Preliminary mechanistic studies on the smooth muscle relaxant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma caesia

Cytotoxic potential of Curcuma caesia rhizome extract and derived gold nanoparticles in targeting breast cancer cell lines

Among all types of cancer, breast cancer is the most aggressive, as it is responsible for most of the cancer related death of women. Though several medical therapies are available, the scenario of curing such disease is not favorable. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to deal with it. The knowledge of ethnopharmacy might give some better solution to mitigate such deadly diseases. Here, we are using the rhizome of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Black turmeric), as well as gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesized with it to check their specific cytotoxic potentiality against breast cancer cell lines. In our study, ethanolic extract was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the rhizome. GNPs were synthesized by using the same extract and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA results revealed the successful synthesis and capping of GNPs. The UV-Vis Spectrum showed a sharp and narrow absorption peak at 550 nm and HRTEM confirmed both the stability and successful synthesis of the nanoparticles. The MTT assay of the crude extract revealed strong cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines viz. MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA MB-231 (Triple Negative Breast Cancer, TNBC) by showing IC50 values as 15.70 ± 0.029 and 21.57 ± 0.031 μg/mL respectively. For extract mediated GNPs, the IC50 values were found to be 6.44 ± 0.045 and 5.87 ± 0.031μg/mL respectively in both breast cancer cell lines. As the IC50 value for GNPs was found to be much lower than that of crude extract, it indicates a higher efficiency of the GNP. However, both the rhizome extract and its mediated GNPs showed more toxicity towards MDA MB-231 (TNBC) cell lines. It was also observed that the GNPs showed more toxicity towards TNBC cell lines compared to the rhizome extract. No toxicity was found in case of other cell lines such as L 929 and HeLa for both crude extract as well as for GNPs. These observations suggests that both the crude rhizome extract and its derived GNPs exhibit selective cytotoxic potential against breast cancer cell lines, which might be exploited for target specific treatment. Moreover, with an understanding of the mechanism behind the GNPs therapeutic efficiency, it can be developed as a personalized therapy to treat such type of cancers.

Zederone Improves the Fecal Microbial Profile in Dementia Induced Rat Model: A First Report

BACKGROUND

Dementia correlates with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal and cerebrovascular diseases. There are supporting shreds of evidence on the pharmacological activity of Curcuma caesia (Zingiberaceae family) for its antioxidant, antidepressant, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anti-acetylcholinesterase effect.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to analyze the fecal microbial profile in Zederone treated demented rat model.

METHOD

In our study, isolation and characterization of Zederone were carried out from Curcuma caesia rhizomes, followed by estimation of its memory-enhancing effect on Aluminium-induced demented rat, which was evaluated by behavioural study on radial 8 arm maze. Moreover the detection of amyloid plaque formation was carried out using fluorescent microscopy of the congo red-stained rat brain tissues of the cerebral neocortex region. This study included eighteen female Wistar Albino rats that were divided into three groups that consisted of six rats in each group. The study of fecal microbial profile by metagenomic DNA extraction followed by next-generation sequencing was carried out to establish the correlation between gut microbes and amyloid plaques in dementia.

RESULTS

Zederone could be characterized as pale yellow colored, needle-shaped crystals with 96.57% purity. This compound at 10 mg/kg body weight showed cognition improving capacity (p ≤ 0.0001) with a reduction of accumulated amyloid plaques that were detected in the demented group in fluorescence microscope and fecal microbiome study divulged an increased shift towards Lactobacillus genera in the treated group from Bacteroides in the demented group.

CONCLUSION

This sesquiterpenoid compound would assist in the modulation of gut bacterial dysbiosis and act as a better therapeutic drug for dementia and other neurological disorders.

Analysing Curcuma caesia fractions and essential oil for neuroprotective potential against anxiety, depression, and amnesia

Scientific pieces of evidence support the pharmacological activity of Curcuma caesia for its antidepressant, analgesic, anticonvulsant and antioxidant effect. Here, we evaluate the bioactivity of essential oil and the various polarity-based solvent partitioned fractions obtained from Curcuma caesia for anti-amnesia, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities using Elevated plus maze and Morris water maze models. The cold maceration technique using methanol was adopted for extraction from dried powdered rhizomes and essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method. Partitioning of the methanolic extract based on solvent polarity by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol was continued, followed by column chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction. Suspensions were prepared for fractions (dissolved in distilled water) and essential oil (dissolved in tween 20) at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg after acute toxicity study and were orally administered to Wistar albino female rats after the orientation of hypoxia by sodium nitrite (50 mg/kg) and amnesia by scopolamine (1 mg/kg). Behavioural observations, biochemical and histopathological examinations were carried out for all the treated groups. Diazepam (12 mg/kg) and galantamine (3 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs for this study against hypoxia and amnesia. Data acquired from behavioural, biochemical (acetylcholinesterase, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, catalase) and histopathological studies have illustrated that fraction II acquires highly significant memory-enhancing, anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Rest fractions (I and III) and essential oil showed moderate efficacy. In prospects, identification of active molecules from the most active fraction (fraction II) and further studies on a molecular basis would substantiate its specific mechanism of neuroprotective action.

Study of Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Genotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Activities and Analysis of Different Constituents found in Rhizome Essential Oil of Curcuma caesia Roxb., Collected from North East India

BACKGROUND

This investigation was designed to evaluate the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, genotoxicity, and antimicrobial activities of Curcuma caesia Roxb rhizome essential oil.

METHODS

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition, standard antioxidative test DPPH assay, reducing power assay, in vitro antiinflammatory activity (egg albumin denaturation, protease inhibitory assay) by using standard methods. Similarly, antimicrobial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration ability (MIC); while to test genotoxicity, Allium cepa assay was used.

RESULTS

GC/MS analysis revealed eucalyptol (28.55%), epicurzerenone (19.62%), and camphor (21.73%) as the major components of C. caesia rhizome essential oil. Potent antioxidant (IC50= 48.08±0.003 μg/mL), anti-inflammatory (IC50= 121.7±0.0013 μg/mL), and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil were recorded better than the standard drugs Fluconazole for fungus and Ciprofloxacin for bacteria. The essential oil also possessed a strong antibacterial effect against two tested bacterial strains B. subtilis and B. cereus with 7.5 μg/mL MIC value, while for fungal strains the essential oil was most effective against S. cereviaceae with an MIC value of 2.5 μg/mL. All the data were recorded in triplicates. Allium cepa assay revealed minor genotoxicity with mitotic index, MI= 27.70%; chromosome aberration, A= 1.1% of C. caesia rhizome essential oil.

CONCLUSION

C. caesia rhizome essential oil possesses potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties with negligible genotoxicity. Hence, the present study is highly significant for the utilization of rhizome of C. caesia, a high-value ethnopharmacological plant for advanced R & D and commercial application.

Comparison of Curcuma Caesia extracts for bioactive metabolite composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential

The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Curcuma caesia rhizome extracts and to characterise its bioactive metabolites by Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Extracts were prepared using methanol, acetone and ethyl acetate by cold percolation methods. Compared to other extracts, methanol extract discovered to have the greatest antioxidant capacity. Analysis of FTIR spectra of all the extracts of Curcuma caesia shows the existence of several functional groups such as phenol, aldehydes and carboxylic group. But in methanol extract C≡C stretching bond, nitro compound and conjugated aldehyde were also presented. GC-MS extract assessment showed that sesquiterpene and monoterpenes were primarily presented. This research provides an efficient basis for separating the innovative bioactive compound from plant and assessing their effectiveness for antioxidant and antibacterial operations in particular.[Figure: see text].

Investigation of the utility of Curcuma caesia in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy

Objectives

Curcuma caesia has shown positive results in treating number of diseases, but till date no work was reported on its activity in diabetic neuropathy. So, the present review aims at exploring several hypothesis which can be proposed to explain further its utility in diabetic neuropathy by its antioxidant property, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant effect, antibacterial and antifungal property. For finding the accurate and exact detail, a thorough review of all the available research and review article was done. A number of book chapters and encyclopaedias were taken into consideration to find out the origin, botany and genetics. The databases were searched using different keywords like antioxidant, inflammation, turmeric, diabetic neuropathy.

Key findings

After getting data on pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, it has been found out that its role as antioxidant will reduce the level of oxidative stress which is the main reason for the occurrence of the present complication. Apart this, the anti-inflammatory activity will further prevent the inflammation of neurons and antibacterial effect will inhibit the spread of infection. Combining all the factors together, the plant can be utilized in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Summary

Curcuma caesia can be proved as a useful approach in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

Anti-mycobacterial activity of some medicinal plants used traditionally by tribes from Madhya Pradesh, India for treating tuberculosis related symptoms

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Several medicinal plants are traditionally used by the tribal healers of some tribal pockets of Madhya Pradesh (M.P.), India in the treatment of various ailments including TB related symptoms. The information of traditional knowledge of plants is empirical lacking systematic scientific investigation.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To provide a scientific rationale for the traditional uses of some medicinal plants in treating prolonged cough, chest complaints and TB by ethnic groups in four districts of the state of M.P., India. The anti-mycobacterial activity of these plants was also investigated against multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mtb. The active plant extracts were also assessed for general cytotoxicity by human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP-1 macrophages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Semi structured interviews and guided field-walk methods were used to gather information on medicinal plants used by the tribal traditional healers. The study was carried out in the tribal pockets of Anuppur, Mandla, Umariya and Dindori districts of M.P., India. A total of 35 plant species distributed in 22 families were selected based on folklore uses suggested by the tribal traditional healer. The ethanol extracts of plants were evaluated for anti-mycobacterial activity against Mtb H37Rv and six MDR clinical isolates of Mtb. The anti-mycobacterial activity of plants was determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using standard resazurin microtitre plate assay (REMA). The plant extracts found to be active against Mtb were further evaluated for general cytotoxicity against human THP-1 macrophages using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. The selectivity index (SI) of active plant extracts were also calculated on the basis of MIC and cytotoxicity.

RESULTS

Out of the 35 plants, 11 plant species showed anti-mycobacterial activity with MIC ranging from 500 to 31.25 µg/mL against Mtb H37Rv. The plant extracts also exhibited anti-mycobacterial activity against six multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical strains of Mtb isolated from sputum samples of pulmonary TB patients. In vitro cytotoxicity of active plant extracts was also assessed in human THP-1 macrophages. The IC₅₀ (50% inhibitory concentration) values of most of the plant extracts on THP-1 was found to be higher than MIC values against Mtb, indicating that the THP-1 cells are not adversely affected at concentrations that are effective against Mtb. Significant anti-mycobacterial activity was observed for eleven plants viz., Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Holorrhena antidysentrica (Roth) Wall. exA.DC., Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg., Eulophia nuda Lindl., Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.) DC., Cyperus rotundus L., Curcuma caesia Roxb., Sphaeranthus indicus L. and Plumbago zeylanica L. which lends support to their traditional uses.

CONCLUSION

The present investigation supports the potential role of plants used by tribal healers as our results have shown that these plants exhibit anti-mycobacterial activity in the acceptable range against Mtb. Our study clearly lends support to the traditional uses of some plants in TB related symptoms as we have found them to exhibit significant in vitro anti-TB activity. To the best of our knowledge, anti-mycobacterial activity in plants against Mtb is being reported for the first time from tribal areas of M.P., India by the current study.

Relaxant effect of Curcuma longa on rat tracheal smooth muscle and its possible mechanisms

CONTEXT

Turmeric is a spice obtained from the root of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) with anti-aging, anticancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease, antioxidant and other medicinal properties.

OBJECTIVE

The relaxant effect of C. longa on rat tracheal smooth muscle and its possible mechanisms were investigated in this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of hydro-ethanol extract of C. longa (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/mL) were studied on tracheal smooth muscle precontracted by methacholine or KCl in non-incubated or incubated with different substances including propranolol, diltiazem, L-NAME, glibenclamide, atropine, chlorpheniramine, indomethacin and papaverine. The duration of the study was 84 days.

RESULTS

In non-incubated tracheal smooth muscle, the extract of C. longa showed significant concentration-dependent relaxant effects (p < 0.001 for all concentrations on both KCl and methacholine-induced contraction). There was no significant difference in the relaxant effects between C. longa and theophylline in both methacholine and KCl-induced contraction conditions. In tissues incubated with propranolol, diltiazem, L-NAME and glibenclamide on methacholine-induced contraction and in tissues incubated with atropine, chlorpheniramine, indomethacin and papaverine on KCl-induced contraction, the extract also showed significant concentration-dependent relaxant effects (p < 0.001). EC₅₀ values of C. longa between non-incubated (16.22 ± 0.62) and incubated tissues (atropine: 13.03 ± 0.55, chlorpheniramine: 12.94 ± 0.68, indomethacin: 14.80 ± 0.57 and papaverine: 16.16 ± 1.42) were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

Tracheal smooth muscle relaxant effects of C. longa, were comparable to those of theophylline, which could be due to the presence of methylxanthines or its possible interaction with non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nervous system.

Pharmacological evaluation of phytochemicals from South Indian Black Turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) to target cancer apoptosis

Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Black turmeric), a perennial herb of the family Zingiberaceae is indigenous to India. C. caesia is used as a spice, food preservative and coloring agent commonly in the Indian subcontinent. Functional parametric pharmacological evaluations like drug ability and toxicity profile of this endangered species is poorly documented. In our present study, among all the extracts of dried C. caesia rhizome viz- hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water tested for free radical scavenging capacity by total antioxidant activity (TAO) method, Hexane Rhizome Extract (HRE) was found to possess remarkable activity (1200mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100g). In MTT assay across three cancer cell lines and a control cell line, HRE exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition only in cancer cells, with notable activity in HepG2 cell lines (IC50: 0976µg/mL). Further, western blotting and flow cytometry experiments proved that HRE induces cell arrest at G2/M phase along with cellular apoptosis as suggestive by multiple-point mitochondrial mediated intrinsic pathway of Programmed Cell Death (PCD). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis of HRE suggested twenty compounds that when docked in silico with Tubulin (1SA0) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/ EGFR (1XKK) showed very intimate binding with the original ligands. Our results provided significant evidence of the toxicity mechanisms of HRE that may be beneficial for more rational applications of drug discovery for slowing down cancer progression.

Methanolic Extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb. Prevents the Toxicity Caused by Cyclophosphamide to Bone Marrow Cells, Liver and Kidney of Mice

INTRODUCTION

With an ever increasing cause of cancer, it has been recommended to treat with conventional drugs, however because of the side effects caused by the conventional drugs, the research on medicinal plants has been intensified due to their less adverse and toxic effects.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of the medicinal plant Curcuma caesia Roxb. against free radicals ABTS(+) and O2 (-). Also it was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of C.caesia Roxb. against the chemotherapeutic drug Cyclophosphamide and its side effects in liver and kidney.

METHODS

The rhizomes of the plant was extracted with methanol through soxhlet and its antioxidant activity was tested against ABTS(+) and O2 (-). For antigenotoxic studies, animals were divided into eight groups and micronucleus assay was employed and for biochemical analysis serum sample was collected from the blood and SGOT, SGPT analysis was performed. Also the biochemical analysis was performed from both the liver and kidney.

RESULTS

The methanolic extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb. was found to scavenge the free radicals ABTS(+) and O2 (-). the micronuclei formation was found to be increased in the positive control group as compared to the negative control group significantly (P<0.002) however increase in the number of micronuclei was found to be decrease with the pretreatment of the extract at different concentrations significantly as compared to the negative control groups (P<0.01, P<0.005, P<0.001). The increased level of serum SGPT and SGOT as well as peroxidation level in both liver and kidney due to treatment of cyclophosphamide was also found to be decreased with the pretreatment of the extract significantly as compared to the positive control groups. There was decreased in the level of endogenous antioxidant such as GSH and GR in the positive control group however decreased level of GSH and GR was found to be increased with the pretreatment of the methanolic extract of C. caesia Roxb.

CONCLUSION

The present study suggested that the methanolic extract of C. caesia Roxb has not shown any genotoxicity and reduces the genotoxicity caused by cyclophosphamide. It was also to have the protective effects against the liver and kidney. So it could be provided as one of the herbal supplementation in chemoprevention of CP to ameliorate the side effects of it.

SUMMARY

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells and much research has been done for the past several years from various disciplines for the treatment of cancer but till now no therapy has been discovered. Treatment of cancer with chemotherapeutic drugs has been suggested to prevent cancer cells however they are often limited with their toxicity to normal cells. Therefore it has been suggested that the supplementation of medicinal plants which are rich source of antioxidants can decrease the toxic effect caused by chemotherapeutic drugs. Curcuma caesia Roxb is a medicinal plant which has high antioxidant activity, as per present study, methanolic extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb prevents the toxicity caused by cyclophosphosphamide (chemotherapeutic drug) in bone marrow cells by reducing the micronuclei formation; it also prevents the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by cyclophosphamide, so it can be used as a supplement in cancer treatment with cyclophosphamide.

Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of Curcuma caesia Roxb. rhizome extracts

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DPPH forms purple color when dissolved in solution and its color is altered to slightly yellowish color with the intervention of rhizome extracts of Curcuma caesia Roxb.at different concentrations showing the scavenging activity against the free radicals generated by DPPH. The scavenging activity of the extracts tested follows the order EECC>MECC>EaECC>AECC.

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Total phenolic and reducing ability were also found to be increased in ethanolic extract as compared to other extracts.

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EECC, MECC, AECC were selected to test the antimutagenic activity against Cyclophosphamide (CP) using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. S9 mix prepared from male mice liver was used to activate the cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide produces free radicals Phosphoramide and Acrolein on activation with S9 mix causing mutations inside the living system which found to be ammeliorated by the secondary metabolites present in plants. All the extracts tested were found to be non mutagenic.

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CP can also act as positive control for the strain TA98 which was not reported ealier and this can be inhibited by the used of rhizome of Curcuma caesia Roxb. Extract.

The rhizomes of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (zingiberacea) are traditionally used in treatment of various ailments and metabolic disorders like leukoderma, asthma, tumours, piles, bronchitis, etc. in Indian system of medicine. Considering the importance of natural products in modern phytomedicine, the antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of C. caesia Roxb. rhizome extract and its fractions were evaluated. The ethanolic fraction showed highest antioxidant activity by DPPH assay (86.91%) comparable to ascorbic acid (94.77%) with IC50 value of 418 μg/ml for EECC followed by MECC (441.90 μg/ml) > EAECC(561 μg/ml) > AECC(591 μg/ml). Based on the antioxidant activity, three of the rhizome extracts were evaluated for their antimutagenic properties against indirect acting mutagen cyclophosphamide (CP) using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The antimutagenic activity of the extracts against indirect acting mutagen cyclophosphamide in the presence of mammalian metabolic activation system was found to be significant (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). All the extracts showed similar antimutagenicity in dose dependent manner. The total phenolic content as well as reducing ability of the extracts was also determined.

Antitumor activity and antioxidant property of Curcuma caesia against Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma bearing mice

CONTEXT

Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as "Kala Haldi" in Bengali, has been traditionally used for the treatment of cancer, bruises, inflammation and as an aphrodisiac.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the antitumor activity and antioxidant status of the methanol extract of Curcuma caesia (MECC) rhizomes on Ehrlich's ascites carcinoma (EAC)-treated mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro cytotoxicity assay of MECC was evaluated by using Trypan blue method. Determination of in vivo antitumor activity was performed after 24 h of EAC cells (2 × 10(6) cells/mouse) inoculation; MECC (50 and 100 mg/kg i.p.) was administered daily for nine consecutive days. On day 10, half of the mice were sacrificed and the rest were kept alive for assessment of increase in lifespan. Antitumor effect of MECC was assessed by the study of tumor volume, tumor weight, viable and non-viable cell count, hematological parameters and biochemical estimations. Furthermore, antioxidant parameters were assayed by estimating liver and kidney tissue enzymes.

RESULTS

MECC showed direct cytotoxicity (IC50 90.70 ± 8.37 μg/mL) on EAC cell line. MECC exhibited significant (p < 0.01) decrease in tumor volume, tumor weight, viable cell count and percentage increased the lifespan (57.14 and 88.09%) of EAC-treated mice. Hematological profile, biochemical estimation, tissue antioxidant assay significantly (p < 0.01) reverted to normal level in MECC-treated mice.

CONCLUSION

MECC possesses potent antitumor activity that may be due to its direct cytotoxic effect or antioxidant properties. Further research is in progress to find out the active principle(s) of MECC for its antitumor activity.

Pharmacognostic parameters for evaluation of the rhizomes of Curcuma caesia

In ethno medicinal practices, the traditional healers use the genus Curcuma for the treatment of various ailments but Curcuma caesia Roxb. is a very less known and almost untouched drug. The present work attempts to establish the necessary pharmocognostic standards for evaluating the plant material of C. caesia Roxb. Various parameters, such as morphology, microscopy, physicochemical constants, and phytochemical profiles of the entire parts of the plant were studied and the salient diagnostic features are documented. Major chemical constituents, extractive values, physicochemical constants, and other features are also been recorded.

An ethnobotanical study of traditional anti-inflammatory plants used by the Lohit community of Arunachal Pradesh, India

AIM OF THE STUDY

Most people especially in rural areas depend on herbal medicines to treat many diseases including inflammation-related ailments such as rheumatism, muscle swelling, cut wound, accidental bone fracture, insect bites, pains and burn by fire and hot water. The objectives of this study were: to catalog ethno-medicinal plants of Lohit community, ecological status, indigenous folk medicinal uses, morphological parts used and to determine their reported pharmacological studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ethnobotanical information on traditional medicinal plants exclusively used for management of inflammation-related ailments by the Khampti community of Arunachal Pradesh, India was based on first-hand field survey work through semi-structured interviews.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

A total of 34 species in 32 genera and 22 families were encountered during the field survey. Botanical families such as Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Zingiberaceae and Lamiaceae were represented by the highest numbers of species reported in this study. Thirteen plant species, namely: Bombax ceiba, Canarium strictum, Chloranthus erectus, Xanthium indicum, Lycopodium clavatum, Coleus blumei, Batrachospermum atrum, Chlorella vulgaris, Marchantia palmata, Marchantia polymorpha, Eria pannea, Sterculia villosa and Alpinia galanga are reported for the first time for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.