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Essandoh K, Teuber JP, Brody MJ. Regulation of cardiomyocyte intracellular trafficking and signal transduction by protein palmitoylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:41-53. [PMID: 38385554 PMCID: PMC10903464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established functions of protein palmitoylation in fundamental cellular processes, the roles of this reversible post-translational lipid modification in cardiomyocyte biology remain poorly studied. Palmitoylation is catalyzed by a family of 23 zinc finger and Asp-His-His-Cys domain-containing S-acyltransferases (zDHHC enzymes) and removed by select thioesterases of the lysophospholipase and α/β-hydroxylase domain (ABHD)-containing families of serine hydrolases. Recently, studies utilizing genetic manipulation of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes have begun to unveil essential functions for these enzymes in regulating cardiac development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Palmitoylation co-ordinates cardiac electrophysiology through direct modulation of ion channels and transporters to impact their trafficking or gating properties as well as indirectly through modification of regulators of channels, transporters, and calcium handling machinery. Not surprisingly, palmitoylation has roles in orchestrating the intracellular trafficking of proteins in cardiomyocytes, but also dynamically fine-tunes cardiomyocyte exocytosis and natriuretic peptide secretion. Palmitoylation has emerged as a potent regulator of intracellular signaling in cardiomyocytes, with recent studies uncovering palmitoylation-dependent regulation of small GTPases through direct modification and sarcolemmal targeting of the small GTPases themselves or by modification of regulators of the GTPase cycle. In addition to dynamic control of G protein signaling, cytosolic DNA is sensed and transduced into an inflammatory transcriptional output through palmitoylation-dependent activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which has been targeted pharmacologically in preclinical models of heart disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex regulatory mechanisms governed by protein palmitoylation in cardiomyocytes and potential emerging therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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2
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Ueda N, Kataoka N, Miyazaki Y, Shimamoto K, Wakamiya A, Nakajima K, Kamakura T, Wada M, Ishibashi K, Yamagata K, Inoue Y, Miyamoto K, Nagase S, Aiba T, Kinugawa K, Minamino N, Kusano K. N-terminal pro atrial natriuretic peptide as a prognostic marker of cardiac resynchronization therapy recipients. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2023; 49:101282. [PMID: 37908624 PMCID: PMC10613895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2023.101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Although the dynamic changes of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expressions in a failing heart are well-documented, the clinical implications of detailed measurements of each ANP molecular form processed from proANP remain unclear. Methods Patients screening was conducted on patients who were eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) between 2014 and 2019 in our institution. Blood samples and echocardiographic parameters were collected on the day before and six months after implantation. Total ANP, proANP, and N-terminal fragment of proANP (NT-proANP) were examined as predictive biomarkers for cardiac death, left ventricular assist device implantation, and heart failure hospitalization following CRT implantation. Results A total of 86 subjects (mean age 70 years, 64 males) who underwent successful CRT implantation were enrolled. Plasma levels of total ANP, proANP, and NT-proANP were not normally distributed [25.8 pM (interquartile range: 11.1-53.1), 2.2 pM (1.0-5.4), and 4.1 nM (2.4-7.1), respectively]. Over a median follow-up of 2.7 years, 31 patients (2 deaths and 29 heart failure hospitalizations) reached the endpoints. Among the different ANP forms, only NT-proANP emerged as an independent predictor of the composite outcome (adjusted odds ratio of 2.542 in those with levels above vs. below the median, 95 % confidence interval 1.151-5.615, p = 0.021). NT-proANP levels were associated with left atrial volume and left diastolic functional parameters and decreased in response to echocardiographic improvements at six months post-implantation (16 ± 44 % decrease in responders vs 18 ± 60 % increase in non-responders, p = 0.005). Conclusion Pre-implantation NT-proANP levels could serve as a predictive factor for clinical outcomes in recipients of CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoya Kataoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Akinori Wakamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kamakura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishibashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Yamagata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuko Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagase
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aiba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kinugawa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Naoto Minamino
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Kengo Kusano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Osowski A, Hetmaniuk I, Fedchyshyn O, Sas M, Lomakina Y, Tkachuk N, Budarna O, Fik V, Fedoniuk L, Wojtkiewicz J. The Role of Lyophilized Xenodermotransplants in Repairing the Atria's Structure and the Peculiarities of Regenerative Processes after Thermal Trauma in an Experiment. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1470. [PMID: 37511845 PMCID: PMC10381269 DOI: 10.3390/life13071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of severe burn injuries on the cardiovascular system, specifically the atria and auricles of the heart, were investigated. The potential benefits of using lyophilized xenodermotransplants as a treatment option were also evaluated. The experiments were conducted on adult guinea pigs divided into three groups: intact animals, animals with burns, and animals with burns who underwent early necrectomy followed by wound closure with lyophilized xenodermotransplants. Third-degree burns caused significant ultrastructural changes in atrial cardiomyocytes, leading to long-term destructive changes in the structural components of the atria. However, the use of lyophilized xenodermotransplants had a positive effect on the atrial ultrastructure over time. This study highlights the complex and varied effects of burn injuries on the body and the potential benefits of lyophilized xenodermotransplants in treating severe burn injuries. By preventing destructive changes in the heart and activating regenerative processes, lyophilized xenodermotransplants can improve the condition of the heart after thermal injury. Further research and development in this area are necessary for understanding the potential of lyophilized xenodermotransplants in tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Osowski
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iryna Hetmaniuk
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Olena Fedchyshyn
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Sas
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia Lomakina
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Bukovinian State Medical University, 15 Yu. Fedkovich Street, 58000 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Tkachuk
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Olena Budarna
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Fik
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Larisa Fedoniuk
- Medical Biology Department, Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 2 Yu. Slovatskyi Street, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 2 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Panova AS. Development of concepts on sodium regulation in XX century. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-2-203-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The 20th century is the time of the birth of many scientific areas, including the physiology of the kidneys and water-salt metabolism. This article is devoted to the history of the development of one of its directions - the issue of regulation of sodium homeostasis in the body. This article is the first attempt in the Russianspeaking space to summarize the achievements in the study of sodium regulation. For many decades, scientists from different countries have studied the influence of various factors on sodium excretion: blood pressure, atrial peptides, hormones of the neurohypophysis and adrenal glands, renal nerves, infusion of various substances, etc. It was found that sodium excretion does not directly depend on changes in blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate. Atrial peptides causing natriuresis were discovered, their structure and mechanism of action were described in detail. The role of the hormones of the neurohypophysis - vasopressin and oxytocin - in the excretion of sodium, as well as the role of aldosterone and angiotensin II in the reabsorption of this cation was shown. It has been shown that the administration of hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride causes a greater natriuretic response than the administration of other substances (sodium sulfate and acetate, glucose, mannitol, etc.), and the idea of the existence of sodium-s ensitive receptors has also been put forward.
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Tokudome T, Otani K. Molecular Mechanism of Blood Pressure Regulation through the Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091351. [PMID: 36138830 PMCID: PMC9495342 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac peptide hormone that was identified by Kangawa and Matsuo in 1984. In Japan, ANP has been used as an intravenous drug for the treatment of acute heart failure since 1995. Because ANP has a hypotensive effect, it is important to avoid excessive lowering of blood pressure when ANP is used. Recently, a compound that inhibits neutral endopeptidase, the enzyme that degrades ANP, has been developed (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI)). ARNI has been approved worldwide for the treatment of chronic heart failure and has been authorized in Japan as an antihypertensive drug. However, it is not understood exactly how ANP exerts its hypotensive effect. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism of the blood pressure-regulating effects of ANP, focusing on our recent findings. Abstract Natriuretic peptides, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), have cardioprotective effects and regulate blood pressure in mammals. ANP and BNP are hormones secreted from the heart into the bloodstream in response to increased preload and afterload. Both hormones act through natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR1). In contrast, CNP acts through natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2) and was found to be produced by the vascular endothelium, chondrocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts. Based on its relatively low plasma concentration compared with ANP and BNP, CNP is thought to function as both an autocrine and a paracrine factor in the vasculature, bone, and heart. The cytoplasmic domains of both NPR1 and NPR2 display a guanylate cyclase activity that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP. NPR3 lacks this guanylate cyclase activity and is reportedly coupled to Gi-dependent signaling. Recently, we reported that the continuous infusion of the peptide osteocrin, an endogenous ligand of NPR3 secreted by bone and muscle cells, lowered blood pressure in wild-type mice, suggesting that endogenous natriuretic peptides play major roles in the regulation of blood pressure. Neprilysin is a neutral endopeptidase that degrades several vasoactive peptides, including natriuretic peptides. The increased worldwide clinical use of the angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor for the treatment of chronic heart failure has brought renewed attention to the physiological effects of natriuretic peptides. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery of ANP and its translational research. We also highlight our recent findings on the blood pressure regulatory effects of ANP, focusing on its molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tokudome
- Department of Pathophysiology of Heart Failure and Therapeutics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita 564-8565, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6170-1069
| | - Kentaro Otani
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita 564-8565, Japan
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Goetze JP, Bartels ED, Shalmi TW, Andraud-Dang L, Rehfeld JF. Biochemistry of the Endocrine Heart. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070971. [PMID: 36101352 PMCID: PMC9311610 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Besides being a muscle and an electrochemically active organ, the heart is a true endocrine organ. As endocrine cells, cardiac myocytes possess all the needed chemical necessities for translation, post-translational modifications, and complex peptide proteolysis. In addition, intracellular granules in the cells contain not only peptides destined for secretion but also important granin molecules involved in maintaining a regulated secretory pathway. In this review, we highlight the biochemical phenotype of the endocrine heart, recapitulating that the cardiac myocytes are truly and fully capable endocrine cells. Abstract Production and release of natriuretic peptides and other vasoactive peptides are tightly regulated in mammalian physiology and involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. As endocrine cells, the cardiac myocytes seem to possess almost all known chemical necessities for translation, post-translational modifications, and complex peptide proteolysis. In several ways, intracellular granules in the cells contain not only peptides destined for secretion but also important granin molecules involved in maintaining a regulated secretory pathway. In this review, we will highlight the biochemical phenotype of the endocrine heart recapitulating that the cardiac myocytes are capable endocrine cells. Understanding the basal biochemistry of the endocrine heart in producing and secreting peptides to circulation could lead to new discoveries concerning known peptide products as well as hitherto unidentified cardiac peptide products. In perspective, studies on natriuretic peptides in the heart have shown that the post-translational phase of gene expression is not only relevant for human physiology but may prove implicated also in the development and, perhaps one day, cure of human cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil D Bartels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Theodor W Shalmi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lilian Andraud-Dang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Agostinucci K, Manfredi TG, Cosmas AC, Vetter FJ, Engle SK. Comparison of ANP and BNP Granular Density in Atria of Rats After Physiological and Pathological Hypertrophy. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:497-506. [PMID: 35608026 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221097970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are cardiac hormones located in atria granules. Both peptides respond to cardiac pressure and volume dynamics and accordingly serve as translation biomarkers for the clinical treatment of heart failure. Serum ANP and BNP play central secretary roles in blood pressure and cardiac output regulation and have proven utility as differential biomarkers of cardiovascular proficiency and drug-induced maladaptation, yet both peptides are impervious to exercise-induced hypertrophy. We employed immunoelectron microscopy to examine the effects of 28 days of chronic swim exercise or administration of a PPARγ agonist on atrial granules and their stored natriuretic peptides in Sprague Dawley rats. Chronic swimming and drug treatment both resulted in a 15% increase in heart weight compared with controls, with no treatment effects on perinuclear granule area in the left atria (LAs). Drug treatment resulted in larger size granules with greater BNP density in the right atria. Comparing swimming and PPARγ agonist treatment effects on ANP:BNP granule density ratios between atrial chambers revealed a shift toward a greater proportion of ANP than BNP in LAs of swim-trained rats. These data suggest a distinction in the population of ANP and BNP after chronic swim or PPARγ that makes it a novel metric for the differentiation of pathological and physiological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Agostinucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas G Manfredi
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arthur C Cosmas
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.,Select Medical Sports Medicine and Outpatient Rehabilitation, West Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Frederick J Vetter
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Steven K Engle
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Arjamaa O. The Endocrine Heart: Natriuretic Peptides and Oxygen Metabolism in Cardiac Diseases. CJC Open 2021; 3:1149-1152. [PMID: 34746728 PMCID: PMC8551400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating natriuretic peptides are widely used as tools in the diagnosis and follow-up of cardiac diseases, and their use has been increasing throughout other medical branches. After 40 years and more than 40,000 publications, their function in healthy human adults of reproductive age appears to remain confusing—with every physiology and pharmacology textbook telling a different story. In cardiology, mechanical load upon the heart is generally regarded as the condition that regulates the synthesis and release of natriuretic peptides. The key issue in cardiology remains how mechanical activity and oxygen consumption are related, and yet no published paper has shown that mechanical load does not increase oxygen consumption, as wall tension is a major determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption. However, this relationship has been largely neglected in studies on natriuretic peptides. Based on published papers, an outline is presented of how oxygen metabolism, related to mechanical stress, could play an important role in the pathophysiology of natriuretic peptides. The natriuretic peptide system might enhance oxygen transport by causing diuresis, natriuresis, and water transfer from the intra- to extravascular space, resulting in volume contraction and hemoconcentration, thus indirectly promoting the transfer of oxygen into tissues and organs. Mechanical stress and oxygen consumption are 2 sides of the same coin. The relationship between mechanical stress and oxygen metabolism, in the particular case of natriuretic peptides, represents a new avenue for clinical studies and will better explain the results of studies that have been published previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Arjamaa
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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9
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Bäck N, Mains RE, Eipper BA. PAM: diverse roles in neuroendocrine cells, cardiomyocytes, and green algae. FEBS J 2021; 289:4470-4496. [PMID: 34089560 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the ways in which peptides are used for communication in the nervous and endocrine systems began with the identification of oxytocin, vasopressin, and insulin, each of which is stored in electron-dense granules, ready for release in response to an appropriate stimulus. For each of these peptides, entry of its newly synthesized precursor into the ER lumen is followed by transport through the secretory pathway, exposing the precursor to a sequence of environments and enzymes that produce the bioactive products stored in mature granules. A final step in the biosynthesis of many peptides is C-terminal amidation by peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), an ascorbate- and copper-dependent membrane enzyme that enters secretory granules along with its soluble substrates. Biochemical and cell biological studies elucidated the highly conserved mechanism for amidated peptide production and raised many questions about PAM trafficking and the effects of PAM on cytoskeletal organization and gene expression. Phylogenetic studies and the discovery of active PAM in the ciliary membranes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a green alga lacking secretory granules, suggested that a PAM-like enzyme was present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. While the catalytic features of human and C. reinhardtii PAM are strikingly similar, the trafficking of PAM in C. reinhardtii and neuroendocrine cells and secretion of its amidated products differ. A comparison of PAM function in neuroendocrine cells, atrial myocytes, and C. reinhardtii reveals multiple ways in which altered trafficking allows PAM to accomplish different tasks in different species and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bäck
- Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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10
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Kozhevnikova MV, Belenkov YN. [Biomarkers in Heart Failure: Current and Future]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 61:4-16. [PMID: 34112070 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2021.5.n1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the ending of practically all cardiovascular diseases and the reason for hospitalization of 49% of patients in a cardiological hospital. Available instrumental diagnostic methods and biomarkers not always allow verification of HF, particularly in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Prediction of chronic HF in patients with risk factors faces great difficulties. Currently, natriuretic peptides (NUP) are widely used for the diagnosis, prognosis and management of patients with HF and are included in clinical guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of HF. Following multiple studies, the understanding of NUP significance has changed. This resulted in a need for new biomarkers to improve the insight into the process of HF and to personalize the treatment by better individual phenotyping. In addition, current technologies, such as transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, provide identification of new biomarkers and better understanding of features of the HF pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to discuss recent reports on NUP and novel, most promising biomarkers in respect of their possible use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Kozhevnikova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow
| | - Yu N Belenkov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow
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11
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Kato J. Natriuretic peptides and neprilysin inhibition in hypertension and hypertensive organ damage. Peptides 2020; 132:170352. [PMID: 32610060 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The family of natriuretic peptides (NPs) discovered in mammalian tissues including cardiac atrium and brain consists of three members, namely, atrial, B- and C-type natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP). Since the discovery, basic and clinical studies have been vigorously performed to explore the biological functions and pathophysiological roles of NPs in a wide range of diseases including hypertension and heart failure. These studies revealed that ANP and BNP are hormones secreted from the heart into the blood stream in response to pre- or after-load, counteracting blood pressure (BP) elevation and fluid retention through specific receptors. Meanwhile, CNP was found to be produced by the vascular endothelium, acting as a local mediator potentially serving protective functions for the blood vessels. Because NPs not only exert blood pressure lowering actions but also alleviate hypertensive organ damage, attempts have been made to develop therapeutic agents for hypertension by utilizing this family of NPs. One strategy is to inhibit neprilysin, an enzyme degrading NPs, thereby enhancing the actions of endogenous peptides. Recently, a dual inhibitor of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin was approved for heart failure, and neprilysin inhibition has also been shown to be beneficial in treating patients with hypertension. This review summarizes the roles of NPs in regulating BP, with special references to hypertension and hypertensive organ damage, and discusses the therapeutic implications of neprilysin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johji Kato
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Miyazaki Hospital, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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12
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Key factors behind autofluorescence changes caused by ablation of cardiac tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15369. [PMID: 32958843 PMCID: PMC7506017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation is a commonly used clinical procedure that destroys arrhythmogenic sources in patients suffering from atrial fibrillation and other types of cardiac arrhythmias. To improve the success of this procedure, new approaches for real-time visualization of ablation sites are being developed. One of these promising methods is hyperspectral imaging, an approach that detects lesions based on changes in the endogenous tissue autofluorescence profile. To facilitate the clinical implementation of this approach, we examined the key variables that can influence ablation-induced spectral changes, including the drop in myocardial NADH levels, the release of lipofuscin-like pigments, and the increase in diffuse reflectance of the cardiac muscle beneath the endocardial layer. Insights from these experiments suggested simpler algorithms that can be used to acquire and post-process the spectral information required to reveal the lesion sites. Our study is relevant to a growing number of multilayered clinical targets to which spectral approaches are being applied.
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Abstract
Investigations into the mixed muscle-secretory phenotype of cardiomyocytes from the atrial appendages of the heart led to the discovery that these cells produce, in a regulated manner, two polypeptide hormones - the natriuretic peptides - referred to as atrial natriuretic factor or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), thereby demonstrating an endocrine function for the heart. Studies on the gene encoding ANP (NPPA) initiated the field of modern research into gene regulation in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, ANP and BNP were found to be the natural ligands for cell membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase receptors that mediate the effects of natriuretic peptides through the generation of intracellular cGMP, which interacts with specific enzymes and ion channels. Natriuretic peptides have many physiological actions and participate in numerous pathophysiological processes. Important clinical entities associated with natriuretic peptide research include heart failure, obesity and systemic hypertension. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides have proven to be powerful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of heart disease. Development of pharmacological agents that are based on natriuretic peptides is an area of active research, with vast potential benefits for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Development, physiological growth and the response of the heart to injury are accompanied by changes of the transcriptome and epigenome of cardiac myocytes. Recently, cell sorting and next generation sequencing techniques have been applied to determine cardiac myocyte-specific transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies analysing the transcriptome and epigenome of cardiac myocytes in mouse and human hearts during development, physiological growth and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Adult cardiac myocytes express > 12,600 genes, and their expression levels correlate positively with active histone marks and inversely with gene body DNA methylation. DNA methylation accompanied the perinatal switch in sarcomere or metabolic isoform gene expression in cardiac myocytes, but remained rather stable in heart disease. DNA methylation and histone marks identified > 100,000 cis-regulatory regions in the cardiac myocyte epigenome with a dynamic spectrum of transcription factor binding sites. The ETS-related transcription factor ETV1 was identified as an atrial-specific element involved in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Thus, dynamic development of the atrial vs. ventricular cardiac myocyte epigenome provides a basis to identify location and time-dependent mechanisms of epigenetic control to shape pathological gene expression during heart disease. Identifying the four dimensions of the cardiac myocyte epigenome, atrial vs. ventricular location, time during development and growth, and disease-specific signals, may ultimately lead to new treatment strategies for heart disease.
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15
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Ferrero KM, Koch WJ. Metabolic Crosstalk between the Heart and Fat. Korean Circ J 2020; 50:379-394. [PMID: 32096362 PMCID: PMC7098822 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2019.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now recognized that the heart can behave as a true endocrine organ, which can modulate the function of other tissues. Emerging evidence has shown that visceral fat is one such distant organ the heart communicates with. In fact, it appears that bi-directional crosstalk between adipose tissue and the myocardium is crucial to maintenance of normal function in both organs. In particular, factors secreted from the heart are now known to influence the metabolic activity of adipose tissue and other organs, as well as modulate the release of metabolic substrates and signaling molecules from the periphery. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding primary cardiokines and adipokines involved in heart-fat crosstalk, as well as implications of their dysregulation for cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Ferrero
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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16
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Pérez JM, Alessi C, Grzech-Wojciechowska M. Diagnostic methods for the canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: A narrative evidence-based rapid review. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:205-216. [PMID: 31821959 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important etiology of mortality and morbidity in dogs and its diagnosis relies on systolic dysfunction, chambers dilation, electrical instability and congestion. During the last decades veterinary cardiologists have been joining efforts to obtain diagnostic resources to correctly identify canine DCM in the preclinical stage. Unfortunately, most diagnostic resources have been used with the support of research with weak evidence, without high quality methodologies such as systematic reviews or meta-analysis. Therefore, the support of evidence-based medicine is tailored by empiricism and diagnostic criteria lose'out the ability to properly classify dogs suffering DCM. The presentation of the evidence in medicine is established by multiple sources and the most reliable source has been the presentation of evidence-based medicine from systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Rapid reviews can be interpreted as a pragmatic approach to systematic reviews and although a rapid review follows most of the critical steps of a systematic review to provide timely evidence, some components of a systematic review process are either simplified or omitted. The objective of this narrative evidence-based rapid review is twofold. First: To recognize and to stratify the level of evidence offered by rigorous selected papers about the diagnosis of DCM. Second: To classify the degree of clinical recommendation of the diagnostic resources available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M Pérez
- Advanced Veterinary Centre- المستوصف البيطرى المتقدمة, Doha Expy, Amr Bin Alass St. Madynat Khalefa South, PO.BOX: 1234, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Chiara Alessi
- Faculty of Agricultural Science, Universidad de Caldas, PO.BOX: 170004, Street 65, 26-10 Manizales, Colombia
| | - Magdalena Grzech-Wojciechowska
- Wydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej, Uniwersytet Warmiński-Mazurszki w Olsztynie ul, Michała Oczapowskiego, PO.BOX. 2 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland; Cor-Vet Kardiologia Weterynaryjna, PO.BOX 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
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17
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Roxana ME, Georgică TÃ, Ionuț D, Gianina M, Cristina F. Atrial and Brain Natriuretic Peptides- Benefits and Limits of their use in Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 15:283-290. [PMID: 30914031 PMCID: PMC8142359 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190326150550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides, produced by cardiac myocytes, are regulators of the intravascular volume and blood pressure, and also exhibit neuroendocrine, metabolic and growth controlling effects. In heart failure, their synthesis increases exponentially as part of the neuroendocrine activation, but their beneficial effects are diminished. The paper reviews relevant data about their role as diagnosis and prognosis markers in heart failure, the hemodynamic and clinical benefits of their use as therapy in heart failure, together with the main adverse effects. Peptides non-specifically increase in extracardiac pathology and the literature reveals the mechanisms of increase, significance and threshold values to exclude cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Edme Roxana
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - TÃrtea Georgică
- Department of Physiology, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Donoiu Ionuț
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Moise Gianina
- County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Craiova 200349, Romania
| | - Florescu Cristina
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova 200349, Romania
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18
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Liu Y, Bao H, Wang W, Lim HY. Cardiac Snail family of transcription factors directs systemic lipid metabolism in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008487. [PMID: 31725726 PMCID: PMC6879157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of normal lipid homeostasis is crucial to heart function. On the other hand, the heart is now recognized to serve an important role in regulating systemic lipid metabolism; however, the molecular basis remains unclear. In this study, we identify the Drosophila Snail family of transcription factors (herein termed Sna TFs) as new mediators of the heart control of systemic lipid metabolism. Overexpression of Sna TF genes specifically in the heart promotes whole-body leanness whereas their knockdown in the heart promotes obesity. In addition, flies that are heterozygous for a snail deficiency chromosome also exhibit systemic obesity, and that cardiac-specific overexpression of Sna substantially reverses systemic obesity in these flies. We further show that genetically manipulating Sna TF levels in the fat body and intestine do not affect systemic lipid levels. Mechanistically, we find that flies bearing the overexpression or inhibition of Sna TFs in the postnatal heart only exhibit systemic lipid metabolic defects but not heart abnormalities. Cardiac-specific alterations of Sna TF levels also do not perturb cardiac morphology, viability, lipid metabolism or fly food intake. On the other hand, cardiac-specific manipulations of Sna TF levels alter lipogenesis and lipolysis gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration, and lipid storage droplet 1 and 2 (Lsd-1 and Lsd-2) levels in the fat body. Together, our results reveal a novel and specific role of Sna TFs in the heart on systemic lipid homeostasis maintenance that is independent of cardiac development and function and involves the governance of triglyceride synthesis and breakdown, energy utilization, and lipid droplet dynamics in the fat body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hong Bao
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WW); (H-YL)
| | - Hui-Ying Lim
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WW); (H-YL)
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19
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Blanton RM. I Kid(ney) You Not...Natriuretic Peptides Which Promote Natriuresis but Not Hypotension. Circ Res 2019; 124:1411-1412. [PMID: 31070996 PMCID: PMC6510255 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Blanton
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Institute and Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
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20
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Matsuo A, Nagai-Okatani C, Nishigori M, Kangawa K, Minamino N. Natriuretic peptides in human heart: Novel insight into their molecular forms, functions, and diagnostic use. Peptides 2019; 111:3-17. [PMID: 30120963 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Among the three natriuretic peptides, atrial/A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain/B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are primarily produced by, and secreted from, heart tissue. They maintain cardiovascular homeostasis by binding to natriuretic peptide receptor-A. Since plasma ANP and BNP concentrations, as well as expression, are elevated in response to increased body fluid volume and pressure load on the heart wall, these peptides are widely utilized as diagnostic biomarkers for evaluating heart failure. Regardless of their high utility, differences in their molecular forms between healthy and diseased subjects and how these relate to pathophysiology have not well been examined. Recent studies have shown that the circulating molecular forms of ANP and BNP are not uniform; bioactive α-ANP is the major ANP form, whereas the weakly active proBNP is the major BNP form. The relative ratios of the different molecular forms are altered under different pathophysiological conditions. These facts indicate that detailed measurements of each form may provide useful information on the pathophysiological state of heart tissue. Here, we revisit the relationship between the molecular forms of, and pathophysiological alterations in, human ANP and BNP and discuss the possible utility of the measurement of each of the molecular forms. The third peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide, activates natriuretic peptide receptor-B, but little is known about its production and function in the heart because of its extremely low levels. However, through recent studies, its role in the heart is gradually becoming clear. Here, we summarize its molecular forms, assay systems, and functions in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Matsuo
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nagai-Okatani
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishigori
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Research Institute, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Naoto Minamino
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine & Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Center and University Hospital, University of Oulu, Finland.
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22
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Yadav GP, Zheng H, Yang Q, Douma LG, Bloom LB, Jiang QX. Secretory granule protein chromogranin B (CHGB) forms an anion channel in membranes. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800139. [PMID: 30456382 PMCID: PMC6238609 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The CHGB subfamily of secretory granule proteins forms a new family of anion-selective channels by interacting with membranes via two amphipathic α-helices. The channel exhibits higher anion selectivity, larger conductance, higher DIDS-binding affinity, and higher Cl− sensitivity than other known anion channels. Regulated secretion is an intracellular pathway that is highly conserved from protists to humans. Granin family proteins were proposed to participate in the biogenesis, maturation and release of secretory granules in this pathway. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the intracellular functions of the granin family proteins remain unclear. Here, we show that chromogranin B (CHGB), a secretory granule protein, inserts itself into membrane and forms a chloride-conducting channel. CHGB interacts strongly with phospholipid membranes through two amphipathic α helices. At a high local concentration, CHGB insertion in membrane causes significant bilayer remodeling, producing protein-coated nanoparticles and nanotubules. Fast kinetics and high cooperativity for anion efflux from CHGB vesicles suggest that CHGB tetramerizes to form a functional channel with a single-channel conductance of ∼125 pS (150/150 mM Cl−). The CHGB channel is sensitive to an anion channel blocker and exhibits higher anion selectivity than the other six known families of Cl− channels. Our data suggest that the CHGB subfamily of granin proteins forms a new family of organelle chloride channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaya P Yadav
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- Crop Designing Center, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda B Bloom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Qiu-Xing Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Abstract
Natriuretic peptides are structurally related, functionally diverse hormones. Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are delivered predominantly by the heart. Two C-type natriuretic peptides (CNPs) are paracrine messengers, notably in bone, brain, and vessels. Natriuretic peptides act by binding to the extracellular domains of three receptors, NPR-A, NPR-B, and NPR-C of which the first two are guanylate cyclases. NPR-C is coupled to inhibitory proteins. Atrial wall stress is the major regulator of ANP secretion; however, atrial pressure changes plasma ANP only modestly and transiently, and the relation between plasma ANP and atrial wall tension (or extracellular volume or sodium intake) is weak. Absence and overexpression of ANP-related genes are associated with modest blood pressure changes. ANP augments vascular permeability and reduces vascular contractility, renin and aldosterone secretion, sympathetic nerve activity, and renal tubular sodium transport. Within the physiological range of plasma ANP, the responses to step-up changes are unimpressive; in man, the systemic physiological effects include diminution of renin secretion, aldosterone secretion, and cardiac preload. For BNP, the available evidence does not show that cardiac release to the blood is related to sodium homeostasis or body fluid control. CNPs are not circulating hormones, but primarily paracrine messengers important to ossification, nervous system development, and endothelial function. Normally, natriuretic peptides are not powerful natriuretic/diuretic hormones; common conclusions are not consistently supported by hard data. ANP may provide fine-tuning of reno-cardiovascular relationships, but seems, together with BNP, primarily involved in the regulation of cardiac performance and remodeling. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1211-1249, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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24
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Lambertenghi-Deliliers G, Zanon PL, Pozzoli EF, Bellini O, Praga C. Ultrastructural Alterations of Atrial Myocardium Induced by Adriamycin in Chronically Treated Animals. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 64:15-24. [PMID: 565963 DOI: 10.1177/030089167806400102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of adriamycin (AM) is limited by a possible dose-dependent myocardiopathy. Severe lesions of ventricular myocardium widely described by electron microscopy have been correlated to irreversible congestive heart failure. On the other hand, the atrial contractile elements which differ from the ventricular ones because of the presence of the so-called specific granules have rarely been considered. In the work described in this paper, adriamycin was injected into rabbits and mice according to schedules of chronic toxicity. At the end of the treatment the atrial myocells presented diffuse ultrastructural lesions of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar bundles. These alterations might be caused by the ribonucleoprotein synthesis inhibition, by a direct drug toxicity or by an energetic crisis due to early mitochondrial lesions. Besides, adriamycin produces a decrease of the specific atrial granules that play a hypothetic role in the metabolism of myocardial cells. However, lack of information about the contents and the exact function of atrial granules does not allow us to conclude that their decrease in treated animals has a pathogenetic significance in myocardiopathy induced by adriamycin.
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25
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Standardization of BNP and NT-proBNP Immunoassays in Light of the Diverse and Complex Nature of Circulating BNP-Related Peptides. Adv Clin Chem 2018; 85:1-30. [PMID: 29655458 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N-terminal fragment of the BNP precursor (NT-proBNP) are widely used as heart failure (HF) biomarkers. Since the discovery of BNP in 1988, much effort has been allocated to the precise detection of BNP and NT-proBNP levels for reliable HF diagnostics. As a result, measurements of these biomarkers are globally accepted and used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of acute and chronic HF, risk stratification, and monitoring response to therapy. Several immunoassays specific for BNP and NT-proBNP are currently commercially available. Recent comparative studies show that there are marked differences between different BNP and NT-proBNP assays and platforms, and the results of measurements are not comparable enough. The lack of equivalence between the assays complicates the interpretation of the results and renders the cut-off points for diagnostic decisions to be method dependent. Presently, there is no agreement on what kind of BNP or NT-proBNP standard should be used for calibration, and a certified reference material as well as reference measurement procedures are lacking. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the available data on the complex nature of BNP-related peptides, specificity for existing BNP and NT-proBNP immunoassays, and to discuss potential approaches for standardization of BNP and NT-proBNP measurements.
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26
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Paç M, Ateş A, Koçak H, Yiğitoğlu M, Yekeler I. The Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Its Relation to Hemodynamic and Laboratory Values in Mitral Valve and Coronary Surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153857449202600205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 22 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement (13) or coronary bypass surgery (9), preoperative and postoperative plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (p-ANP) concentration, hemodynamic changes, plasma aldosterone, and twenty-four-hour urine sodium-potassium concentrations were studied. Preoperative ANP levels were 261±172 pg/mL in mitral valve replacement (MVR) and 68±22 in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); control levels were 15±4.7 (p < 0.001). After the induction of anesthesia, ANP levels decreased to 154.5±96.7 pg/mL in MVR and 51±17.5 in CABG (p < 0.01) patients. In the early postop erative period ANP increased to 332±217 pg/mL in MVR and to 94.3 ± 29.7 in CABG (p < 0.001). In the late postoperative period, the p-ANP of both groups returned to nor mal levels (16 ± 8.05, 11.2 ± 2.82 pg/mL, respectively). Negative correlations were detected in both MVR and CABG groups be tween p-ANP, p-aldosterone (p < 0.001), p—ANP—cardiac output (p < 0.001), and p—ANP—cardiac index (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Paç
- From the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - A. Ateş
- From the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - H. Koçak
- From the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - M.R. Yiğitoğlu
- From the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - I. Yekeler
- From the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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27
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Abstract
cGMP controls many cellular functions ranging from growth, viability, and differentiation to contractility, secretion, and ion transport. The mammalian genome encodes seven transmembrane guanylyl cyclases (GCs), GC-A to GC-G, which mainly modulate submembrane cGMP microdomains. These GCs share a unique topology comprising an extracellular domain, a short transmembrane region, and an intracellular COOH-terminal catalytic (cGMP synthesizing) region. GC-A mediates the endocrine effects of atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides regulating arterial blood pressure/volume and energy balance. GC-B is activated by C-type natriuretic peptide, stimulating endochondral ossification in autocrine way. GC-C mediates the paracrine effects of guanylins on intestinal ion transport and epithelial turnover. GC-E and GC-F are expressed in photoreceptor cells of the retina, and their activation by intracellular Ca(2+)-regulated proteins is essential for vision. Finally, in the rodent system two olfactorial GCs, GC-D and GC-G, are activated by low concentrations of CO2and by peptidergic (guanylins) and nonpeptidergic odorants as well as by coolness, which has implications for social behaviors. In the past years advances in human and mouse genetics as well as the development of sensitive biosensors monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of cGMP in living cells have provided novel relevant information about this receptor family. This increased our understanding of the mechanisms of signal transduction, regulation, and (dys)function of the membrane GCs, clarified their relevance for genetic and acquired diseases and, importantly, has revealed novel targets for therapies. The present review aims to illustrate these different features of membrane GCs and the main open questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhn
- Institute of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Dewey CM, Spitler KM, Ponce JM, Hall DD, Grueter CE. Cardiac-Secreted Factors as Peripheral Metabolic Regulators and Potential Disease Biomarkers. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003101. [PMID: 27247337 PMCID: PMC4937259 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Dewey
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathryn M Spitler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jessica M Ponce
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Duane D Hall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Chad E Grueter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Papajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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29
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Francis GS, Felker GM, Tang WHW. A Test in Context: Critical Evaluation of Natriuretic Peptide Testing in Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:330-7. [PMID: 26796399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circulating natriuretic peptide measurements have been used extensively over the past 15 years to diagnose and monitor patients with heart failure. We are still learning how complex the dynamics of natriuretic peptides can be in the interpretation of test results in individual patients. Although natriuretic peptide measurements are widely used in practice, there are questions regarding why these peptides may not necessarily track with blood volume or invasive hemodynamic measurements in individual patients. Interpretation of natriuretic peptide measurements will depend on many factors, including special patient populations, obesity, renal function, the state of congestion or decongestion, and whether patients are receiving specific therapies. Natriuretic peptide measurements have clearly revolutionized clinical care for patients with heart failure, but further research should provide insights to help use these measurements to individualize patient care beyond the current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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30
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Wu SP, Yu CT, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Choose your destiny: Make a cell fate decision with COUP-TFII. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:7-12. [PMID: 26658017 PMCID: PMC4724268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate specification is a critical process to generate cells with a wide range of characteristics from stem and progenitor cells. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII serves as a key regulator in determining the cell identity during embryonic development. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on molecular mechanisms by which COUP-TFII employs to define the cell fates, with special emphasis on cardiovascular and renal systems. These novel insights pave the road for future studies of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Pin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - Cheng-Tai Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sophia Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Brandenburg S, Arakel EC, Schwappach B, Lehnart SE. The molecular and functional identities of atrial cardiomyocytes in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1882-93. [PMID: 26620800 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrial cardiomyocytes are essential for fluid homeostasis, ventricular filling, and survival, yet their cell biology and physiology are incompletely understood. It has become clear that the cell fate of atrial cardiomyocytes depends significantly on transcription programs that might control thousands of differentially expressed genes. Atrial muscle membranes propagate action potentials and activate myofilament force generation, producing overall faster contractions than ventricular muscles. While atria-specific excitation and contractility depend critically on intracellular Ca(2+) signalling, voltage-dependent L-type Ca(2+) channels and ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channels are each expressed at high levels similar to ventricles. However, intracellular Ca(2+) transients in atrial cardiomyocytes are markedly heterogeneous and fundamentally different from ventricular cardiomyocytes. In addition, differential atria-specific K(+) channel expression and trafficking confer unique electrophysiological and metabolic properties. Because diseased atria have the propensity to perpetuate fast arrhythmias, we discuss our understanding about the cell-specific mechanisms that lead to metabolic and/or mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibrillation. Interestingly, recent work identified potential atria-specific mechanisms that lead to early contractile dysfunction and metabolic remodelling, suggesting highly interdependent metabolic, electrical, and contractile pathomechanisms. Hence, the objective of this review is to provide an integrated model of atrial cardiomyocytes, from tissue-specific cell properties, intracellular metabolism, and excitation-contraction (EC) coupling to early pathological changes, in particular metabolic dysfunction and tissue remodelling due to atrial fibrillation and aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Brandenburg
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric C Arakel
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Blanche Schwappach
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan E Lehnart
- Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology & Pulmonology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) site Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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Ng TMH. Natriuretic Peptides as Therapy for Heart Failure--Unfulfilled Promise? J Card Fail 2015; 21:865-7. [PMID: 26348664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.08.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tien M H Ng
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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de Souza Mecawi A, Ruginsk SG, Elias LLK, Varanda WA, Antunes‐Rodrigues J. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Hydromineral Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1465-516. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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O'Donoghue M, Januzzi JL. N-terminal proBNP: a novel biomarker for the diagnosis, risk stratification and management of congestive heart failure. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 3:487-96. [PMID: 15889976 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.3.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Congestive heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world and is now the leading cause of hospitalizations in adults over 65 years of age with an estimated annual expenditure in excess of USD 20 billion. In addition, it is the only cardiovascular disorder that continues to increase in both incidence and prevalence, and as the population continues to age, it is expected that the prevalence of this disease will continue to rise. Ironically, the armamentarium of medications that decrease mortality due to congestive heart failure also continues to grow; however, the relative number of eligible patients with congestive heart failure (or at risk for congestive heart failure) that receive these important therapies remains low. Thus, better tools to aid the early diagnosis and management of this disease are needed. Testing for natriuretic peptide markers, such as B-type natriuretic peptide or its amino-terminal fragment, has emerged as an important tool to assist in the optimal diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with congestive heart failure and may also play a valuable role in guiding therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O'Donoghue
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 5800, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Morello AM, Januzzi JL. Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: a biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis and management of heart failure. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 6:649-62. [PMID: 17009901 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.6.5.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a substantial need for a diagnostic tool to aid in the early diagnosis of heart failure and in the recognition of those at risk for its development, as well as in guidance of therapy. Testing for amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) has been recognized to have utility in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of heart failure. In addition, numerous other applications for NT-proBNP testing are now recognized, such as evaluation of patients with heart disease in the absence of heart failure, as well as the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients with acute coronary syndromes or pulmonary thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Morello
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Role of N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
The concept of the heart as an endocrine organ arises from the observation that the atrial cardiomyocytes in the mammalian heart display a phenotype that is partly that of endocrine cells. Investigations carried out between 1971 and 1983 characterised, by virtue of its natriuretic properties, a polypeptide referred to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Another polypeptide isolated from brain in 1988, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), was subsequently characterised as a second hormone produced by the mammalian heart atria. These peptides were associated with the maintenance of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Later work demonstrated a plethora of other properties for ANF and BNP, now designated cardiac natriuretic peptides (cNPs). In addition to the cNPs, other polypeptide hormones are expressed in the heart that likely act upon the myocardium in a paracrine or autocrine fashion. These include the C-type natriuretic peptide, adrenomedullin, proadrenomedullin N-terminal peptide and endothelin-1. Expression and secretion of ANF and BNP are increased in various cardiovascular pathologies and their levels in blood are used in the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. In addition, therapeutic uses for these peptides or related substances have been found. In all, the discovery of the endocrine heart provided a shift from the classical functional paradigm of the heart that regarded this organ solely as a blood pump to one that regards this organ as self-regulating its workload humorally and that also influences the function of several other organs that control cardiovascular function.
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Besford QA, Sullivan MA, Zheng L, Gilbert RG, Stapleton D, Gray-Weale A. The structure of cardiac glycogen in healthy mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:887-91. [PMID: 22782068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron micrographs of glycogen extracted from healthy mouse hearts reveal aggregate structures around 133 nm in diameter. These structures are similar to, but on average somewhat smaller than, the α-particles of glycogen found in mammalian liver. Like the larger liver glycogens, these new particles in cardiac tissue appear to be aggregates of β-particles. Free β-particles are also present in liver, and are the only type of particle seen in skeletal muscle. They have diameters from 20 to 50 nm. We discuss the number distributions of glycogen particle diameters and the implications for the structure-function relationship of glycogens in these tissues. We point out the possible implications for the study of glycogen storage diseases, and of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Helle KB, Lönning S, Blaschko H. Observations on the chromaffin granules of the ventricle and the portal vein heart ofMyxine glutinosaL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00364827.1972.10411226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Mifune H, Nishi Y, Tajiri Y, Yabuki A. Different A-type natriuretic peptide level in five strains of mice. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:499-502. [PMID: 22104398 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial (A-type) natriuretic peptide (ANP) is vasodilative hormone involved in the regulation of blood pressure and volume homeostasis. In this study, we examined the differences of the auricular and plasma ANP distribution by immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural morphometry, and radioimmunoassay in five strains of mice. The ANP-immunoreactivities of the auricle were most intense in ICR, and moderate in C57BL/6J and C3H/HeN, and weakest in BALB/cA and DBA/2Cr. The number of ANP-granules was greatest in ICR followed by C57BL, C3H or BALB/c, and DBA/2 mice, in this order. The auricular ANP content was highest in ICR, but the plasma ANP concentration was comparable in all strains. The present study demonstrates that there are differences in the ANP circulating system between five strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Mifune
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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Arjamaa O, Nikinmaa M. Hypoxia regulates the natriuretic peptide system. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 3:191-201. [PMID: 21941610 PMCID: PMC3175745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerous clinical studies have addressed the role of the natriuretic peptide system either as a diagnostic tool or as a guide to treatment in many cardiac diseases. The concept behind these studies has been that intravascular overload produces cardiac wall stress that alone stimulates the synthesis and release of natriuretic peptides the result of which is diuresis, natriuresis, and vasodilatation. However, almost thirty years after the discovery of the natriuretic peptides the measurement of these peptides, especially the BNP, has not met all the expectations of a simple and useful diagnostic tool in clinical cardiology, possibly due to confounding factors confusing the interpretation of the wall stress effect. In the same way as in pressure studies, it has been shown that hypoxia is a direct and sufficient stimulus for the synthesis and release of ANP and BNP. Additionally, hypoxia-response elements have been characterized from the promoter sequence of both the ANP and the BNP genes. Furthermore, a physiological rhythm (eupnea-apnea), causing changes in blood oxygen tension, regulates the plasma levels of ANP in sleeping seal pups which are spontaneously able to hold back their breathing. We suggest, on the basis of the extensive published literature, that the stimulus for the synthesis and release of natriuretic peptides is the oxygen gradient which always occurs in all human tissues in physiological conditions. The plasma volume contraction caused by natriuretic peptides (natriuresis, diuresis, and plasma shift) leads to hemoconcentration and ultimately to the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of unit volume of blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Arjamaa
- Center of Excellence in Evolutionary Genetics and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Turku Finland
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42
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Clerico A, Giannoni A, Vittorini S, Passino C. Thirty years of the heart as an endocrine organ: physiological role and clinical utility of cardiac natriuretic hormones. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H12-20. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00226.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, De Bold et al. ( 20 ) reported that atrial extracts contain some biologically active peptides, which promote a rapid and massive diuresis and natriuresis when injected in rats. It is now clear that the heart also exerts an endocrine function and in this way plays a key role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal systems. The aim of this review is to discuss some recent insights and still-debated findings regarding the cardiac natriuretic hormones (CNHs) produced and secreted by cardiomyocytes (i.e., atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide). The functional status of the CNH system depends not only on the production/secretion of CNHs by cardiomyocytes but also on both the peripheral activation of circulating inactive precursor of natriuretic hormones and the transduction of the hormone signal by specific receptors. In this review, we will discuss the data supporting the hypothesis that the production and secretion of CNHs is the result of a complex integration among mechanical, chemical, hemodynamic, humoral, ischemic, and inflammatory inputs. The cross talk among endocrine function, adipose tissue, and sex steroid hormones will be discussed more in detail, considering the clinically relevant relationships linking together cardiovascular risk, sex, and body fat development and distribution. Finally, we will review the pathophysiological role and the clinical relevance of both peripheral maturation of the precursor of B-type natriuretic peptides and hormone signal transduction .
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Clerico
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Fondazione del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche e della Regione Toscana, Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Giannoni
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Fondazione del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche e della Regione Toscana, Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Vittorini
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Fondazione del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche e della Regione Toscana, Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Fondazione del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche e della Regione Toscana, Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
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43
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44
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45
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46
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Tota B, Cerra MC, Gattuso A. Catecholamines, cardiac natriuretic peptides and chromogranin A: evolution and physiopathology of a 'whip-brake' system of the endocrine heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:3081-103. [PMID: 20802109 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.027391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, extensive evidence has shown the ability of vertebrate cardiac non-neuronal cells to synthesize and release catecholamines (CA). This formed the mindset behind the search for the intrinsic endocrine heart properties, culminating in 1981 with the discovery of the natriuretic peptides (NP). CA and NP, co-existing in the endocrine secretion granules and acting as major cardiovascular regulators in health and disease, have become of great biomedical relevance for their potent diagnostic and therapeutic use. The concept of the endocrine heart was later enriched by the identification of a growing number of cardiac hormonal substances involved in organ modulation under normal and stress-induced conditions. Recently, chromogranin A (CgA), a major constituent of the secretory granules, and its derived cardio-suppressive and antiadrenergic peptides, vasostatin-1 and catestatin, were shown as new players in this framework, functioning as cardiac counter-regulators in 'zero steady-state error' homeostasis, particularly under intense excitatory stimuli, e.g. CA-induced myocardial stress. Here, we present evidence for the hypothesis that is gaining support, particularly among human cardiologists. The actions of CA, NP and CgA, we argue, may be viewed as a hallmark of the cardiac capacity to organize 'whip-brake' connection-integration processes in spatio-temporal networks. The involvement of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system in this configuration is discussed. The use of fish and amphibian paradigms will illustrate the ways that incipient endocrine-humoral agents have evolved as components of cardiac molecular loops and important intermediates during evolutionary transitions, or in a distinct phylogenetic lineage, or under stress challenges. This may help to grasp the old evolutionary roots of these intracardiac endocrine/paracrine networks and how they have evolved from relatively less complicated designs. The latter can also be used as an intellectual tool to disentangle the experimental complexity of the mammalian and human endocrine hearts, suggesting future investigational avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tota
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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Ferlito M, Fulton WB, Zauher MA, Marbán E, Steenbergen C, Lowenstein CJ. VAMP-1, VAMP-2, and syntaxin-4 regulate ANP release from cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:791-800. [PMID: 20801128 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ANP is a peptide released by cardiac myocytes that regulates blood pressure and natriuresis. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling ANP release from cardiac myocytes are not defined. We now identify three components of the exocytic machinery that regulate ANP release from atrial myocytes. We found that cardiac myocytes express N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF), soluble NSF attachment protein (α-SNAP), and SNAP receptors (SNAREs). Additionally we found that specific SNARE molecules, VAMP-1 and VAMP-2, both co-sediment and co-localize with ANP. Also, one SNARE molecule, syntaxin-4, partially co-sediments and partially co-localizes with ANP. Furthermore, these three SNAREs, syntaxin-4 and VAMP-1 and VAMP-2, form a SNARE complex inside cardiac myocytes. Finally, knockdown of VAMP-1, VAMP-2, or syntaxin-4 blocks regulated release of ANP. In contrast, silencing of VAMP-3 did not have an effect on ANP release. Our data suggest that three specific SNAREs regulate cardiac myocyte exocytosis of ANP. Pathways that modify the exocytic machinery may influence natriuresis and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ferlito
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Christensen AK. THE FINE STRUCTURE OF TESTICULAR INTERSTITIAL CELLS IN GUINEA PIGS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 26:911-35. [PMID: 19866687 PMCID: PMC2106782 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.26.3.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In guinea pig testes perfused with either glutaraldehyde or osmium tetroxide fixative, the cytoplasm of the interstitial cells contains an exceptionally abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The reticulum in central regions of the cell is a network of interconnected tubules, but in extensive peripheral areas the reticulum is commonly organized into closely packed, flattened cisternae which are fenestrated. Occasional small patches of the granular reticulum occur in the cytoplasm and connect freely with the agranular reticulum. The mitochondria have a dense matrix and contain cristae and some tubules. The Golgi complex is disperse and shows no evidence of secretory material. The cytoplasm also contains lipid droplets. Lipofuscin pigment granules are probably polymorphic residual bodies and contain three components: (1) a dense material which at high magnification shows a 75-A periodicity; (2) a medium-sized lipid droplet; and (3) a cap-like structure. In glutaraldehyde-perfused testis the interstitial cell cytoplasm appears to have the same density from cell to cell, and the agranular reticulum is tubular or cisternal but not in the form of empty vesicles. Thus the "dark" and "light" cells and the vesicular agranular reticulum sometimes encountered in other fixations may be artifacts. Biochemical results from other laboratories, correlated with the present findings, indicate that the membranes of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum in guinea pig interstitial cells are the site of at least two enzymes of androgen biosynthesis, the 17-hydroxylase and the 17-desmolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Christensen
- Department of Anatomy, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Mazza R, Imbrogno S, Tota B. The interplay between chromogranin A-derived peptides and cardiac natriuretic peptides in cardioprotection against catecholamine-evoked stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:86-94. [PMID: 20594992 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CgA) is the major soluble protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines (CAs) from secretory vesicles in the adrenal medulla chromaffin cells. Present in the diffuse neuroendocrine system, it has also been detected in rat and human cardiac secretory granules where it co-stores with natriuretic peptide hormones (NPs). Mounting evidence shows that CgA is a marker of cardiovascular dysfunctions (essential hypertension, hypertrophic and dilatative cardiomyopathy, heart failure) and precursor of the cardioactive peptides vasostatin-1 (VS-1) and catestatin (Cts). This review focuses on recent knowledge regarding the myocardial, coronary and anti-adrenergic actions of VS-1. In particular, the negative inotropism, lusitropism and coronary dilation effects of rat CgA1-64 (rCgA) and human recombinant STACgA1-78 (hrSTACgA1-78) are summarized with attention on their counteracting isoproterenol- and endothelin-1-induced positive inotropism, as well as ET-1-dependent coronary constriction. The interactions between vasostatins (VSs), NPs and CA receptors are proposed as a paradigm of the heart capacity to organize complex connection-integration processes for maintaining homeostasis under intense cardio-excitatory stimuli (myocardial stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Mazza
- Dept of Cell Biology, University of Calabria, 87030 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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Abstract
Cardiac-derived peptide hormones were identified more than 25 years ago. An astonishing amount of clinical studies have established cardiac natriuretic peptides and their molecular precursors as useful markers of heart disease. In contrast to the clinical applications, the biogenesis of cardiac peptides has only been elucidated during the last decade. The cellular synthesis including amino acid modifications and proteolytic cleavages has proven considerably more complex than initially perceived. Consequently, the elimination phase of the peptide products in circulation is not yet well characterized. An ongoing characterization of the molecular heterogeneity will help appreciate the biosynthetic capacity of the endocrine heart and could introduce new diagnostic possibilities. Notably, different biosynthetic products may not be equal markers of the same pathophysiological processes. An inefficient post-translational prohormone maturation will also affect the biology of the cardiac natriuretic peptide system. This review aims at summarizing the myocardial synthesis of natriuretic peptides focusing on B-type natriuretic peptide, where new data has disclosed cardiac myocytes as highly competent endocrine cells. The structurally related atrial natriuretic peptide will be mentioned where appropriate, whereas C-type natriuretic peptide will not be considered as a cardiac peptide of relevance in mammalian physiology.
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