochondria research field is presented, stressing the findings and questions that allowed the knowledge advances, and put mitochondrion as the main player of safeguarding organism life as well as a key to solve the puzzle of the neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mendes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Francisco Peixoto
- Chemistry Center - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Biological and Environment Department, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria M Oliveira
- Chemistry Center - Vila Real (CQ-VR), Chemistry Department, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Romeu A Videira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
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Dumont L, Lessard R, Semeniuk K, Chahrour H, McCormick JJ, Acosta FM, Blondin DP, Haman F. Thermogenic responses to different clamped skin temperatures in cold-exposed men and women. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R149-R160. [PMID: 35411809 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite many decades of research examining thermoregulatory responses under varying cold stresses in humans, very little is known about the variability in metabolic heat production and shivering activity. Here, we used a novel closed-loop mean skin temperature clamping technique with a liquid-conditioned suit to isolate the effects of mean skin temperature on the subjective evaluation of thermal sensation, heat production, shivering responses, and oxidative fuel selection in young, lean and healthy men (n = 12) and women (n = 12). Our results showed a skin temperature-dependent increase in metabolic heat production (5.2±1.0 kJ/min, 5.9±1.0 kJ/min and 7.0±1.0 kJ/min with skin temperature maintained at 31°C, 29°C and 27°C, respectively; P< 0.0001) and shivering intensity in both men and women (0.6±0.1 %MVC, 1.1±0.4 %MVC and 2.5±0.7 %MVC, respectively; P<0.0001), including sex-dependent differences in heat production at all three temperatures (P < 0.005). Even when controlling for lean body mass and fat mass, sex differences persisted (P = 0.048 and P = 0.004, respectively), whereas controlling for differences in body surface area eliminated these differences. Interestingly, there were no sex differences in the cold-induced change in thermogenesis. Despite clamping skin temperature, there was tremendous variability in the rate of heat production and shivering intensity. Collectively this data suggests that many of the inter-individual differences in thermogenesis and shivering may be explained by differences in morphology and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauralyne Dumont
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raphael Lessard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kevin Semeniuk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Francisco M Acosta
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Sport and Health University Research Institute, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francois Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Lovering AT, Kelly TS, DiMarco KG, Bradbury KE, Charkoudian N. Implications of a patent foramen ovale on environmental physiology and pathophysiology: Do we know the hole story? J Physiol 2022; 600:1541-1553. [PMID: 35043424 DOI: 10.1113/jp281108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The foramen ovale is an essential component of the foetal circulation contributing to oxygenation and carbon dioxide elimination that remains patent under certain circumstances, in ∼ 30% of the healthy adult population, without major negative sequelae in most. Adults with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) have a greater tendency to develop symptoms of acute mountain sickness and high-altitude pulmonary oedema upon ascent to high altitude, and PFO presence is associated with worse cardiopulmonary function in chronic mountain sickness. This increase in altitude illness prevalence may be related to dysregulated cerebral blood flow associated with altered respiratory chemoreflex sensitivity; however, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Interestingly, men with a PFO appear to have a shift in thermoregulatory control to higher internal temperatures, both at rest and during exercise, and they have blunted thermal tachypnea. The teleological "reason" for this thermoregulatory shift is unclear, but the shift of ∼0.5°C in core body temperature does not appear to be sufficient to have any significant negative consequences in terms of risk of heat illness. Further work in this area is needed, particularly in women, to evaluate mechanisms of heat storage and dissipation in these individuals as compared to people without a PFO. Consequences of a PFO in SCUBA divers include a greater incidence of unprovoked decompression sickness, but whether PFO is beneficial or detrimental to breath hold diving remains unexplored. Whether PFO presence will explain interindividual variability in responses to, and consequences from, other environmental stressors such as spaceflight remain entirely unknown. Abstract figure legend Associations between PFO and altitude illnesses, core body temperature and diving. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler S Kelly
- University of Oregon, Department of Human Physiology, Eugene, OR
| | | | - Karleigh E Bradbury
- University of Oregon, Department of Human Physiology, Eugene, OR.,United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, Natick, MA
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Paal P, Pasquier M, Darocha T, Lechner R, Kosinski S, Wallner B, Zafren K, Brugger H. Accidental Hypothermia: 2021 Update. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:501. [PMID: 35010760 PMCID: PMC8744717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accidental hypothermia is an unintentional drop of core temperature below 35 °C. Annually, thousands die of primary hypothermia and an unknown number die of secondary hypothermia worldwide. Hypothermia can be expected in emergency patients in the prehospital phase. Injured and intoxicated patients cool quickly even in subtropical regions. Preventive measures are important to avoid hypothermia or cooling in ill or injured patients. Diagnosis and assessment of the risk of cardiac arrest are based on clinical signs and core temperature measurement when available. Hypothermic patients with risk factors for imminent cardiac arrest (temperature < 30 °C in young and healthy patients and <32 °C in elderly persons, or patients with multiple comorbidities), ventricular dysrhythmias, or systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) and hypothermic patients who are already in cardiac arrest, should be transferred directly to an extracorporeal life support (ECLS) centre. If a hypothermic patient arrests, continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed. In hypothermic patients, the chances of survival and good neurological outcome are higher than for normothermic patients for witnessed, unwitnessed and asystolic cardiac arrest. Mechanical CPR devices should be used for prolonged rescue, if available. In severely hypothermic patients in cardiac arrest, if continuous or mechanical CPR is not possible, intermittent CPR should be used. Rewarming can be accomplished by passive and active techniques. Most often, passive and active external techniques are used. Only in patients with refractory hypothermia or cardiac arrest are internal rewarming techniques required. ECLS rewarming should be performed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A post-resuscitation care bundle should complement treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Paal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, St. John of God Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom), 8302 Kloten, Switzerland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (H.B.)
| | - Mathieu Pasquier
- International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom), 8302 Kloten, Switzerland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (H.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Darocha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Silesia, 40-001 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Raimund Lechner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Military Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Sylweriusz Kosinski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 34-500 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bernd Wallner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ken Zafren
- International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom), 8302 Kloten, Switzerland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (H.B.)
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hermann Brugger
- International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom), 8302 Kloten, Switzerland; (M.P.); (K.Z.); (H.B.)
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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KHAN MAF, SOHAIB M, IQBAL S, ALI A, CHAUDHRY M. Revision of ration scale for Pakistani servicemen according to geographical deployment and physical activity level. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.37521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmad ALI
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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The acclimatization of Haenyeo to a cold environment and occupational characteristics evaluated by orexin and irisin levels. Ann Occup Environ Med 2022; 34:e28. [DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Grigg G, Nowack J, Bicudo JEPW, Bal NC, Woodward HN, Seymour RS. Whole-body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:766-801. [PMID: 34894040 PMCID: PMC9300183 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The whole‐body (tachymetabolic) endothermy seen in modern birds and mammals is long held to have evolved independently in each group, a reasonable assumption when it was believed that its earliest appearances in birds and mammals arose many millions of years apart. That assumption is consistent with current acceptance that the non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) component of regulatory body heat originates differently in each group: from skeletal muscle in birds and from brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mammals. However, BAT is absent in monotremes, marsupials, and many eutherians, all whole‐body endotherms. Indeed, recent research implies that BAT‐driven NST originated more recently and that the biochemical processes driving muscle NST in birds, many modern mammals and the ancestors of both may be similar, deriving from controlled ‘slippage’ of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) in skeletal muscle, similar to a process seen in some fishes. This similarity prompted our realisation that the capacity for whole‐body endothermy could even have pre‐dated the divergence of Amniota into Synapsida and Sauropsida, leading us to hypothesise the homology of whole‐body endothermy in birds and mammals, in contrast to the current assumption of their independent (convergent) evolution. To explore the extent of similarity between muscle NST in mammals and birds we undertook a detailed review of these processes and their control in each group. We found considerable but not complete similarity between them: in extant mammals the ‘slippage’ is controlled by the protein sarcolipin (SLN), in birds the SLN is slightly different structurally and its role in NST is not yet proved. However, considering the multi‐millions of years since the separation of synapsids and diapsids, we consider that the similarity between NST production in birds and mammals is consistent with their whole‐body endothermy being homologous. If so, we should expect to find evidence for it much earlier and more widespread among extinct amniotes than is currently recognised. Accordingly, we conducted an extensive survey of the palaeontological literature using established proxies. Fossil bone histology reveals evidence of sustained rapid growth rates indicating tachymetabolism. Large body size and erect stature indicate high systemic arterial blood pressures and four‐chambered hearts, characteristic of tachymetabolism. Large nutrient foramina in long bones are indicative of high bone perfusion for rapid somatic growth and for repair of microfractures caused by intense locomotion. Obligate bipedality appeared early and only in whole‐body endotherms. Isotopic profiles of fossil material indicate endothermic levels of body temperature. These proxies led us to compelling evidence for the widespread occurrence of whole‐body endothermy among numerous extinct synapsids and sauropsids, and very early in each clade's family tree. These results are consistent with and support our hypothesis that tachymetabolic endothermy is plesiomorphic in Amniota. A hypothetical structure for the heart of the earliest endothermic amniotes is proposed. We conclude that there is strong evidence for whole‐body endothermy being ancient and widespread among amniotes and that the similarity of biochemical processes driving muscle NST in extant birds and mammals strengthens the case for its plesiomorphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Grigg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Julia Nowack
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, U.K
| | | | | | - Holly N Woodward
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, 74107, U.S.A
| | - Roger S Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Manfredi LH. Overheating or overcooling: heat transfer in the spot to fight against the pandemic obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:665-680. [PMID: 33000381 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has nearly doubled worldwide over the past three and a half decades, reaching pandemic status. Obesity is associated with decreased life expectancy and with an increased risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, nervous system diseases. Hence, understanding the mechanisms involved in the onset and development of obesity is mandatory to promote planned health actions to revert this scenario. In this review, common aspects of cold exposure, a process of heat generation, and exercise, a process of heat dissipation, will be discussed as two opposite mechanisms of obesity, which can be oversimplified as caloric conservation. A common road between heat generation and dissipation is the mobilization of Free Faty Acids (FFA) and Carbohydrates (CHO). An increase in energy expenditure (immediate effect) and molecular/metabolic adaptations (chronic effect) are responses that depend on SNS activity in both conditions of heat transfer. This cycle of using and removing FFA and CHO from blood either for heat or force generation disrupt the key concept of obesity: energy accumulation. Despite efforts in making the anti-obesity pill, maybe it is time to consider that the world's population is living at thermoneutrality since temperature-controlled places and the lack of exercise are favoring caloric accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Henrique Manfredi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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38
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Castro É, Vieira TS, Oliveira TE, Ortiz-Silva M, Andrade ML, Tomazelli CA, Peixoto AS, Sobrinho CR, Moreno MF, Gilio GR, Moreira RJ, Guimarães RC, Perandini LA, Chimin P, Reckziegel P, Moretti EH, Steiner AA, Laplante M, Festuccia WT. Adipocyte-specific mTORC2 deficiency impairs BAT and iWAT thermogenic capacity without affecting glucose uptake and energy expenditure in cold-acclimated mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E592-E605. [PMID: 34541875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00587.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) essential component rapamycin insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) by a Cre recombinase under control of the broad, nonadipocyte-specific aP2/FABP4 promoter impairs thermoregulation and brown adipose tissue (BAT) glucose uptake on acute cold exposure. We investigated herein whether adipocyte-specific mTORC2 deficiency affects BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) signaling, metabolism, and thermogenesis in cold-acclimated mice. For this, 8-wk-old male mice bearing Rictor deletion and therefore mTORC2 deficiency in adipocytes (adiponectin-Cre) and littermates controls were either kept at thermoneutrality (30 ± 1°C) or cold-acclimated (10 ± 1°C) for 14 days and evaluated for BAT and iWAT signaling, metabolism, and thermogenesis. Cold acclimation inhibited mTORC2 in BAT and iWAT, but its residual activity is still required for the cold-induced increases in BAT adipocyte number, total UCP-1 content and mRNA levels of proliferation markers Ki67 and cyclin 1 D, and de novo lipogenesis enzymes ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In iWAT, mTORC2 residual activity is partially required for the cold-induced increases in multilocular adipocytes, mitochondrial mass, and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) content. Conversely, BAT mTORC1 activity and BAT and iWAT glucose uptake were upregulated by cold independently of mTORC2. Noteworthy, the impairment in BAT and iWAT total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity induced by adipocyte mTORC2 deficiency had no major impact on whole body energy expenditure in cold-acclimated mice due to a compensatory activation of muscle shivering. In conclusion, adipocyte mTORC2 deficiency impairs, through different mechanisms, BAT and iWAT total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity in cold-acclimated mice, without affecting glucose uptake and whole body energy expenditure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY BAT and iWAT mTORC2 is inhibited by cold acclimation, but its residual activity is required for cold-induced increases in total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity, but not glucose uptake and mTORC1 activity. The impaired BAT and iWAT total UCP-1 content and thermogenic capacity induced by adipocyte mTORC2 deficiency are compensated by activation of muscle shivering in cold-acclimated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érique Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayna S Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Ortiz-Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maynara L Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline A Tomazelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert S Peixoto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleyton R Sobrinho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara F Moreno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Gilio
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael J Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael C Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Perandini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Department of Physical Education, Physical Education and Sports Center, Londrina State University, Parana, Brazil
| | - Patricia Reckziegel
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Chapin AC, Arrington LJ, Bernards JR, Kelly KR. Thermoregulatory and Metabolic Demands of Naval Special Warfare Divers During a 6-h Cold-Water Training Dive. Front Physiol 2021; 12:674323. [PMID: 34658902 PMCID: PMC8511400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.674323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Extreme environmental conditions induce changes in metabolic rate and substrate use due to thermoregulation. Cold-water full-body submersion for extended periods of time is inevitable for training and missions carried out by Naval Special Warfare divers. Anthropometric, physiologic, and metabolic data have been reported from partial immersion in cold water in non-thermally protected men; data is limited in thermally protected divers in extremely cold water. Thermoregulatory and metabolic demands during prolonged cold-water submersion in Naval Special Warfare divers are unknown. Objective: Assess thermoregulatory and metabolic demands of Naval Special Warfare divers surrounding prolonged cold-water submersion. Materials and Methods: Sixteen active-duty U.S. Navy Sea Air and Land (SEAL) operators tasked with cold-water dive training participated. Divers donned standard military special operations diving equipment and fully submerged to a depth of ∼ 6 m in a pool chilled to 5°C for a 6-h live training exercise. Metabolic measurements were obtained via indirect calorimetry for 10-min pre-dive and 5-min post dive. Heart rate, skin temperature, and core temperature were measured throughout the dive. Results: Core temperature was maintained at the end of the 6-h dive, 36.8 ± 0.4°C and was not correlated to body composition (body fat percentage, lean body mass) or metabolic rate. SEALs were not at risk for non-freezing cold injuries as mean skin temperature was 28.5 ± 1.6°C at end of the 6-h dive. Metabolic rate (kcal/min) was different pre- to post-dive, increasing from 1.9 ± 0.2 kcal/min to 2.8 ± 0.2 kcal/min, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.8, 1.3], Cohen’s d effect size 2.3. Post-dive substrate utilization was 57.5% carbohydrate, 0.40 ± 0.16 g/min, and 42.5% fat, 0.13 ± 0.04 g/min. Conclusion: Wetsuits supported effective thermoprotection in conjunction with increase in thermogenesis during a 6-h full submersion dive in 5°C. Core temperature was preserved with an expected decrease in skin temperature. Sustained cold-water diving resulted in a 53% increase in energy expenditure. While all participants increased thermogenesis, there was high inter-individual variability in metabolic rate and substrate utilization. Variability in metabolic demands may be attributable to individual physiologic adjustments due to prior cold exposure patterns of divers. This suggests that variations in metabolic adjustments and habituation to the cold were likely. More work is needed to fully understand inter-individual metabolic variability to prolonged cold-water submersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Chapin
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States.,Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Laura J Arrington
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States.,Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jake R Bernards
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States.,Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Karen R Kelly
- Applied Translational Exercise and Metabolic Physiology Team, Warfighter Performance, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, United States
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40
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Hymczak H, Gołąb A, Mendrala K, Plicner D, Darocha T, Podsiadło P, Hudziak D, Gocoł R, Kosiński S. Core Temperature Measurement-Principles of Correct Measurement, Problems, and Complications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010606. [PMID: 34682351 PMCID: PMC8535559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Core temperature reflects the temperature of the internal organs. Proper temperature measurement is essential to diagnose and treat temperature impairment in patients. However, an accurate approach has yet to be established. Depending on the method used, the obtained values may vary and differ from the actual core temperature. There is an ongoing debate regarding the most appropriate anatomical site for core temperature measurement. Although the measurement of body core temperature through a pulmonary artery catheter is commonly cited as the gold standard, the esophageal temperature measurement appears to be a reasonable and functional alternative in the clinical setting. This article provides an integrative review of invasive and noninvasive body temperature measurements and their relations to core temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Hymczak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gołąb
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Konrad Mendrala
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (K.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Dariusz Plicner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Darocha
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (K.M.); (T.D.)
| | - Paweł Podsiadło
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Damian Hudziak
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Upper-Silesian Heart Center, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (R.G.)
| | - Radosław Gocoł
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Upper-Silesian Heart Center, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (R.G.)
| | - Sylweriusz Kosiński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland;
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Abstract
The observation that 64% of English adults are overweight or obese despite a rising prevalence in weight-loss attempts suggests our understanding of energy balance is fundamentally flawed. Weight-loss is induced through a negative energy balance; however, we typically view weight change as a static function, in that energy intake and energy expenditure are independent variables, resulting in a fixed rate of weight-loss assuming a constant energy deficit. Such static modelling provides the basis for the clinical assumption that a 14644 kJ (3500 kcal) deficit translates to a 1 lb weight-loss. However, this '3500 kcal (14644 kJ) rule' is consistently shown to significantly overestimate weight-loss. Static modelling disregards obligatory changes in energy expenditure associated with the loss of metabolically active tissue, i.e. skeletal muscle. Additionally, it disregards the presence of adaptive thermogenesis, the underfeeding-associated fall in resting energy expenditure beyond that caused by loss of fat-free mass. This metabolic manipulation of energy expenditure is observed from the onset of energy restriction to maintain weight at a genetically pre-determined set point. As a result, the observed magnitude of weight-loss is disproportionally less, followed by earlier weight plateau, despite strict compliance to a dietary intervention. By simulating dynamic changes in energy expenditure associated with underfeeding, mathematical modelling may provide a more accurate method of weight-loss prediction. However, accuracy at an individual level is limited due to difficulty estimating energy requirements, physical activity and dietary intake in free-living individuals. In the present paper, we aim to outline the contribution of dynamic changes in energy expenditure to weight-loss resistance and weight plateau.
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42
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Ahmed BA, Ong FJ, Barra NG, Blondin DP, Gunn E, Oreskovich SM, Szamosi JC, Syed SA, Hutchings EK, Konyer NB, Singh NP, Yabut JM, Desjardins EM, Anhê FF, Foley KP, Holloway AC, Noseworthy MD, Haman F, Carpentier AC, Surette MG, Schertzer JD, Punthakee Z, Steinberg GR, Morrison KM. Lower brown adipose tissue activity is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease but not changes in the gut microbiota. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100397. [PMID: 34622234 PMCID: PMC8484690 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, lower brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is associated with greater liver steatosis and changes in the gut microbiome. However, little is known about these relationships in humans. In adults (n = 60), we assessed hepatic fat and cold-stimulated BAT activity using magnetic resonance imaging and the gut microbiota with 16S sequencing. We transplanted gnotobiotic mice with feces from humans to assess the transferability of BAT activity through the microbiota. Individuals with NAFLD (n = 29) have lower BAT activity than those without, and BAT activity is inversely related to hepatic fat content. BAT activity is not related to the characteristics of the fecal microbiota and is not transmissible through fecal transplantation to mice. Thus, low BAT activity is associated with higher hepatic fat accumulation in human adults, but this does not appear to have been mediated through the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma A. Ahmed
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Frank J. Ong
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Nicole G. Barra
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Denis P. Blondin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Gunn
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stephan M. Oreskovich
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jake C. Szamosi
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Metagenomics Facility, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Saad A. Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Emily K. Hutchings
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Norman B. Konyer
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Nina P. Singh
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Julian M. Yabut
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Eric M. Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Fernando F. Anhê
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kevin P. Foley
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Alison C. Holloway
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Michael D. Noseworthy
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Francois Haman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Andre C. Carpentier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Michael G. Surette
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Schertzer
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zubin Punthakee
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gregory R. Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Katherine M. Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Greenfield AM, Charkoudian N, Alba BK. Influences of ovarian hormones on physiological responses to cold in women. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:23-45. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1953688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin Greenfield
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie Katherine Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Transcriptome Profiles of the Liver in Two Cold-Exposed Sheep Breeds Revealed Different Mechanisms and Candidate Genes for Thermogenesis. Genet Res (Camb) 2021; 2021:5510297. [PMID: 36017327 PMCID: PMC9364924 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5510297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-induced thermogenesis plays an important role in the survival of lambs exposed to
low air temperatures. The liver produces and mediates heat production in mammals; however,
to date, little is known about the role of liver genes in cold-induced thermogenesis in
lambs. In this study, the difference in the liver transcriptome between Altay and Hu ewe
lambs was compared. Because of different backgrounds of the two breeds, we hypothesized
that the transcriptome profiles of the liver would differ between breeds when exposed to
cold. Cold-exposed Altay lambs activated 8 candidate genes (ACTA1,
MYH1, MYH2, MYL1,
MYL2, TNNC1, TNNC2, and
TNNT3) involved in muscle shivering thermogenesis; 3 candidate genes
(ATP2A1, SLN, and CKM) involved in
muscle nonshivering thermogenesis related to the Ca2+ signal and creatine
cycle; and 6 candidate genes (PFKM, ALDOC,
PGAM2, ENO2, ENO3, and
ENO4) involved in enhancing liver metabolism. In contrast, the liver
may not act as the main tissue for thermogenesis in cold-exposed Hu lambs. We concluded
that Altay lambs rely on liver-mediated shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis by muscle
tissue to a greater extent than Hu lambs. Results from this study could provide a
theoretical foundation for the breeding and production of cold-resistant lambs.
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45
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He A, Dean JM, Lodhi IJ. Peroxisomes as cellular adaptors to metabolic and environmental stress. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:656-670. [PMID: 33674166 PMCID: PMC8566112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in multiple metabolic processes, including fatty acid oxidation, ether lipid synthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. Recent studies suggest that peroxisomes are critical mediators of cellular responses to various forms of stress, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, starvation, cold exposure, and noise. As dynamic organelles, peroxisomes can modulate their proliferation, morphology, and movement within cells, and engage in crosstalk with other organelles in response to external cues. Although peroxisome-derived hydrogen peroxide has a key role in cellular signaling related to stress, emerging studies suggest that other products of peroxisomal metabolism, such as acetyl-CoA and ether lipids, are also important for metabolic adaptation to stress. Here, we review molecular mechanisms through which peroxisomes regulate metabolic and environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyuan He
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - John M Dean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Pannkuk EL, Dorville NASY, Dzal YA, Fletcher QE, Norquay KJO, Willis CKR, Fornace AJ, Laiakis EC. Hepatic lipid signatures of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) at early stages of white-nose syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11581. [PMID: 34078939 PMCID: PMC8172879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90828-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emergent wildlife fungal disease of cave-dwelling, hibernating bats that has led to unprecedented mortalities throughout North America. A primary factor in WNS-associated bat mortality includes increased arousals from torpor and premature fat depletion during winter months. Details of species and sex-specific changes in lipid metabolism during WNS are poorly understood and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Given the likely role of fat metabolism in WNS and the fact that the liver plays a crucial role in fatty acid distribution and lipid storage, we assessed hepatic lipid signatures of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) at an early stage of infection with the etiological agent, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). Differences in lipid profiles were detected at the species and sex level in the sham-inoculated treatment, most strikingly in higher hepatic triacylglyceride (TG) levels in E. fuscus females compared to males. Interestingly, several dominant TGs (storage lipids) decreased dramatically after Pd infection in both female M. lucifugus and E. fuscus. Increases in hepatic glycerophospholipid (structural lipid) levels were only observed in M. lucifugus, including two phosphatidylcholines (PC [32:1], PC [42:6]) and one phosphatidylglycerol (PG [34:1]). These results suggest that even at early stages of WNS, changes in hepatic lipid mobilization may occur and be species and sex specific. As pre-hibernation lipid reserves may aid in bat persistence and survival during WNS, these early perturbations to lipid metabolism could have important implications for management responses that aid in pre-hibernation fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Pannkuk
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Nicole A S-Y Dorville
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yvonne A Dzal
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Quinn E Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kaleigh J O Norquay
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Craig K R Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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47
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Ivanova YM, Blondin DP. Examining the benefits of cold exposure as a therapeutic strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1448-1459. [PMID: 33764169 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00934.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive dysregulation in energy partitioning, often leading to end-organ complications. One emerging approach proposed to target this metabolic dysregulation is the application of mild cold exposure. In healthy individuals, cold exposure can increase energy expenditure and whole body glucose and fatty acid utilization. Repeated exposures can lower fasting glucose and insulin levels and improve dietary fatty acid handling, even in healthy individuals. Despite its apparent therapeutic potential, little is known regarding the effects of cold exposure in populations for which this stimulation could benefit the most. The few studies available have shown that both acute and repeated exposures to the cold can improve insulin sensitivity and reduce fasting glycemia in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, critical gaps remain in understanding the prolonged effects of repeated cold exposures on glucose regulation and whole body insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Much of the metabolic benefits appear to be attributable to the recruitment of shivering skeletal muscles. However, further work is required to determine whether the broader recruitment of skeletal muscles observed during cold exposure can confer metabolic benefits that surpass what has been historically observed from endurance exercise. In addition, although cold exposure offers unique cardiovascular responses for a physiological stimulus that increases energy expenditure, further work is required to determine how acute and repeated cold exposure can impact cardiovascular responses and myocardial function across a broader scope of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna M Ivanova
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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48
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Rodríguez J, Willmes C, Mateos A. Shivering in the Pleistocene. Human adaptations to cold exposure in Western Europe from MIS 14 to MIS 11. J Hum Evol 2021; 153:102966. [PMID: 33711721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the mid-Middle Pleistocene MIS 14 to MIS 11, humans spread through Western Europe from the Mediterranean peninsulas to the sub-Arctic region, and they did so not only during the warm periods but also during the glacial stages. In doing so, they were exposed to harsh environmental conditions, including low or extremely low temperatures. Here we review the distribution of archeological assemblages in Western Europe from MIS 14 to MIS 11 and obtain estimates of the climatic conditions at those localities. Estimates of the mean annual temperature, mean winter and summer temperatures, and the lowest temperature of the coldest month for each locality were obtained from the Oscillayers database. Our results show that hominins endured cold exposure not only during the glacial stages but also during the interglacials, with winter temperatures below 0 °C at many localities. The efficacy of the main physiological and behavioral adaptations that might have been used by the Middle Pleistocene hominins to cope with low temperatures is evaluated using a simple heat-loss model. Our results suggest that physiological and anatomical adaptations alone, such as increasing basal metabolic rate and subcutaneous adipose tissue, were not enough to tolerate the low winter temperatures of Western Europe, even during the MIS 13 and MIS 11 interglacials. In contrast, the use of a simple fur bed cover appears to have been an extremely effective response to low temperatures. We suggest that advanced fire production and control technology were not necessary for the colonization of northern Europe during MIS 14 and MIS 12. We propose that Middle Pleistocene European populations were able to endure the low temperatures of those glacial stages combining anatomical and physiological adaptations with behavioral responses, such as the use of shelter and simple fur clothes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
| | - Christian Willmes
- Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Mateos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain.
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49
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Loss of α-actinin-3 during human evolution provides superior cold resilience and muscle heat generation. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:446-457. [PMID: 33600773 PMCID: PMC8008486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein α-actinin-3 expressed in fast-twitch skeletal muscle fiber is absent in 1.5 billion people worldwide due to homozygosity for a nonsense polymorphism in ACTN3 (R577X). The prevalence of the 577X allele increased as modern humans moved to colder climates, suggesting a link between α-actinin-3 deficiency and improved cold tolerance. Here, we show that humans lacking α-actinin-3 (XX) are superior in maintaining core body temperature during cold-water immersion due to changes in skeletal muscle thermogenesis. Muscles of XX individuals displayed a shift toward more slow-twitch isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins, accompanied by altered neuronal muscle activation resulting in increased tone rather than overt shivering. Experiments on Actn3 knockout mice showed no alterations in brown adipose tissue (BAT) properties that could explain the improved cold tolerance in XX individuals. Thus, this study provides a mechanism for the positive selection of the ACTN3 X-allele in cold climates and supports a key thermogenic role of skeletal muscle during cold exposure in humans.
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50
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Brown Adipose Tissue and Its Role in Insulin and Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041530. [PMID: 33546400 PMCID: PMC7913527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased worldwide prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, and their related metabolic complications have prompted the scientific world to search for new possibilities to combat obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), due to its unique protein uncoupling protein 1 (UPC1) in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, has been acknowledged as a promising approach to increase energy expenditure. Activated brown adipocytes dissipate energy, resulting in heat production. In other words, BAT burns fat and increases the metabolic rate, promoting a negative energy balance. Moreover, BAT alleviates metabolic complications like dyslipidemia, impaired insulin secretion, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to explore the role of BAT in total energy expenditure, as well as lipid and glucose homeostasis, and to discuss new possible activators of brown adipose tissue in humans to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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