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Morssinkhof MWL, Zwager A, van der Tuuk K, den Heijer M, van der Werf YD, Stenvers DJ, Broekman BFP. Chronotype changes after sex hormone use: A prospective cohort study in transgender users of gender-affirming hormones. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:658-668. [PMID: 38616311 PMCID: PMC11132553 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2339989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronotype, an individual's preferred sleep-wake timing, is influenced by sex and age. Men sometimes report a later chronotype than women and older age is associated with earlier chronotype. The sex-related changes in chronotype coincide with puberty and menopause. However, the effects of sex hormones on human chronotype remain unclear. To examine the impact of 3 months of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on chronotype in transgender persons, this study used data from 93 participants from the prospective RESTED cohort, including 49 transmasculine (TM) participants starting testosterone and 44 transfeminine (TF) participants starting estrogens and antiandrogens. Midpoint of sleep and sleep duration were measured using the ultra-short Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (µMCTQ). After 3 months of GAHT, TM participants' midpoint of sleep increased by 24 minutes (95% CI: 3 to 45), whereas TF participants' midpoint of sleep decreased by 21 minutes (95% CI: -38 to -4). Total sleep duration did not change significantly in either group. This study provides the first prospective assessment of sex hormone use and chronotype in transgender persons, showing that GAHT can change chronotype in line with cisgender sex differences. These findings provide a basis for future studies on biological mechanisms and clinical consequences of chronotype changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot W. L. Morssinkhof
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychiatry, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annefleur Zwager
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Tuuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D. van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity and Attention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birit F. P. Broekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychiatry, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Heikkala E, Oura P, Määttä J, Karppinen J, Merikanto I. Pressure Pain Sensitivity and Chronotype: A Population-based Study of Middle-aged Finns. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024:104473. [PMID: 38242335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Evening chronotype individuals experience pain more often than morning chronotypes, but relationships with pain sensitivity have rarely been studied. We examined whether chronotype is associated with pressure pain sensitivity, with special reference to mental health disorders, insomnia, and chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain as potential moderating factors. The study sample consisted of members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 aged 46. Pressure pain threshold and tolerance were measured via the standardized protocol, categorized as lowest quartile versus others. Chronotype (morning [M; the reference], intermediate [I], and evening [E]) was defined using the Short Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire. Sex-stratified binary logistic regression models were separately adjusted for education, body mass index, long-term diseases (fully adjusted model), and for mental health disorders, insomnia, and chronic MSK pain (a residual confounding analysis). Interaction terms (Chronotype × Mental health/insomnia/chronic MSK pain) were tested. The study had 2,132 males and 2,830 females. The E-type males had 1.5-fold odds of having a low pain threshold (fully adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.00) and pressure pain tolerance (fully adjusted OR 1.47, 1.07-2.02), in comparison to M-types. Having a mental health disorder intensified the association with low pain threshold fourfold (4.06, 1.56-10.6). Being an E-type female was also associated with a low pain threshold, but the association was statistically nonsignificant (fully adjusted OR 1.18, .90-1.53). No statistically significant interactions were found among females. These results emphasize the role of chronotype in pain sensitivity and add an understanding of pain experience in light of innate circadian types. PERSPECTIVE: Male evening chronotypes are more sensitive to pain than morning chronotypes. Diagnosed mental health disorders in particular indicate a low pain threshold for evening chronotype males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Heikkala
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Wellbeing Services County of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Petteri Oura
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Määttä
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Rehabilitation Services of South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Ilona Merikanto
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Bessot N, Margas N. Development and validation of a French version of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:81-92. [PMID: 38192007 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2297960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a French version (FMEQ) of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ). Study 1 consisted of a translation by experts and an evaluation. The FMEQ and MEQ were proposed to 19 bilingual participants (age = 38.7 ± 13.7 years). Strong correlations between MEQ and FMEQ were obtained for most items. Study 2 tested the factorial structure and reliability of the FMEQ on a sample of 187 participants (20.46 ± 1.31 years). The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the model had a good fit (χ2/df = 1.8; SRMR = 0.057) and a good reliability (Cronbach's alphas = 0.8). Concerning the temporal stability (20 participants: 20.48 ± 1.04 years), the Pearson r correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.87 (p < 0.001). Study 3 examined the predictive validity with 42 participants (19.52 ± 2.08 years). The global score of the FMEQ was significantly correlated with the time of peak temperature, wake-up time and bedtime. We did not observe superiority of a three-factors solution of the FMEQ. From now on, French subjects chronotype could be rigorously scored, and results from MEQ and FMEQ could be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bessot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, CYCERON, CHU Caen, COMETE UMR 1075, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Margas
- Institut des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Suisse
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Varella MAC. Nocturnal selective pressures on the evolution of human musicality as a missing piece of the adaptationist puzzle. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1215481. [PMID: 37860295 PMCID: PMC10582961 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human musicality exhibits the necessary hallmarks for biological adaptations. Evolutionary explanations focus on recurrent adaptive problems that human musicality possibly solved in ancestral environments, such as mate selection and competition, social bonding/cohesion and social grooming, perceptual and motor skill development, conflict reduction, safe time-passing, transgenerational communication, mood regulation and synchronization, and credible signaling of coalition and territorial/predator defense. Although not mutually exclusive, these different hypotheses are still not conceptually integrated nor clearly derived from independent principles. I propose The Nocturnal Evolution of Human Musicality and Performativity Theory in which the night-time is the missing piece of the adaptationist puzzle of human musicality and performing arts. The expansion of nocturnal activities throughout human evolution, which is tied to tree-to-ground sleep transition and habitual use of fire, might help (i) explain the evolution of musicality from independent principles, (ii) explain various seemingly unrelated music features and functions, and (iii) integrate many ancestral adaptive values proposed. The expansion into the nocturnal niche posed recurrent ancestral adaptive challenges/opportunities: lack of luminosity, regrouping to cook before sleep, imminent dangerousness, low temperatures, peak tiredness, and concealment of identity. These crucial night-time features might have selected evening-oriented individuals who were prone to acoustic communication, more alert and imaginative, gregarious, risk-taking and novelty-seeking, prone to anxiety modulation, hedonistic, promiscuous, and disinhibited. Those night-time selected dispositions may have converged and enhanced protomusicality into human musicality by facilitating it to assume many survival- and reproduction-enhancing roles (social cohesion and coordination, signaling of coalitions, territorial defense, antipredatorial defense, knowledge transference, safe passage of time, children lullabies, and sexual selection) that are correspondent to the co-occurring night-time adaptive challenges/opportunities. The nocturnal dynamic may help explain musical features (sound, loudness, repetitiveness, call and response, song, elaboration/virtuosity, and duetting/chorusing). Across vertebrates, acoustic communication mostly occurs in nocturnal species. The eveningness chronotype is common among musicians and composers. Adolescents, who are the most evening-oriented humans, enjoy more music. Contemporary tribal nocturnal activities around the campfire involve eating, singing/dancing, storytelling, and rituals. I discuss the nocturnal integration of musicality's many roles and conclude that musicality is probably a multifunctional mental adaptation that evolved along with the night-time adaptive landscape.
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Chauhan S, Norbury R, Faßbender KC, Ettinger U, Kumari V. Beyond sleep: A multidimensional model of chronotype. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105114. [PMID: 36868368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronotype can be defined as an expression or proxy for circadian rhythms of varied mechanisms, for example in body temperature, cortisol secretion, cognitive functions, eating and sleeping patterns. It is influenced by a range of internal (e.g., genetics) and external factors (e.g., light exposure), and has implications for health and well-being. Here, we present a critical review and synthesis of existing models of chronotype. Our observations reveal that most existing models and, as a consequence, associated measures of chronotype have focused solely or primarily on the sleep dimension, and typically have not incorporated social and environmental influences on chronotype. We propose a multidimensional model of chronotype, integrating individual (biological and psychological), environmental and social factors that appear to interact to determine an individual's true chronotype with potential feedback loops between these factors. This model could be beneficial not only from a basic science perspective but also in the context of understanding health and clinical implications of certain chronotypes as well as designing preventive and therapeutic approaches for related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Chauhan
- Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ray Norbury
- Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom.
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Akkaya C, Karadag M, Hangul Z, Sahin E, Isbilen E. Evaluation of the Regulatory Role of Circadian Rhythm Related Long Non-Coding RNAs in ADHD Etiogenesis. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:201-213. [PMID: 36254757 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221130113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADHD is associated with increased sleep problems and circadian rhythm disturbances. This study aimed to examine ADHD patients and healthy controls in terms of chronotypic features and expression levels of CLOCK, PER1, lncRNA HULC, lncRNA UCA1. METHOD Eighty-three children were included (43 ADHD). Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short Form, Childhood Chronotype Questionnaire, Children's Sleep Disorders Scale were administered. Gene expression levels were studied from peripheral blood. RESULTS Evening chronotype, sleep initiation/maintenance disorder, sleep-wake transition disorder, excessive sleepiness disorder were higher in the ADHD group compared to the controls in the scales reported by the parents. Expression levels of all examined genes were statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group. There was no significant relationship between genes and sleep parameters in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION Our study provides the first evidence that lncRNA HULC and lncRNA UCA1 might have a role in the etiology of ADHD.
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Perkiö A, Merikanto I, Kantojärvi K, Paunio T, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Jones SE, Ollila HM. Portability of Polygenic Risk Scores for Sleep Duration, Insomnia and Chronotype in 33,493 Individuals. Clocks Sleep 2022; 5:10-20. [PMID: 36648941 PMCID: PMC9844282 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) estimate genetic liability for diseases and traits. However, the portability of PRSs in sleep traits has remained elusive. We generated PRSs for self-reported insomnia, chronotype and sleep duration using summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) performed in 350,000 to 697,000 European-ancestry individuals. We then projected the scores in two independent Finnish population cohorts (N = 33,493) and tested whether the PRSs were associated with their respective sleep traits. We observed that all the generated PRSs were associated with their corresponding traits (p < 0.05 in all cases). Furthermore, we found that there was a 22.2 min difference in reported sleep between the 5% tails of the PRS for sleep duration (p < 0.001). Our findings indicate that sleep-related PRSs show portability across cohorts. The findings also demonstrate that sleep measures using PRSs for sleep behaviors may provide useful instruments for testing disease and trait associations in cohorts where direct sleep parameters have not yet been measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Perkiö
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Merikanto
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Orton Orthopedics Hospital, 00280 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Kantojärvi
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Samuel E. Jones
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna M. Ollila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence:
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Heikkala E, Merikanto I, Tanguay-Sabourin C, Karppinen J, Oura P. Eveningness is associated with persistent multisite musculoskeletal pain: a 15-year follow-up study of Northern Finns. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 24:679-688. [PMID: 36513241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype, a phenotype representing a person's 24-hour circadian rhythm, has been increasingly acknowledged as playing a role in musculoskeletal (MSK) pain. Most prior research on chronotype and MSK pain have been based on cross-sectional data, and no study has explored multisite MSK pain (two or more pain locations) as the outcome. We drew the study sample from the 31- and 46-year data collections (baseline and follow-up, respectively) of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 and collected self-reported data on chronotype at follow-up (morning [M]-type, intermediate [I]-type, and evening [E]-type) and longitudinal multisite MSK pain trajectories (n=3,294). Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in multisite MSK pain trajectories between the chronotypes. We conducted additional sensitivity analyses that 1) accounted for several confounders, and 2) examined the potential moderating role of sex, mental distress, and sleep disturbance status in the chronotype-multisite MSK pain associations. The E-types had two-and-a-half-times higher odds of multisite MSK pain at baseline and follow-up (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.84-3.32) than the M-types. Having severe mental distress or poor sleep at baseline and follow-up, or sex did not change the strength of this association. Our examination of this longitudinal birth cohort study suggested that evening types, in comparison to morning types, are more likely to experience multisite MSK pain between ages 31 and 46 years. Chronotype should be recognized as a predictor of multisite pain and thus taken into account in the evaluation of a patient's risk for multisite pain. Perspective: This longitudinal study shows that evening types, compared to morning types, have higher odds of experiencing multisite MSK pain between ages 31 and 46 years. Chronotype should be considered while evaluating MSK patient's risk for persistent multisite pain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Heikkala
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Rovaniemi Health Center, 96200 Rovaniemi, Finland.
| | - Ilona Merikanto
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Tanguay-Sabourin
- Alan Edwards Pain Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Rehabilitation Services of South Karelia Social and Health Care District, 53130 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Petteri Oura
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Verde L, Barrea L, Vetrani C, Frias-Toral E, Chapela SP, Jayawardena R, de Alteriis G, Docimo A, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Chronotype and Sleep Quality in Obesity: How Do They Change After Menopause? Curr Obes Rep 2022; 11:254-262. [PMID: 36053414 PMCID: PMC9729134 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-022-00479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review primarily provides an overview of the current evidence on chronotype (which reflects an individual's preference for the timing of sleeping, eating, and activity in a 24-h period) and sleep quality changes in obesity in postmenopausal women. It also explores possible nutritional strategies to manage these changes in this phase of a woman's life. RECENT FINDINGS Menopause is a life stage frequently associated with sleep disturbances and changes in circadian rhythms. Sleep disturbances are one of the main symptoms of menopause and are caused by several factors such as hormonal changes, obesity, and melatonin reduction. In addition, the chronotype also changes following menopause. Nutritional strategies are essential because they could help manage menopausal sleep disturbances and circadian misalignment, particularly by tackling obesity and overweight. In the management of postmenopausal women, especially those experiencing obesity, careful assessment of sleep disturbances and chronotype and subsequent development of the most appropriate treatment, including nutritional management, should be part of the treatment routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, isola F2, 80143, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- School of Medicine, Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil, 090615, Ecuador
| | - Sebastián Pablo Chapela
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1121ABE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Equipo de Soporte Nutricional, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giulia de Alteriis
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Docimo
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano Per La Cura E Il Benessere del Paziente Con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Clinica E Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione Alla Salute E Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Bhar D, Bagepally BS, Rakesh B. Association between chronotype and cardio-vascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Maier T, Kühnel J, Zimmermann B. How Did You Sleep Tonight? The Relevance of Sleep Quality and Sleep–Wake Rhythm for Procrastination at Work. Front Psychol 2022; 12:785154. [PMID: 35295934 PMCID: PMC8918781 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.785154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of sleep for procrastination at work. Procrastination at work is defined as the irrational delay of the initiation or completion of work-related activities. In line with recent studies, we offer a self-regulation perspective on procrastination. We argue that procrastination is an outcome of depleted self-regulatory resources and that the restoration of self-regulatory resources during high-quality sleep at night would prevent procrastination.AimsIn an attempt to further develop this line of research, the current study aimed to achieve a broader understanding of the relevance of sleep and circadian rhythm for procrastination. Therefore, we explored the effect of sleep quality on procrastination for different chronotypes. We also considered the shift to daylight saving time as a phenomenon that aggravates circadian misalignment and thereby later chronotypes' dependence on high-quality sleep. Specifically, we hypothesized that compared to employees with an earlier chronotype (morning types), employees with a later chronotype (evening types) are more dependent on good sleep at night to prevent procrastination the next day. This effect would be especially pronounced after the shift to daylight saving time.MethodsFor this repeated-measures study, participants were 101 full-time employees. They completed a general questionnaire and day-specific questionnaires on the Monday before and the Monday following the shift to daylight saving time.ResultsThe multilevel analyses showed that employees procrastinated less on days following nights during which they slept better and that later chronotypes experienced more procrastination than earlier chronotypes. Our findings also supported the hypothesis that the relationship between sleep quality and procrastination is stronger for later chronotypes compared to earlier chronotypes on the Monday following the shift to daylight saving time. In other words, the lower the sleep quality of later chronotypes during the previous night, the more they procrastinated on the Monday following the shift to daylight saving time.DiscussionOur findings further corroborate the existing findings on the relevance of sleep and chronotype for well-being and performance at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Maier
- Department of Occupational, Economic, and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Kühnel
- Department of Occupational, Economic, and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Jana Kühnel
| | - Beatrice Zimmermann
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Honkalampi K, Kupari S, Järvelin-Pasanen S, Saaranen T, Vauhkonen A, Räsänen K, Härmä M, Lindholm H, Perkiö-Mäkelä M, Tarvainen MP, Oksanen T. The association between chronotype and sleep quality among female home care workers performing shift work. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:747-756. [PMID: 35114874 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2033256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a scarcity of evidence on the association between shift work, sleeping parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), and chronotype, i.e., morningness and eveningness. The aims of this study were to 1) compare participants with different chronotypes (morning (M), evening (E), or neither (N)) in terms of their total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and HRV parameters, taking their age into account, and 2) examine whether self-reported work-related stress, the length of the working career and years performing shift work affect this association. The participants of the study were home care workers working in two shifts in one municipality in Eastern Finland (N = 395). Of these, 52 females (mean age 42.78 y, SD 12.92 y) completed the study questionnaire and participated in physiological measurements. Several sleep-related parameters were assessed (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings, and length of awakening) and indices of autonomic nervous system based on HRV were calculated. The participants worked in two shifts: a morning shift (7:00-15:00 h) and an evening shift (14:00-21:30 h). All these parameters were assessed during the night before the first work shift (N1), the night before the second work shift (N2), the night before the final work shift (N3), and the night before the first day off work (N4). According to the results, 21.2% of the participants were M-types, 17.3% were E-types, and 61.5% were N-types. On average, the participants had been in working life for 18.8 years and performing shift work for 13.7 years. On night N3, E-types had a significantly shorter total sleep time and spent less time in bed compared to M- and N-types. The total sleep time of M-type and N-type participants was on average 66 minutes and 82 minutes longer, respectively, when compared to E-types on night N3. There were no statistically significant differences in actigraphy-based sleep quality parameters between M-, N-, and E-types on nights N1, N2, and N4. Our results together indicate that M- and N-type individuals may have better sleep quality than E-types, which was also reflected in HRV parameters. Further research with longitudinal study design and workplace interventions is needed to determine how the chronotype can be optimally and individually utilized to improve the health and well-being of morning-type and evening-type people. This is particularly important for both younger and older workers entering the workforce to support healthier and longer working lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Honkalampi
- School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Philosophical Faculty, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Saana Kupari
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Terhi Saaranen
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anneli Vauhkonen
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo Räsänen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Härmä
- Research and Service Centre of Occupational Health, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Lindholm
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Merja Perkiö-Mäkelä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika P Tarvainen
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio Finland
| | - Tuula Oksanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Player Chronotype Does Not Affect In-Game Performance during the Evening (>18:00 h) in Professional Male Basketball Players. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:615-623. [PMID: 34940023 PMCID: PMC8700237 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport-specific skills display diurnal variation across various team sports such as badminton and tennis serving accuracy and soccer dribbling, volleying, and chipping execution. However, the effects of athlete chronotype on in-game sport-specific skill performance according to time of day across team sports is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the effect of player chronotype on in-game basketball performance during evening games. Professional male basketball players (n = 11) completed a morningness-eveningness questionnaire and were categorized according to chronotype (morning-type: n = 4; neither-type: n = 6; evening-type: n = 1). Box score data from the 2019/20 season were utilized to determine individual in-game performance during evening games played after 18:00 h. Composite metrics (i.e., effective field goal percentage, offensive rating, defensive rating, and player efficiency) were used as indicators of player performance. Non-significant (p ≥ 0.21) differences were evident between M-types and N-types for most performance measures. Small to very large effects were observed in the number of rebounds favoring M-types, and three-point shots attempted and made, assists, and steals favored N-types. In-game performance appeared to not be affected by chronotype (i.e., M-type vs. N-type) in evening games among professional male basketball players. The lack of observed effect between chronotype and in-game performance suggest coaching staff may not need to consider player chronotype when developing a match strategy or assigning player roles if largely dealing with M-types and N-types. However, to ensure the greatest specificity, coaching staff may endeavor to schedule habitual training times in line with that of competition in an effort to align player circadian rhythms to games.
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14
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Schneider J, Fárková E, Bakštein E. Human chronotype: Comparison of questionnaires and wrist-worn actigraphy. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:205-220. [PMID: 34806526 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1992418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the accuracy of chronotype estimation from actigraphy while evaluating the required recording length and stability over time. Chronotypes have an important role in chronobiological and sleep research. In outpatient studies, chronotypes are typically evaluated by questionnaires. Alternatively, actigraphy provides potential means for measuring chronotype characteristics objectively, which opens many applications in chronobiology research. However, studies providing objective, critical evaluation of agreement between questionnaire-based and actigraphy-based chronotypes are lacking. We recorded 3-months of actigraphy and collected Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) results from 122 women. Regression models were applied to evaluate the questionnaire-based chronotypes scores using selected actigraphy features. Changes in predictive strength were evaluated based on actigraphy recordings of different duration. The actigraphy was significantly associated with the questionnaire-based chronotype, and the best single-feature-based models explained 37% of the variability (R2) for MEQ (p < .001), 47% for mid-sleep time MCTQ-MSFsc (p < .001), and 19% for social jetlag MCTQ-SJLrel (p < .001). Concerning stability in time, the Mid-sleep and Acrophase features showed high levels of stability (test-retest R ~ 0.8), and actigraphy-based MSFscacti and SJLrelacti showed high temporal variability (test-retest R ~ 0.45). Concerning required recording length, features estimated from recordings with 3-week and longer observation periods had sufficient predictive power on unseen data. Additionally, our data showed that the subjectively reported extremes of the MEQ, MCTQ-MSFsc, and MCTQ-SJLrel are commonly overestimated compared to objective activity peak and middle of sleep differences measured by actigraphy. Such difference may be associated with chronotype time-variation. As actigraphy is considered accurate in sleep-wake cycle detection, we conclude that actigraphy-based chronotyping is appropriate for large-scale studies, especially where higher temporal variability in chronotype is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Schneider
- Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Fárková
- Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Bakštein
- Applied Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Barrea L, Vetrani C, Altieri B, Verde L, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. The Importance of Being a 'Lark' in Post-Menopausal Women with Obesity: A Ploy to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113762. [PMID: 34836019 PMCID: PMC8619613 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotype is defined as the behavioral manifestation of circadian rhythms related to the external light–dark cycle. Evening chronotype has been associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases in obesity. Menopause is a lifestage associated with an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and a change in circadian rhythmicity compared to pre-menopause. However, the prevalence of chronotype categories in menopause and their role in determining menopause-related cardiometabolic risk, mostly in obesity, have not been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of chronotype categories in post-menopausal women with obesity and their role in menopause-related cardiometabolic risk. In this cross-sectional study we enrolled 49 pre-menopausal and 74 post-menopausal women with obesity. Anthropometric parameters, lifestyle habits, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD), sleep quality, chronotype and the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were studied. No significance differences were detected in terms of lifestyle and adherence to the MD between pre- and post-menopausal women. Chronotype was classified as morning in 66 (53.6%), evening in 20 (16.3%) and intermediate in 37 (30.1%) women. In addition, pre-menopausal women with obesity showed a significantly higher chance to have an intermediate chronotype (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.28–3.83; p = 0.004), whereas post-menopausal women with obesity showed a trend to have a higher morning chronotype (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 0.98–2.06; p = 0.051), although this did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences were detected in terms of prevalence of evening chronotype between the two groups. However, the evening chronotype had a significantly higher risk to have T2DM compared to the morning (OR = 17.29, 95% CI 2.40–124.27; p = 0.005) and intermediate chronotypes (OR = 30.86, 95% CI 2.05–464.32; p = 0.013) in both pre- and post-menopausal women with obesity. In conclusion, the intermediate chronotype was significantly more prevalent in pre-menopausal women with obesity compared to post-menopausal women. Evening chronotype was associated to T2DM in both pre- and post-menopause. These results support the importance of including the assessment of chronotype in the management of women with obesity in post-menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, isola F2, 80143 Naples, Italy;
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
- Cattedra Unesco “Educazione Alla Salute e Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile”, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la Cura e Il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O.), University Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.S.); (A.C.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.V.); (L.V.)
- Cattedra Unesco “Educazione Alla Salute e Allo Sviluppo Sostenibile”, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817463779; Fax: +30-0817463688
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16
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Keenan BT, Galante RJ, Lian J, Zhang L, Guo X, Veatch OJ, Chesler EJ, O'Brien WT, Svenson KL, Churchill GA, Pack AI. The dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene contributes to heritable differences in sleep in mice. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5238-5248.e7. [PMID: 34653361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of sleep are heritable, but only a few sleep-regulating genes have been reported. Here, we leverage mouse models to identify and confirm a previously unreported gene affecting sleep duration-dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (Dpyd). Using activity patterns to quantify sleep in 325 Diversity Outbred (DO) mice-a population with high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity-a linkage peak for total sleep in the active lights off period was identified on chromosome 3 (LOD score = 7.14). Mice with the PWK/PhJ ancestral haplotype at this location demonstrated markedly reduced sleep. Among the genes within the linkage region, available RNA sequencing data in an independent sample of DO mice supported a highly significant expression quantitative trait locus for Dpyd, wherein reduced expression was associated with the PWK/PhJ allele. Validation studies were performed using activity monitoring and EEG/EMG recording in Collaborative Cross mouse strains with and without the PWK/PhJ haplotype at this location, as well as EEG and EMG recording of sleep and wake in Dpyd knockout mice and wild-type littermate controls. Mice lacking Dpyd had 78.4 min less sleep during the lights-off period than wild-type mice (p = 0.007; Cohen's d = -0.94). There was no difference in other measured behaviors in knockout mice, including assays evaluating cognitive-, social-, and affective-disorder-related behaviors. Dpyd encodes the rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolic pathway that catabolizes uracil and thymidine to β-alanine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Thus, data support β-alanine as a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Keenan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond J Galante
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie Lian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olivia J Veatch
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - W Timothy O'Brien
- Neurobehavior Testing Core, Institute for Translational and Therapeutic Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Merikanto I, Partonen T. Eveningness increases risks for depressive and anxiety symptoms and hospital treatments mediated by insufficient sleep in a population-based study of 18,039 adults. Depress Anxiety 2021; 38:1066-1077. [PMID: 34170060 DOI: 10.1002/da.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data show that having the eveningness associates with poor mental health. For preventive measures it is important to know which underlying factors mediate these associations and the burden posed to public health. This study examines at a population-based level, whether (1) circadian type and the sleep-wake behavior-based phase entrainment similarly associate with mental health problems, (2) there are differences in hospital treatments due to mental disorders between chronotypes, and (3) the association of chronotype with mental health is mediated by insufficient sleep. METHODS The study sample (N = 18,039) consisted of population-based sample of Finnish adults, aged 25-74 years, with information on their circadian type and sleep patterns, mental health symptoms, and diagnosis as reported in a health examination survey, as well as hospital treatments as recorded on the national Hospital Discharge Register. RESULTS All the mental health symptoms, diagnoses and hospital treatments were more pronounced among Evening-types, especially when assessed by circadian type. Insufficient sleep mediated most but not all of the associations between eveningness and mental health. CONCLUSIONS Eveningness does not increase mental health risks only on symptom or diagnosis level, but also on hospital admission level. A higher prevalence of insufficient sleep among the Evening-types elevates the risk and severity for many of the mental health outcomes. Improving the sleep among Evening-types could help to improve their mental health prospective and ease the health care burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Merikanto
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Leocadio-Miguel MA, Ruiz FS, Ahmed SS, Taporoski TP, Horimoto ARVR, Beijamini F, Pedrazzoli M, Knutson KL, Pereira AC, von Schantz M. Compared Heritability of Chronotype Instruments in a Single Population Sample. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:483-490. [PMID: 34313481 PMCID: PMC8442136 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the oldest chronotype questionnaire, the
morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), has significant
heritability, and several associations have been reported between MEQ
score and polymorphisms in candidate clock genes, a number of them
reproducibly across populations. By contrast, there are no reports of
heritability and genetic associations for the Munich chronotype
questionnaire (MCTQ). Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
from large cohorts have reported multiple associations with chronotype
as assessed by a single self-evaluation question. We have taken
advantage of the availability of data from all these instruments from
a single sample of 597 participants from the Brazilian Baependi Heart
Study. The family-based design of the cohort allowed us to calculate
the heritability (h2) for these measures. Heritability
values for the best-fitted models were 0.37 for MEQ, 0.32 for MCTQ,
and 0.28 for single-question chronotype (MEQ Question 19). We also
calculated the heritability for the two major factors recently derived
from MEQ, “Dissipation of sleep pressure” (0.32) and “Build-up of
sleep pressure” (0.28). This first heritability comparison of the
major chronotype instruments in current use provides the first
quantification of the genetic component of MCTQ score, supporting its
future use in genetic analysis. Our findings also suggest that the
single chronotype question that has been used for large GWAS analyses
captures a larger proportion of the dimensions of chronotype than
previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Leocadio-Miguel
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Francieli S Ruiz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,InCor, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S Ahmed
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Tâmara P Taporoski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andréa R V R Horimoto
- InCor, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Mario Pedrazzoli
- School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristen L Knutson
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Keenan BT, Galante RJ, Lian J, Simecek P, Gatti DM, Zhang L, Lim DC, Svenson KL, Churchill GA, Pack AI. High-throughput sleep phenotyping produces robust and heritable traits in Diversity Outbred mice and their founder strains. Sleep 2021; 43:5740842. [PMID: 32074270 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study describes high-throughput phenotyping strategies for sleep and circadian behavior in mice, including examinations of robustness, reliability, and heritability among Diversity Outbred (DO) mice and their eight founder strains. METHODS We performed high-throughput sleep and circadian phenotyping in male mice from the DO population (n = 338) and their eight founder strains: A/J (n = 6), C57BL/6J (n = 14), 129S1/SvlmJ (n = 6), NOD/LtJ (n = 6), NZO/H1LtJ (n = 6), CAST/EiJ (n = 8), PWK/PhJ (n = 8), and WSB/EiJ (n = 6). Using infrared beam break systems, we defined sleep as at least 40 s of continuous inactivity and quantified sleep-wake amounts and bout characteristics. We developed assays to measure sleep latency in a new environment and during a modified Murine Multiple Sleep Latency Test, and estimated circadian period from wheel-running experiments. For each trait, broad-sense heritability (proportion of variability explained by all genetic factors) was derived in founder strains, while narrow-sense heritability (proportion of variability explained by additive genetic effects) was calculated in DO mice. RESULTS Phenotypes were robust to different inactivity durations to define sleep. Differences across founder strains and moderate/high broad-sense heritability were observed for most traits. There was large phenotypic variability among DO mice, and phenotypes were reliable, although estimates of heritability were lower than in founder mice. This likely reflects important nonadditive genetic effects. CONCLUSIONS A high-throughput phenotyping strategy in mice, based primarily on monitoring of activity patterns, provides reliable and heritable estimates of sleep and circadian traits. This approach is suitable for discovery analyses in DO mice, where genetic factors explain some proportion of phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Keenan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Raymond J Galante
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jie Lian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Petr Simecek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Diane C Lim
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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20
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Minelli A, Di Palma M, Rocchi MBL, Ponzio E, Barbadoro P, Bracci M, Pelusi G, Prospero E. Cortisol, chronotype, and coping styles as determinants of tolerance of nursing staff to rotating shift work. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:666-680. [PMID: 33827343 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1887883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and cortisol patterns are likely to play a role in shift work tolerance, i.e., ability to adapt to shift work without suffering stress-related consequences. Yet, the evidence is scanty. Here, salivary cortisol output during night shifts and leisure days was assessed in fast-forward rotating shift work nursing staff (N = 30), and possible links with a series of variables - gender (30% male), age (M = 39.6, SEM = 1.57 y), years of service (M = 12.43, SEM = 1.48 y), BMI (M = 23.29, SEM = 0.66 Kg/m2), self-rated chronotype, sleep quality, and psycho-behavioral factors - were investigated. Main results show that cortisol output during night shifts: i) is larger in morning-oriented chronotypes, thus affected by the circadian misalignment between biological and working rhythms; ii) associates with dysfunctional coping styles at work; iii) positively correlates with diurnal cortisol secretion on leisure days, i.e., individuals with larger cortisol output during shifts display higher cortisol secretion on non-working days. Chronotype and psycho-behavioral factors explain most of the correlational weight linking cortisol output during the night shift and off-days. In conclusion, we confirm salivary cortisol testing as a suitable objective marker of occupational stress and propose it as a valuable index for monitoring shift work tolerance, in combination with chronotype. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of evaluating psycho-behavioral factors in professional settings, because these modifiable variables can be addressed with tailored psychological interventions to ameliorate poor job satisfaction, reduce work-related distress, and avoid chronic cortisol excess experienced by shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Minelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michael Di Palma
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Ponzio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pamela Barbadoro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gilda Pelusi
- School of Nursing Science, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilia Prospero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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21
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Varella MAC, Luoto S, Soares RBDS, Valentova JV. COVID-19 Pandemic on Fire: Evolved Propensities for Nocturnal Activities as a Liability Against Epidemiological Control. Front Psychol 2021; 12:646711. [PMID: 33828510 PMCID: PMC8019933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have been using fire for hundreds of millennia, creating an ancestral expansion toward the nocturnal niche. The new adaptive challenges faced at night were recurrent enough to amplify existing psychological variation in our species. Night-time is dangerous and mysterious, so it selects for individuals with higher tendencies for paranoia, risk-taking, and sociability (because of security in numbers). During night-time, individuals are generally tired and show decreased self-control and increased impulsive behaviors. The lower visibility during night-time favors the partial concealment of identity and opens more opportunities for disinhibition of self-interested behaviors. Indeed, individuals with an evening-oriented chronotype are more paranoid, risk-taking, extraverted, impulsive, promiscuous, and have higher antisocial personality traits. However, under some circumstances, such as respiratory pandemics, the psychobehavioral traits favored by the nocturnal niche might be counter-productive, increasing contagion rates of a disease that can evade the behavioral immune system because its disease cues are often nonexistent or mild. The eveningness epidemiological liability hypothesis presented here suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the evening-oriented psychobehavioral profile can have collectively harmful consequences: there is a clash of core tendencies between the nocturnal chronotype and the recent viral transmission-mitigating safety guidelines and rules. The pandemic safety protocols disrupt much normal social activity, particularly at night when making new social contacts is desired. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is contagious even in presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, which enables it to mostly evade our evolved contagious disease avoidance mechanisms. A growing body of research has indirectly shown that individual traits interfering with social distancing and anti-contagion measures are related to those of the nocturnal chronotype. Indeed, some of the social contexts that have been identified as superspreading events occur at night, such as in restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. Furthermore, nocturnal environmental conditions favor the survival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus much longer than daytime conditions. We compare the eveningness epidemiological liability hypothesis with other factors related to non-compliance with pandemic safety protocols, namely sex, age, and life history. Although there is not yet a direct link between the nocturnal chronotype and non-compliance with pandemic safety protocols, security measures and future empirical research should take this crucial evolutionary mismatch and adaptive metaproblem into account, and focus on how to avoid nocturnal individuals becoming superspreaders, offering secure alternatives for nocturnal social activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rafael Bento da Silva Soares
- Center for Science Communication and Education Studies, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Merikanto I, Kantojärvi K, Partonen T, Pesonen AK, Paunio T. Genetic variants for morningness in relation to habitual sleep-wake behavior and diurnal preference in a population-based sample of 17,243 adults. Sleep Med 2021; 80:322-332. [PMID: 33631501 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations of eveningness with health hazards benefit from analyzing to what extent the polygenic score for morningness correlates with the assessments of the behavioral trait of morningness-eveningness and chronotype. METHODS With a population-based sample of 17,243 Finnish adults, aged 25-74 years, this study examines the associations of four feasible assessment methods of chronotype, a) biological the genetic liability based on the polygenic score for morningness (PGSmorn), b) the widely-used single item for self-assessed morningness/eveningness (MEQi19) of the original Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), c) the behavioral trait of morningness-eveningness as assessed with the score on the shortened version (sMEQ) of the original MEQ, and d) the phase of entrainment as assessed with the habitual midpoint of sleep based on the self-reported sleep-wake schedule during weekend (Sleepmid-wknd) as well as the sleep debt corrected midpoint of sleep (Sleepmid-corr). RESULTS All self-report measures correlated with each other, but very weakly with the PGSmorn, which explained 1-2% of the variation in diurnal preference or habitual sleep-wake schedule. The influence of age was greater on Sleepmid-wknd and Sleepmid-corr than on the sMEQ or MEQi19, indicating that the diurnal preference might be a more stable indicator for morningness-eveningness than the sleep-wake schedule. Analyses of the discrepancies between sMEQ and MEQi19 indicated that eveningness can be over-estimated when relying on only the single-item self-assessment. CONCLUSIONS The current polygenic score for morningness explains only a small proportion of the variation in diurnal preference or habitual sleep-wake schedule. The molecular genetic basis for morningness-eveningness needs further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Merikanto
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Katri Kantojärvi
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
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23
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Stolarski M, Gorgol J, Matthews G. The search for causality of personality-chronotype associations: insights from a one-year longitudinal study of adolescents. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:489-500. [PMID: 33435746 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1867157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Associations between certain personality traits and individual differences in diurnal preferences, referred to as morningness-eveningness, are well established from cross-sectional studies. However, it is unclear whether personality affects diurnal preference, diurnal preference affects personality, or some third factor influences both. The current study assessed the Big Five personality traits and morningness-eveningness in a one-year, two-wave longitudinal design, in a sample of 169 Polish high school students (59% females), aged 16-17 years (M = 16.80, SD = 0.39) during the first wave of measurement. During the second wave the participants were respectively 1 year older. Cross lagged panel analyses were run to determine wave 1 predictors of wave 2 variables. Cross-sectional analyses replicated the association between morningness and conscientiousness that has been reliably found in previous studies, but the cross-lagged paths between these variables were nonsignificant. These two traits appear to be intrinsically linked to one another by adolescence, possibly as a consequence of genetic influences that shape temperament earlier in childhood. In contrast, emotional stability and morningness were not significantly correlated in wave 1 cross-sectional data, but a significant relationship was found in the cross-lagged panel analysis. Wave 1 emotional stability predicted wave 2 morningness, although wave 1 morningness did not predict personality. We tentatively suggest that there may be a causal effect of personality on diurnal preference, associated with avoidance strategies for coping with academic stress as the high school years approach their end. More neurotic individuals may cope with their aversion to classes by distracting themselves with evening pursuits, such as use of the internet. Further work might examine in more depth how contextual stressors interact with personality to affect daily activities at different times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Gorgol
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gerald Matthews
- Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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24
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Morales-Muñoz I, Kantojärvi K, Uhre VM, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Kylliäinen A, Pölkki P, Himanen SL, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Paavonen EJ, Paunio T. The Effects of Genetic Background for Diurnal Preference on Sleep Development in Early Childhood. Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:219-228. [PMID: 33623463 PMCID: PMC7896793 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s287163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE No previous research has examined the impact of the genetic background of diurnal preference on children´s sleep. Here, we examined the effects of genetic risk score for the liability of diurnal preference on sleep development in early childhood in two population-based cohorts from Finland. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS The primary sample (CHILD-SLEEP, CS) comprised 1420 infants (695 girls), and the replication sample (FinnBrain, FB; 962 girls) 2063 infants. Parent-reported sleep duration, sleep-onset latency and bedtime were assessed at three, eight, 18 and 24 months in CS, and at six, 12 and 24 months in FB. Actigraphy-based sleep latency and efficiency were measured in CS in 365 infants at eight months (168 girls), and in 197 infants at 24 months (82 girls). Mean standard scores for each sleep domain were calculated in both samples. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were used to quantitate the genetic risk for eveningness (PRSBestFit) and morningness (PRS10kBest). RESULTS PRSBestFit associated with longer sleep-onset latency and later bedtime, and PRS10kBest related to shorter sleep-onset latency in CS. The link between genetic risk for diurnal preference and sleep-onset latency was replicated in FB, and meta-analysis resulted in associations (P<0.0005) with both PRS-values (PRSBestFit: Z=3.55; and PRS10kBest: Z=-3.68). Finally, PRSBestFit was related to actigraphy-based lower sleep efficiency and longer sleep latency at eight months. CONCLUSION Genetic liability to diurnal preference for eveningness relates to longer sleep-onset during the first two years of life, and to objectively measured lowered sleep efficiency. These findings enhance our understanding on the biological factors affecting sleep development, and contribute to clarify the physiological sleep architecture in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Morales-Muñoz
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katri Kantojärvi
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Uhre
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä
- Pediatric Clinic, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anneli Kylliäinen
- Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Pölkki
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sari-Leena Himanen
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - E Juulia Paavonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Tsaousis I. Circadian preferences and personality traits: A meta‐analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report results of a meta‐analysis of studies linking personality to circadian rhythms. A total of 35 independent samples, 96 correlations and 8589 participants were included. Results showed that conscientiousness is the personality dimension that mostly related to morningness (r = .29). Agreeableness was also related to morningness although to a lesser degree (r = .13). Openness to experience, extraversion and neuroticism, contribute to a very small degree (i.e. −.09, −.06 and −.07, respectively). Furthermore, moderation analyses suggested effects of personality measure (big five vs. other) and sample (students vs. workers). Average age of participants had no significant impact on the relationship between morningness and personality, apart from a very trivial influence on openness to experience. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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26
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Fárková E, Novák JM, Manková D, Kopřivová J. Comparison of Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) Czech version. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:1591-1598. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1787426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fárková
- Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M. Novák
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Manková
- Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kopřivová
- Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Adan A, Caci H, Prat G. Reliability of the Spanish version of the Composite Scale of Morningness. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 20:503-9. [PMID: 16310682 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the reliability of the Spanish version of Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) and its ability to measure the circadian typology.Subjects and methodsVoluntary and unpaid psychology students (N = 391; 132 men and 259 women), aged between 17 and 33, completed the questionnaire between the months of September and December.ResultsThe total score was independent of age and gender, with a close to normal distribution and a non-significant negative skewness. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.87) and factor analysis extracted three factors labeled Time of Retiring (items 2 and 7), Activity Planning (items 8, 9, and 13) and Morning Affect (items 3–6, and 10–12). With the 10th and 90th percentiles as cut-off scores, scorers below 22 (N = 40; 10.2%) are classified as evening-types and scorers above 39 as morning-types (N = 28; 7.2%).ConclusionThe Spanish questionnaire shares most of the good psychometric properties of other versions of the CSM, and thus can be used for Spanish-speaking student samples. Nevertheless, further studies of normative data in workers and aged subjects are needed in order to validate CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adan
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebrón 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Tonetti L, Adan A, Caci H, De Pascalis V, Fabbri M, Natale V. Morningness-eveningness preference and sensation seeking. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 25:111-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the relationship between circadian preference and sensation seeking. To this aim 1041 university students (408 males and 633 females), ranging in age between 18 and 30 years, filled the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQr) and the Sensation Seeking Scale-Form V (SSS-V). Males scored higher than females in SSS-V total score and all subscales, except experience seeking (ES). As regards circadian preference, evening types scored higher than morning types in SSS-V total score and all subscales, except boredom susceptibility (BS) where they significantly differed only from intermediate types. On the whole our results highlight a significant relationship between circadian preference and sensation seeking.
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29
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Gonzalez R, Gonzalez SD, McCarthy MJ. Using Chronobiological Phenotypes to Address Heterogeneity in Bipolar Disorder. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2020; 5:72-84. [PMID: 32399471 DOI: 10.1159/000506636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a neuropsychiatric mood disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression in addition to disruptions in sleep, energy, appetite, and cognitive functions-rhythmic behaviors that typically change on daily cycles. BD symptoms can also be provoked by seasonal changes, sleep, and/or circadian disruption, indicating that chronobiological factors linked to the circadian clock may be a common feature in the disorder. Research indicates that BD exists on a clinical spectrum, with distinct subtypes often intersecting with other psychiatric disorders. This heterogeneity has been a major challenge to BD research and contributes to problems in diagnostic stability and treatment outcomes. To address this heterogeneity, we propose that chronobiologically related biomarkers could be useful in classifying BD into objectively measurable phenotypes to establish better diagnoses, inform treatments, and perhaps lead to better clinical outcomes. Presently, we review the biological basis of circadian time keeping in humans, discuss the links of BD to the circadian clock, and pre-sent recent studies that evaluated chronobiological measures as a basis for establishing BD phenotypes. We conclude that chronobiology may inform future research using other novel techniques such as genomics, cell biology, and advanced behavioral analyses to establish new and more biologically based BD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzanne D Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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30
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Twin studies of subjective sleep quality and sleep duration, and their behavioral correlates: Systematic review and meta-analysis of heritability estimates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 109:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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31
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Genetics of Circadian and Sleep Measures in Adults: Implications for Sleep Medicine. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Fárková E, Šmotek M, Bendová Z, Manková D, Kopřivová J. Chronotype and social jet-lag in relation to body weight, apetite, sleep quality and fatigue. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1630096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Fárková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Charles University – Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic to Jana Kopřivová
| | - Michal Šmotek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Charles University – Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic to Jana Kopřivová
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Charles University – Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic to Zdeňka Bendová
| | - Denisa Manková
- National Institute of Mental Health, Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kopřivová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Sleep Medicine and Chronobiology, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Charles University – Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic to Jana Kopřivová
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33
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Wassmer T, Refinetti R. Individual Daily and Seasonal Activity Patterns in Fox Squirrels (Sciurus niger) Quantified by Temperature-Sensitive Data Loggers. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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34
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Abstract
In mammals, genetic influences of circadian rhythms occur at many levels. A set of core "clock genes" have been identified that form a feedback loop of gene transcription and translation. The core genetic clockwork generates circadian rhythms in cells throughout the body. Polymorphisms in both core clock genes and interacting genes contribute to individual differences in the expression and properties of circadian rhythms. The circadian clock profoundly influences the patterns of gene expression and cellular functions, providing a mechanistic basis for the impact of the genetic circadian system on normal physiological processes as well as the development of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hotz Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Kazuhiro Shimomura
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 420 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology; Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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35
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Lopez-Minguez J, Dashti HS, Madrid-Valero JJ, Madrid JA, Saxena R, Scheer FAJL, Ordoñana JR, Garaulet M. Heritability of the timing of food intake. Clin Nutr 2019; 38:767-773. [PMID: 29571565 PMCID: PMC6135708 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS While environmental factors are presumed to be primary drivers of food timing, preliminary evidence suggests that genetics may be an additional determinant. The aim was to explore the relative contribution of genetics and environmental factors to variation in the timing of food intake in a Spanish twin population. Because chronotype, bedtime and wake time are related to food timing, covariance with food timing was further assessed. METHODS In this observational study, 53 pairs of adult (mean (SD) = 52 (6.03) years) female twins (28 monozygotic; 25 dizygotic) were recruited from the Murcia Twin Register. Zygosity was determined by DNA-testing. Timing of the three main meals of the day was assessed via 7-day dietary records, and the midpoint of food intake was computed by calculating the midpoint between breakfast and dinner times. Chronotype, bedtime and wake time were self-reported. Heritability of food timing and related traits were estimated by comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twin correlations and fitting genetic structural equation models to measured variables. RESULTS We observed genetic influences for food timing, with highest heritability for the midpoint of food intake (64%) in an overweight/obese population (BMI = 26.01 ± 3.77). Genetic factors contributed to a higher degree to the timing of breakfast (56%) than the timing of lunch (38%) or dinner (n.s.). Similarly, heritability estimates were larger in related behavioral traits earlier on in the day (i.e. wake time, (55%)), than those later on in the day (i.e. bedtime, (38%)). Bivariate analyses revealed a significant genetic overlap between food timing and bedtime and chronotype (rG between 0.78 and 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Genetic influences appear to account for a significant proportion of the variability in food timing, particularly breakfast. Thus, interventions related to food timing may be more effective when targeting afternoon/evening traits, such as lunch or dinner times. Furthermore, our data suggest shared genetic architecture underlying food timing and phenotypically related traits. CLINICAL TRIAL NCT03059576. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03059576.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lopez-Minguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain; Murcia Institute for BioHealth Research (IMIB-Arrixaca-UM), University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan J Madrid-Valero
- Murcia Institute for BioHealth Research (IMIB-Arrixaca-UM), University of Murcia, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Madrid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain; Murcia Institute for BioHealth Research (IMIB-Arrixaca-UM), University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan R Ordoñana
- Murcia Institute for BioHealth Research (IMIB-Arrixaca-UM), University of Murcia, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Murcia Institute for BioHealth Research (IMIB-Arrixaca-UM), University of Murcia, Spain.
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36
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Li LP, Liu ZG, Zhu HY, Zhu L, Huang YC. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the evaluation of urban rail transit drivers' mental workload under simulated driving conditions. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:406-419. [PMID: 30307379 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2018.1535093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combined with heart rate variability indices, for the evaluation of the mental workload of urban rail transit drivers under simulated driving conditions, particularly during task engagement and disengagement. Experienced metro drivers wearing fNIRS monitoring systems were asked to drive for 90 min in a professional metro driving simulator. Workload stimulus tasks were added and an n-back task (n = 3) was implemented to induce workload in the simulated driving experiment. Experimental results indicate that fNIRS are sensitive to mental workload and reliable for discriminating the degree of mental workload. Research findings demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of fNIRS as a tool for real-time evaluating and monitoring driver mental workload along with task factors from a perspective of brain activations during simulated or actual driving. Practitioner Summary: This study provides evidence for the potential of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for the evaluation of the mental workload of urban rail transit drivers under simulated driving conditions. The first fNIRS application to mental workload evaluation in the field of urban rail transportation helps companies develop reasonable shiftwork schedule and ensure operation safety. Abbreviations: fNIRS: functional near-infrared spectroscopy; oxy-Hb: Oxy-hemoglobin; NASA-TLX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index; EEG: electroencephalogram; ECG: electrocardiogram; HRV: variability; LF: low-frequency power; HF: high-frequency power; PFC: prefrontal cortex; NIRS: near-infrared spectroscopy; DWT: discrete wavelet transform; EMG: electromyography; DT: determination test; TP: total power; LFnorm: standardized LF; HFnorm: standardized HF; VLF: very low frequency; deoxy-Hb: deoxy-hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Peng Li
- a Human Factors and Ergonomics Lab , School of Urban Rail Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai , P.R.China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- a Human Factors and Ergonomics Lab , School of Urban Rail Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai , P.R.China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhu
- a Human Factors and Ergonomics Lab , School of Urban Rail Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai , P.R.China
| | - Lin Zhu
- a Human Factors and Ergonomics Lab , School of Urban Rail Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai , P.R.China
| | - Yuan-Chun Huang
- a Human Factors and Ergonomics Lab , School of Urban Rail Transportation, Shanghai University of Engineering Science , Shanghai , P.R.China
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37
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Morales-Muñoz I, Partonen T, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Kylliäinen A, Pölkki P, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Paunio T, Paavonen EJ. The role of parental circadian preference in the onset of sleep difficulties in early childhood. Sleep Med 2019; 54:223-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Kelly RM, Healy U, Sreenan S, McDermott JH, Coogan AN. Clocks in the clinic: circadian rhythms in health and disease. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:653-658. [PMID: 30523071 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated recurring patterns of around 24 hours with well-established roles in physiology and behaviour. These circadian clocks are important in both the aetiology and treatment of various psychiatric and metabolic diseases. To maintain physiological homeostasis and optimal functioning, living life synchronised to these clocks is desirable; modern society, however, promotes a '24/7' lifestyle where activity often occurs during the body's 'biological night', resulting in mistimed sleep and circadian misalignment. This circadian desynchrony can increase the risk of disease and can also influence treatment response. Clinicians should be aware of the influence that circadian desynchrony can have on health and disease, in order to potentially develop new therapeutic strategies and to incorporate chronotherapeutics into current treatment strategies to enhance their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Ultan Healy
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Sreenan
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John H McDermott
- Academic Department of Endocrinology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown, Dublin, Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew N Coogan
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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39
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Zhu DD, Yuan JM, Zhu R, Wang Y, Qian ZY, Zou JG. Pathway-based analysis of genome-wide association study of circadian phenotypes. J Biomed Res 2018; 32:361-370. [PMID: 29784899 PMCID: PMC6163116 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.32.20170102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleepiness affects normal social life, which attracts more and more attention. Circadian phenotypes contribute to obvious individual differences in susceptibility to sleepiness. We aimed to identify candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which may cause circadian phenotypes, elucidate the potential mechanisms, and generate corresponding SNP-gene-pathways. A genome-wide association studies (GWAS) dataset of circadian phenotypes was utilized in the study. Then, the Identify Candidate Causal SNPs and Pathways analysis was employed to the GWAS dataset after quality control filters. Furthermore, genotype-phenotype association analysis was performed with HapMap database. Four SNPs in three different genes were determined to correlate with usual weekday bedtime, totally providing seven hypothetical mechanisms. Eleven SNPs in six genes were identified to correlate with usual weekday sleep duration, which provided six hypothetical pathways. Our results demonstrated that fifteen candidate SNPs in eight genes played vital roles in six hypothetical pathways implicated in usual weekday bedtime and six potential pathways involved in usual weekday sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-di Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jia-Min Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jian-Gang Zou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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40
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„Gleich und gleich gesellt sich gern“ oder „Gegensätze ziehen sich an“? SOMNOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11818-018-0178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Talih F, Gebara NY, Andary FS, Mondello S, Kobeissy F, Ferri R. Delayed sleep phase syndrome and bipolar disorder: Pathogenesis and available common biomarkers. Sleep Med Rev 2018. [PMID: 29534856 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm disturbances are common in bipolar affective disorder (BD). Delayed sleep-wake phase syndrome (DSWPD) is the most prevalent circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder (CRSWDs) and is frequently observed in BD. It is unclear whether DSWPD in BD is an independent process or is a consequence of BD. In this hypothetical review, we discuss the overlap between BD and DSWPD and potential common biomarkers for DSWPD and BD. The review will include a discussion of the genetics of DSWPD and BD. Biomarkers elucidating the pathophysiological processes occurring in these two disorders may offer insight into the etiology and prognosis of both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Talih
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nour Y Gebara
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Farah S Andary
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Sleep Research Centre, Oasi Research Institute IRCCS, Troina, Italy
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42
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Kühnel J, Syrek CJ, Dreher A. Why Don't You Go to Bed on Time? A Daily Diary Study on the Relationships between Chronotype, Self-Control Resources and the Phenomenon of Bedtime Procrastination. Front Psychol 2018; 9:77. [PMID: 29456519 PMCID: PMC5801309 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This daily diary study investigates the phenomenon of bedtime procrastination. Bedtime procrastination is defined as going to bed later than intended, without having external reasons for doing so. We highlight the role chronotype (interindividual differences in biological preferences for sleep-wake-times) plays for bedtime procrastination. Moreover, we challenge the view that bedtime procrastination is the result of a lack of self-regulatory resources by investigating momentary self-regulatory resources as a predictor of day-specific bedtime procrastination. Methods: One-hundred and eight employees working in various industries completed a general electronic questionnaire (to assess chronotype and trait self-control) and two daily electronic questionnaires (to assess momentary self-regulatory resources before going to bed and day-specific bedtime procrastination) over the course of five work days, resulting in 399 pairs of matched day-next-day measurements. Results: Results of multilevel regression analyses showed that later chronotypes (also referred to as evening types or 'owls') tended to report more bedtime procrastination on work days. Moreover, for late chronotypes, day-specific bedtime procrastination declined over the course of the work week. This pattern is in line with expectations derived from chronobiology and could not be explained by trait self-control. In addition, on evenings on which employees had less self-regulatory resources available before going to bed-compared to evenings on which they had more self-regulatory resources available before going to bed-employees showed lower bedtime procrastination. This finding contradicts the prevailing idea that bedtime procrastination is the result of a lack of self-regulatory resources. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide important implications for how bedtime procrastination should be positioned in the field of procrastination as self-regulatory failure and for how bedtime procrastination should be dealt with in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kühnel
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Anne Dreher
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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43
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Vera B, Dashti HS, Gómez-Abellán P, Hernández-Martínez AM, Esteban A, Scheer FAJL, Saxena R, Garaulet M. Modifiable lifestyle behaviors, but not a genetic risk score, associate with metabolic syndrome in evening chronotypes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:945. [PMID: 29343740 PMCID: PMC5772646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evening chronotype associates with health complications possibly via lifestyle factors, while the contribution of genetics is unknown. The aim was to study the relative contributions of genetics, lifestyle, and circadian-related physiological characteristics in metabolic risk of evening chronotype. In order to capture a biological contribution to chronotype, a genetic-risk-score (GRS), comprised of 15 chronotype-related variants, was tested. Moreover, a wide range of behavioral and emotional eating factors was studied within the same population. Chronotype, lifestyle, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) outcomes were assessed (n = 2,126), in addition to genetics (n = 1,693) and rest-activity/wrist-temperature rhythms (n = 100). Evening chronotype associated with MetS and insulin resistance (P < 0.05), and several lifestyle factors including poorer eating behaviors, lower physical activity and later sleep and wake times. We observed an association between higher evening GRS and evening chronotype (P < 0.05), but not with MetS. We propose a GRS as a tool to capture the biological component of the inter-individual differences in chronotype. Our data show that several modifiable factors such as sedentary lifestyle, difficulties in controlling the amount of food eaten, alcohol intake and later wake and bed times that characterized evening-types, may underlie chronotype-MetS relationship. Our findings provide insights into the development of strategies, particularly for evening chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Vera
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain. .,IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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44
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Inderkum AP, Tarokh L. High heritability of adolescent sleep–wake behavior on free, but not school days: a long-term twin study. Sleep 2018; 41:4797120. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Inderkum
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leila Tarokh
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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45
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Abstract
Diurnal preference, or chronotype, determined partly by genetics and modified by age, activity, and the environment, defines the time of day at which one feels at his/her best, when one feels sleepy, and when one would prefer to start his/her day. Chronotype affects the phase relationship of an individual's circadian clock with the environment such that morning types have earlier-phased circadian rhythms than evening types. The phases of circadian rhythms are synchronized to the environment on a daily basis, undergoing minor adjustments of phase each day. Light is the most potent time cue for phase-shifting circadian rhythms, but the timing and amount of solar irradiation vary dynamically with season, especially with increasing distance from the equator. There is evidence that chronotype is modified by seasonal change, most likely due to the changes in the light environment, but interindividual differences in photoperiod responsiveness mean that some people are more affected than others. Differences in circadian light sensitivity due to endogenous biological reasons and/or previous light history are responsible for the natural variation in photoperiod responsiveness. Modern lifestyles that include access to artificial light at night, temperature-controlled environments, and spending much less time outdoors offer a buffer to the environmental changes of the seasons and may contribute to humans becoming less responsive to seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyambura Shawa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,
| | - Dale E Rae
- Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laura C Roden
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,
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46
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McMahon DM, Burch JB, Wirth MD, Youngstedt SD, Hardin JW, Hurley TG, Blair SN, Hand GA, Shook RP, Drenowatz C, Burgess S, Hebert JR. Persistence of social jetlag and sleep disruption in healthy young adults. Chronobiol Int 2017; 35:312-328. [PMID: 29231745 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1405014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disruption has been associated with increased risks for several major chronic diseases that develop over decades. Differences in sleep/wake timing between work and free days can result in the development of social jetlag (SJL), a chronic misalignment between a person's preferred sleep/wake schedule and sleep/wake timing imposed by his/her work schedule. Only a few studies have examined the persistence of SJL or sleep disruption over time. This prospective investigation examined SJL and sleep characteristics over a 2-year period to evaluate whether SJL or poor sleep were chronic conditions during the study period. SJL and sleep measures (total sleep time [TST], sleep onset latency [SOL], wake after sleep onset [WASO]), and sleep efficiency [SE]), were derived from armband monitoring among 390 healthy men and women 21-35 years old. Participants wore the armband for periods of 4-10 days at 6-month intervals during the follow-up period (N = 1431 repeated observations). The consistency of SJL or sleep disruption over time was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for repeated measures. Repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) was then used to identify subgroups among the study participants with different sleep trajectories over time. Individuals in each latent group were compared using GLMMs to identify personal characteristics that differed among the latent groups. Minor changes in mean SJL, chronotype, or TST were observed over time, whereas no statistically significant changes in SOL, WASO, or SE were observed during the study period. The RMLCA identified two groups of SJL that remained consistent throughout the study (low SJL, mean ± SE: 0.4 ± 0.04 h, 42% of the study population; and high SJL, 1.4 ± 0.03 h, 58%). Those in the SJL group with higher values tended to be employed and have an evening chronotype. Similarly, two distinct subgroups were observed for SOL, WASO, and SE; one group with a pattern suggesting disrupted sleep over time, and another with a consistently normal sleep pattern. Analyses of TST identified three latent groups with relatively short (5.6 ± 1.0 h, 21%), intermediate (6.5 ± 1.0 h, 44%), and long (7.3 ± 1.0 h, 36%) sleep durations, all with temporally stable, linear trajectories. The results from this study suggest that sleep disturbances among young adults can persist over a 2 year period. Latent groups with poor sleep tended to be male, African American, lower income, and have an evening chronotype relative to those with more normal sleep characteristics. Characterizing the persistence of sleep disruption over time and its contributing factors could be important for understanding the role of poor sleep as a chronic disease risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M McMahon
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - James B Burch
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,b Cancer Prevention and Control Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,c WJB Dorn Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Michael D Wirth
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,b Cancer Prevention and Control Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,d College of Nursing , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Shawn D Youngstedt
- e College of Nursing and Health Innovation , Arizona State University , Phoenix , AZ , USA.,f Phoenix VA Health Care System , Phoenix , AZ , USA
| | - James W Hardin
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Thomas G Hurley
- b Cancer Prevention and Control Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Steven N Blair
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,g Department of Exercise Science , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Gregory A Hand
- h School of Public Health , West Virginia University , Morgantown, WV , USA
| | - Robin P Shook
- i Department of Pediatrics , Center for Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital , Kansas City, MO , USA
| | - Clemens Drenowatz
- g Department of Exercise Science , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,j University of Education Upper Austria , Division of Physical Education , Linz , Austria
| | - Stephanie Burgess
- d College of Nursing , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - James R Hebert
- a Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA.,b Cancer Prevention and Control Program , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
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47
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Melroy-Greif WE, Gizer IR, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Genetic Influences on Evening Preference Overlap with Those for Bipolar Disorder in a Sample of Mexican Americans and American Indians. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017; 20:499-510. [PMID: 29192581 PMCID: PMC6013261 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal preference (e.g., being an owl or lark) has been associated with several psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder (BP), major depressive disorder, and substance use disorders. Previous large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aimed at identifying genetic influences on diurnal preference have exclusively included subjects of European ancestry. This study examined the genetic architecture of diurnal preference in two minority samples: a young adult sample of Mexican Americans (MAs), and a family-based sample of American Indians (AIs). Typed or imputed variants from exome chip data from the MA sample and low pass whole-genome sequencing from the AI cohort were analyzed using a mixed linear model approach for association with being an owl, as defined by a usual bedtime after 23:00 hrs. Genetic risk score (GRS) profiling detected shared genetic risk between evening preference and related disorders. Four variants in KIAA1549 like (KIAA1549L), a gene previously associated with attempted suicide in bipolar patients, were suggestively associated with being an owl at p < 1.82E-05; post hoc analyses showed the top variant trending in both the MA and AI cohorts at p = 2.50E-05 and p = .030, respectively. Variants associated with BP at p < .03 from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium nominally predicted being an owl in the MA/AI cohort at p = .012. This study provides some additional evidence that genetic risk factors for BP also confer risk for being an owl in MAs/AIs and that evening preference may be a useful endophenotype for future studies of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI), Chapel Hill, NC 27517, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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48
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Circadian preference towards morningness is associated with lower slow sleep spindle amplitude and intensity in adolescents. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14619. [PMID: 29097698 PMCID: PMC5668430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual circadian preference types and sleep EEG patterns related to spindle characteristics, have both been associated with similar cognitive and mental health phenotypes. However, no previous study has examined whether sleep spindles would differ by circadian preference. Here, we explore if spindle amplitude, density, duration or intensity differ by circadian preference and whether these associations are moderated by spindle location, frequency, and time distribution across the night. The participants (N = 170, 59% girls; mean age = 16.9, SD = 0.1 years) filled in the shortened 6-item Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. We performed an overnight sleep EEG at the homes of the participants. In linear mixed model analyses, we found statistically significant lower spindle amplitude and intensity in the morning as compared to intermediate (P < 0.001) and evening preference groups (P < 0.01; P > 0.06 for spindle duration and density). Spindle frequency moderated the associations (P < 0.003 for slow (<13 Hz); P > 0.2 for fast (>13 Hz)). Growth curve analyses revealed a distinct time distribution of spindles across the night by the circadian preference: both spindle amplitude and intensity decreased more towards morning in the morning preference group than in other groups. Our results indicate that circadian preference is not only affecting the sleep timing, but also associates with sleep microstructure regarding sleep spindle phenotypes.
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Lopez-Minguez J, Morosoli JJ, Madrid JA, Garaulet M, Ordoñana JR. Heritability of siesta and night-time sleep as continuously assessed by a circadian-related integrated measure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12340. [PMID: 28951572 PMCID: PMC5615078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Siesta is a relevant aspect of sleep due to its posited relationship with health or cognitive function. However, unlike night-time sleep, studies about daytime-sleep determinants and characteristics are scarce, and the genetic/environmental structure of siesta is still unknown. Our aim was to explore the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to variation in sleep-wake rhythm, measured by a continuous assessment of temperature-activity-position (TAP), which allows for diurnal sleep analysis. The sample comprised 53 pairs of female twins (28 MZ and 25 DZ), selected from the Murcia Twin Register. Mean age of participants was 52 (SD: 6.03). Zygosity was determined by DNA. We conducted separate univariate analyses to study the sources of variance of daytime and night-time sleep parameters. About 60% of the sample reported to take siesta at least once a week. Heritability of taking siesta and daytime sleep duration was 65 and 61% respectively. Other sleep parameters obtained by TAP showed heritability estimates between 36 and 69%, suggesting a relevant impact of genetic factors on sleep rhythm. This is the first study to investigate the relative contribution of genetic factors to siesta. By using TAP, we introduce a novel approach to the study of diurnal sleep characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lopez-Minguez
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Morosoli
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Madrid
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Garaulet
- Department of Physiology Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - J R Ordoñana
- IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Patke A, Murphy PJ, Onat OE, Krieger AC, Özçelik T, Campbell SS, Young MW. Mutation of the Human Circadian Clock Gene CRY1 in Familial Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder. Cell 2017; 169:203-215.e13. [PMID: 28388406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of daily human activity are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock that promotes ∼24 hr rhythms in many behavioral and physiological processes. This system is altered in delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), a common form of insomnia in which sleep episodes are shifted to later times misaligned with the societal norm. Here, we report a hereditary form of DSPD associated with a dominant coding variation in the core circadian clock gene CRY1, which creates a transcriptional inhibitor with enhanced affinity for circadian activator proteins Clock and Bmal1. This gain-of-function CRY1 variant causes reduced expression of key transcriptional targets and lengthens the period of circadian molecular rhythms, providing a mechanistic link to DSPD symptoms. The allele has a frequency of up to 0.6%, and reverse phenotyping of unrelated families corroborates late and/or fragmented sleep patterns in carriers, suggesting that it affects sleep behavior in a sizeable portion of the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Patke
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Patricia J Murphy
- Laboratory of Human Chronobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Onur Emre Onat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ana C Krieger
- Department of Medicine, Center for Sleep Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tayfun Özçelik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Scott S Campbell
- Laboratory of Human Chronobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY 10605, USA
| | - Michael W Young
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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