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Wainberg M, Forde NJ, Mansour S, Kerrebijn I, Medland SE, Hawco C, Tripathy SJ. Genetic architecture of the structural connectome. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1962. [PMID: 38438384 PMCID: PMC10912129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelinated axons form long-range connections that enable rapid communication between distant brain regions, but how genetics governs the strength and organization of these connections remains unclear. We perform genome-wide association studies of 206 structural connectivity measures derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography of 26,333 UK Biobank participants, each representing the density of myelinated connections within or between a pair of cortical networks, subcortical structures or cortical hemispheres. We identify 30 independent genome-wide significant variants after Bonferroni correction for the number of measures studied (126 variants at nominal genome-wide significance) implicating genes involved in myelination (SEMA3A), neurite elongation and guidance (NUAK1, STRN, DPYSL2, EPHA3, SEMA3A, HGF, SHTN1), neural cell proliferation and differentiation (GMNC, CELF4, HGF), neuronal migration (CCDC88C), cytoskeletal organization (CTTNBP2, MAPT, DAAM1, MYO16, PLEC), and brain metal transport (SLC39A8). These variants have four broad patterns of spatial association with structural connectivity: some have disproportionately strong associations with corticothalamic connectivity, interhemispheric connectivity, or both, while others are more spatially diffuse. Structural connectivity measures are highly polygenic, with a median of 9.1 percent of common variants estimated to have non-zero effects on each measure, and exhibited signatures of negative selection. Structural connectivity measures have significant genetic correlations with a variety of neuropsychiatric and cognitive traits, indicating that connectivity-altering variants tend to influence brain health and cognitive function. Heritability is enriched in regions with increased chromatin accessibility in adult oligodendrocytes (as well as microglia, inhibitory neurons and astrocytes) and multiple fetal cell types, suggesting that genetic control of structural connectivity is partially mediated by effects on myelination and early brain development. Our results indicate pervasive, pleiotropic, and spatially structured genetic control of white-matter structural connectivity via diverse neurodevelopmental pathways, and support the relevance of this genetic control to healthy brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wainberg
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Natalie J Forde
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Mansour
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabel Kerrebijn
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Colin Hawco
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Shreejoy J Tripathy
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Qiu Z, Minegishi T, Aoki D, Abe K, Baba K, Inagaki N. Adhesion-clutch between DCC and netrin-1 mediates netrin-1-induced axonal haptotaxis. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1307755. [PMID: 38375502 PMCID: PMC10875621 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1307755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth cone, a motile structure located at the tip of growing axons, senses extracellular guidance cues and translates them into directional forces that drive axon outgrowth and guidance. Axon guidance directed by chemical cues on the extracellular adhesive substrate is termed haptotaxis. Recent studies reported that netrin-1 on the substrate functions as a haptotactic axon guidance cue. However, the mechanism mediating netrin-1-induced axonal haptotaxis remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that substrate-bound netrin-1 induces axonal haptotaxis by facilitating physical interactions between the netrin-1 receptor, DCC, and the adhesive substrates. DCC serves as an adhesion receptor for netrin-1. The clutch-linker molecule shootin1a interacted with DCC, linking it to actin filament retrograde flow at the growth cone. Speckle imaging analyses showed that DCC underwent either grip (stop) or retrograde slip on the adhesive substrate. The grip state was more prevalent on netrin-1-coated substrate compared to the control substrate polylysine, thereby transmitting larger traction force on the netrin-1-coated substrate. Furthermore, disruption of the linkage between actin filament retrograde flow and DCC by shootin1 knockout impaired netrin-1-induced axonal haptotaxis. These results suggest that the directional force for netrin-1-induced haptotaxis is exerted on the substrates through the adhesion-clutch between DCC and netrin-1 which occurs asymmetrically within the growth cone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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3
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Beta C, Edelstein-Keshet L, Gov N, Yochelis A. From actin waves to mechanism and back: How theory aids biological understanding. eLife 2023; 12:e87181. [PMID: 37428017 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics in cell motility, division, and phagocytosis is regulated by complex factors with multiple feedback loops, often leading to emergent dynamic patterns in the form of propagating waves of actin polymerization activity that are poorly understood. Many in the actin wave community have attempted to discern the underlying mechanisms using experiments and/or mathematical models and theory. Here, we survey methods and hypotheses for actin waves based on signaling networks, mechano-chemical effects, and transport characteristics, with examples drawn from Dictyostelium discoideum, human neutrophils, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Xenopus laevis oocytes. While experimentalists focus on the details of molecular components, theorists pose a central question of universality: Are there generic, model-independent, underlying principles, or just boundless cell-specific details? We argue that mathematical methods are equally important for understanding the emergence, evolution, and persistence of actin waves and conclude with a few challenges for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Nir Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arik Yochelis
- Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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4
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Bertram H, Wilhelmi S, Rajavel A, Boelhauve M, Wittmann M, Ramzan F, Schmitt AO, Gültas M. Comparative Investigation of Coincident Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Underlying Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Ducks. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:969. [PMID: 37508399 PMCID: PMC10375970 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza is a severe viral infection that has the potential to cause human pandemics. In particular, chickens are susceptible to many highly pathogenic strains of the virus, resulting in significant losses. In contrast, ducks have been reported to exhibit rapid and effective innate immune responses to most avian influenza virus (AIV) infections. To explore the distinct genetic programs that potentially distinguish the susceptibility/resistance of both species to AIV, the investigation of coincident SNPs (coSNPs) and their differing causal effects on gene functions in both species is important to gain novel insight into the varying immune-related responses of chickens and ducks. By conducting a pairwise genome alignment between these species, we identified coSNPs and their respective effect on AIV-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this study. The examination of these genes (e.g., CD74, RUBCN, and SHTN1 for chickens and ABCA3, MAP2K6, and VIPR2 for ducks) reveals their high relevance to AIV. Further analysis of these genes provides promising effector molecules (such as IκBα, STAT1/STAT3, GSK-3β, or p53) and related key signaling pathways (such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, or Wnt) to elucidate the complex mechanisms of immune responses to AIV infections in both chickens and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Bertram
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany; (H.B.)
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Selina Wilhelmi
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abirami Rajavel
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Boelhauve
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany; (H.B.)
| | - Margareta Wittmann
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany; (H.B.)
| | - Faisal Ramzan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August University, Margarethe von Wrangell-Weg 7, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Lübecker Ring 2, 59494 Soest, Germany; (H.B.)
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, Georg-August University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Gu X, Jia C, Wang J. Advances in Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Polarity. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:2851-2870. [PMID: 36738353 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03242-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity are important for neural development and function. Abnormal neuronal polarity establishment commonly leads to a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Over the past three decades, with the continuous development and improvement of biological research methods and techniques, we have made tremendous progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuronal polarity establishment. The activity of positive and negative feedback signals and actin waves are both essential in this process. They drive the directional transport and aggregation of key molecules of neuronal polarity, promote the spatiotemporal regulation of ordered and coordinated interactions of actin filaments and microtubules, stimulate the specialization and growth of axons, and inhibit the formation of multiple axons. In this review, we focus on recent advances in these areas, in particular the important findings about neuronal polarity in two classical models, in vitro primary hippocampal/cortical neurons and in vivo cortical pyramidal neurons, and discuss our current understanding of neuronal polarity..
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junhao Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute for Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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6
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Kastian RF, Baba K, Kaewkascholkul N, Sasaki H, Watanabe R, Toriyama M, Inagaki N. Dephosphorylation of neural wiring protein shootin1 by PP1 phosphatase regulates netrin-1-induced axon guidance. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104687. [PMID: 37044214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon pathfinding is an essential step in neuronal network formation. Shootin1a is a clutch-linker molecule that is mechanically involved in axon outgrowth and guidance. It was previously shown that concentration gradients of axon guidance molecule netrin-1 in the extracellular environment elicit asymmetrically localized Pak1 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of shootin1a within axonal growth cones, which is higher on the netrin-1 source side. This asymmetric phosphorylation promotes shootin1a-mediated local actin-adhesion coupling within growth cones, thereby generating directional forces for turning the growth cone toward the netrin-1 source. However, how the spatial differences in netrin-1 concentration are transduced into the asymmetrically localized signaling within growth cones remains unclear. Moreover, the protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate shootin1a remain unidentified. Here, we report that protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) dephosphorylates shootin1a in growth cones. We found that PP1 overexpression abolished the netrin-1-induced asymmetric localization of phosphorylated-shootin1a as well as axon turning. In addition, we show PP1 inhibition reversed the asymmetrically localized shootin1a phosphorylation within growth cones under netrin-1 gradient, thereby changing the netrin-1-induced growth cone turning from attraction to repulsion. These data indicate that PP1-mediated shootin1a dephosphorylation plays a key role in organizing asymmetrically-localized phosphorylated shootin1a within growth cones, which regulates netrin-1-induced axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Fajarwati Kastian
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan; Mammalian Cell Engineering and Signal Transduction Research Group, Research Center for Genetic Engineering, National Research and Innovation Agency, KST Soekarno, Jl. Raya Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Kentarou Baba
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Napol Kaewkascholkul
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hisashi Sasaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Rikiya Watanabe
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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7
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Kunida K, Takagi N, Aoki K, Ikeda K, Nakamura T, Sakumura Y. Decoding cellular deformation from pseudo-simultaneously observed Rho GTPase activities. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112071. [PMID: 36764299 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Limitations in simultaneously observing the activity of multiple molecules in live cells prevent researchers from elucidating how these molecules coordinate the dynamic regulation of cellular functions. Here, we propose the motion-triggered average (MTA) algorithm to characterize pseudo-simultaneous dynamic changes in arbitrary cellular deformation and molecular activities. Using MTA, we successfully extract a pseudo-simultaneous time series from individually observed activities of three Rho GTPases: Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. To verify that this time series encoded information on cell-edge movement, we use a mathematical regression model to predict the edge velocity from the activities of the three molecules. The model accurately predicts the unknown edge velocity, providing numerical evidence that these Rho GTPases regulate edge movement. Data preprocessing using MTA combined with mathematical regression provides an effective strategy for reusing numerous individual observations of molecular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Kunida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takagi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1342, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Kazushi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (RIKEN AIP), Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sakumura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan; Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 8916-5, Japan.
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8
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Khan TA, Guo A, Martin J, Te Chien C, Liu T, Szczurkowska J, Shelly M. Directed mechanisms for apical dendrite development during neuronal polarization. Dev Biol 2022; 490:110-116. [PMID: 35809631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the dendrite and the axon during neuronal polarization underlies the directed flow of information in the brain. Seminal studies on axon development have dominated the mechanistic analysis of neuronal polarization. These studies, many originating from examinations in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons in vitro, have established a prevalent view that axon formation precedes and is necessary for neuronal polarization. There is also in vivo evidence supporting this view. Nevertheless, the establishment of bipolar polarity and the leading edge, and apical dendrite development in pyramidal neurons in vivo occur when axon formation is prevented. Furthermore, recent mounting evidence suggest that directed mechanisms might mediate bipolar polarity/leading process and subsequent apical dendrite development. In the presence of spatially directed extracellular cues in the developing brain, these events may operate independently of axon forming events. In this perspective we summarize evidence in support of these evolving views in neuronal polarization and highlight recent findings on dedicated mechanisms acting in apical dendrite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamor A Khan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Alan Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Chia Te Chien
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Tianrui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Joanna Szczurkowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA
| | - Maya Shelly
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5230, USA.
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9
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Procès A, Luciano M, Kalukula Y, Ris L, Gabriele S. Multiscale Mechanobiology in Brain Physiology and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:823857. [PMID: 35419366 PMCID: PMC8996382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mechanics play a critical role in regulating brain function at different scales. Downstream integration of mechanical inputs into biochemical signals and genomic pathways causes observable and measurable effects on brain cell fate and can also lead to important pathological consequences. Despite recent advances, the mechanical forces that influence neuronal processes remain largely unexplored, and how endogenous mechanical forces are detected and transduced by brain cells into biochemical and genetic programs have received less attention. In this review, we described the composition of brain tissues and their pronounced microstructural heterogeneity. We discuss the individual role of neuronal and glial cell mechanics in brain homeostasis and diseases. We highlight how changes in the composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix can modulate brain cell functions and describe key mechanisms of the mechanosensing process. We then consider the contribution of mechanobiology in the emergence of brain diseases by providing a critical review on traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and neuroblastoma. We show that a better understanding of the mechanobiology of brain tissues will require to manipulate the physico-chemical parameters of the cell microenvironment, and to develop three-dimensional models that can recapitulate the complexity and spatial diversity of brain tissues in a reproducible and predictable manner. Collectively, these emerging insights shed new light on the importance of mechanobiology and its implication in brain and nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Procès
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,Neurosciences Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marine Luciano
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Yohalie Kalukula
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurence Ris
- Neurosciences Department, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology and Biomaterials group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Szczurkowska J, Guo A, Martin J, Lee SI, Martinez E, Chien CT, Khan TA, Singh R, Dadson D, Tran TS, Pautot S, Shelly M. Semaphorin3A/PlexinA3 association with the Scribble scaffold for cGMP increase is required for apical dendrite development. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110483. [PMID: 35294878 PMCID: PMC8994670 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the apical dendrite from the leading process of the bipolar pyramidal neuron might be directed by spatially organized extrinsic cues acting on localized intrinsic determinants. The extracellular cues regulating apical dendrite polarization remain elusive. We show that leading process and apical dendrite development are directed by class III Semaphorins and mediated by a localized cGMP-synthesizing complex. The scaffolding protein Scribble that associates with the cGMP-synthesizing enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) also associates with the Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) co-receptor PlexinA3. Deletion or knockdown of PlexinA3 and Sema3A or disruption of PlexinA3-Scribble association prevents Sema3A-mediated cGMP increase and causes defects in apical dendrite development. These manipulations also impair bipolar polarity and leading process establishment. Local cGMP elevation or sGC expression rescues the effects of PlexinA3 knockdown or PlexinA3-Scribble complex disruption. During neuronal polarization, leading process and apical dendrite development are directed by a scaffold that links Semaphorin cue to cGMP increase. Szczurkowska et al. show that spatially directed Sema3A may promote development of the leading process and the apical dendrite via the co-receptor PlexinA3 by orchestrating localized cGMP increase on the scaffold protein, Scribble, at the leading edge of developing pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczurkowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Alan Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Seong-Il Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Edward Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Chia Te Chien
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tamor A Khan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Ravnit Singh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Doreen Dadson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tracy S Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | | | - Maya Shelly
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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11
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Landínez-Macías M, Urwyler O. The Fine Art of Writing a Message: RNA Metabolism in the Shaping and Remodeling of the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:755686. [PMID: 34916907 PMCID: PMC8670310 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.755686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphogenesis, integration into circuits, and remodeling of synaptic connections occur in temporally and spatially defined steps. Accordingly, the expression of proteins and specific protein isoforms that contribute to these processes must be controlled quantitatively in time and space. A wide variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, which act on pre-mRNA and mRNA molecules contribute to this control. They are thereby critically involved in physiological and pathophysiological nervous system development, function, and maintenance. Here, we review recent findings on how mRNA metabolism contributes to neuronal development, from neural stem cell maintenance to synapse specification, with a particular focus on axon growth, guidance, branching, and synapse formation. We emphasize the role of RNA-binding proteins, and highlight their emerging roles in the poorly understood molecular processes of RNA editing, alternative polyadenylation, and temporal control of splicing, while also discussing alternative splicing, RNA localization, and local translation. We illustrate with the example of the evolutionary conserved Musashi protein family how individual RNA-binding proteins are, on the one hand, acting in different processes of RNA metabolism, and, on the other hand, impacting multiple steps in neuronal development and circuit formation. Finally, we provide links to diseases that have been associated with the malfunction of RNA-binding proteins and disrupted post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Landínez-Macías
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Urwyler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Optimization of Neurite Tracing and Further Characterization of Human Monocyte-Derived-Neuronal-like Cells. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111372. [PMID: 34827371 PMCID: PMC8615477 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in neuronal structure are consistently associated with neurodevelopmental illnesses such as autism and schizophrenia. Nonetheless, the inability to access neurons from clinical patients has limited the study of early neurostructural changes directly in patients’ cells. This obstacle has been circumvented by differentiating stem cells into neurons, although the most used methodologies are time consuming. Therefore, we recently developed a relatively rapid (~20 days) protocol for transdifferentiating human circulating monocytes into neuronal-like cells. These monocyte-derived-neuronal-like cells (MDNCs) express several genes and proteins considered neuronal markers, such as MAP-2 and PSD-95. In addition, these cells conduct electrical activity. We have also previously shown that the structure of MDNCs is comparable with that of human developing neurons (HDNs) after 5 days in culture. Moreover, the neurostructure of MDNCs responds similarly to that of HDNs when exposed to colchicine and dopamine. In this manuscript, we expanded our characterization of MDNCs to include the expression of 12 neuronal genes, including tau. Following, we compared three different tracing approaches (two semi-automated and one automated) that enable tracing using photographs of live cells. This comparison is imperative for determining which neurite tracing method is more efficient in extracting neurostructural data from MDNCs and thus allowing researchers to take advantage of the faster yield provided by these neuronal-like cells. Surprisingly, it was one of the semi-automated methods that was the fastest, consisting of tracing only the longest primary and the longest secondary neurite. This tracing technique also detected more structural deficits. The only automated method tested, Volocity, detected MDNCs but failed to trace the entire neuritic length. Other advantages and disadvantages of the three tracing approaches are also presented and discussed.
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13
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Motz CT, Kabat V, Saxena T, Bellamkonda RV, Zhu C. Neuromechanobiology: An Expanding Field Driven by the Force of Greater Focus. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100102. [PMID: 34342167 PMCID: PMC8497434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain processes information by transmitting signals through highly connected and dynamic networks of neurons. Neurons use specific cellular structures, including axons, dendrites and synapses, and specific molecules, including cell adhesion molecules, ion channels and chemical receptors to form, maintain and communicate among cells in the networks. These cellular and molecular processes take place in environments rich of mechanical cues, thus offering ample opportunities for mechanical regulation of neural development and function. Recent studies have suggested the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the development and maintenance of these neuronal structures. Also suggested are the importance of mechanical cues and their potential regulatory roles in the interaction and function of molecules mediating the interneuronal communications. In this review, the current understanding is integrated and promising future directions of neuromechanobiology are suggested at the cellular and molecular levels. Several neuronal processes where mechanics likely plays a role are examined and how forces affect ligand binding, conformational change, and signal induction of molecules key to these neuronal processes are indicated, especially at the synapse. The disease relevance of neuromechanobiology as well as therapies and engineering solutions to neurological disorders stemmed from this emergent field of study are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Motz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Victoria Kabat
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
| | - Tarun Saxena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0363, USA
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14
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Abe K, Baba K, Huang L, Wei KT, Okano K, Hosokawa Y, Inagaki N. Mechanosensitive axon outgrowth mediated by L1-laminin clutch interface. Biophys J 2021; 120:3566-3576. [PMID: 34384760 PMCID: PMC8456307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the extracellular environment modulate axon outgrowth. Growth cones at the tip of extending axons generate traction force for axon outgrowth by transmitting the force of actin filament retrograde flow, produced by actomyosin contraction and F-actin polymerization, to adhesive substrates through clutch and cell adhesion molecules. A molecular clutch between the actin filament flow and substrate is proposed to contribute to cellular mechanosensing. However, the molecular identity of the clutch interface responsible for mechanosensitive growth cone advance is unknown. We previously reported that mechanical coupling between actin filament retrograde flow and adhesive substrates through the clutch molecule shootin1a and the cell adhesion molecule L1 generates traction force for axon outgrowth and guidance. Here, we show that cultured mouse hippocampal neurons extend longer axons on stiffer substrates under elastic conditions that correspond to the soft brain environments. We demonstrate that this stiffness-dependent axon outgrowth requires actin-adhesion coupling mediated by shootin1a, L1, and laminin on the substrate. Speckle imaging analyses showed that L1 at the growth cone membrane switches between two adhesive states: L1 that is immobilized and that undergoes retrograde movement on the substrate. The duration of the immobilized phase was longer on stiffer substrates; this was accompanied by increases in actin-adhesion coupling and in the traction force exerted on the substrate. These data suggest that the interaction between L1 and laminin is enhanced on stiffer substrates, thereby promoting force generation for axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Abe
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kentarou Baba
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Liguo Huang
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Koay Teng Wei
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okano
- Bio-processing Engineering Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Bio-processing Engineering Laboratory, Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.
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15
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Zhai J, Li S, Hu J, Gao M, Sun Y, Chen ZJ, Giudice LC, Du Y. In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Analysis Identifies Endometrial Circadian Clock Genes in Recurrent Implantation Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2077-2091. [PMID: 33619544 PMCID: PMC8502449 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous work has demonstrated the role of the circadian clock in ovarian steroid hormone synthesis and attributed embryo implantation failure associated with arrhythmic circadian clock genes to insufficient ovarian-derived progesterone synthesis. Research on expression of core circadian clock genes in the endometrium itself and possible roles in compromised endometrial receptivity and recurrent implantation failure (RIF) are limited. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the core circadian clock gene profiling in human endometrium across the menstrual cycle and the possible gene interaction networks in the endometrial receptivity of window of implantation (WOI) as well as RIF. METHODS The study was initially an in silico study, with confirmatory lab-based data from primary human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) as well as endometrial biopsies obtained from 60 women undergoing gynecological surgery in a clinical research center. The study included 30 RIF women and 30 age-matched and body mass index-matched controls. RESULTS Initial data mining and bioinformatics analysis of human endometrial microarray datasets across the menstrual cycle and between RIF women versus controls demonstrated the varied expression of core circadian clock genes across menstrual cycle, including the key role of PER2 in WOI and RIF. A PER2-centered network was investigated in the regulation of endometrial receptivity. We also confirmed the evidently increased mRNA expression of SHTN1, RXFP1, KLF5, and STEAP4 in the endometrium of RIF women, displaying the same trend as PER2 did, without any changes in MT1E and FKBP5. Treatment of PER2 siRNA in hESCs verified the positive regulation of PER2 to SHTN1, KLF5, and STEAP4. CONCLUSION Aberrant expression of endometrial PER2 might contribute to impaired endometrial receptivity and development of RIF via regulating SHTN1, KLF5, and STEAP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhai
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Minzhi Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanzhi Du
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: Yanzhi Du, MD, PhD, 845 Lingshan Road, Shanghai 200135, China.
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16
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Kastian RF, Minegishi T, Baba K, Saneyoshi T, Katsuno-Kambe H, Saranpal S, Hayashi Y, Inagaki N. Shootin1a-mediated actin-adhesion coupling generates force to trigger structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109130. [PMID: 34010643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines constitute the major compartments of excitatory post-synapses. They undergo activity-dependent enlargement, which is thought to increase the synaptic efficacy underlying learning and memory. The activity-dependent spine enlargement requires activation of signaling pathways leading to promotion of actin polymerization within the spines. However, the molecular machinery that suffices for that structural plasticity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that shootin1a links polymerizing actin filaments in spines with the cell-adhesion molecules N-cadherin and L1-CAM, thereby mechanically coupling the filaments to the extracellular environment. Synaptic activation enhances shootin1a-mediated actin-adhesion coupling in spines. Promotion of actin polymerization is insufficient for the plasticity; the enhanced actin-adhesion coupling is required for polymerizing actin filaments to push against the membrane for spine enlargement. By integrating cell signaling, cell adhesion, and force generation into the current model of actin-based machinery, we propose molecular machinery that is sufficient to trigger the activity-dependent spine structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Fajarwati Kastian
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takunori Minegishi
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kentarou Baba
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takeo Saneyoshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroko Katsuno-Kambe
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Singh Saranpal
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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17
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Szczurkowska J, Lee SI, Guo A, Cwetsch AW, Khan T, Rao S, Walz G, Huber TB, Cancedda L, Pautot S, Shelly M. A Localized Scaffold for cGMP Increase Is Required for Apical Dendrite Development. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107519. [PMID: 32294442 PMCID: PMC7293895 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in cultured neurons have established that axon specification instructs neuronal polarization and is necessary for dendrite development. However, dendrite formation in vivo occurs when axon formation is prevented. The mechanisms promoting dendrite development remain elusive. We find that apical dendrite development is directed by a localized cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-synthesizing complex. We show that the scaffolding protein Scribble associates with cGMP-synthesizing enzymes soluble-guanylate-cyclase (sGC) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The Scribble scaffold is preferentially localized to and mediates cGMP increase in dendrites. These events are regulated by kinesin KifC2. Knockdown of Scribble, sGC-β1, or KifC2 or disrupting their associations prevents cGMP increase in dendrites and causes severe defects in apical dendrite development. Local cGMP elevation or sGC expression rescues the effects of Scribble knockdown on dendrite development, indicating that Scribble is an upstream regulator of cGMP. During neuronal polarization, dendrite development is directed by the Scribble scaffold that might link extracellular cues to localized cGMP increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczurkowska
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Seong-Il Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Alan Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tanvir Khan
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Sneha Rao
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Italy
| | | | - Maya Shelly
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, USA.
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18
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Braïni C, Bugnicourt G, Villard C. Neuronal growth from a volume perspective. Phys Biol 2021; 18:016007. [PMID: 33147573 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abc79c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based fluorescent exclusion method allows to tackle the issue of neuronal growth from a volume perspective. Based on this technology, we studied the two main actin-rich structures accompanying the early stages of neuron development, i.e. growth cones, located at the tip of growing neuronal processes, and propagative actin waves. Our work reveals that growth cones tend to loose volume during their forward motion, as do actin waves during their journey from the cell body to the tip of neuronal processes, before the total transfer of their remaining volume to the growth cone. Actin waves seem thus to supply material to increasingly distant growth cones as neurons develop. In addition, our work may suggest the existence of a membrane recycling phenomena associated to actin waves as a pulsatile anterograde source of material and by a continuous retrograde transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Braïni
- Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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19
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Wilson C, Cáceres A. New insights on epigenetic mechanisms supporting axonal development: histone marks and miRNAs. FEBS J 2020; 288:6353-6364. [PMID: 33332753 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms supporting axon growth and the establishment of neuronal polarity have remained largely disconnected from their genetic and epigenetic fundamentals. Recently, post-transcriptional modifications of histones involved in chromatin folding and transcription, and microRNAs controlling translation have emerged as regulators of axonal specification, growth, and guidance. In this article, we review novel evidence supporting the concept that epigenetic mechanisms work at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels to shape axons. We also discuss the role of splicing on axonal growth, as one of the most (if not the most) powerful post-transcriptional mechanism to diversify genetic information. Overall, we think exploring the gap between epigenetics and axonal growth raises new questions and perspectives to the development of axons in physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Wilson
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional "Severo R Amuchástegui" (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC-CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Argentina
| | - Alfredo Cáceres
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Traslacional "Severo R Amuchástegui" (CIMETSA), Instituto Universitario Ciencias Biomédicas Córdoba (IUCBC), Córdoba, Argentina
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20
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Minegishi T, Inagaki N. Forces to Drive Neuronal Migration Steps. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:863. [PMID: 32984342 PMCID: PMC7490296 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish and maintain proper brain architecture and elaborate neural networks, neurons undergo massive migration. As a unique feature of their migration, neurons move in a saltatory manner by repeating two distinct steps: extension of the leading process and translocation of the cell body. Neurons must therefore generate forces to extend the leading process as well as to translocate the cell body. In addition, neurons need to switch these forces alternately in order to orchestrate their saltatory movement. Recent studies with mechanobiological analyses, including traction force microscopy, cell detachment analyses, live-cell imaging, and loss-of-function analyses, have begun to reveal the forces required for these steps and the molecular mechanics underlying them. Spatiotemporally organized forces produced between cells and their extracellular environment, as well as forces produced within cells, play pivotal roles to drive these neuronal migration steps. Traction force produced by the leading process growth cone extends the leading processes. On the other hand, mechanical tension of the leading process, together with reduction in the adhesion force at the rear and the forces to drive nucleokinesis, translocates the cell body. Traction forces are generated by mechanical coupling between actin filament retrograde flow and the extracellular environment through clutch and adhesion molecules. Forces generated by actomyosin and dynein contribute to the nucleokinesis. In addition to the forces generated in cell-intrinsic manners, external forces provided by neighboring migratory cells coordinate cell movement during collective migration. Here, we review our current understanding of the forces that drive neuronal migration steps and describe the molecular machineries that generate these forces for neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takunori Minegishi
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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21
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Mechanisms of axon polarization in pyramidal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103522. [PMID: 32653476 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells that have specialized regions for synaptic input, the dendrites, and synaptic output, the axons. This polarity is critical for appropriate neural circuit formation and function. One of the central gaps in our knowledge is understanding how developing neurons initiate axon polarity. Given the critical nature of this polarity on neural circuit formation and function, neurons have evolved multiple mechanisms comprised of extracellular and intracellular cues that allow them to initiate and form axons. These mechanisms engage a variety of signaling cascades that provide positive and negative cues to ensure axon polarization. This review highlights our current knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of axon polarization in pyramidal neurons and their relevance to the development of the brain.
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22
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Beta C, Gov NS, Yochelis A. Why a Large-Scale Mode Can Be Essential for Understanding Intracellular Actin Waves. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061533. [PMID: 32585983 PMCID: PMC7349605 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, intracellular actin waves have attracted much attention due to their essential role in various cellular functions, ranging from motility to cytokinesis. Experimental methods have advanced significantly and can capture the dynamics of actin waves over a large range of spatio-temporal scales. However, the corresponding coarse-grained theory mostly avoids the full complexity of this multi-scale phenomenon. In this perspective, we focus on a minimal continuum model of activator-inhibitor type and highlight the qualitative role of mass conservation, which is typically overlooked. Specifically, our interest is to connect between the mathematical mechanisms of pattern formation in the presence of a large-scale mode, due to mass conservation, and distinct behaviors of actin waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Beta
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Nir S. Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Arik Yochelis
- Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research (BIDR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence:
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23
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Actin Alpha 2 (ACTA2) Downregulation Inhibits Neural Stem Cell Migration through Rho GTPase Activation. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:4764012. [PMID: 32508931 PMCID: PMC7246394 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4764012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although neural stem cells (NSCs) could migrate towards lesions after central nervous system (CNS) injury, the migration ability always is restricted due to the disturbed composition and density of the adhesion ligands and extracellular matrix (ECM) gradient after CNS injury. To date, various methods have been developed to enhance NSC migration and a number of factors, which are affecting NSC migration potential, have been identified. Here, primary NSCs were cultured and the expression of actin alpha 2 (ACTA2) in NSCs was determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunostaining. Next, the role of ACTA2 in regulating NSC migration and the potential mechanism was explored. Our results demonstrated that ACTA2 expressed in NSCs. Meanwhile, downregulated ACTA2 using siRNA inhibited NSC migration through hindering actin filament polymerization via increasing RhoA expression and decreasing Rac1 expression. The present study might enrich the basic knowledge of ACTA2 in NSC migration and open an avenue for enhancing NSC migration potential, subsequently providing an intervention target for functional recovery after CNS injury.
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24
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Emerson SE, Stergas HR, Bupp-Chickering SO, Ebert AM. Shootin-1 is required for nervous system development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1285-1295. [PMID: 32406957 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorin6A (Sema6A) and its PlexinA2 (PlxnA2) receptor canonically function as repulsive axon guidance cues. To understand downstream signaling mechanisms, we performed a microarray screen and identified the "clutch molecule" shootin-1 (shtn-1) as a transcriptionally repressed target. Shtn-1 is a key proponent of cell migration and neuronal polarization and must be regulated during nervous system development. The mechanisms of Shtn-1 regulation and the phenotypic consequences of loss of repression are poorly understood. RESULTS We demonstrate shtn-1 overexpression results in impaired migration of the optic vesicles, lack of retinal pigmented epithelium, and pathfinding errors of retinotectal projections. We also observed patterning defects in the peripheral nervous system. Importantly, these phenotypes were rescued by overexpressing PlxnA2. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a functional role for repression of shtn-1 by PlxnA2 in development of the eyes and peripheral nervous system in zebrafish. These results demonstrate that careful regulation of shtn-1 is critical for development of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Emerson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Helaina R Stergas
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Ergin V, Zheng S. Putative Coiled-Coil Domain-Dependent Autoinhibition and Alternative Splicing Determine SHTN1's Actin-Binding Activity. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4154-4166. [PMID: 32371045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in cell development, morphogenesis, and other cellular functions. Precise control of actin dynamics requires actin-binding proteins. Here, we characterize multifarious regulation of SHTN1 (shootin1) and show that, unlike known actin-binding proteins, SHTN1's actin binding activity is intrinsically inhibited by a putative coiled-coil domain (CCD) and the autoinhibition is overcome by alternative splicing regulation. We found SHTN1 contains a noncanonical WH2 domain and an upstream proline-rich region (PRR) that by themselves are sufficient for actin interaction. Alternative splicing of Shtn1 at the C terminus and downstream of the WH2-PRR domain produces a long (SHTN1L or shootin1b) and a short (SHTN1S or shootin1a) isoform, which both contain the described PRR and WH2 domains. However, SHTN1S does not interact with actin due to inhibition mediated by an N-terminal CCD. A SHTN1L-specific C-terminal motif counters the intramolecular inhibition and allows SHNT1L to bind actin. A nuclear localization signal is embedded between PRR and WH2 and is subject to similar autoinhibition. SHTN1 would be the first WH2-containing molecule that adopts CCD-dependent autoinhibition and alternative splicing-dependent actin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Ergin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sika Zheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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26
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Advances in defining signaling networks for the establishment of neuronal polarity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 63:76-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Cytokinesis-the division of a cell into two daughter cells-is a key step in cell growth and proliferation. It typically occurs in synchrony with the cell cycle to ensure that a complete copy of the genetic information is passed on to the next generation of daughter cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis commonly relies on an actomyosin contractile ring that drives equatorial furrowing and separation into the two daughter cells. However, also contractile ring-independent forms of cell division are known that depend on substrate-mediated traction forces. Here, we report evidence of an as yet unknown type of contractile ring-independent cytokinesis that we termed wave-mediated cytofission. It is driven by self-organized cortical actin waves that travel across the ventral membrane of oversized, multinucleated Dictyostelium discoideum cells. Upon collision with the cell border, waves may initiate the formation of protrusions that elongate and eventually pinch off to form separate daughter cells. They are composed of a stable elongated wave segment that is enclosed by a cell membrane and moves in a highly persistent fashion. We rationalize our observations based on a noisy excitable reaction-diffusion model in combination with a dynamic phase field to account for the cell shape and demonstrate that daughter cells emerging from wave-mediated cytofission exhibit a well-controlled size.
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28
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Krook MA, Lenyo A, Wilberding M, Barker H, Dantuono M, Bailey KM, Chen HZ, Reeser JW, Wing MR, Miya J, Samorodnitsky E, Smith AM, Dao T, Martin DM, Ciombor KK, Hays J, Freud AG, Roychowdhury S. Efficacy of FGFR Inhibitors and Combination Therapies for Acquired Resistance in FGFR2-Fusion Cholangiocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:847-857. [PMID: 31911531 PMCID: PMC7359896 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is aberrantly activated in approximately 15% to 20% of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Currently, several FGFR kinase inhibitors are being assessed in clinical trials for patients with FGFR-altered cholangiocarcinoma. Despite evidence of initial responses and disease control, virtually all patients eventually develop acquired resistance. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome acquired drug resistance. Here, we present findings from a patient with FGFR2-altered metastatic cholangiocarcinoma who enrolled in a phase II clinical trial of the FGFR inhibitor, infigratinib (BGJ398). Treatment was initially effective as demonstrated by imaging and tumor marker response; however, after 8 months on trial, the patient exhibited tumor regrowth and disease progression. Targeted sequencing of tumor DNA after disease progression revealed the FGFR2 kinase domain p.E565A and p.L617M single-nucleotide variants (SNV) hypothesized to drive acquired resistance to infigratinib. The sensitivities of these FGFR2 SNVs, which were detected post-infigratinib therapy, were extended to include clinically relevant FGFR inhibitors, including AZD4547, erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493), dovitinib, ponatinib, and TAS120, and were evaluated in vitro Through a proteomics approach, we identified upregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cells harboring the FGFR2 p.E565A mutation and demonstrated that combination therapy strategies with FGFR and mTOR inhibitors may be used to overcome resistance to FGFR inhibition, specific to infigratinib. Collectively, these studies support the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies in addition to the next generation of FGFR inhibitors to overcome acquired resistance in patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholangiocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Cholangiocarcinoma/genetics
- Cholangiocarcinoma/metabolism
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Phenylurea Compounds/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidines/therapeutic use
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Krook
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alexandria Lenyo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Max Wilberding
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hannah Barker
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mikayla Dantuono
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kelly M Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hui-Zi Chen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Fellowship Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie W Reeser
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michele R Wing
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jharna Miya
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Amy M Smith
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thuy Dao
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dorrelyn M Martin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kristen K Ciombor
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John Hays
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aharon G Freud
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sameek Roychowdhury
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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29
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Zheng S. Alternative splicing programming of axon formation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 11:e1585. [PMID: 31922356 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing generates multiple mRNA isoforms of different structures and functions from a single gene. While the prevalence of alternative splicing control is widely recognized, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have long been studied, the physiological relevance and biological necessity for alternative splicing are only slowly being revealed. Significant inroads have been made in the brain, where alternative splicing regulation is particularly pervasive and conserved. Various aspects of brain development and function (from neurogenesis, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, to the homeostasis of neuronal activity) involve alternative splicing regulation. Recent studies have begun to interrogate the possible role of alternative splicing in axon formation, a neuron-exclusive morphological and functional characteristic. We discuss how alternative splicing plays an instructive role in each step of axon formation. Converging genetic, molecular, and cellular evidence from studies of multiple alternative splicing regulators in different systems shows that a biological process as complicated and unique as axon formation requires highly coordinated and specific alternative splicing events. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sika Zheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
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30
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Urasaki A, Morishita S, Naka K, Uozumi M, Abe K, Huang L, Watase E, Nakagawa O, Kawakami K, Matsui T, Bessho Y, Inagaki N. Shootins mediate collective cell migration and organogenesis of the zebrafish posterior lateral line system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12156. [PMID: 31434971 PMCID: PMC6704158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish sensory posterior lateral line is an excellent model system to study collective cell migration and organogenesis. Shootin1 is a cytoplasmic protein involved in neuronal polarization and axon guidance. Previous studies have shown that shootin1 couples actin filament retrograde flow with extracellular adhesive substrates at the leading edge of axonal growth cones, thereby producing mechanical force for the migration and guidance of axonal growth cones. However, the functions of shootin in peripheral cells remain unknown. Here we identified two novel shootin family members, shootin2 and shootin3. In zebrafish, shootin1 and shootin3 are expressed in the posterior lateral line primordium (PLLP) and neuromasts during embryonic development. A shootin1 mutant displayed a reduced speed of PLLP migration, while shootin1;shootin3 double mutation inhibited cell proliferation in the PLLP. Furthermore, our results suggest that shootin1 and shootin3 positively regulate the number of neuromasts and the number of cells in deposited neuromasts. Our study demonstrates that shootins mediate collective cell migration of the posterior lateral line primordium and formation of neuromasts in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Urasaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.,Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Seiya Morishita
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Naka
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Minato Uozumi
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kouki Abe
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Liguo Huang
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Emiko Watase
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Shinmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Laboratory of Systems Neurobiology and Medicine, Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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31
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Barbiero I, De Rosa R, Kilstrup-Nielsen C. Microtubules: A Key to Understand and Correct Neuronal Defects in CDKL5 Deficiency Disorder? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4075. [PMID: 31438497 PMCID: PMC6747382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a severe neurodevelopmental encephalopathy caused by mutations in the X-linked CDKL5 gene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase. CDD is characterised by the early onset of seizures and impaired cognitive and motor skills. Loss of CDKL5 in vitro and in vivo affects neuronal morphology at early and late stages of maturation, suggesting a link between CDKL5 and the neuronal cytoskeleton. Recently, various microtubule (MT)-binding proteins have been identified as interactors of CDKL5, indicating that its roles converge on regulating MT functioning. MTs are dynamic structures that are important for neuronal morphology, migration and polarity. The delicate control of MT dynamics is fundamental for proper neuronal functions, as evidenced by the fact that aberrant MT dynamics are involved in various neurological disorders. In this review, we highlight the link between CDKL5 and MTs, discussing how CDKL5 deficiency may lead to deranged neuronal functions through aberrant MT dynamics. Finally, we discuss whether the regulation of MT dynamics through microtubule-targeting agents may represent a novel strategy for future pharmacological approaches in the CDD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Barbiero
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via Manara 7, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Roberta De Rosa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via Manara 7, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy
| | - Charlotte Kilstrup-Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via Manara 7, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy.
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32
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Takano T, Funahashi Y, Kaibuchi K. Neuronal Polarity: Positive and Negative Feedback Signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:69. [PMID: 31069225 PMCID: PMC6491837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of neuronal polarity are critical for neuronal development and function. One of the fundamental questions in neurodevelopment is how neurons generate only one axon and several dendrites from multiple minor neurites. Over the past few decades, molecular and cell biological approaches have unveiled a large number of signaling networks regulating neuronal polarity in cultured hippocampal neurons and the developing cortex. Emerging evidence reveals that positive and negative feedback signals play a crucial role in axon and dendrite specification. Positive feedback signals are continuously activated in one of minor neurites and result in axon specification and elongation, whereas negative feedback signals are propagated from a nascent axon terminal to all minor neurites and inhibit the formation of multiple axon, thereby leading to dendrite specification, and maintaining neuronal polarity. This current insight provides a holistic picture of the signaling mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization during neuronal development. Here, our review highlights recent advancements in this fascinating field, with a focus on the positive, and negative feedback signals as key regulatory mechanisms underlying neuronal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takano
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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33
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Fenner BJ, Liu YC, Koh SK, Gao Y, Deng L, Beuerman RW, Zhou L, Theng JTS, Mehta JS. Mediators of Corneal Haze Following Implantation of Presbyopic Corneal Inlays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:868-876. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beau J. Fenner
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Yan Gao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Neuroscience Signature Research Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jodhbir S. Mehta
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
- Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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34
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Zhang M, Ergin V, Lin L, Stork C, Chen L, Zheng S. Axonogenesis Is Coordinated by Neuron-Specific Alternative Splicing Programming and Splicing Regulator PTBP2. Neuron 2019; 101:690-706.e10. [PMID: 30733148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
How a neuron acquires an axon is a fundamental question. Piecemeal identification of many axonogenesis-related genes has been done, but coordinated regulation is unknown. Through unbiased transcriptome profiling of immature primary cortical neurons during early axon formation, we discovered an association between axonogenesis and neuron-specific alternative splicing. Known axonogenesis genes exhibit little expression alternation but widespread splicing changes. Axonogenesis-associated splicing is governed by RNA binding protein PTBP2, which is enriched in neurons and peaks around axonogenesis in the brain. Cortical depletion of PTBP2 prematurely induces axonogenesis-associated splicing, causes imbalanced expression of axonogenesis-associated isoforms, and specifically affects axon formation in vitro and in vivo. PTBP2-controlled axonogenesis-associated Shtn1 splicing determines SHTN1's capacity to regulate actin interaction, polymerization, and axon growth. Precocious Shtn1 isoform switch contributes to disorganized axon formation of Ptbp2-/- neurons. We conclude that PTBP2-orchestrated alternative splicing programming is required for robust generation of a single axon in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Volkan Ergin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Cheryl Stork
- Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Sika Zheng
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Graduate Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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35
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Howe LJ, Richardson TG, Arathimos R, Alvizi L, Passos-Bueno MR, Stanier P, Nohr E, Ludwig KU, Mangold E, Knapp M, Stergiakouli E, Pourcain BS, Smith GD, Sandy J, Relton CL, Lewis SJ, Hemani G, Sharp GC. Evidence for DNA methylation mediating genetic liability to non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. Epigenomics 2019; 11:133-145. [PMID: 30638414 PMCID: PMC6462847 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine if nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) genetic risk variants influence liability to nsCL/P through gene regulation pathways, such as those involving DNA methylation. MATERIALS & METHODS nsCL/P genetic summary data and methylation data from four studies were used in conjunction with Mendelian randomization and joint likelihood mapping to investigate potential mediation of nsCL/P genetic variants. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Evidence was found at VAX1 (10q25.3), LOC146880 (17q23.3) and NTN1 (17p13.1), that liability to nsCL/P and variation in DNA methylation might be driven by the same genetic variant, suggesting that genetic variation at these loci may increase liability to nsCL/P by influencing DNA methylation. Follow-up analyses using different tissues and gene expression data provided further insight into possible biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ryan Arathimos
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lucas Alvizi
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano eCélulas-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R Passos-Bueno
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, NW1 2DA, UK
- Centro de Pesquisas Sobre o Genoma Humano eCélulas-Tronco, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics & Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6525 XD, Netherlands
- Donders Institute, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ellen Nohr
- Institute of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kerstin U Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Mangold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics & Epidemiology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evie Stergiakouli
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Beate St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, 6525 XD, Netherlands
- Donders Institute, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Sandy
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sarah J Lewis
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gemma C Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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IGARASHI M. Molecular basis of the functions of the mammalian neuronal growth cone revealed using new methods. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:358-377. [PMID: 31406059 PMCID: PMC6766448 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The neuronal growth cone is a highly motile, specialized structure for extending neuronal processes. This structure is essential for nerve growth, axon pathfinding, and accurate synaptogenesis. Growth cones are important not only during development but also for plasticity-dependent synaptogenesis and neuronal circuit rearrangement following neural injury in the mature brain. However, the molecular details of mammalian growth cone function are poorly understood. This review examines molecular findings on the function of the growth cone as a result of the introduction of novel methods such superresolution microscopy and (phospho)proteomics. These results increase the scope of our understating of the molecular mechanisms of growth cone behavior in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro IGARASHI
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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37
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Zhu YC, Xiong ZQ. Molecular and Synaptic Bases of CDKL5 Disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 79:8-19. [PMID: 30246934 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The X-linked gene cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) encodes a serine/threonine kinase abundantly expressed in the brain. Mutations in CDKL5 have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by early-onset epileptic encephalopathy and severe intellectual disability, suggesting that CDKL5 plays important roles in brain development and function. Recent studies using cultured neurons, knockout mice, and human iPSC-derived neurons have demonstrated that CDKL5 regulates axon outgrowth, dendritic morphogenesis, and synapse formation. The role of CDKL5 in maintaining synaptic function in the mature brain has also begun to emerge. Moreover, mouse models that are deficient for CDKL5 recapitulate some of the key clinical phenotypes in human patients. Here we review these findings related to the function of CDKL5 in the brain and discuss the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chuan Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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38
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Minegishi T, Uesugi Y, Kaneko N, Yoshida W, Sawamoto K, Inagaki N. Shootin1b Mediates a Mechanical Clutch to Produce Force for Neuronal Migration. Cell Rep 2018; 25:624-639.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Baba K, Yoshida W, Toriyama M, Shimada T, Manning CF, Saito M, Kohno K, Trimmer JS, Watanabe R, Inagaki N. Gradient-reading and mechano-effector machinery for netrin-1-induced axon guidance. eLife 2018; 7:34593. [PMID: 30082022 PMCID: PMC6080949 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth cones navigate axonal projection in response to guidance cues. However, it is unclear how they can decide the migratory direction by transducing the local spatial cues into protrusive forces. Here we show that knockout mice of Shootin1 display abnormal projection of the forebrain commissural axons, a phenotype similar to that of the axon guidance molecule netrin-1. Shallow gradients of netrin-1 elicited highly polarized Pak1-mediated phosphorylation of shootin1 within growth cones. We demonstrate that netrin-1–elicited shootin1 phosphorylation increases shootin1 interaction with the cell adhesion molecule L1-CAM; this, in turn, promotes F-actin–adhesion coupling and concomitant generation of forces for growth cone migration. Moreover, the spatially regulated shootin1 phosphorylation within growth cones is required for axon turning induced by netrin-1 gradients. Our study defines a mechano-effector for netrin-1 signaling and demonstrates that shootin1 phosphorylation is a critical readout for netrin-1 gradients that results in a directional mechanoresponse for axon guidance. Neurons communicate with each other by forming intricate webs that link cells together according to a precise pattern. A neuron can connect to another by growing a branch-like structure known as the axon. To contact the correct neuron, the axon must develop and thread its way to exactly the right place in the brain. Scientists know that the tip of the axon is extraordinarily sensitive to gradients of certain molecules in its surroundings, which guide the budding structure towards its final destination. In particular, two molecules seem to play an important part in this process: netrin-1, which is a protein found outside cells that attracts a growing axon, and shootin1a, which is present inside neurons. Previous studies have shown that netrin-1 can trigger a cascade of reactions that activates shootin1a. In turn, activated shootin1a molecules join the internal skeleton of the cell with L1-CAM, a molecule that attaches the neuron to its surroundings. If the internal skeleton is the engine of the axon, L1-CAMs are the wheels, and shootin1a the clutch. However, it is not clear whether shootin1a is involved in guiding growing axons, and how it could help neurons ‘understand’ and react to gradients of netrin-1. Here, Baba et al. discover that when shootin1a is absent in mice, the axons do not develop properly. Further experiments in rat neurons show that if there is a little more netrin-1 on one side of the tip of an axon, this switches on the shootin1a molecules on that edge. Activated shootin1a promote interactions between the internal skeleton and L1-CAM, helping the axon curve towards the area that has more netrin-1. In fact, if the activated shootin1a is present everywhere on the axon, and not just on one side, the structure can develop, but not turn. Taken together, the results suggest that shootin1a can read the gradients of netrin-1 and then coordinate the turning of a growing axon in response. Wound healing, immune responses or formation of organs are just a few examples of processes that rely on cells moving in an orderly manner through the body. Dissecting how axons are guided through their development may shed light on the migration of cells in general. Ultimately, this could help scientists to understand disorders such as birth abnormalities or neurological disabilities, which arise when this process goes awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentarou Baba
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Wataru Yoshida
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Shimada
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Colleen F Manning
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Michiko Saito
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohno
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Rikiya Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Inagaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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Maltby VE, Lea RA, Ribbons KA, Sanders KA, Kennedy D, Min M, Scott RJ, Lechner-Scott J. DNA methylation changes in CD4 + T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients on dimethyl fumarate. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2018; 4:2055217318787826. [PMID: 30038789 PMCID: PMC6050818 DOI: 10.1177/2055217318787826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dimethyl fumarate is an oral treatment for multiple sclerosis, whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. Objective To investigate the effects of dimethyl fumarate on DNA methylation in the CD4+ T cells of multiple sclerosis patients. Methods We performed Illumina EPIC arrays to investigate the DNA methylation profiles of CD4+ T cells derived from multiple sclerosis patients before and after dimethyl fumarate treatment. Results Treatment with dimethyl fumarate resulted in 97% of differentially methylated positions showing hypermethylation. Four genes, SNORD1A, SHTN1, MZB1 and TNF had a differentially methylated region located within the transcriptional start site. Conclusion This study investigates the effect of dimethyl fumarate on DNA methylation in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki E Maltby
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia.,Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Karen A Ribbons
- Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Kennedy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for the Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Myintzu Min
- Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Australia.,Department of Medical Genetics, John Hunter Hospital, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia.,Brain and Mental Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia.,Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Australia
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Hapak SM, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV. Axon Regeneration: Antagonistic Signaling Pairs in Neuronal Polarization. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:615-629. [PMID: 29934283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide screens, proteomics, and candidate-based approaches have identified numerous genes associated with neuronal regeneration following central nervous system (CNS) injury. Despite significant progress, functional recovery remains a challenge, even in model systems. Neuronal function depends on segregation of axonal versus dendritic domains. A key to functional recovery may lie in recapitulating the developmental signals that instruct axon specification and growth in adult neurons post-injury. Theoretically, binary activator-inhibitor elements operating as a Turing-like system within neurons can specify axonal versus dendritic domains and promote axon growth. We review here various molecules implicated in axon specification that function as signaling pairs driving neuronal polarization and axon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Equal contribution.
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42
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Bakhtiarzadeh F, Nahavandi A, Goudarzi M, Shirvalilou S, Rakhshan K, Niknazar S. Axonal transport proteins and depressive like behavior, following Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in male rat. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:9-14. [PMID: 29698729 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A common mood disorder, depression has long been considered a leading cause of disability worldwide. Chronic stress is involved in the development of various psychiatric diseases including major depressive disorder. Stress can induce depressive-like symptoms and initiate neurodegenerative processes in the brain. The neurodegenerative theory of depression holds impaired axonal transport as a negative factor in neural survival. Axonal transport is a critical mechanism for normal neuronal function, playing crucial roles in axon growth, neurotransmitter secretion, normal mitochondrial function and neural survival. METHODS AND MATERIALS To investigate the effects of stress-induced depression, in the present study, we evaluated behavior by forced swimming test (FST), corticosterone plasma level by ELISA assay, hippocampal mRNA expression of three genes (NGF, kinesin and dynein) via real-time PCR and hippocamp count by Nissl staining in male Wistar rats. RESULTS Our data demonstrated a significant decrease in the expression of NGF, kinesin and dynein genes in CUMS groups compared to the control group (non-stressed) (p < 0.05). CUMS also caused an elevation in immobility time and corticosterone plasma level in the stressed group compared to the controls (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION The results suggested that the possibility of stress-induced depressive behavior associated with hippocampal neurodegeneration process is correlated with a low expression of kinesin and dynein, the two most important proteins in axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arezo Nahavandi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mina Goudarzi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Rakhshan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- ENT Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Iuliano O, Yoshimura A, Prospéri MT, Martin R, Knölker HJ, Coudrier E. Myosin 1b promotes axon formation by regulating actin wave propagation and growth cone dynamics. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2033-2046. [PMID: 29588377 PMCID: PMC5987710 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-headed myosin 1 has been identified in neurons, but its function in these cells is still unclear. We demonstrate that depletion of myosin 1b (Myo1b), inhibition of its motor activity, or its binding to phosphoinositides impairs the formation of the axon, whereas overexpression of Myo1b increases the number of axon-like structures. Myo1b is associated with growth cones and actin waves, two major contributors to neuronal symmetry breaking. We show that Myo1b controls the dynamics of the growth cones and the anterograde propagation of the actin waves. By coupling the membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, Myo1b regulates the size of the actin network as well as the stability and size of filopodia in the growth cones. Our data provide the first evidence that a myosin 1 plays a major role in neuronal symmetry breaking and argue for a mechanical control of the actin cytoskeleton both in actin waves and in the growth cones by this myosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Iuliano
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Azumi Yoshimura
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Prospéri
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - René Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Univesität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Evelyne Coudrier
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, Paris, France
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Masschaele D, Wauman J, Vandemoortele G, De Sutter D, De Ceuninck L, Eyckerman S, Tavernier J. High-Confidence Interactome for RNF41 Built on Multiple Orthogonal Assays. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1348-1360. [PMID: 29560723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ring finger protein 41 (RNF41) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of many proteins including ErbB3 receptors, BIRC6, and parkin. Next to this, RNF41 regulates the intracellular trafficking of certain JAK2-associated cytokine receptors by ubiquitinating and suppressing USP8, which, in turn, destabilizes the ESCRT-0 complex. To further elucidate the function of RNF41 we used different orthogonal approaches to reveal the RNF41 protein complex: affinity purification-mass spectrometry, BioID, and Virotrap. We combined these results with known data sets for RNF41 obtained with microarray MAPPIT and Y2H screens. This way, we establish a comprehensive high-resolution interactome network comprising 175 candidate protein partners. To remove potential methodological artifacts from this network, we distilled the data into a high-confidence interactome map by retaining a total of 19 protein hits identified in two or more of the orthogonal methods. AP2S1, a novel RNF41 interaction partner, was selected from this high-confidence interactome for further functional validation. We reveal a role for AP2S1 in leptin and LIF receptor signaling and show that RNF41 stabilizes and relocates AP2S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Masschaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Joris Wauman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Giel Vandemoortele
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Leentje De Ceuninck
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
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Abstract
Cell migration directed by substrate-bound chemical cues is called haptotaxis. This study shows that grip and slip between the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) L1-CAM and the adhesive substrates, which occur asymmetrically under the growth cone, direct growth cone migration mediated by laminin. This mechanism is disrupted in a human patient of L1-CAM syndrome, suffering corpus callosum agenesis and corticospinal tract hypoplasia. These findings provide a conceptual framework for understanding the regulation and dysregulation of cell migration on the bases of force generation. Chemical cues presented on the adhesive substrate direct cell migration, a process termed haptotaxis. To migrate, cells must generate traction forces upon the substrate. However, how cells probe substrate-bound cues and generate directional forces for migration remains unclear. Here, we show that the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) L1-CAM is involved in laminin-induced haptotaxis of axonal growth cones. L1-CAM underwent grip and slip on the substrate. The ratio of the grip state was higher on laminin than on the control substrate polylysine; this was accompanied by an increase in the traction force upon laminin. Our data suggest that the directional force for laminin-induced growth cone haptotaxis is generated by the grip and slip of L1-CAM on the substrates, which occur asymmetrically under the growth cone. This mechanism is distinct from the conventional cell signaling models for directional cell migration. We further show that this mechanism is disrupted in a human patient with L1-CAM syndrome, suffering corpus callosum agenesis and corticospinal tract hypoplasia.
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46
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Establishing Neuronal Polarity with Environmental and Intrinsic Mechanisms. Neuron 2017; 96:638-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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47
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Sapir T, Levy T, Kozer N, Shin I, Zamor V, Haffner-Krausz R, McGlade JC, Reiner O. Notch Activation by Shootin1 Opposing Activities on 2 Ubiquitin Ligases. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:3115-3128. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Sapir
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Talia Levy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noga Kozer
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irina Shin
- Biological Services Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vanessa Zamor
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca Haffner-Krausz
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jane C McGlade
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON,Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot, Israel
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48
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Actin Waves: Origin of Cell Polarization and Migration? Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:515-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Emerson SE, St Clair RM, Waldron AL, Bruno SR, Duong A, Driscoll HE, Ballif BA, McFarlane S, Ebert AM. Identification of target genes downstream of semaphorin6A/PlexinA2 signaling in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:539-549. [PMID: 28440030 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorin (Sema)/Plexin (Plxn) signaling is important for many aspects of neuronal development, however, the transcriptional regulation imposed by this signaling pathway is unknown. Previously, we identified an essential role for Sema6A/PlxnA2 signaling in regulating proliferation and cohesion of retinal precursor cells (RPCs) during early eye development. This study used RNA isolated from control, Sema6A-deficient and PlxnA2-deficient zebrafish embryos in a microarray analysis to identify genes that were differentially expressed when this signaling pathway was disrupted. RESULTS We uncovered a set of 58 transcripts, and all but 1 were up-regulated in both sema6A and plxnA2 morphants. We validated gene expression changes in subset of candidates that are suggested to be involved in proliferation, migration or neuronal positioning. We further functionally evaluated one gene, rasl11b, as contributing to disrupted proliferation in sema6A and plxna2 morphants. Our results suggest rasl11b negatively regulates proliferation of RPCs in the developing zebrafish eye. CONCLUSIONS Microarray analysis has generated a resource of target genes downstream of Sema6A/PlxnA2 signaling, which can be further investigated to elucidate the downstream effects of this well-studied neuronal and vascular guidance signaling pathway. Developmental Dynamics 246:539-549, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Emerson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Riley M St Clair
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ashley L Waldron
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sierra R Bruno
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Anna Duong
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Heather E Driscoll
- Vermont Genetics Network Bioinformatics Core and Department of Biology, Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont
| | - Bryan A Ballif
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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50
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McNeely KC, Cupp TD, Little JN, Janisch KM, Shrestha A, Dwyer ND. Mutation of Kinesin-6 Kif20b causes defects in cortical neuron polarization and morphogenesis. Neural Dev 2017; 12:5. [PMID: 28359322 PMCID: PMC5374676 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-017-0082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How neurons change their cytoskeleton to adopt their complex polarized morphology is still not understood. Growing evidence suggests that proteins that help build microtubule structures during cell division are also involved in building and remodeling the complex cytoskeletons of neurons. Kif20b (previously called MPP1 or Mphosph1) is the most divergent member of the Kinesin-6 family of "mitotic" kinesins that also includes Kif23/MKLP1 and Kif20a/MKLP2. We previously isolated a loss-of-function mouse mutant of Kif20b and showed that it had a thalamocortical axon guidance defect and microcephaly. METHODS We demonstrate here, using the mouse mutant, that Kif20b is required for neuron morphogenesis in the embryonic neocortex. In vivo and in vitro cortical neurons were labeled and imaged to analyze various aspects of morphogenesis. RESULTS Loss of Kif20b disrupts polarization as well as neurite outgrowth, branching and caliber. In vivo, mutant cortical neurons show defects in orientation, and have shorter thinner apical dendrites that branch closer to the cell body. In vitro, without external polarity cues, Kif20b mutant neurons show a strong polarization defect. This may be due in part to loss of the polarity protein Shootin1 from the axonal growth cone. Those mutant neurons that do succeed in polarizing have shorter axons with more branches, and longer minor neurites. These changes in shape are not due to alterations in cell fate or neuron layer type. Surprisingly, both axons and minor neurites of mutant neurons have increased widths and longer growth cone filopodia, which correlate with abnormal microtubule organization. Live analysis of axon extension shows that Kif20b mutant axons display more variable growth with increased retraction. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Kif20b is required cell-autonomously for proper morphogenesis of cortical pyramidal neurons. Kif20b regulates neuron polarization, and axon and dendrite branching, outgrowth, and caliber. Kif20b protein may act by bundling microtubules into tight arrays and by localizing effectors such as Shootin1. Thus it may help shape neurites, sustain consistent axon growth, and inhibit branching. This work advances our understanding of how neurons regulate their cytoskeleton to build their elaborate shapes. Finally, it suggests that neuronal connectivity defects may be present in some types of microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina C McNeely
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Timothy D Cupp
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | - Kerstin M Janisch
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Ayushma Shrestha
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Noelle D Dwyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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