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Acosta J, Pérez E, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Fillat C, Fernández-Lucas J. Molecular Basis of NDT-Mediated Activation of Nucleoside-Based Prodrugs and Application in Suicide Gene Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010120. [PMID: 33477716 PMCID: PMC7831932 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the first proof for the application of type II 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LdNDT) in suicide gene therapy for cancer treatment. To this end, we first confirm the hydrolytic ability of LdNDT over the nucleoside-based prodrugs 2′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (dFUrd), 2′-deoxy-2-fluoroadenosine (dFAdo), and 2′-deoxy-6-methylpurine riboside (d6MetPRib). Such activity was significantly increased (up to 30-fold) in the presence of an acceptor nucleobase. To shed light on the strong nucleobase dependence for enzymatic activity, different molecular dynamics simulations were carried out. Finally, as a proof of concept, we tested the LdNDT/dFAdo system in human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Interestingly, LdNDT/dFAdo showed a pronounced reduction in cellular viability with inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range. These results open up future opportunities for the clinical implementation of nucleoside 2′-deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Acosta
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, c/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Elena Pérez
- Applied Biotechnology Group, European University of Madrid, c/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Division of Physiological Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66 Barranquilla, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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2
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Huang SC, Adhikari S, Brownell JE, Calderwood EF, Chouitar J, D'Amore NR, England DB, Foley K, Harrison SJ, LeRoy PJ, Lok D, Lublinsky A, Ma LT, Menon S, Yang Y, Zhang J, Gould AE. Discovery and optimization of pyrazolopyrimidine sulfamates as ATG7 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115681. [PMID: 32912429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is postulated to be required by cancer cells to survive periods of metabolic and/or hypoxic stress. ATG7 is the E1 enzyme that is required for activation of Ubl conjugation pathways involved in autophagosome formation. This article describes the design and optimization of pyrazolopyrimidine sulfamate compounds as potent and selective inhibitors of ATG7. Cellular levels of the autophagy markers, LC3B and NBR1, are regulated following treatment with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chung Huang
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Sharmila Adhikari
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - James E Brownell
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Emily F Calderwood
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jouhara Chouitar
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Natalie Roy D'Amore
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Dylan B England
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Klaudia Foley
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Sean J Harrison
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Patrick J LeRoy
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - David Lok
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Anna Lublinsky
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Li-Ting Ma
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Saurabh Menon
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yu Yang
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Ji Zhang
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alexandra E Gould
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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3
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Parker WB, Sorscher EJ. Use of E. coli Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase in the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:CPD-EPUB-86774. [PMID: 29119917 PMCID: PMC6224313 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666171109101851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The selective expression of non-human genes in tumor tissue to activate non-toxic compounds (Gene Directed Prodrug Enzyme Therapy, GDEPT) is a novel strategy designed for killing tumor cells in patients with little or no systemic toxicity. Numerous non-human genes have been evaluated, but none have yet been successful in the clinic. METHODS Unlike human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), E. coli PNP accepts adenine containing nucleosides as substrates, and is therefore able to selectively activate non-toxic purine analogs in tumor tissue. Various in vitro and in vivo assays have been utilized to evaluate E. coli PNP as a potential activating enzyme. RESULTS We and others have demonstrated excellent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity with various GDEPT strategies utilizing E. coli PNP to activate purine nucleoside analogs. A phase I clinical trial utilizing recombinant adenoviral vector for delivery of E. coli PNP to solid tumors followed by systemic administration of fludarabine phosphate (NCT01310179; IND# 14271) has recently been completed. In this trial, significant anti-tumor activity was demonstrated with negligible toxicity related to the therapy. The mechanism of cell kill (inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis) is distinct from all currently used anticancer drugs and all experimental compounds under development. The approach has demonstrated excellent ability to kill neighboring tumor cells that do not express E. coli PNP, is active against non-proliferating and proliferating tumors cells (as well as tumor stem cells, stroma), and is therefore very effective against solid tumors with a low growth fraction. CONCLUSION The unique attributes distinguish this approach from other GDEPT strategies and are precisely those required to mediate significant improvements in antitumor therapy.
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4
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Tran HA, Zheng Z, Wen X, Manivannan S, Pastor A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Snyder FF, Back TG. Synthesis and activity of nucleoside-based antiprotozoan compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2091-2104. [PMID: 28284860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa employ a salvage pathway to synthesize purines and generate essential active nucleotides, whereas mammals are capable of their de novo biosynthesis. This difference provides opportunity for the design of potential new antiprotozoan compounds. A series of 47 adenosine analogues was prepared with modifications at the 2-, 6- and 5'-positions, based on the hypothesis that such compounds would serve as substrates for protozoan nucleoside salvage enzymes, while remaining refractory in mammalian cells. The nucleosides were designed to produce toxic metabolites upon cleavage to the corresponding purine base by the parasite. Three 7-deazaguanosine derivatives were prepared with similar objectives. All of these compounds were tested in vitro against T. brucei (African sleeping sickness), T. cruzi (Chagas' disease), L. donovani (leishmaniasis) and P. falciparum (malaria). In order to determine the therapeutic selectivity indices (SI) of the antiprotozoan nucleosides, their cytotoxicities toward a rat myoblast cell line were also determined. One adenosine derivative proved highly effective against P. falciparum (IC50=110nM and SI=1010, while a modified guanosine displayed potent activities against L. donovani (IC50=60nM, SI=2720) and T. brucei (IC50=130nM, SI=1250), as well as moderate activity against T. cruzi (IC50=3.4µM, SI=48). These results provide proof of concept for the nucleoside-based antiprotozoan strategy, as well as potential lead compounds for further optimization and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Anh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zhaoyan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xianghui Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Srinivasan Manivannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arnaud Pastor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floyd F Snyder
- Departments of Medical Genetics & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Thomas G Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Malekshah OM, Chen X, Nomani A, Sarkar S, Hatefi A. Enzyme/Prodrug Systems for Cancer Gene Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:299-308. [PMID: 28042530 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzyme/prodrug system has gained attention because it could help improve the efficacy and safety of conventional cancer chemotherapies. In this approach, cancer cells are first transfected with a gene that can express an enzyme with ability to convert a non-toxic prodrug into its active cytotoxic form. As a result, the activated prodrug could kill the transfected cancer cells. Despite the significant progress of different suicide gene therapy protocols in preclinical studies and early clinical trials, none has reached the clinic due to several shortcomings. These include slow prodrug-drug conversion rate, low transfection/transduction efficiency of the vectors and nonspecific toxicity/immunogenicity related to the delivery systems, plasmid DNA, enzymes and/or prodrugs. This mini review aims at providing an overview of the most widely used enzyme/prodrug systems with emphasis on reporting the results of the recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obeid M Malekshah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Xuguang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Alireza Nomani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Siddik Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Arash Hatefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United States
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6
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Hassan AEA, Abou-Elkhair RAI, Parker WB, Allan PW, Secrist JA. 6-Methylpurine derived sugar modified nucleosides: Synthesis and evaluation of their substrate activity with purine nucleoside phosphorylases. Bioorg Chem 2015; 65:9-16. [PMID: 26745284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
6-Methylpurine (MeP) is cytotoxic adenine analog that does not exhibit selectivity when administered systemically, and could be very useful in a gene therapy approach to cancer treatment involving Escherichia coli PNP. The prototype MeP releasing prodrug, 9-(β-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine, MeP-dR has demonstrated good activity against tumors expressing E. coli PNP, but its antitumor activity is limited due to toxicity resulting from the generation of MeP from gut bacteria. Therefore, we have embarked on a medicinal chemistry program to identify non-toxic MeP prodrugs that could be used in conjunction with E. coli PNP. In this work, we report on the synthesis of 9-(6-deoxy-β-d-allofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine (3) and 9-(6-deoxy-5-C-methyl-β-d-ribo-hexofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine (4), and the evaluation of their substrate activity with several phosphorylases. The glycosyl donors; 1,2-di-O-acetyl-3,5-di-O-benzyl-α-d-allofuranose (10) and 1-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-2,5-di-O-benzoyl-6-deoxy-5-C-methyl-β-d-ribohexofuran-ose (15) were prepared from 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidine-α-d-glucofuranose in 9 and 11 steps, respectively. Coupling of 10 and 15 with silylated 6-methylpurine under Vorbrüggen glycosylation conditions followed conventional deprotection of the hydroxyl groups furnished 5'-C-methylated-6-methylpurine nucleosides 3 and 4, respectively. Unlike 9-(6-deoxy-α-l-talo-furanosyl)-6-methylpurine, which showed good substrate activity with E. coli PNP mutant (M64V), the β-d-allo-furanosyl derivative 3 and the 5'-di-C-methyl derivative 4 were poor substrates for all tested glycosidic bond cleavage enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E A Hassan
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305, USA; Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | | | - William B Parker
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305, USA; PNP Therapeutics Inc., 15 Richard Arrington Jr. Blvd North, Birmingham, AL 35203, USA
| | - Paula W Allan
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305, USA
| | - John A Secrist
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305, USA
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7
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Hassan AEA, Abou-Elkhair RAI, Parker WB, Allan PW, Secrist JA. 6-Methylpurine derived sugar modified nucleosides: Synthesis and in vivo antitumor activity in D54 tumor expressing M64V-Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:616-622. [PMID: 26724729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Impressive antitumor activity has been observed with fludarabine phosphate against tumors that express Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) due to the liberation of 2-fluoroadenine in the tumor tissue. 6-Methylpurine (MeP) is another cytotoxic adenine analog that does not exhibit selectivity when administered systemically, and could be very useful in a gene therapy approach to cancer treatment involving E. coli PNP. The prototype MeP releasing prodrug 9-(2-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine (1) [MeP-dR] has demonstrated good activity against tumors expressing E. coli PNP, but its antitumor activity is limited due to toxicity resulting from the generation of MeP from gut bacteria. Therefore, we have embarked on a medicinal chemistry program to identify a combination of non-toxic MeP prodrugs and non-human adenosine glycosidic bond cleaving enzymes. The two best MeP-based substrates with M64V-E coli PNP, a mutant which was engineered to tolerate modification at the 5'-position of adenosine and its analogs, were 9-(6-deoxy-α-l-talofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine (3) [methyl(talo)-MeP-R] and 9-(α-l-lyxofuranosyl)6-methylpurine (4) [lyxo-MeP-R]. The detailed synthesis methyl(talo)-MeP-R and lyxo-MeP-R, and the evaluation of their substrate activity with 4 enzymes not normally associated with cancer patients is described. In addition, we have determined the intraperitoneal pharmacokinetic (ip-PK) properties of methyl(talo)-MeP-R and have determined its in vivo bystander activity in mice bearing D54 tumors that express M64V PNP. The observed good in vivo bystander activity of [methyl(talo)-MeP-R/M64V-E coli PNP combination suggests that these agents could be useful for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E A Hassan
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL, 35255-5305, USA; Applied Nucleic Acids Research Centre, Zagazig University, Zagazig, PO Box 44519, Egypt.
| | - Reham A I Abou-Elkhair
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL, 35255-5305, USA; Applied Nucleic Acids Research Centre, Zagazig University, Zagazig, PO Box 44519, Egypt
| | - William B Parker
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL, 35255-5305, USA; PNP Therapeutics Inc., 15 Richard Arrington Jr. Blvd North, Birmingham, AL, 35203, USA
| | - Paula W Allan
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL, 35255-5305, USA
| | - John A Secrist
- Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL, 35255-5305, USA
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8
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Ardiani A, Johnson AJ, Ruan H, Sanchez-Bonilla M, Serve K, Black ME. Enzymes to die for: exploiting nucleotide metabolizing enzymes for cancer gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2012; 12:77-91. [PMID: 22384805 DOI: 10.2174/156652312800099571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suicide gene therapy is an attractive strategy to selectively destroy cancer cells while minimizing unnecessary toxicity to normal cells. Since this idea was first introduced more than two decades ago, numerous studies have been conducted and significant developments have been made to further its application for mainstream cancer therapy. Major limitations of the suicide gene therapy strategy that have hindered its clinical application include inefficient directed delivery to cancer cells and the poor prodrug activation capacity of suicide enzymes. This review is focused on efforts that have been and are currently being pursued to improve the activity of individual suicide enzymes towards their respective prodrugs with particular attention to the application of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes in suicide cancer gene therapy. A number of protein engineering strategies have been employed and our discussion here will center on the use of mutagenesis approaches to create and evaluate nucleotide metabolizing enzymes with enhanced prodrug activation capacity and increased thermostability. Several of these studies have yielded clinically important enzyme variants that are relevant for cancer gene therapy applications because their utilization can serve to maximize cancer cell killing while minimizing the prodrug dose, thereby limiting undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Ardiani
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, 99164-7520, USA
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9
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Ellermann M, Paulini R, Jakob‐Roetne R, Lerner C, Borroni E, Roth D, Ehler A, Schweizer WB, Schlatter D, Rudolph MG, Diederich F. Molecular Recognition at the Active Site of Catechol‐
O
‐methyltransferase (COMT): Adenine Replacements in Bisubstrate Inhibitors. Chemistry 2011; 17:6369-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ellermann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Zürich, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 1‐632‐1109
| | - Ralph Paulini
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Zürich, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 1‐632‐1109
| | - Roland Jakob‐Roetne
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Christian Lerner
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Edilio Borroni
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Doris Roth
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Andreas Ehler
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - W. Bernd Schweizer
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Zürich, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 1‐632‐1109
| | - Daniel Schlatter
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Markus G. Rudolph
- Pharma Division, Präklinische Forschung, F. Hoffmann‐La Roche AG, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Zürich, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 1‐632‐1109
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10
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Hassan AEA, Parker WB, Allan PW, Secrist JA. Regioselective metalation of 6-methylpurines: synthesis of fluoromethyl purines and related nucleosides for suicide gene therapy of cancer. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 28:642-56. [PMID: 20183607 DOI: 10.1080/15257770903091938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metalation of 6-methyl-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)purine (10) with lithiating agents of varying basicities such as n-BuLi and LiHMDS in THF at -78 degrees C resulted in metalation at both of the 6-CH(3) moiety and the 8-CH position, irrespective of the molar equivalence of the base. On the other hand, a regioselective metalation at the 6-CH(3) moiety of 10 was observed with NaHMDS or KHMDS, under similar conditions. Treatment of the potassium salts of 10 and of the protected riboside derivative 6-methyl-9-(beta-D-2,3,5-tri-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylribofuranosyl)purine (22) with N-fluorobenzenesulfonamide (NFSI) at -78 degrees C gave the corresponding 6-fluoromethylpurine derivatives 11 and 23, respectively, in good yields. Deprotection of 11 and 23 under standard conditions gave 6-fluoromethylpurine (6-FMeP, 3) and 6-fluoromethyl-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (6-FMePR, 4), respectively, in high yield. Both 3 and 4 demonstrated cytotoxic activity against CCRF-CEM cells in culture. 6-FMePR is a good substrate for E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (E. coli PNP) with a comparable substrate activity to that of the parent nucleoside, 6-methyl-9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)purine (6-MePR, 21). The cytotoxic activity of 6-FMeP along with the substrate activity of 6-FMePR with E. coli PNP meet the fundamental requirements for using 6-FMeP as a potential toxin in PNP/prodrug based cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla E A Hassan
- Southern Research Institute, Drug Discovery Division, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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11
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Sun Q, Edathil JP, Wu R, Smidansky ED, Cameron CE, Peterson BR. One-pot synthesis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates from nucleoside 5'-H-phosphonates. Org Lett 2008; 10:1703-6. [PMID: 18393512 PMCID: PMC3104733 DOI: 10.1021/ol8003029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside 5'-triphosphates (NTPs) play key roles in biology and medicine. However, these compounds are notoriously difficult to synthesize. We describe a one-pot method to prepare NTPs from nucleoside 5'-H-phosphonate monoesters via pyridinium phosphoramidates, and we used this approach to synthesize ATP, UTP, GTP, CTP, ribavirin-TP, and 6-methylpurine ribonucleoside-TP (6MePTP). Poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase efficiently employed 6MePTP as a substrate, suggesting that the cognate nucleoside, a poorly understood antiviral agent, may damage viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Jocelyn P. Edathil
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Runzhi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Eric D. Smidansky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Blake R. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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12
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Cai X, Zhou J, Chang Y, Sun X, Li P, Lin J. Targeting gene therapy for hepatocarcinoma cells with the E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase suicide gene system directed by a chimeric alpha-fetoprotein promoter. Cancer Lett 2008; 264:71-82. [PMID: 18407409 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For hepatocarcinoma (HCC) gene therapy, the tumoricidal efficacy and selective expression of therapeutic gene remain two major challenges. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)/9-(2-deoxy-beta-dribofuranosyl)-6-methylpurine (MeP-dR) suicide gene system exhibits excellent anti-tumor effects, indicating this system directed by a HCC-specific promoter would offer a possibility of targeting gene therapy for HCC. To test this hypothesis, here, we prepared a plasmid (p[HRE]AF/PNP) containing the E. coli PNP/MeP-dR system and a chimeric human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) promoter, [HRE]AF. We introduced this plasmid into AFP-positive and low-AFP-generating human HCC cells, and evaluated its therapeutic effects on both human HCC cell lines. In the presence of hypoxia, the E. coli PNP gene directed by the [HRE]AF promoter were HCC-specifically expressed in two human HCC cell lines and, moreover, the [HRE]AF-PNP/MeP-dR therapy would yield significant and selective cytotoxicity in both AFP-positive and low-AFP-generating HCC cells. Our findings suggest the [HRE]AF-PNP/MeP-dR therapy has worthy potentialities as an effective strategy for targeting therapy of AFP-positive, and especially AFP-negative or low-AFP-generating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Cai
- Institute for Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Synthesis, IR-, NMR-, DFT and X-ray study of ferrocenyl heterocycles from thiosemicarbazones. Part 21: Study on ferrocenes. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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hTERT-targeted E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene/6-methylpurine deoxyribose therapy for pancreatic cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200708010-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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Portsmouth D, Hlavaty J, Renner M. Suicide genes for cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:4-41. [PMID: 17306358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The principle of using suicide genes for gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) of cancer has gained increasing significance during the 20 years since its inception. The astute application of suitable GDEPT systems should permit tumour ablation in the absence of off-target toxicity commonly associated with classical chemotherapy, a hypothesis which is supported by encouraging results in a multitude of pre-clinical animal models. This review provides a clear explanation of the rationale behind the GDEPT principle, outlining the advantages and limitations of different GDEPT strategies with respect to the roles of the bystander effect, the immune system and the selectivity of the activated prodrug in contributing to their therapeutic efficacy. An in-depth analysis of the most widely used suicide gene/prodrug combinations is presented, including details of the latest advances in enzyme and prodrug optimisation and results from the most recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Portsmouth
- Research Institute for Virology and Biomedicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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