1
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Robinson BP, Bass NR, Bhakt P, Spiliotis ET. Septin-coated microtubules promote maturation of multivesicular bodies by inhibiting their motility. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308049. [PMID: 38668767 PMCID: PMC11046855 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton consists of microtubule subsets with distinct compositions of microtubule-associated proteins, which instruct the position and traffic of subcellular organelles. In the endocytic pathway, these microtubule-associated cues are poorly understood. Here, we report that in MDCK cells, endosomes with multivesicular body (MVB) and late endosome (LE) markers localize preferentially to microtubules coated with septin GTPases. Compared with early endosomes, CD63-containing MVBs/LEs are largely immotile on septin-coated microtubules. In vitro reconstitution assays revealed that the motility of isolated GFP-CD63 endosomes is directly inhibited by microtubule-associated septins. Quantification of CD63-positive endosomes containing the early endosome antigen (EEA1), the Rab7 effector and dynein adaptor RILP or Rab27a, showed that intermediary EEA1- and RILP-positive GFP-CD63 preferentially associate with septin-coated microtubules. Septin knockdown enhanced GFP-CD63 motility and decreased the percentage of CD63-positive MVBs/LEs with lysobiphosphatidic acid without impacting the fraction of EEA1-positive CD63. These results suggest that MVB maturation involves immobilization on septin-coated microtubules, which may facilitate multivesiculation and/or organelle-organelle contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi R. Bass
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhakt
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elias T. Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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2
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Herman M, Randall GW, Spiegel JL, Maldonado DJ, Simoes S. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases: opinion on current progress and future direction in the use of exosomes as biomarkers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220387. [PMID: 38368936 PMCID: PMC10874701 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, increased research has highlighted the connection between endosomal trafficking defects and neurodegeneration. The endo-lysosomal network is an important, complex cellular system specialized in the transport of proteins, lipids, and other metabolites, essential for cell homeostasis. Disruption of this pathway is linked to a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, there is strong evidence that defects in this pathway create opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. In this Opinion piece, we concisely address the role of endo-lysosomal dysfunction in five neurodegenerative diseases and discuss how future research can investigate this intracellular pathway, including extracellular vesicles with a specific focus on exosomes for the identification of novel disease biomarkers. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Herman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Grace W. Randall
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia L. Spiegel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Delphina J. Maldonado
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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3
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Cheng X, Henick BS, Cheng K. Anticancer Therapy Targeting Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6748-6765. [PMID: 38393984 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural lipid nanoparticles secreted by most types of cells. In malignant cancer, EVs derived from cancer cells contribute to its progression and metastasis by facilitating tumor growth and invasion, interfering with anticancer immunity, and establishing premetastasis niches in distant organs. In recent years, multiple strategies targeting cancer-derived EVs have been proposed to improve cancer patient outcomes, including inhibiting EV generation, disrupting EVs during trafficking, and blocking EV uptake by recipient cells. Developments in EV engineering also show promising results in harnessing cancer-derived EVs as anticancer agents. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the origin and functions of cancer-derived EVs and review the recent progress in anticancer therapy targeting these EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Brian S Henick
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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4
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Rakshit T, Pal S. Extracellular Vesicles for Drug Delivery and Theranostics In Vivo. JACS AU 2024; 4:318-327. [PMID: 38425894 PMCID: PMC10900499 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanopouches generated by all cells and are abundant in various body fluids. Depending on the parent and recipient cells, EVs exchange diverse constituents including nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and metabolites. Morphologically, EVs suffer from low zeta potentials and short circulation times, but they also offer low intrinsic immunogenicity and inherent stability. Some crucial factors for the effective clinical application of EVs include controlling immune system clearance, achieving the large-scale production of EVs with efficient quality control, and determining the dominant mechanism of the in vivo action of EVs. In this Perspective, we shed light on how these intriguing nano-objects are utilized in cellular imaging and drug delivery for disease therapeutics. We also discuss potential strategies for overcoming the associated limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatini Rakshit
- Department
of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of
Eminence, Delhi-NCR 201314, India
| | - Suchetan Pal
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bhilai, Durg 491001, India
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5
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Arya SB, Collie SP, Parent CA. The ins-and-outs of exosome biogenesis, secretion, and internalization. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:90-108. [PMID: 37507251 PMCID: PMC10811273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are specialized cargo delivery vesicles secreted from cells by fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma membrane (PM). While the function of exosomes during physiological and pathological events has been extensively reported, there remains a lack of understanding of the mechanisms that regulate exosome biogenesis, secretion, and internalization. Recent technological and methodological advances now provide details about MVB/exosome structure as well as the pathways of exosome biogenesis, secretion, and uptake. In this review, we outline our current understanding of these processes and highlight outstanding questions following on recent discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash B Arya
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel P Collie
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Menaceur C, Dusailly O, Gosselet F, Fenart L, Saint-Pol J. Vesicular Trafficking, a Mechanism Controlled by Cascade Activation of Rab Proteins: Focus on Rab27. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1530. [PMID: 38132356 PMCID: PMC10740503 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking is essential for the cell to internalize useful proteins and soluble substances, for cell signaling or for the degradation of pathogenic elements such as bacteria or viruses. This vesicular trafficking also enables the cell to engage in secretory processes for the elimination of waste products or for the emission of intercellular communication vectors such as cytokines, chemokines and extracellular vesicles. Ras-related proteins (Rab) and their effector(s) are of crucial importance in all of these processes, and mutations/alterations to them have serious pathophysiological consequences. This review presents a non-exhaustive overview of the role of the major Rab involved in vesicular trafficking, with particular emphasis on their involvement in the biogenesis and secretion of extracellular vesicles, and on the role of Rab27 in various pathophysiological processes. Therefore, Rab and their effector(s) are central therapeutic targets, given their involvement in vesicular trafficking and their importance for cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julien Saint-Pol
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France; (C.M.); (O.D.); (F.G.); (L.F.)
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7
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Liang W, Sagar S, Ravindran R, Najor RH, Quiles JM, Chi L, Diao RY, Woodall BP, Leon LJ, Zumaya E, Duran J, Cauvi DM, De Maio A, Adler ED, Gustafsson ÅB. Mitochondria are secreted in extracellular vesicles when lysosomal function is impaired. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5031. [PMID: 37596294 PMCID: PMC10439183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control is critical for cardiac homeostasis as these organelles are responsible for generating most of the energy needed to sustain contraction. Dysfunctional mitochondria are normally degraded via intracellular degradation pathways that converge on the lysosome. Here, we identified an alternative mechanism to eliminate mitochondria when lysosomal function is compromised. We show that lysosomal inhibition leads to increased secretion of mitochondria in large extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EVs are produced in multivesicular bodies, and their release is independent of autophagy. Deletion of the small GTPase Rab7 in cells or adult mouse heart leads to increased secretion of EVs containing ubiquitinated cargos, including intact mitochondria. The secreted EVs are captured by macrophages without activating inflammation. Hearts from aged mice or Danon disease patients have increased levels of secreted EVs containing mitochondria indicating activation of vesicular release during cardiac pathophysiology. Overall, these findings establish that mitochondria are eliminated in large EVs through the endosomal pathway when lysosomal degradation is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shakti Sagar
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rishith Ravindran
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rita H Najor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Quiles
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liguo Chi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Y Diao
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin P Woodall
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo J Leon
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erika Zumaya
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason Duran
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Adler
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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8
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Jeppesen DK, Zhang Q, Franklin JL, Coffey RJ. Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles: emerging complexities. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:667-681. [PMID: 36737375 PMCID: PMC10363204 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly expanding because recent discoveries have revealed a much greater complexity and diversity than was appreciated only a few years ago. New types of EVs and NPs have recently been described. Proteins and nucleic acids previously thought to be packaged in exosomes appear to be more enriched in different types of EVs and in two recently identified amembranous NPs, exomeres and supermeres. Thus, our understanding of the cell biology and intercellular communication facilitated by the release of EVs and NPs is in a state of flux. In this review, we describe the different types of EVs and NPs, highlight recent advances, and present major outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis K Jeppesen
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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9
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Elfmark LA, Wenzel EM, Wang L, Pedersen NM, Stenmark H, Raiborg C. Protrudin-mediated ER-endosome contact sites promote phagocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:216. [PMID: 37468729 PMCID: PMC10356898 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
During phagocytosis, endosomes both contribute with membrane to forming phagosomes and promote phagosome maturation. However, how these vesicles are delivered to the phagocytic cup and the phagosome has been unknown. Here, we show that Protrudin-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-endosome contact sites facilitate anterograde translocation of FYCO1 and VAMP7-positive late endosomes and lysosomes (LELys) to forming phagocytic cups in a retinal pigment epithelial-derived cell line (RPE1). Protrudin-dependent phagocytic cup formation required SYT7, which promotes fusion of LELys with the plasma membrane. RPE1 cells perform phagocytosis of dead cells (efferocytosis) that expose phosphatidylserine (PS) on their surface. Exogenous addition of apoptotic bodies increased the formation of phagocytic cups, which further increased when Protrudin was overexpressed. Overexpression of Protrudin also led to elevated uptake of silica beads coated with PS. Conversely, Protrudin depletion or abrogation of ER-endosome contact sites inhibited phagocytic cup formation resulting in reduced uptake of PS-coated beads. Thus, the Protrudin pathway delivers endosomes to facilitate formation of the phagocytic cup important for PS-dependent phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Anker Elfmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Maria Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ling Wang
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Marie Pedersen
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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10
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Hessvik NP, Sagini K, Romero S, Ramirez-Garrastacho M, Rodriguez M, Tutturen AEV, Kvalvaag A, Stang E, Brech A, Sandvig K, Llorente A. siRNA screening reveals that SNAP29 contributes to exosome release. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:177. [PMID: 37285022 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different sizes. Small EVs (< 200 nm) can originate from the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, i.e. exosomes, and from budding of the plasma membrane, i.e. small ectosomes. To investigate the molecular machinery required for the release of small EVs, we developed a sensitive assay based on incorporation of radioactive cholesterol in EV membranes and used it in a siRNA screening. The screening showed that depletion of several SNARE proteins affected the release of small EVs. We focused on SNAP29, VAMP8, syntaxin 2, syntaxin 3 and syntaxin 18, the depletion of which reduced the release of small EVs. Importantly, this result was verified using gold standard techniques. SNAP29 depletion resulted in the largest effect and was further investigated. Immunoblotting analysis of small EVs showed that the release of several proteins considered to be associated with exosomes like syntenin, CD63 and Tsg101 was reduced, while the level of several proteins that have been shown to be released in ectosomes (annexins) or by secretory autophagy (LC3B and p62) was not affected by SNAP29 depletion. Moreover, these proteins appeared in different fractions when the EV samples were further separated by a density gradient. These results suggest that SNAP29 depletion mainly affects the secretion of exosomes. To investigate how SNAP29 affects exosome release, we used microscopy to study the distribution of MBVs using CD63 labelling and CD63-pHluorin to detect fusion events of MVBs with the plasma membrane. SNAP29 depletion caused a redistribution of CD63-labelled compartments but did not change the number of fusion events. Further experiments are therefore needed to fully understand the function of SNAP29. To conclude, we have developed a novel screening assay that has allowed us to identify several SNAREs involved in the release of small EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pettersen Hessvik
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silvana Romero
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manuel Ramirez-Garrastacho
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marta Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UAM, Center for the Biomedical Research Network in Oncology, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department for Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Shelke GV, Williamson CD, Jarnik M, Bonifacino JS. Inhibition of endolysosome fusion increases exosome secretion. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209084. [PMID: 37213076 PMCID: PMC10202829 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted from cells to dispose of undegraded materials and mediate intercellular communication. A major source of exosomes is intraluminal vesicles within multivesicular endosomes that undergo exocytic fusion with the plasma membrane. An alternative fate of multivesicular endosomes is fusion with lysosomes, resulting in degradation of the intraluminal vesicles. The factors that determine whether multivesicular endosomes fuse with the plasma membrane or with lysosomes are unknown. In this study, we show that impairment of endolysosomal fusion by disruption of a pathway involving the BLOC-one-related complex (BORC), the small GTPase ARL8, and the tethering factor HOPS increases exosome secretion by preventing the delivery of intraluminal vesicles to lysosomes. These findings demonstrate that endolysosomal fusion is a critical determinant of the amount of exosome secretion and suggest that suppression of the BORC-ARL8-HOPS pathway could be used to boost exosome yields in biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Vilas Shelke
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chad D. Williamson
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Jarnik
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Krämer-Albers EM, Werner HB. Mechanisms of axonal support by oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y. [PMID: 37258632 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as versatile elements of cell communication in the nervous system, mediating tissue homeostasis. EVs influence the physiology of their target cells via horizontal transfer of molecular cargo between cells and by triggering signalling pathways. In this Review, we discuss recent work revealing that EVs mediate interactions between oligodendrocytes and neurons, which are relevant for maintaining the structural integrity of axons. In response to neuronal activity, myelinating oligodendrocytes release EVs, which are internalized by neurons and provide axons with key factors that improve axonal transport, stress resistance and energy homeostasis. Glia-to-neuron transfer of EVs is thus a crucial facet of axonal preservation. When glial support is impaired, axonal integrity is progressively lost, as observed in myelin-related disorders, other neurodegenerative diseases and with normal ageing. We highlight the mechanisms that oligodendroglial EVs use to sustain axonal integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Raposo G, Stahl PD. Extracellular vesicles - on the cusp of a new language in the biological sciences. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:240-254. [PMID: 38288044 PMCID: PMC10824536 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role both in physiological balance and homeostasis and in disease processes through their ability to participate in intercellular signaling and communication. An ever-expanding knowledge pool and a myriad of functional properties ascribed to EVs point to a new language of communication in biological systems that has opened a path for the discovery and implementation of novel diagnostic applications. EVs originate in the endosomal network and via non-random shedding from the plasma membrane by mechanisms that allow the packaging of functional cargoes, including proteins, lipids, and genetic materials. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that govern packaging, secretion and targeted delivery of extracellular vesicle-borne cargo will be required to establish EVs as important signaling entities, especially when ascribing functional properties to a heterogeneous population of vesicles. Several molecular cascades operate within the endosomal network and at the plasma membrane that recognize and segregate cargos as a prelude to vesicle budding and release. EVs are transferred between cells and operate as vehicles in biological fluids within tissues and within the microenvironment where they are responsible for short- and long-range targeted information. In this review, we focus on the remarkable capacity of EVs to establish a dialogue between cells and within tissues, often operating in parallel to the endocrine system, we highlight selected examples of past and recent studies on the functions of EVs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graca Raposo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris 75005, France
| | - Philip D. Stahl
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Rädler J, Gupta D, Zickler A, Andaloussi SE. Exploiting the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles for bioengineering and therapeutic cargo loading. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1231-1250. [PMID: 36805147 PMCID: PMC10188647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increasing attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in various diseases. These natural nanoparticles benefit from favorable safety profiles and unique biodistribution capabilities, rendering them attractive drug-delivery modalities over synthetic analogs. However, the widespread use of EVs is limited by technological shortcomings and biological knowledge gaps that fail to unravel their heterogeneity. An in-depth understanding of their biogenesis is crucial to unlocking their full therapeutic potential. Here, we explore how knowledge about EV biogenesis can be exploited for EV bioengineering to load therapeutic protein or nucleic acid cargos into or onto EVs. We summarize more than 75 articles and discuss their findings on the formation and composition of exosomes and microvesicles, revealing multiple pathways that may be stimulation and/or cargo dependent. Our analysis further identifies key regulators of natural EV cargo loading and we discuss how this knowledge is integrated to develop engineered EV biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rädler
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Dhanu Gupta
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Antje Zickler
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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15
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Kalluri R, McAndrews KM. The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer. Cell 2023; 186:1610-1626. [PMID: 37059067 PMCID: PMC10484374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is a key feature of cancer progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by all cells, including cancer cells, and recent studies have identified EVs as key mediators of cell-cell communication via packaging and transfer of bioactive constituents to impact the biology and function of cancer cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the functional contribution of EVs to cancer progression and metastasis, as cancer biomarkers, and the development of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Kathleen M McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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16
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Mahmood A, Otruba Z, Weisgerber AW, Palay MD, Nguyen MT, Bills BL, Knowles MK. Exosome secretion kinetics are controlled by temperature. Biophys J 2023; 122:1301-1314. [PMID: 36814381 PMCID: PMC10111348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) fuse with the plasma membrane, exosomes are released into the extracellular space where they can affect other cells. The ability of exosomes to regulate cells nearby or further away depends on whether they remain attached to the secreting cell membrane. The regulation and kinetics of exosome secretion are not well characterized, but probes for directly imaging single MVE fusion events have allowed for visualization of the fusion and release process. In particular, the design of an exosome marker with a pH-sensitive dye in the middle of the tetraspanin protein CD63 has facilitated studies of individual MVE fusion events. Using TIRF microscopy, single fusion events were measured in A549 cells held at 23-37°C and events were identified using an automated detection algorithm. Stable docking precedes fusion almost always and a decrease in temperature was accompanied by decrease in the rate of content loss and in the frequency of fusion events. The loss of CD63-pHluorin fluorescence was measured at fusion sites and fit with a single or double exponential decay, with most events requiring two components and a plateau because the loss of fluorescence was typically incomplete. To interpret the kinetics, fusion events were simulated as a localized release of tethered/untethered exosomes coupled with the membrane diffusion of CD63. The experimentally observed decay required three components in the simulation: 1) free exosomes, 2) CD63 membrane diffusion from the endosomal membrane into the plasma membrane, and 3) tethered exosomes. Modeling with slow diffusion of the tethered exosomes (0.0015-0.004 μm2/s) accurately fits the experimental data for all temperatures. However, simulating with immobile tethers or the absence of tethers fails to replicate the data. Our model suggests that exosome release from the fusion site is incomplete due to postfusion, membrane attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anarkali Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Zdeněk Otruba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Alan W Weisgerber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Max D Palay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Melodie T Nguyen
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Broderick L Bills
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Michelle K Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado; Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado.
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17
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Yperman K, Kuijpers M. Neuronal endoplasmic reticulum architecture and roles in axonal physiology. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103822. [PMID: 36781033 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest membrane compartment within eukaryotic cells and is emerging as a key coordinator of many cellular processes. The ER can modulate local calcium fluxes and communicate with other organelles like the plasma membrane. The importance of ER in neuronal processes such as neurite growth, axon repair and neurotransmission has recently gained much attention. In this review, we highlight the importance of the ER tubular network in axonal homeostasis and discuss how the generation and maintenance of the thin tubular ER network in axons and synapses, requires a cooperative effort of ER-shaping proteins, cytoskeleton and autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Yperman
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marijn Kuijpers
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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18
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Wenzel EM, Raiborg C. ER-endosome contacts master the ins and outs of secretory endosomes. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202210033. [PMID: 36355088 PMCID: PMC9652769 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
What defines whether an endosome follows the degradative pathway or fuses with the plasma membrane to release exosomes? In this issue of JCB, Fredrik Verweij and colleagues (2022. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202112032) demonstrate how secretory endosomes are guided by ER-endosome contacts to take a cellular detour and several identity transitions for efficient exosome release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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