1
|
Pratiwi R, Noviana E, Fauziati R, Carrão DB, Gandhi FA, Majid MA, Saputri FA. A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:800. [PMID: 33557168 PMCID: PMC7913935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rimadani Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Rizky Fauziati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - Firas Adinda Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Mutiara Aini Majid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Febrina Amelia Saputri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dongala T, Katari NK, Palakurthi AK, Jonnalagadda SB. Development and validation of a generic RP‐HPLC PDA method for the simultaneous separation and quantification of active ingredients in cold and cough medicines. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4641. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thirupathi Dongala
- Aurex Laboratories LLC NJ USA
- Department of ChemistryGITAM deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of ChemistryGITAM deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana India
- School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville CampusUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| | | | - Sreekantha B. Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville CampusUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Durban South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdelrahman MM. Selective spectrophotometric methods for determination of ternary mixture with overlapping spectra: a comparative study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 124:389-396. [PMID: 24508877 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparable double divisor ratio spectra derivative, area under curve of derivative ratio and mean centering of ratio spectra spectrophotometric methods were introduced for determination of orphenadrine citrate (ORPH), caffeine (CAF) and aspirin (ASP); a combination for symptomatic relief of mild to moderate pain of acute musculoskeletal disorders; with evident accuracy and precision. The suggested methods have the advantage over the previously published spectrophotometric method for determination of the same combination in that they did not require a preliminary separation step and able to resolve the ternary mixture, with severe overlapping spectra, with competent sensitivity and selectivity. The recommended methods allow the determination of ORPH, CAF and ASP in the range of 2-32, 2-28 and 3-28 μg mL(-1), respectively. The validity of the proposed methods was examined by analysis of different laboratory prepared mixtures of ORPH, CAF and ASP and assay of their tablet formulation where reliable results were obtained. Statistical analysis between the suggested spectrophotometric methods and the reported HPLC method using student's-t and F-ratio tests reveals that the suggested methods are as accurate and precise as the reported one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Abdelrahman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Alshaheed Shehata Ahmad Hegazy St., 62514 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Habibi B, Abazari M, Pournaghi-Azar MH. Simultaneous determination of codeine and caffeine using single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 114:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
5
|
Faria EO, Lopes Junior ACV, Souto DEP, Leite FRF, Damos FS, de Cássia Silva Luz R, dos Santos AS, Franco DL, dos Santos WTP. Simultaneous Determination of Caffeine and Acetylsalicylic Acid in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrode by Differential Pulse Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
6
|
Hadad GM, Mahmoud WMM. THE USE OF A MONOLITHIC COLUMN TO IMPROVE THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CAFFEINE, PARACETAMOL, PSEUDOEPHEDRINE, ASPIRIN, DEXTROMETHORPHAN, CHLORPHENIRAMINE IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS BY HPLC–A COMPARISON WITH A CONVENTIONAL REVERSED-PHASE SILICA-BASED COLUMN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.591031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M. Hadad
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt
| | - Waleed M. M. Mahmoud
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Suez Canal University , Ismailia , Egypt
- b Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg , Lüneburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Afkhami A, Abbasi-Tarighat M, Bahram M, Abdollahi H. A new strategy for solving matrix effect in multivariate calibration standard addition data using combination of H-point curve isolation and H-point standard addition methods. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 613:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Markopoulou CK, Malliou ET, Koundourellis JE. Content uniformity and dissolution tests of triplicate mixtures by a double divisor-ratio spectra derivative method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:755-62. [PMID: 16023118 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of a UV double divisor-ratio spectra derivative calibration for the simultaneous analysis of synthetic samples and commercial tablet preparations without prior separation is proposed. The method was successfully applied to quantify three ternary mixtures, chlorpheniramine maleate and caffeine combined with paracetamol or acetylsalicylic acid and a mixture of acetylsalicylic acid combined with paracetamol and caffeine, using the information in the absorption spectra of appropriate solutions. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.84-4.21 microg/ml for chlorpheniramine maleate, 1.60-15.96 microg/ml for caffeine, 2.0-20.0 microg/ml for acetylsalicylic acid and 1.58-15.93 microg/ml for paracetamol. The whole procedure was applied to synthetic mixtures of pure drugs as well as to commercial preparations (Algon) by using content uniformity and dissolution tests (USP 24) and was found to be precise and reproducible. According to the dissolution profile test more than 84% of paracetamol and caffeine were dissolved within 20 min. Acetylsalicylic acid dissolved more slowly, taking about 45-60 min to dissolve completely. A chemometric method partial least squares (PLS) and a HPLC method were also employed to evaluate the same mixtures. The results of the proposed method were in excellent agreement with those obtained from PLS and HPLC methods and can be satisfactorily used for routine analysis of multicomponent dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palabıyık İM, Onur F. Liquid Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Determination of Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride, Ampicilline Trihydrate, and Nitrofurantoine in Pharmaceutical Preparations. ANAL LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200026688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Palabiyik IM, Dinç E, Onur F. Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ibuprofen in a pharmaceutical preparation using ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry and multivariate calibration techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:473-83. [PMID: 15127802 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spectrophotometric methods are described for the simultaneous determination of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ibuprofen in their combination. The obtained data were evaluated by using five different methods. In the first method, ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry, analytical signals were measured at the wavelengths corresponding to either maximums and minimums for both drugs in the first derivative spectra of the ratio spectra obtained by using each other spectra as divisor in their solution in 0.1 M HCl. In the other four spectrophotometric methods using chemometric techniques, classical least-squares, inverse least-squares, principal component regression and partial least-squares (PLS), the concentration data matrix were prepared by using the synthetic mixtures containing these drugs in methanol:0.1 M HCl (3:1). The absorbance data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix was obtained by the measurements of absorbances in the range 240-285 nm in the intervals with deltalambda = 2.5 nm at 18 wavelengths in their zero-order spectra, then, calibration or regression was obtained by using the absorbance data matrix and concentration data matrix for the prediction of the unknown concentrations of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ibuprofen in their mixture. The procedures did not require any separation step. The linear range was found to be 300-1300 microg/ml for ibuprofen and 100-1300 microg/ml for pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in all five methods. The accuracy and the precision of the methods have been determined and they have been validated by analyzing synthetic mixtures. The five methods were successfully applied to tablets and the results were compared with each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Murat Palabiyik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|