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Yang A, Liu S, Zhang Y, Chen J, Fan Y, Wang F, Zou Y, Feng S, Wu J, Hu Q. Regulation of RAS palmitoyltransferases by accessory proteins and palmitoylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:436-446. [PMID: 38182928 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Palmitoylation of cysteine residues at the C-terminal hypervariable regions in human HRAS and NRAS, which is necessary for RAS signaling, is catalyzed by the acyltransferase DHHC9 in complex with its accessory protein GCP16. The molecular basis for the acyltransferase activity and the regulation of DHHC9 by GCP16 is not clear. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human DHHC9-GCP16 complex and its yeast counterpart-the Erf2-Erf4 complex, demonstrating that GCP16 and Erf4 are not directly involved in the catalytic process but stabilize the architecture of DHHC9 and Erf2, respectively. We found that a phospholipid binding to an arginine-rich region of DHHC9 and palmitoylation on three residues (C24, C25 and C288) were essential for the catalytic activity of the DHHC9-GCP16 complex. Moreover, we showed that GCP16 also formed complexes with DHHC14 and DHHC18 to catalyze RAS palmitoylation. These findings provide insights into the regulatory mechanism of RAS palmitoyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core Facility, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujing Fan
- Westlake Four-Dimensional Dynamic Metabolomics (Meta4D) Laboratory, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengxiang Wang
- Westlake Four-Dimensional Dynamic Metabolomics (Meta4D) Laboratory, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilong Zou
- Westlake Four-Dimensional Dynamic Metabolomics (Meta4D) Laboratory, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
- Mass Spectrometry & Metabolomics Core Facility, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, China.
- Westlake AI Therapeutics Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Binoy A, Kothari M, Sahadevan R, Poddar S, Kar P, Sadhukhan S. Protein S-palmitoylation is markedly inhibited by 4″-alkyl ether lipophilic derivatives of EGCG, the major green tea polyphenol: In vitro and in silico studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2024; 1866:184264. [PMID: 38104647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a dynamic lipid-based protein post-translational modification facilitated by a family of protein acyltransferases (PATs) commonly known as DHHC-PATs or DHHCs. It is the only lipid modification that is reversible, and this very fact uniquely qualifies it for therapeutic interventions through the development of DHHC inhibitors. Herein, we report that 4″-alkyl ether lipophilic derivatives of EGCG can effectively inhibit protein S-palmitoylation in vitro. With the help of metabolic labeling followed by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition Click reaction, we demonstrate that 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG markedly inhibited S-palmitoylation in various mammalian cells including HEK 293T, HeLa, and MCF-7 using both in gel fluorescence as well as confocal microscopy. Further, these EGCG derivatives were able to attenuate the S-palmitoylation to the basal level in DHHC3-overexpressed cells, suggesting that they are plausibly targeting DHHCs. Confocal microscopy data qualitatively reflected spatial and temporal distribution of S-palmitoylated proteins in different sub-cellular compartments and the inhibitory effects of 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG were clearly observed in the native cellular environment. Our findings were further substantiated by in silico analysis which revealed promising binding affinity and interactions of 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG with key amino acid residues present in the hydrophobic cleft of the DHHC20 enzyme. We also demonstrated the successful inhibition of S-palmitoylation of GAPDH by 4″-C16 EGCG. Taken together, our in vitro and in silico data strongly suggest that 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG can act as potent inhibitors for S-palmitoylation and can be employed as a complementary tool to investigate S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Manan Kothari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India; Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India; Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India.
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Essandoh K, Teuber JP, Brody MJ. Regulation of cardiomyocyte intracellular trafficking and signal transduction by protein palmitoylation. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:41-53. [PMID: 38385554 PMCID: PMC10903464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-established functions of protein palmitoylation in fundamental cellular processes, the roles of this reversible post-translational lipid modification in cardiomyocyte biology remain poorly studied. Palmitoylation is catalyzed by a family of 23 zinc finger and Asp-His-His-Cys domain-containing S-acyltransferases (zDHHC enzymes) and removed by select thioesterases of the lysophospholipase and α/β-hydroxylase domain (ABHD)-containing families of serine hydrolases. Recently, studies utilizing genetic manipulation of zDHHC enzymes in cardiomyocytes have begun to unveil essential functions for these enzymes in regulating cardiac development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis. Palmitoylation co-ordinates cardiac electrophysiology through direct modulation of ion channels and transporters to impact their trafficking or gating properties as well as indirectly through modification of regulators of channels, transporters, and calcium handling machinery. Not surprisingly, palmitoylation has roles in orchestrating the intracellular trafficking of proteins in cardiomyocytes, but also dynamically fine-tunes cardiomyocyte exocytosis and natriuretic peptide secretion. Palmitoylation has emerged as a potent regulator of intracellular signaling in cardiomyocytes, with recent studies uncovering palmitoylation-dependent regulation of small GTPases through direct modification and sarcolemmal targeting of the small GTPases themselves or by modification of regulators of the GTPase cycle. In addition to dynamic control of G protein signaling, cytosolic DNA is sensed and transduced into an inflammatory transcriptional output through palmitoylation-dependent activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which has been targeted pharmacologically in preclinical models of heart disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex regulatory mechanisms governed by protein palmitoylation in cardiomyocytes and potential emerging therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - James P. Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
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Kong Y, Liu Y, Li X, Rao M, Li D, Ruan X, Li S, Jiang Z, Zhang Q. Palmitoylation landscapes across human cancers reveal a role of palmitoylation in tumorigenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:826. [PMID: 37978524 PMCID: PMC10655258 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein palmitoylation, which is catalyzed by palmitoyl-transferase and de-palmitoyl-transferase, plays a crucial role in various biological processes. However, the landscape and dynamics of protein palmitoylation in human cancers are not well understood. METHODS We utilized 23 palmitoyl-acyltransferases and seven de-palmitoyl-acyltransferases as palmitoylation-related genes for protein palmitoylation analysis. Multiple publicly available datasets were employed to conduct pan-cancer analysis, examining the transcriptome, genomic alterations, clinical outcomes, and correlation with c-Myc (Myc) for palmitoylation-related genes. Real-time quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were performed to assess the expression of palmitoylation-related genes and global protein palmitoylation levels in cancer cells treated with Myc depletion or small molecule inhibitors. Protein docking and drug sensitivity analyses were employed to predict small molecules that target palmitoylation-related genes. RESULTS We identified associations between palmitoylation and cancer subtype, stage, and patient survival. We discovered that abnormal DNA methylation and oncogenic Myc-driven transcriptional regulation synergistically contribute to the dysregulation of palmitoylation-related genes. This dysregulation of palmitoylation was closely correlated with immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment and the response to immunotherapy. Importantly, dysregulated palmitoylation was found to modulate canonical cancer-related pathways, thus influencing tumorigenesis. To support our findings, we performed a proof-of-concept experiment showing that depletion of Myc led to reduced expression of most palmitoylation-related genes, resulting in decreased global protein palmitoylation levels. Through mass spectrometry and enrichment analyses, we also identified palmitoyl-acyltransferases ZDHHC7 and ZDHHC23 as significant contributors to mTOR signaling, DNA repair, and immune pathways, highlighting their potential roles in tumorigenesis. Additionally, our study explored the potential of three small molecular (BI-2531, etoposide, and piperlongumine) to modulate palmitoylation by targeting the expression or activity of palmitoylation-related genes or enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings underscore the critical role of dysregulated palmitoylation in tumorigenesis and the response to immunotherapy, mediated through classical cancer-related pathways and immune cell infiltration. Additionally, we propose that the aforementioned three small molecule hold promise as potential therapeutics for modulating palmitoylation, thereby offering novel avenues for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yugeng Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
| | - Xianzhe Li
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Menglan Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, China
| | - Xiaolan Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shanglin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenyou Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medicine College, Jinan University, No.601, West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, No.66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China.
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Cai J, Cui J, Wang L. S-palmitoylation regulates innate immune signaling pathways: molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350476. [PMID: 37369620 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a reversible posttranslational lipid modification that targets cysteine residues of proteins and plays critical roles in regulating the biological processes of substrate proteins. The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against pathogenic invaders and participates in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Emerging studies have uncovered the functions of S-palmitoylation in modulating innate immune responses. In this review, we focus on the reversible palmitoylation of innate immune signaling proteins, with particular emphasis on its roles in the regulation of protein localization, protein stability, and protein-protein interactions. We also highlight the potential and challenge of developing therapies that target S-palmitoylation or de-palmitoylation for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Cui
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Villanueva CE, Hagenbuch B. Palmitoylation of solute carriers. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115695. [PMID: 37481134 PMCID: PMC10530500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications are an important mechanism in the regulation of protein expression, function, and degradation. Well-known post-translational modifications are phosphorylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination. However, lipid modifications, including myristoylation, prenylation, and palmitoylation, are poorly studied. Since the early 2000s, researchers have become more interested in lipid modifications, especially palmitoylation. The number of articles in PubMed increased from about 350 between 2000 and 2005 to more than 600 annually during the past ten years. S-palmitoylation, where the 16-carbon saturated (C16:0) palmitic acid is added to free cysteine residues of proteins, is a reversible protein modification that can affect the expression, membrane localization, and function of the modified proteins. Various diseases like Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease have been linked to changes in protein palmitoylation. In humans, the addition of palmitic acid is mediated by 23 palmitoyl acyltransferases, also called DHHC proteins. The modification can be reversed by a few thioesterases or hydrolases. Numerous soluble and membrane-attached proteins are known to be palmitoylated, but among the approximately 400 solute carriers that are classified in 66 families, only 15 found in 8 families have so far been documented to be palmitoylated. Among the best-characterized transporters are the glucose transporters GLUT1 (SLC2A1) and GLUT4 (SLC2A4), the three monoamine transporters norepinephrine transporter (NET; SLC6A2), dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3), and serotonin transporter (SERT; SLC6A4), and the sodium-calcium exchanger NCX1 (SLC8A1). While there is evidence from recent proteomics experiments that numerous solute carriers are palmitoylated, no details beyond the 15 transporters covered in this review are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia E Villanueva
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Pham TV, Hsiao WY, Wang YT, Yeh SD, Wang SW. Protein S-palmitoylation regulates different stages of meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201755. [PMID: 36650056 PMCID: PMC9845910 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational protein S-palmitoylation regulates the localization and function of its target proteins involved in diverse cellular processes including meiosis. In this study, we demonstrate that S-palmitoylation mediated by Erf2-Erf4 and Akr1 palmitoylacyltransferases is required at multiple meiotic stages in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe We find that S-palmitoylation by Erf2-Erf4 is required for Ras1 localization at the cell periphery to enrich at the cell conjugation site for mating pheromone response. In the absence of Erf2 or Erf4, mutant cells are sterile. A role of Akr1 S-palmitoylating the nuclear fusion protein Tht1 to function in karyogamy is identified. We demonstrate that S-palmitoylation stabilizes and localizes Tht1 to ER, interacting with Sey1 ER fusion GTPase for proper meiotic nuclear fusion. In akr1, tht1, or sey1 mutant, meiotic cells, haploid nuclei are unfused with subsequent chromosome segregation defects. Erf2-Erf4 has an additional substrate of the spore coat protein Isp3. In the absence of Erf2, Isp3 is mislocalized from the spore coat. Together, these results highlight the versatility of the cellular processes in which protein S-palmitoylation participates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Vy Pham
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Dan Yeh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Win Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Taiwan
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Song J, Gao T, Li W, Yuan C, Hao J, Xia X. The Palmitoylation/Depalmitoylation Cycle is Involved in the Inhibition of AMPA Receptor Trafficking Induced by Aluminum In Vitro. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1398-1406. [PMID: 35415819 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To study the effect of the palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle on the inhibition of ɑ-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolpropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking induced by aluminum (Al) in vitro. Five different doses of aluminum-maltolate complex (Al(mal)3) were administered to rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) for three exposure time durations, and the cell activity was measured by the CCK-8 method to obtain the optimal doses and time of Al(mal)3 exposure. Following Al(mal)3 exposure, membrane protein (M) and total protein (T) were extracted. The expression levels of GluR1 and GluR2, which are AMPA receptor subunits, were determined by Western blot analysis, and the levels with respect to membrane and total protein were calculated. The ratio of membrane protein to total protein (M/T) was used to measure the rate of AMPA receptor transport. The palmitoylation levels of GluR1 and GluR2 were detected by immunoprecipitation-acyl-biotin exchange (IP-ABE) assay. Western blotting was performed to detect the protein expression of acyltransferase (zDHHC3) and palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). Following depalmitoylation inhibitor (palmostatin B) treatment of PC12 cells, the effect of aluminum on AMPA receptor trafficking was detected through the aforementioned methods. With increasing Al(mal)3 doses administered to PC12 cells, a gradual decrease in the trafficking of AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 and in the palmitoylation levels of GluR1 and GluR2 was found; the expression of zDHHC3 was decreased; and the expression of PPT1 was increased. In addition, palmostatin B reduced the effects of Al(mal)3 on AMPA receptor palmitoylation and trafficking. Al can inhibit the trafficking of the AMPA receptor in vitro, and a decrease in the palmitoylation level of the AMPA receptor may be a mechanism of Al action. The palmitoylation/depalmitoylation cycle of the AMPA receptor is influenced by Al through the actions of zDHHC3 and PPT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunman Yuan
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiarui Hao
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyu Xia
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Buszka A, Pytyś A, Colvin D, Włodarczyk J, Wójtowicz T. S-Palmitoylation of Synaptic Proteins in Neuronal Plasticity in Normal and Pathological Brains. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030387. [PMID: 36766729 PMCID: PMC9913408 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lipidation is a common post-translational modification of proteins that plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. One form of protein lipidation, S-palmitoylation, involves the addition of a 16-carbon fatty acid (palmitate) onto proteins. This reversible modification may affect the regulation of protein trafficking and stability in membranes. From multiple recent experimental studies, a picture emerges whereby protein S-palmitoylation is a ubiquitous yet discrete molecular switch enabling the expansion of protein functions and subcellular localization in minutes to hours. Neural tissue is particularly rich in proteins that are regulated by S-palmitoylation. A surge of novel methods of detection of protein lipidation at high resolution allowed us to get better insights into the roles of protein palmitoylation in brain physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we specifically discuss experimental work devoted to understanding the impact of protein palmitoylation on functional changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synapses associated with neuronal activity and neuronal plasticity. The accumulated evidence also implies a crucial role of S-palmitoylation in learning and memory, and brain disorders associated with impaired cognitive functions.
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Porcellato E, González-Sánchez JC, Ahlmann-Eltze C, Elsakka MA, Shapira I, Fritsch J, Navarro JA, Anders S, Russell RB, Wieland FT, Metzendorf C. The S-palmitoylome and DHHC-PAT interactome of Drosophila melanogaster S2R+ cells indicate a high degree of conservation to mammalian palmitoylomes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261543. [PMID: 35960718 PMCID: PMC9374236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation, the addition of a long-chain fatty acid to target proteins, is among the most frequent reversible protein modifications in Metazoa, affecting subcellular protein localization, trafficking and protein-protein interactions. S-palmitoylated proteins are abundant in the neuronal system and are associated with neuronal diseases and cancer. Despite the importance of this post-translational modification, it has not been thoroughly studied in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Here we present the palmitoylome of Drosophila S2R+ cells, comprising 198 proteins, an estimated 3.5% of expressed genes in these cells. Comparison of orthologs between mammals and Drosophila suggests that S-palmitoylated proteins are more conserved between these distant phyla than non-S-palmitoylated proteins. To identify putative client proteins and interaction partners of the DHHC family of protein acyl-transferases (PATs) we established DHHC-BioID, a proximity biotinylation-based method. In S2R+ cells, ectopic expression of the DHHC-PAT dHip14-BioID in combination with Snap24 or an interaction-deficient Snap24-mutant as a negative control, resulted in biotinylation of Snap24 but not the Snap24-mutant. DHHC-BioID in S2R+ cells using 10 different DHHC-PATs as bait identified 520 putative DHHC-PAT interaction partners of which 48 were S-palmitoylated and are therefore putative DHHC-PAT client proteins. Comparison of putative client protein/DHHC-PAT combinations indicates that CG8314, CG5196, CG5880 and Patsas have a preference for transmembrane proteins, while S-palmitoylated proteins with the Hip14-interaction motif are most enriched by DHHC-BioID variants of approximated and dHip14. Finally, we show that BioID is active in larval and adult Drosophila and that dHip14-BioID rescues dHip14 mutant flies, indicating that DHHC-BioID is non-toxic. In summary we provide the first systematic analysis of a Drosophila palmitoylome. We show that DHHC-BioID is sensitive and specific enough to identify DHHC-PAT client proteins and provide DHHC-PAT assignment for ca. 25% of the S2R+ cell palmitoylome, providing a valuable resource. In addition, we establish DHHC-BioID as a useful concept for the identification of tissue-specific DHHC-PAT interactomes in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcellato
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos González-Sánchez
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mahmoud Ali Elsakka
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Itamar Shapira
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fritsch
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Simon Anders
- Centre for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert B. Russell
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix T. Wieland
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Metzendorf
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Guns J, Vanherle S, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Protein Lipidation by Palmitate Controls Macrophage Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030565. [PMID: 35159374 PMCID: PMC8834383 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all tissues within our body, where they promote tissue homeostasis by responding to microenvironmental triggers, not only through clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells but also via trophic, regulatory, and repair functions. To accomplish these divergent functions, tremendous dynamic fine-tuning of their physiology is needed. Emerging evidence indicates that S-palmitoylation, a reversible post-translational modification that involves the linkage of the saturated fatty acid palmitate to protein cysteine residues, directs many aspects of macrophage physiology in health and disease. By controlling protein activity, stability, trafficking, and protein–protein interactions, studies identified a key role of S-palmitoylation in endocytosis, inflammatory signaling, chemotaxis, and lysosomal function. Here, we provide an in-depth overview of the impact of S-palmitoylation on these cellular processes in macrophages in health and disease. Findings discussed in this review highlight the therapeutic potential of modulators of S-palmitoylation in immunopathologies, ranging from infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders to metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Guns
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F. J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1126-9261
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12
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Ulengin-Talkish I, Parson MAH, Jenkins ML, Roy J, Shih AZL, St-Denis N, Gulyas G, Balla T, Gingras AC, Várnai P, Conibear E, Burke JE, Cyert MS. Palmitoylation targets the calcineurin phosphatase to the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase complex at the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6064. [PMID: 34663815 PMCID: PMC8523714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin, the conserved protein phosphatase and target of immunosuppressants, is a critical mediator of Ca2+ signaling. Here, to discover calcineurin-regulated processes we examined an understudied isoform, CNAβ1. We show that unlike canonical cytosolic calcineurin, CNAβ1 localizes to the plasma membrane and Golgi due to palmitoylation of its divergent C-terminal tail, which is reversed by the ABHD17A depalmitoylase. Palmitoylation targets CNAβ1 to a distinct set of membrane-associated interactors including the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4KA) complex containing EFR3B, PI4KA, TTC7B and FAM126A. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange reveals multiple calcineurin-PI4KA complex contacts, including a calcineurin-binding peptide motif in the disordered tail of FAM126A, which we establish as a calcineurin substrate. Calcineurin inhibitors decrease PI4P production during Gq-coupled GPCR signaling, suggesting that calcineurin dephosphorylates and promotes PI4KA complex activity. In sum, this work discovers a calcineurin-regulated signaling pathway which highlights the PI4KA complex as a regulatory target and reveals that dynamic palmitoylation confers unique localization, substrate specificity and regulation to CNAβ1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A H Parson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Meredith L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jagoree Roy
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Z L Shih
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole St-Denis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- High-Fidelity Science Communications, Summerside, PE, Canada
| | - Gergo Gulyas
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martha S Cyert
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Zhang M, Han X, Osterrieder K, Veit M. Palmitoylation of the envelope membrane proteins GP5 and M of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is essential for virus growth. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009554. [PMID: 33891658 PMCID: PMC8099100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus in the Arteiviridae family, is a major pathogen affecting pigs worldwide. The membrane (glyco)proteins GP5 and M form a disulfide-linked dimer, which is a major component of virions. GP5/M are required for virus budding, which occurs at membranes of the exocytic pathway. Both GP5 and M feature a short ectodomain, three transmembrane regions, and a long cytoplasmic tail, which contains three and two conserved cysteines, respectively, in close proximity to the transmembrane span. We report here that GP5 and M of PRRSV-1 and -2 strains are palmitoylated at the cysteines, regardless of whether the proteins are expressed individually or in PRRSV-infected cells. To completely prevent S-acylation, all cysteines in GP5 and M have to be exchanged. If individual cysteines in GP5 or M were substituted, palmitoylation was reduced, and some cysteines proved more important for efficient palmitoylation than others. Neither infectious virus nor genome-containing particles could be rescued if all three cysteines present in GP5 or both present in M were replaced in a PRRSV-2 strain, indicating that acylation is essential for virus growth. Viruses lacking one or two acylation sites in M or GP5 could be rescued but grew to significantly lower titers. GP5 and M lacking acylation sites form dimers and GP5 acquires Endo-H resistant carbohydrates in the Golgi apparatus suggesting that trafficking of the membrane proteins to budding sites is not disturbed. Likewise, GP5 lacking two acylation sites is efficiently incorporated into virus particles and these viruses exhibit no reduction in cell entry. We speculate that multiple fatty acids attached to GP5 and M in the endoplasmic reticulum are required for clustering of GP5/M dimers at Golgi membranes and constitute an essential prerequisite for virus assembly. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus in the order Nidovirales, is an important pathogen for pigs. Despite its importance in veterinary medicine, basic structural and functional features of its membrane proteins have not been elucidated. Here, we provide evidence for palmitoylation of the PRRSV major membrane proteins GP5 and M at a cluster of membrane-near cysteines. Fatty acid attachment is required for virus growth, since removal of all acylation sites from either M or GP5 prevents recue of infectious particles. Furthermore, viruses lacking individual acylation sites in M and GP5 grow to significantly lower titers in cell culture. The specific infectivity and cell entry of viruses lacking two acylation sites in Gp5 is, however, not reduced. Likewise, these viruses revealed no effect on dimerization of GP5 with M, its transport to budding sites, and incorporation into virus particles. Since cells transfected with a cDNA expressing non-acylated GP5, or non-acylated M release no virus-like particles into the supernatant we propose that the fatty acids are required for the budding process. They might trigger assembly of GP5/M dimers to form a coat inside the lipid bilayer that induces membrane curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minze Zhang
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoliang Han
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Veit
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Malgapo MIP, Safadi JM, Linder ME. Metallo-β-lactamase domain-containing protein 2 is S-palmitoylated and exhibits acyl-CoA hydrolase activity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100106. [PMID: 33219126 PMCID: PMC7949124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) superfamily of enzymes harbor a highly conserved αββα MBL-fold domain and were first described as inactivators of common β-lactam antibiotics. In humans, these enzymes have been shown to exhibit diverse functions, including hydrolase activity toward amides, esters, and thioesters. An uncharacterized member of the human MBL family, MBLAC2, was detected in multiple palmitoylproteomes, identified as a zDHHC20 S-acyltransferase interactor, and annotated as a potential thioesterase. In this study, we confirmed that MBLAC2 is palmitoylated and identified the likely S-palmitoylation site as Cys254. S-palmitoylation of MBLAC2 is increased in cells when expressed with zDHHC20, and MBLAC2 is a substrate for purified zDHHC20 in vitro. To determine its biochemical function, we tested the ability of MBLAC2 to hydrolyze a variety of small molecules and acylprotein substrates. MBLAC2 has acyl-CoA thioesterase activity with kinetic parameters and acyl-CoA selectivity comparable with acyl-CoA thioesterase 1 (ACOT1). Two predicted zinc-binding residues, Asp87 and His88, are required for MBLAC2 hydrolase activity. Consistent with a role in fatty acid metabolism in cells, MBLAC2 was cross-linked to a photoactivatable fatty acid in a manner that was independent of its S-fatty acylation at Cys254. Our study adds to previous investigations demonstrating the versatility of the MBL-fold domain in supporting a variety of enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ian P Malgapo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jenelle M Safadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Maurine E Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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15
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Schianchi F, Glatz JFC, Navarro Gascon A, Nabben M, Neumann D, Luiken JJFP. Putative Role of Protein Palmitoylation in Cardiac Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249438. [PMID: 33322406 PMCID: PMC7764417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the heart, inhibition of the insulin cascade following lipid overload is strongly associated with contractile dysfunction. The translocation of fatty acid transporter CD36 (SR-B2) from intracellular stores to the cell surface is a hallmark event in the lipid-overloaded heart, feeding forward to intracellular lipid accumulation. Yet, the molecular mechanisms by which intracellularly arrived lipids induce insulin resistance is ill-understood. Bioactive lipid metabolites (diacyl-glycerols, ceramides) are contributing factors but fail to correlate with the degree of cardiac insulin resistance in diabetic humans. This leaves room for other lipid-induced mechanisms involved in lipid-induced insulin resistance, including protein palmitoylation. Protein palmitoylation encompasses the reversible covalent attachment of palmitate moieties to cysteine residues and is governed by protein acyl-transferases and thioesterases. The function of palmitoylation is to provide proteins with proper spatiotemporal localization, thereby securing the correct unwinding of signaling pathways. In this review, we provide examples of palmitoylations of individual signaling proteins to discuss the emerging role of protein palmitoylation as a modulator of the insulin signaling cascade. Second, we speculate how protein hyper-palmitoylations (including that of CD36), as they occur during lipid oversupply, may lead to insulin resistance. Finally, we conclude that the protein palmitoylation machinery may offer novel targets to fight lipid-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Schianchi
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Jan F. C. Glatz
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artur Navarro Gascon
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Joost J. F. P. Luiken
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.S.); (J.F.C.G.); (A.N.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-388-1998
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16
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Nelson JC, Witze E, Ma Z, Ciocco F, Frerotte A, Randlett O, Foskett JK, Granato M. Acute Regulation of Habituation Learning via Posttranslational Palmitoylation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2729-2738.e4. [PMID: 32502414 PMCID: PMC8446937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Habituation is an adaptive learning process that enables animals to adjust innate behaviors to changes in their environment. Despite its well-documented implications for a wide diversity of behaviors, the molecular and cellular basis of habituation learning is not well understood. Using whole-genome sequencing of zebrafish mutants isolated in an unbiased genetic screen, we identified the palmitoyltransferase Huntingtin interacting protein 14 (Hip14) as a critical regulator of habituation learning. We demonstrate that Hip14 regulates depression of sensory inputs onto an identified hindbrain neuron and provide evidence that Hip14 palmitoylates the Shaker-like K+ voltage-gated channel subunit (Kv1.1), thereby regulating Kv1.1 subcellular localization. Furthermore, we show that, like for Hip14, loss of Kv1.1 leads to habituation deficits and that Hip14 is dispensable in development and instead acts acutely to promote habituation. Combined, these results uncover a previously unappreciated role for acute posttranslational palmitoylation at defined circuit components to regulate learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Nelson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Witze
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhongming Ma
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Francesca Ciocco
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Abigaile Frerotte
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Owen Randlett
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217, Lyon 69008, France
| | - J Kevin Foskett
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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17
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Wegleiter T, Buthey K, Gonzalez-Bohorquez D, Hruzova M, Bin Imtiaz MK, Abegg A, Mebert I, Molteni A, Kollegger D, Pelczar P, Jessberger S. Palmitoylation of BMPR1a regulates neural stem cell fate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25688-25696. [PMID: 31772009 PMCID: PMC6926058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912671116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neurons and glial cells throughout embryonic and postnatal brain development. The role of S-palmitoylation (also referred to as S-acylation), a reversible posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, in regulating the fate and activity of NSCs remains largely unknown. We used an unbiased screening approach to identify proteins that are S-acylated in mouse NSCs and showed that bone morphogenic protein receptor 1a (BMPR1a), a core mediator of BMP signaling, is palmitoylated. Genetic manipulation of S-acylated sites affects the localization and trafficking of BMPR1a and leads to altered BMP signaling. Strikingly, defective palmitoylation of BMPR1a modulates NSC function within the mouse brain, resulting in enhanced oligodendrogenesis. Thus, we identified a mechanism regulating the behavior of NSCs and provided the framework to characterize dynamic posttranslational lipid modifications of proteins in the context of NSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wegleiter
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kilian Buthey
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Bohorquez
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Hruzova
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Khadeesh Bin Imtiaz
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrin Abegg
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iliana Mebert
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Molteni
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Kollegger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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18
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Bolland DE, Moritz AE, Stanislowski DJ, Vaughan RA, Foster JD. Palmitoylation by Multiple DHHC Enzymes Enhances Dopamine Transporter Function and Stability. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2707-2717. [PMID: 30965003 PMCID: PMC6746250 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane protein that mediates the reuptake of extracellular dopamine (DA) and controls the spatiotemporal dynamics of dopaminergic neurotransmission. The transporter is subject to fine control that tailors clearance of transmitter to physiological demands, and dysregulation of reuptake induced by psychostimulant drugs, transporter polymorphisms, and signaling defects may impact transmitter tone in disease states. We previously demonstrated that DAT undergoes complex regulation by palmitoylation, with acute inhibition of the modification leading to rapid reduction of transport activity and sustained inhibition of the modification leading to transporter degradation and reduced expression. Here, to examine mechanisms and outcomes related to increased modification, we coexpressed DAT with palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), also known as DHHC enzymes, which catalyze palmitate addition to proteins. Of 12 PATs tested, DAT palmitoylation was stimulated by DHHC2, DHHC3, DHHC8, DHHC15, and DHHC17, with others having no effect. Increased modification was localized to previously identified palmitoylation site Cys580 and resulted in upregulation of transport kinetics and elevated transporter expression mediated by reduced degradation. These findings confirm palmitoylation as a regulator of multiple DAT properties crucial for appropriate DA homeostasis and identify several potential PAT pathways linked to these effects. Defects in palmitoylation processes thus represent possible mechanisms of transport imbalances in DA disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel J. Stanislowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Roxanne A. Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - James D. Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202
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19
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Abstract
STK16 (Ser/Thr kinase 16, also known as Krct/PKL12/MPSK1/TSF-1) is a myristoylated and palmitoylated Ser/Thr protein kinase that is ubiquitously expressed and conserved among all eukaryotes. STK16 is distantly related to the other kinases and belongs to the NAK kinase family that has an atypical activation loop architecture. As a membrane-associated protein that is primarily localized to the Golgi, STK16 has been shown to participate in the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGN protein secretion and sorting, as well as cell cycle and Golgi assembly regulation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the progress made in recent research about STK16, ranging from its distribution, molecular characterization, post-translational modification (fatty acylation and phosphorylation), interactors (GlcNAcK/DRG1/MAL2/Actin/WDR1), and related functions. As a relatively underexplored kinase, more studies are encouraged to unravel its regulation mechanisms and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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20
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Strassburger K, Kang E, Teleman AA. Drosophila ZDHHC8 palmitoylates scribble and Ras64B and controls growth and viability. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0198149. [PMID: 30735487 PMCID: PMC6368284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is an important posttranslational modification regulating diverse cellular functions. Consequently, aberrant palmitoylation can lead to diseases such as neuronal disorders or cancer. In humans there are roughly one hundred times more palmitoylated proteins than enzymes catalyzing palmitoylation (palmitoyltransferases). Therefore, it is an important challenge to establish the links between palmitoyltransferases and their targets. From publicly available data, we find that expression of human ZDHHC8 correlates significantly with cancer survival. To elucidate the organismal function of ZDHHC8, we study the Drosophila ortholog of hZDHHC8, CG34449/dZDHHC8. Knockdown of dZDHHC8 causes tissue overgrowth while dZDHHC8 mutants are larval lethal. We provide a list of 159 palmitoylated proteins in Drosophila and present data suggesting that scribble and Ras64B are targets of dZDHHC8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Strassburger
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evangeline Kang
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A. Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Spinelli M, Fusco S, Grassi C. Nutrient-Dependent Changes of Protein Palmitoylation: Impact on Nuclear Enzymes and Regulation of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123820. [PMID: 30513609 PMCID: PMC6320809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is the main environmental stimulus chronically impinging on the organism throughout the entire life. Nutrients impact cells via a plethora of mechanisms including the regulation of both protein post-translational modifications and gene expression. Palmitoylation is the most-studied protein lipidation, which consists of the attachment of a molecule of palmitic acid to residues of proteins. S-palmitoylation is a reversible cysteine modification finely regulated by palmitoyl-transferases and acyl-thioesterases that is involved in the regulation of protein trafficking and activity. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that diet-dependent molecules such as insulin and fatty acids may affect protein palmitoylation. Here, we examine the role of protein palmitoylation on the regulation of gene expression focusing on the impact of this modification on the activity of chromatin remodeler enzymes, transcription factors, and nuclear proteins. We also discuss how this physiological phenomenon may represent a pivotal mechanism underlying the impact of diet and nutrient-dependent signals on human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Spinelli
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Rome 00168, Italy.
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy.
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, Rome 00168, Italy.
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22
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Roy K, Jerman S, Jozsef L, McNamara T, Onyekaba G, Sun Z, Marin EP. Palmitoylation of the ciliary GTPase ARL13b is necessary for its stability and its role in cilia formation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17703-17717. [PMID: 28848045 PMCID: PMC5663873 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.792937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are hairlike extensions of the plasma membrane of most mammalian cells that serve specialized signaling functions. To traffic properly to cilia, multiple cilia proteins rely on palmitoylation, the post-translational attachment of a saturated 16-carbon lipid. However, details regarding the mechanism of how palmitoylation affects cilia protein localization and function are unknown. Herein, we investigated the protein ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 13b (ARL13b) as a model palmitoylated ciliary protein. Using biochemical, cellular, and in vivo studies, we found that ARL13b palmitoylation occurs in vivo in mouse kidneys and that it is required for trafficking to and function within cilia. Myristoylation, a 14-carbon lipid, is shown to largely substitute for palmitoylation with regard to cilia localization of ARL13b, but not with regard to its function within cilia. The functional importance of palmitoylation results in part from a dramatic increase in ARL13b stability, which is not observed with myristoylation. Additional results show that blockade of depalmitoylation slows the degradation of ARL13b that occurs during cilia resorption, raising the possibility that the sensitivity of ARL13b stability to palmitoylation may be exploited by the cell to accelerate degradation of ARL13b by depalmitoylating it. Together, the results show that palmitoylation plays a unique and critical role in controlling the localization, stability, abundance, and thus function of ARL13b. Pharmacological manipulation of protein palmitoylation may be a strategy to alter cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Roy
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Stephanie Jerman
- the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Levente Jozsef
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Thomas McNamara
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Ginikanwa Onyekaba
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029
| | - Ethan P Marin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8029 and
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23
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Wan ZY, Zhang Y, Li S. Protein S-acyl transferase 4 controls nucleus position during root hair tip growth. Plant Signal Behav 2017; 12:e1311438. [PMID: 28368733 PMCID: PMC5437833 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1311438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-acyl transferases (PATs) play critical roles in plant developmental and environmental responses by catalyzing S-acylation of substrate proteins, most of which are involved in cellular signaling. However, only few plant PATs have been functionally characterized. We recently demonstrated that Arabidopsis PAT4 mediates root hair elongation by positively regulating the membrane association of ROP2 and actin microfilament organization. Here, we show that apex-associated re-positioning of nucleus during root hair elongation was impaired by PAT4 loss-of-function. Results presented here pose a significant question concerning the molecular machinery mediating nuclear migration during root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Wan
- Stage Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Stage Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Sha Li
- Stage Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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24
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Henderson MX, Wirak GS, Zhang YQ, Dai F, Ginsberg SD, Dolzhanskaya N, Staropoli JF, Nijssen PCG, Lam TT, Roth AF, Davis NG, Dawson G, Velinov M, Chandra SS. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis with DNAJC5/CSPα mutation has PPT1 pathology and exhibit aberrant protein palmitoylation. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:621-37. [PMID: 26659577 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders with lysosomal pathology (CLN1-14). Recently, mutations in the DNAJC5/CLN4 gene, which encodes the presynaptic co-chaperone CSPα were shown to cause autosomal-dominant NCL. Although 14 NCL genes have been identified, it is unknown if they act in common disease pathways. Here we show that two disease-associated proteins, CSPα and the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1/CLN1) are biochemically linked. We find that in DNAJC5/CLN4 patient brains, PPT1 is massively increased and mis-localized. Surprisingly, the specific enzymatic activity of PPT1 is dramatically reduced. Notably, we demonstrate that CSPα is depalmitoylated by PPT1 and hence its substrate. To determine the consequences of PPT1 accumulation, we compared the palmitomes from control and DNAJC5/CLN4 patient brains by quantitative proteomics. We discovered global changes in protein palmitoylation, mainly involving lysosomal and synaptic proteins. Our findings establish a functional link between two forms of NCL and serve as a springboard for investigations of NCL disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael X Henderson
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory S Wirak
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong-Quan Zhang
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Feng Dai
- Yale Center for Analytical Services, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Dolzhanskaya
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - John F Staropoli
- Department of Neurology, Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Peter C G Nijssen
- Department of Neurology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, 5022 GC, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Amy F Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas G Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Glyn Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Rhodopsin is a key light-sensitive protein expressed exclusively in rod photoreceptor cells of the retina. Failure to express this transmembrane protein causes a lack of rod outer segment formation and progressive retinal degeneration, including the loss of cone photoreceptor cells. Molecular studies of rhodopsin have paved the way to understanding a large family of cell-surface membrane proteins called G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Work started on rhodopsin over 100 years ago still continues today with substantial progress made every year. These activities underscore the importance of rhodopsin as a prototypical GPCR and receptor required for visual perception-the fundamental process of translating light energy into a biochemical cascade of events culminating in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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26
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Dejanovic B, Semtner M, Ebert S, Lamkemeyer T, Neuser F, Lüscher B, Meier JC, Schwarz G. Palmitoylation of gephyrin controls receptor clustering and plasticity of GABAergic synapses. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001908. [PMID: 25025157 PMCID: PMC4099074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gephyrin, the principal scaffolding protein at inhibitory synapses, needs to be palmitoylated in order to cluster and to assemble functional synapses. Postsynaptic scaffolding proteins regulate coordinated neurotransmission by anchoring and clustering receptors and adhesion molecules. Gephyrin is the major instructive molecule at inhibitory synapses, where it clusters glycine as well as major subsets of GABA type A receptors (GABAARs). Here, we identified palmitoylation of gephyrin as an important mechanism of strengthening GABAergic synaptic transmission, which is regulated by GABAAR activity. We mapped palmitoylation to Cys212 and Cys284, which are critical for both association of gephyrin with the postsynaptic membrane and gephyrin clustering. We identified DHHC-12 as the principal palmitoyl acyltransferase that palmitoylates gephyrin. Furthermore, gephyrin pamitoylation potentiated GABAergic synaptic transmission, as evidenced by an increased amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Consistently, inhibiting gephyrin palmitoylation either pharmacologically or by expression of palmitoylation-deficient gephyrin reduced the gephyrin cluster size. In aggregate, our study reveals that palmitoylation of gephyrin by DHHC-12 contributes to dynamic and functional modulation of GABAergic synapses. Efficient signal transmission at synapses is essential for higher brain functions. Inhibitory signaling in the brain takes place primarily at GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic synapses. GABA type A receptors (GABAARs) are clustered at the postsynaptic side by a scaffold composed of the peripheral membrane protein gephyrin. We demonstrate that gephyrin is modulated by palmitoylation, a reversible posttranslational fatty acid modification. Palmitoylation facilitates the membrane association of gephyrin and is therefore essential for normal clustering of gephyrin at GABAergic synapses. Reciprocally, palmitoylation of gephyrin is regulated by GABAAR activity. Of the 23 known palmitoyl transferases that catalyze the palmitoylation of proteins in human cells, we identified one enzyme, DHHC-12, to specifically modify gephyrin. Our results provide a new aspect to the posttranslational control of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Dejanovic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcus Semtner
- RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders Helmholtz Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Ebert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Lamkemeyer
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Franziska Neuser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Department of Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jochen C. Meier
- RNA Editing and Hyperexcitability Disorders Helmholtz Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guenter Schwarz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Konitsiotis AD, Chang SC, Jovanović B, Ciepla P, Masumoto N, Palmer CP, Tate EW, Couchman JR, Magee AI. Attenuation of hedgehog acyltransferase-catalyzed sonic Hedgehog palmitoylation causes reduced signaling, proliferation and invasiveness of human carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89899. [PMID: 24608521 PMCID: PMC3946499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of Hedgehog family proteins contributes to the aetiology of many cancers. To be highly active, Hedgehog proteins must be palmitoylated at their N-terminus by the MBOAT family multispanning membrane enzyme Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat). In a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line PANC-1 and transfected HEK293a cells Hhat localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. siRNA knockdown showed that Hhat is required for Sonic hedgehog (Shh) palmitoylation, for its assembly into high molecular weight extracellular complexes and for functional activity. Hhat knockdown inhibited Hh autocrine and juxtacrine signaling, and inhibited PDAC cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. In addition, Hhat knockdown in a HEK293a cell line constitutively expressing Shh and A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells inhibited their ability to signal in a juxtacrine/paracrine fashion to the reporter cell lines C3H10T1/2 and Shh-Light2. Our data identify Hhat as a key player in Hh-dependent signaling and tumour cell transformed behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios D. Konitsiotis
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-Chun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Biljana Jovanović
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina Ciepla
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naoko Masumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Palmer
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W. Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anthony I. Magee
- Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is the covalent attachment of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate to a cysteine residue. It is the most common acylation of protein and occurs only in eukaryotes. Palmitoylation plays an important role in the regulation of protein subcellular localization, stability, translocation to lipid rafts and many other protein functions. Hence, the accurate prediction of palmitoylation site(s) can help in understanding the molecular mechanism of palmitoylation and also in designing various related experiments. Here we present a novel in silico predictor called ‘PalmPred’ to identify palmitoylation sites from protein sequence information using a support vector machine model. The best performance of PalmPred was obtained by incorporating sequence conservation features of peptide of window size 11 using a leave-one-out approach. It helped in achieving an accuracy of 91.98%, sensitivity of 79.23%, specificity of 94.30%, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient of 0.71. PalmPred outperformed existing palmitoylation site prediction methods – IFS-Palm and WAP-Palm on an independent dataset. Based on these measures it can be anticipated that PalmPred will be helpful in identifying candidate palmitoylation sites. All the source datasets, standalone and web-server are available at http://14.139.227.92/mkumar/palmpred/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Kumari
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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29
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Tsukamoto T, Li X, Morita H, Minowa T, Aizawa T, Hanagata N, Demura M. Role of S-palmitoylation on IFITM5 for the interaction with FKBP11 in osteoblast cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75831. [PMID: 24058703 PMCID: PMC3776769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial role for the antiviral activity. IFITM3 possesses three cysteine residues for the S-palmitoylation in the first transmembrane (TM1) domain and in the cytoplasmic (CP) loop. Because these cysteines are well conserved in the mammalian IFITM family proteins, the S-palmitoylation on these cysteines is significant for their functions. IFITM5 is another IFITM family protein and interacts with the FK506-binding protein 11 (FKBP11) to form a higher-order complex in osteoblast cells, which induces the expression of immunologically relevant genes. In this study, we investigated the role played by S-palmitoylation of IFITM5 in its interaction with FKBP11 in the cells, because this interaction is a key process for the gene expression. Our investigations using an established reporter, 17-octadecynoic acid (17-ODYA), and an inhibitor for the S-palmitoylation, 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP), revealed that IFITM5 was S-palmitoylated in addition to IFITM3. Specifically, we found that cysteine residues in the TM1 domain and in the CP loop were S-palmitoylated in IFITM5. Then, we revealed by immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses that the interaction of IFITM5 with FKBP11 was inhibited in the presence of 2BP. The mutant lacking the S-palmitoylation site in the TM1 domain lost the interaction with FKBP11. These results indicate that the S-palmitoylation on IFITM5 promotes the interaction with FKBP11. Finally, we investigated bone nodule formation in osteoblast cells in the presence of 2BP, because IFITM5 was originally identified as a bone formation factor. The experiment resulted in a morphological aberration of the bone nodule. This also indicated that the S-palmitoylation contributes to bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (MD)
| | - Xianglan Li
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Morita
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Minowa
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Aizawa
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hanagata
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Nanotechnology Innovation Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TT); (MD)
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30
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Zhang MM, Wu PYJ, Kelly FD, Nurse P, Hang HC. Quantitative control of protein S-palmitoylation regulates meiotic entry in fission yeast. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001597. [PMID: 23843742 PMCID: PMC3699447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation, a lipid modification mediated by members of the palmitoyltransferase family, serves as an important membrane-targeting mechanism in eukaryotes. Although changes in palmitoyltransferase expression are associated with various physiological and disease states, how these changes affect global protein palmitoylation and cellular function remains unknown. Using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter and labeling strategy to identify and analyze multiple cognate substrates of a single Erf2 palmitoyltransferase, we demonstrate that control of Erf2 activity levels underlies the differential modification of key substrates such as the Rho3 GTPase in vegetative and meiotic cells. We show further that modulation of Erf2 activity levels drives changes in the palmitoylome as cells enter meiosis and affects meiotic entry. Disruption of Erf2 function delays meiotic entry, while increasing Erf2 palmitoyltransferase activity triggers aberrant meiosis in sensitized cells. Erf2-induced meiosis requires the function of the Rho3 GTPase, which is regulated by its palmitoylation state. We propose that control of palmitoyltransferase activity levels provides a fundamental mechanism for modulating palmitoylomes and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi M. Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yun Jenny Wu
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Felice D. Kelly
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Nurse
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Howard C. Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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31
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Lim JC, Gruschus JM, Ghesquière B, Kim G, Piszczek G, Tjandra N, Levine RL. Characterization and solution structure of mouse myristoylated methionine sulfoxide reductase A. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25589-95. [PMID: 22661718 PMCID: PMC3408158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.368936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A is an essential enzyme in the antioxidant system which scavenges reactive oxygen species through cyclic oxidation and reduction of methionine and methionine sulfoxide. The cytosolic form of the enzyme is myristoylated, but it is not known to translocate to membranes, and the function of myristoylation is not established. We compared the biochemical and biophysical properties of myristoylated and nonmyristoylated mouse methionine sulfoxide reductase A. These were almost identical for both forms of the enzyme, except that the myristoylated form reduced methionine sulfoxide in protein much faster than the nonmyristoylated form. We determined the solution structure of the myristoylated protein and found that the myristoyl group lies in a relatively surface exposed "myristoyl nest." We propose that this structure functions to enhance protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bart Ghesquière
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry
- the Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University and Department for Medical Protein Research, VIB, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core Facility, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8012 and
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32
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Abstract
Exposure of insulin-producing cells to elevated levels of the free fatty acid (FFA) palmitate results in the loss of β-cell function and induction of apoptosis. The induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one mechanism proposed to be responsible for the loss of β-cell viability in response to palmitate treatment; however, the pathways responsible for the induction of ER stress by palmitate have yet to be determined. Protein palmitoylation is a major posttranslational modification that regulates protein localization, stability, and activity. Defects in, or dysregulation of, protein palmitoylation could be one mechanism by which palmitate may induce ER stress in β-cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that palmitate-induced ER stress and β-cell toxicity are mediated by excess or aberrant protein palmitoylation. In a concentration-dependent fashion, palmitate treatment of RINm5F cells results in a loss of viability. Similar to palmitate, stearate also induces a concentration-related loss of RINm5F cell viability, while the monounsaturated fatty acids, such as palmoleate and oleate, are not toxic to RINm5F cells. 2-Bromopalmitate (2BrP), a classical inhibitor of protein palmitoylation that has been extensively used as an inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor signaling, attenuates palmitate-induced RINm5F cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The protective effects of 2BrP are associated with the inhibition of [(3)H]palmitate incorporation into RINm5F cell protein. Furthermore, 2BrP does not inhibit, but appears to enhance, the oxidation of palmitate. The induction of ER stress in response to palmitate treatment and the activation of caspase activity are attenuated by 2BrP. Consistent with protective effects on insulinoma cells, 2BrP also attenuates the inhibitory actions of prolonged palmitate treatment on insulin secretion by isolated rat islets. These studies support a role for aberrant protein palmitoylation as a mechanism by which palmitate enhances ER stress activation and causes the loss of insulinoma cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Baldwin
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Proto WR, Castanys-Munoz E, Black A, Tetley L, Moss CX, Juliano L, Coombs GH, Mottram JC. Trypanosoma brucei metacaspase 4 is a pseudopeptidase and a virulence factor. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39914-25. [PMID: 21949125 PMCID: PMC3220528 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.292334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacaspases are caspase family cysteine peptidases found in plants, fungi, and protozoa but not mammals. Trypanosoma brucei is unusual in having five metacaspases (MCA1-MCA5), of which MCA1 and MCA4 have active site substitutions, making them possible non-enzymatic homologues. Here we demonstrate that recombinant MCA4 lacks detectable peptidase activity despite maintaining a functional peptidase structure. MCA4 is expressed primarily in the bloodstream form of the parasite and associates with the flagellar membrane via dual myristoylation/palmitoylation. Loss of function phenotyping revealed critical roles for MCA4; rapid depletion by RNAi caused lethal disruption to the parasite's cell cycle, yet the generation of MCA4 null mutant parasites (Δmca4) was possible. Δmca4 had normal growth in axenic culture but markedly reduced virulence in mice. Further analysis revealed that MCA4 is released from the parasite and is specifically processed by MCA3, the only metacaspase that is both palmitoylated and enzymatically active. Accordingly, we have identified that the multiple metacaspases in T. brucei form a membrane-associated proteolytic cascade to generate a pseudopeptidase virulence factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Proto
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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34
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Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is a dynamic process that regulates membrane targeting of proteins and protein-protein interactions. We have previously demonstrated a critical role for protein palmitoylation in platelet activation and have identified palmitoylation machinery in platelets. Using a novel proteomic approach, Palmitoyl Protein Identification and Site Characterization, we have begun to characterize the human platelet palmitoylome. Palmitoylated proteins were enriched from membranes isolated from resting platelets using acyl-biotinyl exchange chemistry, followed by identification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This global analysis identified > 1300 proteins, of which 215 met criteria for significance and represent the platelet palmitoylome. This collection includes 51 known palmitoylated proteins, 61 putative palmitoylated proteins identified in other palmitoylation-specific proteomic studies, and 103 new putative palmitoylated proteins. Of these candidates, we chose to validate the palmitoylation of triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cell (TREM)-like transcript-1 (TLT-1) as its expression is restricted to platelets and megakaryocytes. We determined that TLT-1 is a palmitoylated protein using metabolic labeling with [³H]palmitate and identified the site of TLT-1 palmitoylation as cysteine 196. The discovery of new platelet palmitoyl protein candidates will provide a resource for subsequent investigations to validate the palmitoylation of these proteins and to determine the role palmitoylation plays in their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Dowal
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Leichner GS, Avner R, Harats D, Roitelman J. Metabolically regulated endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase: evidence for requirement of a geranylgeranylated protein. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32150-61. [PMID: 21778231 PMCID: PMC3173168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the mevalonate pathway, is ubiquitylated and degraded by the 26 S proteasome when mevalonate-derived metabolites accumulate, representing a case of metabolically regulated endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Here, we studied which mevalonate-derived metabolites signal for HMGR degradation and the ERAD step(s) in which these metabolites are required. In HMGR-deficient UT-2 cells that stably express HMGal, a chimeric protein between β-galactosidase and the membrane region of HMGR, which is necessary and sufficient for the regulated ERAD, we tested inhibitors specific to different steps in the mevalonate pathway. We found that metabolites downstream of farnesyl pyrophosphate but upstream to lanosterol were highly effective in initiating ubiquitylation, dislocation, and degradation of HMGal. Similar results were observed for endogenous HMGR in cells that express this protein. Ubiquitylation, dislocation, and proteasomal degradation of HMGal were severely hampered when production of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate was inhibited. Importantly, inhibition of protein geranylgeranylation markedly attenuated ubiquitylation and dislocation, implicating for the first time a geranylgeranylated protein(s) in the metabolically regulated ERAD of HMGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil S. Leichner
- From the Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978 and
- the Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Rachel Avner
- the Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Dror Harats
- the Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Joseph Roitelman
- From the Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978 and
- the Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
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Zou C, Ellis BM, Smith RM, Chen BB, Zhao Y, Mallampalli RK. Acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase I (Lpcat1) catalyzes histone protein O-palmitoylation to regulate mRNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28019-25. [PMID: 21685381 PMCID: PMC3151047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (Lpcat1) is a critical cytosolic enzyme needed for lung surfactant synthesis that catalyzes an acyltransferase reaction by adding a palmitate to the sn-2 position of lysophospholipids. Here we report that histone H4 protein is subject to palmitoylation catalyzed by Lpcat1 in a calcium-regulated manner. Cytosolic Lpcat1 was observed to shift into the nucleus in lung epithelia in response to exogenous Ca(2+). Nuclear Lpcat1 colocalizes with and binds to histone H4, where it catalyzes histone H4 palmitoylation. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that Ser(47) within histone H4 serves as a putative acceptor site, indicative of Lpcat1-mediated O-palmitoylation. Lpcat1 knockdown or expression of a histone H4 Ser(47A) mutant protein in cells decreased cellular mRNA synthesis. These findings provide the first evidence of a protein substrate for Lpcat1 and reveal that histone lipidation may occur through its O-palmitoylation as a novel post-translational modification. This epigenetic modification regulates global gene transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbin Zou
- Department of Medicine, the Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Van Dolah DK, Mao LM, Shaffer C, Guo ML, Fibuch EE, Chu XP, Buch S, Wang JQ. Reversible palmitoylation regulates surface stability of AMPA receptors in the nucleus accumbens in response to cocaine in vivo. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69:1035-42. [PMID: 21216391 PMCID: PMC3089809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitoylation is emerging as one of the most important posttranslational modifications of excitatory synaptic proteins in mammalian brain cells. As a reversible and regulatable modification sensitive to changing synaptic inputs, palmitoylation of ionotropic glutamate receptors contributes not only to the modulation of normal receptor and synaptic activities but also to the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we report that palmitoylation of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor is regulated by the psychostimulant, cocaine, and such regulation is involved in cocaine action. METHODS We tested palmitoylation and surface expression of AMPA receptors in striatal neurons and psychomotor behavior in response to cocaine in rats. RESULTS All four AMPA receptor subunits (GluA1-4 or GluR1-4) are palmitoylated in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of adult rats. Among them, GluA1 and GluA3 are preferentially upregulated in their palmitoylation levels by a systemic injection of cocaine. The upregulated GluA1 and 3 palmitoylation is a transient and reversible event. Consequently, it increases the susceptibility of surface-expressed GluA1 and 3 to internalization trafficking, leading to a temporal loss of surface receptor expression. Blockade of the regulated GluA1/3 palmitoylation with a palmitoylation inhibitor in the local NAc reverses the loss of surface GluA1/3. The inhibition of palmitoylation concurrently sustains behavioral responsivity to cocaine as well. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify a novel drug-palmitoylation coupling in the center of limbic reward circuits. Through palmitoylating selective AMPA receptor subunits, cocaine activity dependently regulates trafficking and subcellular localization of the receptor in NAc neurons and dynamically controls psychomotor sensitivity to the psychoactive drug in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin K. Van Dolah
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Li-Min Mao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Christopher Shaffer
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Eugene E. Fibuch
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Xiang-Ping Chu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John Q. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Corresponding author: Dr. John Q. Wang, Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108, USA, Tel: (816) 235-1786; Fax: (816) 235-5574,
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38
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Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation, the reversible thioester linkage of a 16-carbon palmitate lipid to an intracellular cysteine residue, is rapidly emerging as a fundamental, dynamic, and widespread post-translational mechanism to control the properties and function of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels. Palmitoylation controls multiple stages in the ion channel life cycle, from maturation to trafficking and regulation. An emerging concept is that palmitoylation is an important determinant of channel regulation by other signaling pathways. The elucidation of enzymes controlling palmitoylation and developments in proteomics tools now promise to revolutionize our understanding of this fundamental post-translational mechanism in regulating ion channel physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Shipston
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Zevian S, Winterwood NE, Stipp CS. Structure-function analysis of tetraspanin CD151 reveals distinct requirements for tumor cell behaviors mediated by α3β1 versus α6β4 integrin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:7496-506. [PMID: 21193415 PMCID: PMC3045005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane protein laminin-332 (laminin-5) mediates both stable cell adhesion and rapid cell migration and thus has the potential to either restrain or promote tumor cell metastasis. The major cellular receptors for laminin-332 are integrin α3β1, which mediates rapid tumor cell migration, and integrin α6β4, which often mediates stable cell attachment. Tetraspanin protein CD151 interacts directly with both α3β1 and α6β4 integrins and with other tetraspanins, thereby promoting α3β1 and α6β4 association with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains on the cell surface. To explore the possibility of selectively modulating tumor cell responses to laminin-332, we re-expressed a series of CD151 mutants in epidermoid carcinoma cells with near total, RNAi-mediated silencing of endogenous CD151. The interactions of CD151 with its integrin partners or its interactions with other tetraspanins were selectively disrupted by specific mutations in the CD151 large extracellular loop (EC2 domain) or in intracellular CD151 palmitoylation sites, respectively. CD151-integrin association and CD151-tetraspanin association were both important for α3β1 integrin-dependent initial adhesion and rapid migration on laminin-332. Remarkably, however, only CD151-integrin association was required for stable, α6β4 integrin-dependent cell attachment on laminin-332. In addition, we found that a QRD amino acid motif in the CD151 EC2 domain, which had been thought to be crucial for CD151-integrin interaction, is not essential for CD151-integrin association or for the ability of CD151 to promote several different integrin functions. These new data suggest potential strategies for selectively modulating migratory cell responses to laminin-332, while leaving stable cell attachment on laminin-332 intact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher S. Stipp
- From the Departments of Biology and
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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40
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González Montoro A, Chumpen Ramirez S, Quiroga R, Valdez Taubas J. Specificity of transmembrane protein palmitoylation in yeast. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16969. [PMID: 21383992 PMCID: PMC3044718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins are modified after their synthesis, by the addition of a lipid molecule to one or more cysteine residues, through a thioester bond. This modification is called S-acylation, and more commonly palmitoylation. This reaction is carried out by a family of enzymes, called palmitoyltransferases (PATs), characterized by the presence of a conserved 50- aminoacids domain called “Asp-His-His-Cys- Cysteine Rich Domain” (DHHC-CRD). There are 7 members of this family in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and each of these proteins is thought to be responsible for the palmitoylation of a subset of substrates. Substrate specificity of PATs, however, is not yet fully understood. Several yeast PATs seem to have overlapping specificity, and it has been proposed that the machinery responsible for palmitoylating peripheral membrane proteins in mammalian cells, lacks specificity altogether. Here we investigate the specificity of transmembrane protein palmitoylation in S. cerevisiae, which is carried out predominantly by two PATs, Swf1 and Pfa4. We show that palmitoylation of transmembrane substrates requires dedicated PATs, since other yeast PATs are mostly unable to perform Swf1 or Pfa4 functions, even when overexpressed. Furthermore, we find that Swf1 is highly specific for its substrates, as it is unable to substitute for other PATs. To identify where Swf1 specificity lies, we carried out a bioinformatics survey to identify amino acids responsible for the determination of specificity or Specificity Determination Positions (SDPs) and showed experimentally, that mutation of the two best SDP candidates, A145 and K148, results in complete and partial loss of function, respectively. These residues are located within the conserved catalytic DHHC domain suggesting that it could also be involved in the determination of specificity. Finally, we show that modifying the position of the cysteines in Tlg1, a Swf1 substrate, results in lack of palmitoylation, as expected for a highly specific enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén González Montoro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC (UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Chumpen Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC (UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Quiroga
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC (UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier Valdez Taubas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC (UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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41
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Wei X, Schneider JG, Shenouda SM, Lee A, Towler DA, Chakravarthy MV, Vita JA, Semenkovich CF. De novo lipogenesis maintains vascular homeostasis through endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) palmitoylation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:2933-45. [PMID: 21098489 PMCID: PMC3024788 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction leads to lethal vascular complications in diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Here, we demonstrate that de novo lipogenesis, an insulin-dependent process driven by the multifunctional enzyme fatty-acid synthase (FAS), maintains endothelial function by targeting endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) to the plasma membrane. In mice with endothelial inactivation of FAS (FASTie mice), eNOS membrane content and activity were decreased. eNOS and FAS were physically associated; eNOS palmitoylation was decreased in FAS-deficient cells, and incorporation of labeled carbon into eNOS-associated palmitate was FAS-dependent. FASTie mice manifested a proinflammatory state reflected as increases in vascular permeability, endothelial inflammatory markers, leukocyte migration, and susceptibility to LPS-induced death that was reversed with an NO donor. FAS-deficient endothelial cells showed deficient migratory capacity, and angiogenesis was decreased in FASTie mice subjected to hindlimb ischemia. Insulin induced FAS in endothelial cells freshly isolated from humans, and eNOS palmitoylation was decreased in mice with insulin-deficient or insulin-resistant diabetes. Thus, disrupting eNOS bioavailability through impaired lipogenesis identifies a novel mechanism coordinating nutritional status and tissue repair that may contribute to diabetic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Wei
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Jochen G. Schneider
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Sherene M. Shenouda
- the Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Ada Lee
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Dwight A. Towler
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Manu V. Chakravarthy
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine
| | - Joseph A. Vita
- the Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Clay F. Semenkovich
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and
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Mill P, Lee AWS, Fukata Y, Tsutsumi R, Fukata M, Keighren M, Porter RM, McKie L, Smyth I, Jackson IJ. Palmitoylation regulates epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000748. [PMID: 19956733 PMCID: PMC2776530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a key post-translational modification mediated by a family of DHHC-containing palmitoyl acyl-transferases (PATs). Unlike other lipid modifications, palmitoylation is reversible and thus often regulates dynamic protein interactions. We find that the mouse hair loss mutant, depilated, (dep) is due to a single amino acid deletion in the PAT, Zdhhc21, resulting in protein mislocalization and loss of palmitoylation activity. We examined expression of Zdhhc21 protein in skin and find it restricted to specific hair lineages. Loss of Zdhhc21 function results in delayed hair shaft differentiation, at the site of expression of the gene, but also leads to hyperplasia of the interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and sebaceous glands, distant from the expression site. The specific delay in follicle differentiation is associated with attenuated anagen propagation and is reflected by decreased levels of Lef1, nuclear beta-catenin, and Foxn1 in hair shaft progenitors. In the thickened basal compartment of mutant IFE, phospho-ERK and cell proliferation are increased, suggesting increased signaling through EGFR or integrin-related receptors, with a parallel reduction in expression of the key differentiation factor Gata3. We show that the Src-family kinase, Fyn, involved in keratinocyte differentiation, is a direct palmitoylation target of Zdhhc21 and is mislocalized in mutant follicles. This study is the first to demonstrate a key role for palmitoylation in regulating developmental signals in mammalian tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pleasantine Mill
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Angela W. S. Lee
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko Fukata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Tsutsumi
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Margaret Keighren
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M. Porter
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa McKie
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Smyth
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cutaneous Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- Medical Research Council, Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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