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Kothari M, Kannan K, Sahadevan R, Sadhukhan S. Novel molecular hybrids of EGCG and quinoxaline: Potent multi-targeting antidiabetic agents that inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and oxidative stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130175. [PMID: 38360242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease and its effective therapy often demands several drugs with different modes of action. Herein, we report a rational design and synthesis of multi-targeting novel molecular hybrids comprised of EGCG and quinoxaline derivatives that can effectively inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase as well as control oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. The hybrids showed superior inhibition of α-glucosidase along with similar α-amylase inhibition as compared to standard drug, acarbose. Most potent compound, 15c showed an IC50 of 0.50 μM (IC50 of acarbose 190 μM) against α-glucosidase. Kinetics studies with 15c revealed a competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase. Binding affinity of 15c (-9.5 kcal/mol) towards α-glucosidase was significantly higher than acarbose (-7.7 kcal/mol). 15c exhibited remarkably high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 18.84 μM), much better than vitamin C (IC50 = 33.04 μM). Of note, acarbose shows no antioxidant activity. Furthermore, α-amylase activity was effectively inhibited by 15c with an IC50 value of 16.35 μM. No cytotoxicity was observed for 15c (up to 40 μM) in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, we report a series of multi-targeting molecular hybrids capable of inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes as well as reducing oxidative stress, thus representing an advancement towards effective and novel therapeutic approaches for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Kothari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Karthika Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India; Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India.
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2
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Binoy A, Kothari M, Sahadevan R, Poddar S, Kar P, Sadhukhan S. Protein S-palmitoylation is markedly inhibited by 4″-alkyl ether lipophilic derivatives of EGCG, the major green tea polyphenol: In vitro and in silico studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2024; 1866:184264. [PMID: 38104647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
S-palmitoylation is a dynamic lipid-based protein post-translational modification facilitated by a family of protein acyltransferases (PATs) commonly known as DHHC-PATs or DHHCs. It is the only lipid modification that is reversible, and this very fact uniquely qualifies it for therapeutic interventions through the development of DHHC inhibitors. Herein, we report that 4″-alkyl ether lipophilic derivatives of EGCG can effectively inhibit protein S-palmitoylation in vitro. With the help of metabolic labeling followed by copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition Click reaction, we demonstrate that 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG markedly inhibited S-palmitoylation in various mammalian cells including HEK 293T, HeLa, and MCF-7 using both in gel fluorescence as well as confocal microscopy. Further, these EGCG derivatives were able to attenuate the S-palmitoylation to the basal level in DHHC3-overexpressed cells, suggesting that they are plausibly targeting DHHCs. Confocal microscopy data qualitatively reflected spatial and temporal distribution of S-palmitoylated proteins in different sub-cellular compartments and the inhibitory effects of 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG were clearly observed in the native cellular environment. Our findings were further substantiated by in silico analysis which revealed promising binding affinity and interactions of 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG with key amino acid residues present in the hydrophobic cleft of the DHHC20 enzyme. We also demonstrated the successful inhibition of S-palmitoylation of GAPDH by 4″-C16 EGCG. Taken together, our in vitro and in silico data strongly suggest that 4″-C14 EGCG and 4″-C16 EGCG can act as potent inhibitors for S-palmitoylation and can be employed as a complementary tool to investigate S-palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Manan Kothari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India
| | - Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India; Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India; Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678623, India.
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3
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Chaturvedi S, Pandya N, Sadhukhan S, Sonawane A. Identification of selective plant-derived natural carotenoid and flavonoids as the potential inhibitors of DHHC-mediated protein S-palmitoylation: an in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38319030 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2306502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation mediated by DHHCs is recognized as a distinct and reversible form of lipid modification connected with several health perturbations, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and autoimmune conditions. However, the pharmacological characteristics of current pan-DHHC inhibitors, particularly their toxicity and off-target effects, have hindered their in-depth cellular investigations. The therapeutic properties of the natural compounds, with minimal side effects, allowed us to evaluate them as DHHC-targeting inhibitors. Here, we performed an insilico screening of 115 phytochemicals to assess their interactions with the DHHC20 binding site. Among these compounds, lutein, 5-hydroxyflavone, and 6-hydroxyflavone exhibited higher binding energy (-9.2, -8.5, and -8.5 kcal/mol) in the DHHC20 groove compared to pan-DHHC inhibitor 2-BP (-7.0 kcal/mol). Furthermore, we conducted a 100 ns MD simulation to evaluate the stability of these complexes under physiological conditions. The MDsimulation results indicated that DHHC20 formed a more stable conformation with lutein compared to 5-hydroxyflavone and 6-hyroxyflavone via hydrophobic and H-bond interactions. Conclusively, these results could serve as a promising starting point for exploring the use of these natural molecules as DHHC20 inhibitors.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchi Chaturvedi
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nirali Pandya
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh, India
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4
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Singh S, Ghosh P, Roy R, Behera A, Sahadevan R, Kar P, Sadhukhan S, Sonawane A. 4″-Alkyl EGCG Derivatives Induce Cytoprotective Autophagy Response by Inhibiting EGFR in Glioblastoma Cells. ACS Omega 2024; 9:2286-2301. [PMID: 38250397 PMCID: PMC10795032 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy has been proven vital in the last two decades for the treatment of multiple cancer types, including nonsmall cell lung cancer, glioblastoma, breast cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, the majority of approved EGFR inhibitors fall into the drug resistance category because of continuous mutations and acquired resistance. Recently, autophagy has surfaced as one of the emerging underlying mechanisms behind resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Previously, we developed a series of 4″-alkyl EGCG (4″-Cn EGCG, n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18) derivatives with enhanced anticancer effects and stability. Therefore, the current study hypothesized that 4″-alkyl EGCG might induce cytoprotective autophagy upon EGFR inhibition, and inhibition of autophagy may lead to improved cytotoxicity. In this study, we have observed growth inhibition and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in 4″-alkyl EGCG derivative-treated glioblastoma cells (U87-MG). We also confirmed that 4″-alkyl EGCG could inhibit EGFR in the cells, as well as mutant L858R/T790M EGFR, through an in vitro kinase assay. Furthermore, we have found that EGFR inhibition with 4″-alkyl EGCG induces cytoprotective autophagic responses, accompanied by the blockage of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, cytotoxicity caused by 4″-C10 EGCG, 4″-C12 EGCG, and 4″-C14 EGCG was significantly increased after the inhibition of autophagy by the pharmacological inhibitor chloroquine. These findings enhance our understanding of the autophagic response toward EGFR inhibitors in glioblastoma cells and suggest a potent combinatorial strategy to increase the therapeutic effectiveness of EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Singh
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Priya Ghosh
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Ananyaashree Behera
- School
of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751 024, India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department
of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
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Singh S, Sadhukhan S, Sonawane A. 20 years since the approval of first EGFR-TKI, gefitinib: Insight and foresight. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188967. [PMID: 37657684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) actively involves in modulation of various cancer progression related mechanisms including angiogenesis, differentiation and migration. Therefore, targeting EGFR has surfaced as a prominent approach for the treatment of several types of cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma. Various first, second and third generation of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have demonstrated effectiveness as an anti-cancer therapeutics. However, rapid development of drug resistance and mutations still remains a major challenge for the EGFR-TKIs therapy. Overcoming from intrinsic and acquired resistance caused by EGFR mutations warrants the further exploration of alternative strategies and discovery of novel inhibitors. In this review, we delve into the breakthrough discoveries have been made in previous 20 years, and discuss the currently ongoing efforts aimed to circumvent the chemo-resistance. We also highlight the new challenges, limitations and future directions for the development of improved therapeutic approaches such as fourth-generation EGFR-TKIs, peptides, nanobodies, PROTACs etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India; Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala 678 623, India.
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453 552, India.
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Sahadevan R, Binoy A, Shajan I, Sadhukhan S. Mitochondria-targeting EGCG derivatives protect H9c2 cardiomyocytes from H 2O 2-induced apoptosis: design, synthesis and biological evaluation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29477-29488. [PMID: 37818277 PMCID: PMC10561634 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04527g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologies related to cardiovascular diseases mostly emerge as a result of oxidative stress buildup in cardiomyocytes. The heavy load of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in cardiac tissues corresponds to a surge in oxidative stress leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular apoptosis. Thus, scavenging the reactive oxygen species (ROS) linked to mitochondria can significantly improve cardio-protection. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol found in green tea has been extensively studied for its profound health-beneficial activities. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of mitochondrial-targeting EGCG derivatives, namely MitoEGCGn (n = 4, 6, 8) by incorporating triphenylphosphonium ion onto it using different linkers. MitoEGCGn were found to be non-toxic to H9c2 rat cardiomyocyte cells even at higher doses in comparison to its parent molecule EGCG. Interestingly, MitoEGCG4 and MitoEGCG6 protected the H9c2 cardiomyocyte cells from the oxidative damage induced by H2O2 whereas EGCG was found to be toxic and ineffective in protecting the cells from H2O2 damage. MitoEGCG4 and MitoEGCG6 also protected the cells from the H2O2-induced disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential as well as activation of apoptosis as revealed by pro-caspase 3 expression profile, DNA fragmentation assay, and AO/EtBr staining. Taken together, our study shows that the mitochondria targeting EGCG derivatives were able to effectively combat the H2O2-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. They eventually augmented the mitochondrial health of cardiomyocytes by maintaining the mitochondrial function and attenuating apoptosis. Overall, MitoEGCG4 and MitoEGCG6 could provision a cardioprotective role to H9c2 cardiomyocytes at the time of oxidative insults related to mitochondrial dysfunction-associated injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
| | - Irene Shajan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
- Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
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7
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Chaturvedi S, Biswas M, Sadhukhan S, Sonawane A. Role of EGFR and FASN in breast cancer progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00771-w. [PMID: 37490191 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00771-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) emerged as one of the life-threatening diseases among females. Despite notable improvements made in cancer detection and treatment worldwide, according to GLOBACAN 2020, BC is the fifth leading cancer, with an estimated 1 in 6 cancer deaths, in a majority of countries. However, the exact cause that leads to BC progression still needs to be determined. Here, we reviewed the role of two novel biomarkers responsible for 50-70% of BC progression. The first one is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which belongs to the ErbB tyrosine kinases family, signalling pathways associated with it play a significant role in regulating cell proliferation and division. Another one is fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme responsible for the de novo lipid synthesis required for cancer cell development. This review presents a rationale for the EGFR-mediated pathways, their interaction with FASN, communion of these two biomarkers with BC, and improvements to overcome drug resistance caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchi Chaturvedi
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Mainak Biswas
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678623, India.
- Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, 678623, India.
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
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8
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Sahadevan R, Binoy A, Vechalapu SK, Nanjan P, Sadhukhan S. In situ global proteomics profiling of EGCG targets using a cell-permeable and Click-able bioorthogonal probe. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:123991. [PMID: 36907293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite possessing a wide spectrum of biological activities, molecular targets of EGCG remain elusive and as a result, its precise mode of action is still unknown. Herein, we have developed a novel cell-permeable and Click-able bioorthogonal probe for EGCG, YnEGCG for in situ detection and identification of its interacting proteins. The strategic structural modification on YnEGCG allowed it to retain innate biological activities of EGCG (IC50 59.52 ± 1.14 μM and 9.07 ± 0.01 μM for cell viability and radical scavenging activity, respectively). Chemoproteomics profiling identified 160 direct EGCG targets, with H:L ratio ≥ 1.10 from the list of 207 proteins, including multiple new proteins that were previously unknown. The targets were broadly distributed in various subcellular compartments suggesting a polypharmacological mode of action of EGCG. GO analysis revealed that the primary targets belonged to the enzymes that regulate key metabolic processes including glycolysis and energy homeostasis, also the cytoplasm (36 %) and mitochondria (15.6 %) contain the majority of EGCG targets. Further, we validated that EGCG interactome was closely associated with apoptosis indicating its role in inducing toxicity in cancer cells. For the first time, this in situ chemoproteomics approach could identify a direct and specific EGCG interactome under physiological conditions in an unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sai K Vechalapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pandurangan Nanjan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India; Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India; Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India.
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9
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Singh S, Sahadevan R, Roy R, Biswas M, Ghosh P, Kar P, Sonawane A, Sadhukhan S. Structure-based design and synthesis of a novel long-chain 4''-alkyl ether derivative of EGCG as potent EGFR inhibitor: in vitro and in silico studies. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17821-17836. [PMID: 35765335 PMCID: PMC9201511 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the discovery of a novel long-chain ether derivative of (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major green tea polyphenol as a potent EGFR inhibitor. A series of 4′′-alkyl EGCG derivatives have been synthesized via regio-selectively alkylating the 4′′ hydroxyl group in the D-ring of EGCG and tested for their antiproliferative activities against high (A431), moderate (HeLa), and low (MCF-7) EGFR-expressing cancer cell lines. The most potent compound, 4′′-C14 EGCG showed the lowest IC50 values across all the tested cell lines. 4′′-C14 EGCG was also found to be significantly more stable than EGCG under physiological conditions (PBS at pH 7.4). Further western blot analysis and imaging data revealed that 4′′-C14 EGCG induced cell death in A431 cells with shrunken nuclei, nuclear fragmentation, membrane blebbing, and increased population of apoptotic cells where BAX upregulation and BCLXL downregulation were observed. In addition, autophosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signalling proteins Akt and ERK were markedly inhibited by 4′′-C14 EGCG. MD simulation and the MM/PBSA analysis disclosed the binding mode of 4′′-C14 EGCG in the ATP-binding site of EGFR kinase domain. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that 4′′-C14 EGCG can act as a promising potent EGFR inhibitor with enhanced stability. Among the synthesized 4′′-alkyl EGCG derivatives, 4′′-C14 EGCG inhibited EGF stimulated phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways, ERK and Akt. 4′′-C14 EGCG showed significantly improved stability than EGCG and induced apoptosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Mainak Biswas
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar Orissa 751 024 India
| | - Priya Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore Madhya Pradesh 453 552 India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India .,Physical & Chemical Biology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India.,Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Kerala 678 623 India
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10
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Sahadevan R, Singh S, Binoy A, Sadhukhan S. Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: Current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10382-10411. [PMID: 35491671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been a bedrock for drug discovery for decades. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the widely studied natural polyphenolic compounds derived from green tea. It is the key component believed to be responsible for the medicinal value of green tea. Significant studies implemented in in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo models have suggested its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective activities etc. Despite having such a wide array of therapeutic potential and promising results in preclinical studies, its applicability to humans has encountered with rather limited success largely due to the poor bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolic clearance and lack of stability of EGCG. Therefore, novel techniques are warranted to address those limitations so that EGCG or its modified analogs can be used in the clinical setup. This review comprehensively covers different strategies such as structural modifications, nano-carriers as efficient drug delivery systems, synergistic studies with other bioactivities to improve the chemico-biological aspects (e.g., stability, bioavailability, permeability, etc.) of EGCG for its enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties, eventually enhancing its therapeutic potentials. We think this review article will serve as a strong platform with comprehensive literature on the development of novel techniques to improve the bioavailability of EGCG so that it can be translated to the clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Sahadevan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Satyam Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anupama Binoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kerala, India
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11
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Abril YLN, Fernandez IR, Hong JY, Chiang YL, Kutateladze DA, Zhao Q, Yang M, Hu J, Sadhukhan S, Li B, He B, Remick B, Bai JJ, Mullmann J, Wang F, Maymi V, Dhawan R, Auwerx J, Southard T, Cerione RA, Lin H, Weiss RS. Pharmacological and genetic perturbation establish SIRT5 as a promising target in breast cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:1644-1658. [PMID: 33479498 PMCID: PMC7935767 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIRT5 is a member of the sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent protein lysine deacylases implicated in a variety of physiological processes. SIRT5 removes negatively charged malonyl, succinyl, and glutaryl groups from lysine residues and thereby regulates multiple enzymes involved in cellular metabolism and other biological processes. SIRT5 is overexpressed in human breast cancers and other malignancies, but little is known about the therapeutic potential of SIRT5 inhibition for treating cancer. Here we report that genetic SIRT5 disruption in breast cancer cell lines and mouse models caused increased succinylation of IDH2 and other metabolic enzymes, increased oxidative stress, and impaired transformation and tumorigenesis. We therefore developed potent, selective, and cell permeable small molecule SIRT5 inhibitors. SIRT5 inhibition suppressed the transformed properties of cultured breast cancer cells and significantly reduced mammary tumor growth in vivo, in both genetically engineered and xenotransplant mouse models. Considering that Sirt5 knockout mice are generally normal, with only mild phenotypes observed, these data establish SIRT5 as a promising target for treating breast cancer. The new SIRT5 inhibitors provide useful probes for future investigations of SIRT5 and an avenue for targeting SIRT5 as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma R Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ying-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Dennis A Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Brenna Remick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jessica Jingyi Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - James Mullmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Viviana Maymi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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12
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Fernandez I, Abril YN, Hong JY, Yang M, Sadhukhan S, Lin H, Weiss R. Abstract 4806: SIRT5 inhibition causes increased oxidative stress and impairs tumor progression and metastasis. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, producing energy through aerobic glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation. Consequently, targeting key metabolic enzymes has emerged as a potential avenue to selectively inhibit tumor growth. The sirtuin family of deacylases has roles in both metabolism and cancer. The mitochondrial sirtuin SIRT5 regulates protein post-translational modifications on metabolic enzymes by catalyzing the removal of succinyl, malonyl, and glutaryl moieties. SIRT5 is over-expressed in many cancers, including breast cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that SIRT5 promotes breast cancer progression by facilitating metabolic reprogramming. SIRT5 knockdown in human cancer cells inhibited anchorage independent growth but had little effect on non-transformed cells. To examine how SIRT5 loss impacts tumorigenesis in vivo, we utilized MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice, which are prone to mammary adenocarcinoma and lung metastasis. SIRT5 knockout (KO) MMTV-PyMT mice had increased survival, decreased tumor size, and reduced lung metastases, as compared to SIRT5 wild-type (WT) MMTV-PyMT controls. SIRT5 KO cancer cells had higher levels of reactive oxygen species and displayed lower levels of important antioxidants such as NADPH and GSH. These results suggest that SIRT5 KO cells are more susceptible to oxidative stress, hinting that SIRT5 may be promoting breast cancer by mitigating ROS through one or more of its key metabolic substrates. To determine the therapeutic potential of SIRT5 inhibition, we created potent and specific small molecule SIRT5 inhibitors. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT5 impaired mammary tumor growth in both transgenic and human breast cancer xenograft mouse models, with no apparent toxicity. Considering that Sirt5 knockout mice are generally normal, with only mild phenotypes observed, these data establish SIRT5 as a promising target for treating breast cancer.
Citation Format: Irma Fernandez, Yashira N. Abril, Jun Y. Hong, Min Yang, Sushabhan Sadhukhan, Hening Lin, Robert Weiss. SIRT5 inhibition causes increased oxidative stress and impairs tumor progression and metastasis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4806.
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13
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Singh S, Sk MF, Sonawane A, Kar P, Sadhukhan S. Plant-derived natural polyphenols as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibition: an in-silico analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6249-6264. [PMID: 32720577 PMCID: PMC7441777 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1796810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The sudden outburst of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a massive threat to global public health. Currently, no therapeutic drug or vaccine exists to treat COVID-19. Due to the time taking process of new drug development, drug repurposing might be the only viable solution to tackle COVID-19. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) catalyzes SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication and hence, is an obvious target for antiviral drug design. Interestingly, several plant-derived polyphenols effectively inhibit the RdRp of other RNA viruses. More importantly, polyphenols have been used as dietary supplementations for a long time and played beneficial roles in immune homeostasis. We were curious to study the binding of polyphenols with SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and assess their potential to treat COVID-19. Herein, we made a library of polyphenols that have shown substantial therapeutic effects against various diseases. They were successfully docked in the catalytic pocket of RdRp. The investigation reveals that EGCG, theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3'-O-gallate (TF2a), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2b), theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (TF3), hesperidin, quercetagetin, and myricetin strongly bind to the active site of RdRp. Further, a 150-ns molecular dynamic simulation revealed that EGCG, TF2a, TF2b, TF3 result in highly stable bound conformations with RdRp. The binding free energy components calculated by the MM-PBSA also confirm the stability of the complexes. We also performed a detailed analysis of ADME prediction, toxicity prediction, and target analysis for their druggability. Overall, our results suggest that EGCG, TF2a, TF2b, TF3 can inhibit RdRp and represent an effective therapy for COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyam Singh
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Md Fulbabu Sk
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
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14
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Shahid T, Kalyani N, Modak Das S, Mukherjee M, Bhattacharya J, De A, Talukdar R, Samanta A, Ghosh T, Barman D, Sadhukhan S, Vijayaraghavan P, Rajan R. EP-1159 To compare outcome of Intensive nutritional support with standard practise in head ands neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)31579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Spiegelman NA, Price IR, Jing H, Wang M, Yang M, Cao J, Hong JY, Zhang X, Aramsangtienchai P, Sadhukhan S, Lin H. Direct Comparison of SIRT2 Inhibitors: Potency, Specificity, Activity-Dependent Inhibition, and On-Target Anticancer Activities. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1890-1894. [PMID: 30058233 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin inhibitors have attracted much interest due to the involvement of sirtuins in various biological processes. Several SIRT2-selective inhibitors have been developed, and some exhibit anticancer activities. To facilitate the choice of inhibitors in future studies and the development of better inhibitors, we directly compared several reported SIRT2-selective inhibitors: AGK2, SirReal2, Tenovin-6, and TM. In vitro, TM is the most potent and selective inhibitor, and only TM could inhibit the demyristoylation activity of SIRT2. SirReal2, Tenovin-6, and TM all showed cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines, with Tenovin-6 being the most potent, but only TM showed cancer-cell-specific toxicity. All four compounds inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of HCT116 cells, but the effect of TM was most significantly affected by SIRT2 overexpression, suggesting that the anticancer effect of TM depends more on SIRT2 inhibition. These results not only provide useful guidance about choosing the right SIRT2 inhibitor in future studies, but also suggest general practices that should be followed for small-molecule inhibitor development activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Spiegelman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ian R Price
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hui Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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16
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De I, Sadhukhan S. Emerging Roles of DHHC-mediated Protein S-palmitoylation in Physiological and Pathophysiological Context. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:319-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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17
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Abstract
Mammalian SIRT7 is a member of the sirtuin family that regulates multiple biological processes including genome stability, metabolic pathways, stress responses, and tumorigenesis. SIRT7 has been shown to be important for ribosome biogenesis and transcriptional regulation. SIRT7 knockout mice exhibit complications associated with fatty liver and increased aging in hematopoietic stem cells. However, the molecular basis for its biological function remains unclear, in part due to the lack of efficient enzymatic activity in vitro. Previously, we have demonstrated that double-stranded DNA could activate SIRT7's deacetylase activity in vitro, allowing it to deacetylate H3K18 in the context of chromatin. Here, we show that RNA can increase the catalytic efficiency of SIRT7 even better and that SIRT7 can remove long chain fatty acyl groups more efficiently than removing acetyl groups. Truncation and mutagenesis studies revealed residues at both the amino and carboxyl termini of SIRT7 that are involved in RNA-binding and important for activity. RNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (RIP-seq) identified ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as the predominant RNA binding partner of SIRT7. The associated RNA was able to effectively activate the deacetylase and defatty-acylase activities of SIRT7. Knockdown of SIRT7 increased the lysine fatty acylation of several nuclear proteins based on metabolic labeling with an alkyne-tagged fatty acid analog, supporting that the defatty-acylase activity of SIRT7 is physiologically relevant. These findings provide important insights into the biological functions of SIRT7, as well as an improved platform to develop SIRT7 modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tong
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Miao Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - David D. Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Grenier
- RNA Sequencing Core, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ji Cao
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Quan Hao
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hening Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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18
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Bhagat P, Susheilia S, Singh K, Sadhukhan S, Rajwanshi A, Dey P. Efficacy of modified rapid economic acetic acid-based Papanicolaou stain. Cytopathology 2016; 27:452-455. [PMID: 27019215 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papanicolaou (Pap) staining is used with various modifications for the staining of cervical smears. It gives a good contrast with sharp nuclear features which aid in accurate interpretation. However, it utilises ethyl alcohol, which is expensive and difficult to purchase. We have attempted to devise a rapid Pap technique which uses acetic acid instead of ethyl alcohol, and yet provides good staining for correct diagnosis. METHODS Liquid-based cytology samples were collected from 102 patients as a part of routine screening. Two smears were prepared from each sample, which were stained with conventional as well as rapid Pap. In the rapid Pap method, the smears were fixed in methanol and dehydration was performed before and after OG6 with 0.5% acetic acid. The final dehydration was performed with methanol. Smears from both techniques were compared by two independent observers for staining quality. RESULTS With the rapid Pap stain, nuclear staining was comparable with that of conventional Pap (P < 0.05). Cytoplasmic staining was optimal in 69.6% of cases; however, the suboptimal staining in the rest of the smears did not pose any diagnostic problem. CONCLUSION The rapid Pap technique is a cost-effective alternative to conventional Pap which also saves time and provides good staining quality without compromising the diagnostic interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bhagat
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Susheilia
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - K Singh
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - S Sadhukhan
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - A Rajwanshi
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P Dey
- Department of Cytology and Gynaecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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19
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Abstract
Mammalian sirtuins (SIRT1-7) are members of a highly conserved family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent protein deacetylases that regulate many biological processes including metabolism, genome stability, and transcription. Among the seven human sirtuins, SIRT7 is the least understood, to a large extent due to the lack of enzymatic activity in vitro. Here, we reported that SIRT7 can be activated by DNA to hydrolyze the acetyl group from lysine residues in vitro on histone peptides and histones in the chromatin context. Both N- and C- termini of SIRT7 are important for the DNA-activated deacetylase activity. The regulatory mechanism of SIRT7 is different from that of SIRT6, which also showed increased activity on chromatin substrates, but the deacetylase activity of SIRT6 on a peptide substrate cannot be activated by DNA. This finding provides an improved enzymatic activity assay of SIRT7 that will promote the development of SIRT7 modulators. Further investigation into the activation mechanism of SIRT7 by DNA could provide new insights into its biological function and help the development of sirtuin activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tong
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David D. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Quan Hao
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hening Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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20
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Liu X, Sadhukhan S, Sun S, Wagner GR, Hirschey MD, Qi L, Lin H, Locasale JW. High-Resolution Metabolomics with Acyl-CoA Profiling Reveals Widespread Remodeling in Response to Diet. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1489-500. [PMID: 25795660 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of acyl-Coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) thioester compounds affects numerous cellular functions including autophagy, lipid oxidation and synthesis, and post-translational modifications. Consequently, the acyl-CoA level changes tend to be associated with other metabolic alterations that regulate these critical cellular functions. Despite their biological importance, this class of metabolites remains difficult to detect and quantify using current analytical methods. Here we show a universal method for metabolomics that allows for the detection of an expansive set of acyl-CoA compounds and hundreds of other cellular metabolites. We apply this method to profile the dynamics of acyl-CoA compounds and corresponding alterations in metabolism across the metabolic network in response to high fat feeding in mice. We identified targeted metabolites (>50) and untargeted features (>1000) with significant changes (FDR < 0.05) in response to diet. A substantial extent of this metabolic remodeling exhibited correlated changes in acyl-CoA metabolism with acyl-carnitine metabolism and other features of the metabolic network that together can lead to the discovery of biomarkers of acyl-CoA metabolism. These findings show a robust acyl-CoA profiling method and identify coordinated changes of acyl-CoA metabolism in response to nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Liu
- From the ‡Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Shengyi Sun
- ¶Field of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Gregory R Wagner
- ‖Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; **Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- ‖Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; **Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Ling Qi
- From the ‡Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ¶Field of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Hening Lin
- §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Jason W Locasale
- From the ‡Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; ¶Field of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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21
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Jin Z, Berthiaume JM, Li Q, Henry F, Huang Z, Sadhukhan S, Gao P, Tochtrop GP, Puchowicz MA, Zhang GF. Catabolism of (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal via ω- and ω-1-oxidation stimulated by ketogenic diet. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32327-32338. [PMID: 25274632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress triggers the peroxidation of ω-6-polyunsaturated fatty acids to reactive lipid fragments, including (2E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). We previously reported two parallel catabolic pathways of HNE. In this study, we report a novel metabolite that accumulates in rat liver perfused with HNE or 4-hydroxynonanoic acid (HNA), identified as 3-(5-oxotetrahydro-2-furanyl)propanoyl-CoA. In experiments using a combination of isotopic analysis and metabolomics studies, three catabolic pathways of HNE were delineated following HNE conversion to HNA. (i) HNA is ω-hydroxylated to 4,9-dihydroxynonanoic acid, which is subsequently oxidized to 4-hydroxynonanedioic acid. This is followed by the degradation of 4-hydroxynonanedioic acid via β-oxidation originating from C-9 of HNA breaking down to 4-hydroxynonanedioyl-CoA, 4-hydroxyheptanedioyl-CoA, or its lactone, 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA, and 2-ketoglutaric acid entering the citric acid cycle. (ii) ω-1-hydroxylation of HNA leads to 4,8-dihydroxynonanoic acid (4,8-DHNA), which is subsequently catabolized via two parallel pathways we previously reported. In catabolic pathway A, 4,8-DHNA is catabolized to 4-phospho-8-hydroxynonanoyl-CoA, 3,8-dihydroxynonanoyl-CoA, 6-hydroxyheptanoyl-CoA, 4-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA. (iii) The catabolic pathway B of 4,8-DHNA leads to 2,6-dihydroxyheptanoyl-CoA, 5-hydroxyhexanoyl-CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that HNE can be catabolically disposed via ω- and ω-1-oxidation in rat liver and kidney, with little activity in brain and heart. Dietary experiments showed that ω- and ω-1-hydroxylation of HNA in rat liver were dramatically up-regulated by a ketogenic diet, which lowered HNE basal level. HET0016 inhibition and mRNA expression level suggested that the cytochrome P450 4A are main enzymes responsible for the NADPH-dependent ω- and ω-1-hydroxylation of HNA/HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jessica M Berthiaume
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Qingling Li
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Fabrice Henry
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Zhong Huang
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Departments of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Peng Gao
- Departments of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Departments of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Departments of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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22
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Abstract
Herein we report a study combining metabolomics and mass isotopomer analysis used for investigation of the biochemical fate of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Using various (13)C incorporation labeling patterns into GHB, we have discovered that GHB is catabolized by previously unknown processes that include (i) direct β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA and glycolate, (ii) α-oxidation to 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA and formate, and (iii) cleavage of C-4 to yield 3-hydroxypropionate and CO2. We further utilized the unique attributes of our labeling patterns and the resultant isotopomers to quantitate relative flux down the identified pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Gregory P. Tochtrop
- Departments of †Chemistry and ‡Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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23
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Sadhukhan S, Han Y, Jin Z, Tochtrop GP, Zhang GF. Glutathionylated 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-alkenal enantiomers in rat organs and their contributions toward the disposal of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal in rat liver. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:78-85. [PMID: 24556413 PMCID: PMC4040968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The major route for elimination of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE) has long been considered to be through glutathionylation and eventual excretion as a mercapturic acid conjugate. To better quantitate the glutathionylation process, we developed a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the detection of glutathione (GSH) conjugates of 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-alkenal enantiomers having a carbon skeleton of C5 to C12. The newly developed method enabled us to quantify 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-alkenal-glutathione diastereomers in various organs, i.e., liver, heart, and brain. We identified the addition of iodoacetic acid as a critical step during sample preparation to avoid an overestimation of glutathione-alkenal conjugation. Specifically, we found that in the absence of a quenching step reduced GSH and 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-alkenals react very rapidly during the extraction and concentration steps of sample preparation. Rat liver perfused with d11-4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (d11-4-HNE) revealed enantioselective conjugation with GSH and transportation out of the liver. In the d11-4-HNE-perfused rat livers, the amount of d11-(S)-4-HNE-GSH released from the rat liver was higher than that of d11-(R)-4-HNE-GSH, and more d11-(R)-4-HNE-GSH than d11-(S)-4-HNE-GSH remained in the perfused liver tissues. Overall, the glutathionylation pathway was found to account for only 8.7% of the disposition of 4-HNE, whereas catabolism to acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and formate represented the major detoxification pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Gatbonton-Schwager TN, Sadhukhan S, Zhang GF, Letterio JJ, Tochtrop GP. Identification of a negative feedback loop in biological oxidant formation fegulated by 4-hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal. Redox Biol 2014; 2:755-63. [PMID: 25009777 PMCID: PMC4085345 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-(E)-nonenal (4-HNE) is one of the major lipid peroxidation product formed during oxidative stress. At high concentrations, 4-HNE is cytotoxic and exerts deleterious effects that are often associated with the pathology of oxidative stress-driven disease. Alternatively, at low concentrations it functions as a signaling molecule that can activate protective pathways including the antioxidant Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. Although these biphasic signaling properties have been enumerated in many diseases and pathways, it has yet to be addressed whether 4-HNE has the capacity to modulate oxidative stress-driven lipid peroxidation. Here we report an auto-regulatory mechanism of 4-HNE via modulation of the biological oxidant nitric oxide (NO). Utilizing LPS-activated macrophages to induce biological oxidant production, we demonstrate that 4-HNE modulates NO levels via inhibition of iNOS expression. We illustrate a proposed model of control of NO formation whereby at low concentrations of 4-HNE a negative feedback loop maintains a constant level of NO production with an observed inflection at approximately 1 µM, while at higher 4-HNE concentrations positive feedback is observed. Further, we demonstrate that this negative feedback loop of NO production control is dependent on the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway. Taken together, the careful regulation of NO production by 4-HNE argues for a more fundamental role of this lipid peroxidation product in normal physiology. 4-HNE production is auto-regulated via modulation of the biological oxidant NO. NO levels are controlled by 4-HNE via suppression of iNOS expression. Negative feedback loop of NO production control by 4-HNE is dependent on Nrf2. High 4-HNE concentrations results in positive feedback. Regulation of NO by 4-HNE argues for a more fundamental role of this LPO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - John J Letterio
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA ; Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Li Q, Sadhukhan S, Berthiaume JM, Ibarra RA, Tang H, Deng S, Hamilton E, Nagy LE, Tochtrop GP, Zhang GF. 4-Hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) catabolism and formation of HNE adducts are modulated by β oxidation of fatty acids in the isolated rat heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 58:35-44. [PMID: 23328733 PMCID: PMC3723455 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a novel metabolic pathway functionally catabolizes 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE) via two parallel pathways, which rely heavily on β-oxidation pathways. The hypothesis driving this report is that perturbations of β oxidation will alter the catabolic disposal of HNE, favoring an increase in the concentrations of HNE and HNE-modified proteins that may further exacerbate pathology. This study employed Langendorff perfused hearts to investigate the impact of cardiac injury modeled by ischemia/reperfusion and, in a separate set of perfusions, the effects of elevated lipid (typically observed in obesity and type II diabetes) by perfusing with increased fatty acid concentrations (1mM octanoate). During ischemia, HNE concentrations doubled and the glutathione-HNE adduct and 4-hydroxynonanoyl-CoA were increased by 7- and 10-fold, respectively. Under conditions of increased fatty acid, oxidation to 4-hydroxynonenoic acid was sustained; however, further catabolism through β oxidation was nearly abolished. The inhibition of HNE catabolism was not compensated for by other disposal pathways of HNE, rather an increase in HNE-modified proteins was observed. Taken together, this study presents a mechanistic rationale for the accumulation of HNE and HNE-modified proteins in pathological conditions that involve alterations to β oxidation, such as myocardial ischemia, obesity, and high-fat diet-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Li
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Rafael A. Ibarra
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hui Tang
- Departments of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shuang Deng
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eric Hamilton
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Laura E. Nagy
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Departments of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gregory P. Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Berthiaume JM, Li Q, Sadhukhan S, Henry F, Tochtrop GP, Brunengraber H, Zhang G. Catabolism of 4‐hydroxy‐2(E)‐nonenal (HNE) via omega oxidation in perfused rat livers. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.794.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingling Li
- NutritionCase Western Reserve Univ.ClevelandOH
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Harris SR, Zhang GF, Sadhukhan S, Wang H, Shi C, Puchowicz MA, Anderson VE, Salomon RG, Tochtrop GP, Brunengraber H. Metabolomics and mass isotopomer analysis as a strategy for pathway discovery: pyrrolyl and cyclopentenyl derivatives of the pro-drug of abuse, levulinate. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:213-20. [PMID: 23171137 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that levulinate (4-ketopentanoate) is converted in the liver to 4-hydroxypentanoate, a drug of abuse, and that the formation of 4-hydroxypentanoate is stimulated by ethanol oxidation. We also identified 3 parallel β-oxidation pathways by which levulinate and 4-hydroxypentanoate are catabolized to propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. We now report that levulinate forms three seven-carbon cyclical CoA esters by processes starting with the elongation of levulinyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA to 3,6-diketoheptanoyl-CoA. The latter γ-diketo CoA ester undergoes two parallel cyclization processes. One process yields a mixture of tautomers, i.e., cyclopentenyl- and cyclopentadienyl-acyl-CoAs. The second cyclization process yields a methyl-pyrrolyl-acetyl-CoA containing a nitrogen atom derived from the ε-nitrogen of lysine but without carbons from lysine. The cyclic CoA esters were identified in rat livers perfused with levulinate and in livers and brains from rats gavaged with calcium levulinate ± ethanol. Lastly, 3,6-diketoheptanoyl-CoA, like 2,5-diketohexane, pyrrolates free lysine and, presumably, lysine residues from proteins. This may represent a new pathway for protein pyrrolation. The cyclic CoA esters and related pyrrolation processes may play a role in the toxic effects of 4-hydroxypentanoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Harris
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Harris SR, Zhang GF, Sadhukhan S, Puchowicz MA, Anderson VE, Tochtrop GP, Brunengraber H. Cyclical C7‐CoA esters derived from calcium levulinate, a pro‐drug of abuse. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.551.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Metabolomics is a data-based research strategy, the aims of which are to identify biomarker pictures of metabolic systems and metabolic perturbations and to formulate hypotheses to be tested. It involves the assay by mass spectrometry or NMR of many metabolites present in the biological system investigated. In this minireview, we outline studies in which metabolomics led to useful biomarkers of metabolic processes. We also illustrate how the discovery potential of metabolomics is enhanced by associating it with stable isotopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Harris SR, Zhang GF, Sadhukhan S, Murphy AM, Tomcik KA, Vazquez EJ, Anderson VE, Tochtrop GP, Brunengraber H. Metabolism of levulinate in perfused rat livers and live rats: conversion to the drug of abuse 4-hydroxypentanoate. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5895-904. [PMID: 21126961 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.196808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium levulinate (4-ketopentanoate) is used as an oral and parenteral source of calcium. We hypothesized that levulinate is converted in the liver to 4-hydroxypentanoate, a new drug of abuse, and that this conversion is accelerated by ethanol oxidation. We confirmed these hypotheses in live rats, perfused rat livers, and liver subcellular preparations. Levulinate is reduced to (R)-4-hydroxypentanoate by a cytosolic and a mitochondrial dehydrogenase, which are NADPH- and NADH-dependent, respectively. A mitochondrial dehydrogenase or racemase system also forms (S)-4-hydroxypentanoate. In livers perfused with [(13)C(5)]levulinate, there was substantial CoA trapping in levulinyl-CoA, 4-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA, and 4-phosphopentanoyl-CoA. This CoA trapping was increased by ethanol, with a 6-fold increase in the concentration of 4-phosphopentanoyl-CoA. Levulinate is catabolized by 3 parallel pathways to propionyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, and lactate. Most intermediates of the 3 pathways were identified by mass isotopomer analysis and metabolomics. The production of 4-hydroxypentanoate from levulinate and its stimulation by ethanol is a potential public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Harris
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Tomcik K, Ibarra RA, Sadhukhan S, Han Y, Tochtrop GP, Zhang GF. Isotopomer enrichment assay for very short chain fatty acids and its metabolic applications. Anal Biochem 2010; 410:110-7. [PMID: 21112315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work illustrated an accurate GC/MS measurement for the low isotopomer enrichment assay of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic aicd, butyric acid, and pentanoic acid. The pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatives of these very short chain fatty acids have high sensitivity of isotopoic enrichment due to their low natural isotopomer distribution in negative chemical ionization mass spectrometric mode. Pentafluorobenzyl bromide derivatization reaction was optimized in terms of pH, temperature, reaction time, and the amount of pentafluorobenzyl bromide versus sample. The precision, stability, and accuracy of this method for the isotopomer analysis were validated. This method was applied to measure the enrichments of formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the perfusate from rat liver exposed to Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer only, 0-1mM [3,4-(13)C(2)]-4-hydroxynonanoate, and 0-2mM [5,6,7-(13)C(3)]heptanoate. The enrichments of acetic acid and propionic acid in the perfusate are comparable to the labeling pattern of acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA in the rat liver tissues. The enrichment of the acetic acid assay is much more sensitive and precise than the enrichment of acetyl-CoA by LC-MS/MS. The reversibility of propionyl-CoA from succinyl-CoA was confirmed by the low labeling of M1 and M2 of propionic acid from [5,6,7-(13)C(3)]heptanoate perfusates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen Tomcik
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, W-G48, Cleveland, OH 44106-4954, USA
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Chakrabarti E, Ghosh S, Sadhukhan S, Sayre L, Tochtrop GP, Smith JD. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Analogues of a Novel Inhibitor of β-Amyloid Secretion. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5302-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100308g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enakshi Chakrabarti
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Sushabhan Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Lawrence Sayre
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Gregory P. Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 2074 Adlebert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jonathan D. Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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ZHANG G, Sadhukhan S, HAN Y, Tomcik K, Murphy A, Barnoff S, Tochtrop G, Brunengraber H. Partial beta‐oxidation and bilateral alpha‐oxidation of gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in perfused rat livers. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.504.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong HAN
- ChemistryCase Western Reserve Univ.ClevelandOH
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Zhang GF, Kombu RS, Kasumov T, Han Y, Sadhukhan S, Zhang J, Sayre LM, Ray D, Gibson KM, Anderson VA, Tochtrop GP, Brunengraber H. Catabolism of 4-hydroxyacids and 4-hydroxynonenal via 4-hydroxy-4-phosphoacyl-CoAs. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33521-34. [PMID: 19759021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.055665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxyacids are products of ubiquitously occurring lipid peroxidation (C(9), C(6)) or drugs of abuse (C(4), C(5)). We investigated the catabolism of these compounds using a combination of metabolomics and mass isotopomer analysis. Livers were perfused with various concentrations of unlabeled and labeled saturated 4-hydroxyacids (C(4) to C(11)) or 4-hydroxynonenal. All the compounds tested form a new class of acyl-CoA esters, 4-hydroxy-4-phosphoacyl-CoAs, characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, accurate mass spectrometry, and (31)P-NMR. All 4-hydroxyacids with five or more carbons are metabolized by two new pathways. The first and major pathway, which involves 4-hydroxy-4-phosphoacyl-CoAs, leads in six steps to the isomerization of 4-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. The latter are intermediates of physiological beta-oxidation. The second and minor pathway involves a sequence of beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, and beta-oxidation steps. In mice deficient in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, high plasma concentrations of 4-hydroxybutyrate result in high concentrations of 4-hydroxy-4-phospho-butyryl-CoA in brain and liver. The high concentration of 4-hydroxy-4-phospho-butyryl-CoA may be related to the cerebral dysfunction of subjects ingesting 4-hydroxybutyrate and to the mental retardation of patients with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria. Our data illustrate the potential of the combination of metabolomics and mass isotopomer analysis for pathway discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Sadhukhan S, Prehl J, Blaudeck P, Hoffmann KH, Dutta T, Tarafdar S. Desiccation of a clay film: cracking versus peeling. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2008; 27:391-395. [PMID: 19067005 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2008-10401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a simulation study on competition between cracking and peeling, in a layer of clay on desiccation and how this is affected by the rate of drying, as well as the roughness of the substrate. The system is based on a simple 2-dimensional spring model. A vertical section through the layer with finite thickness is represented by a rectangular array of nodes connected by linear springs on a square lattice. The effect of reduction of the natural length of the springs, which mimics the drying is studied. Varying the strength of adhesion between sample and substrate and the rate of penetration of the drying front produces an interesting phase diagram, showing cross-over from peeling to cracking behavior. Changes in the number and width of cracks on varying the layer thickness is observed to reproduce experimental reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sadhukhan
- Physics Department, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, 700033 Kolkata, India
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Majumder AB, Singh B, Dutta D, Sadhukhan S, Gupta MN. Lipase catalyzed synthesis of benzyl acetate in solvent-free medium using vinyl acetate as acyl donor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4041-4. [PMID: 16714111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Use of vinyl acetate as acyl donor in transesterification of benzyl alcohol catalyzed by a commercially available lipase (Lipozyme RM IM) gave 100% conversion in 10 min. The excess acyl donor and the enzyme could be recovered and reused. Unlike the chemical catalytic processes, it produced no undesirable side product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir B Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Kasinadhuni V, Rajashekhar G, Rajagopalan R, Sharma V, Vamsi Krishna C, Sairam P, Sai Prasad G, Sadhukhan S, Gangadhar Rao G. Anti-ulcer potential of Haldinia cordifolia. Fitoterapia 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0367-326x(98)00043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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