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Crowe N, Dietrich MR, Alomepe BS, Antrim AF, ByrneSim BL, He Y. The diversification of developmental biology. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 53:1-15. [PMID: 26056745 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the 1960s, "developmental biology" became the dominant term to describe some of the research that had previously been included under the rubrics of embryology, growth, morphology, and physiology. As scientific societies formed under this new label, a new discipline took shape. Historians, however, have a number of different perspectives on what changes led to this new field of developmental biology and how the field itself was constituted during this period. Using the General Embryological Information Service, a global index of post-World War II development-related research, we have documented and visualized significant changes in the kinds of research that occurred as this new field formed. In particular, our analysis supports the claim that the transition toward developmental biology was marked by a growth in new topics and forms of research. Although many historians privilege the role of molecular biology and/or the molecularization of biology in general during this formative period, we have found that the influence of molecular biology is not sufficient to account for the wide range of new research that constituted developmental biology at the time. Overall, our work creates a robust characterization of the changes that occurred with regard to research on growth and development in the decades following World War II and provides a context for future work on the specific drivers of those changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Crowe
- Department of History, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, United States.
| | - Michael R Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Beverly S Alomepe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Amelia F Antrim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Bay Lauris ByrneSim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
| | - Yi He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
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Hydén H, Egyházi E. GLIAL RNA CHANGES DURING A LEARNING EXPERIMENT IN RATS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 49:618-24. [PMID: 16591076 PMCID: PMC299935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.49.5.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Hydén
- INSTITUTE OF NEUROBIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF GOTEBORG, SWEDEN
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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EDSTROM JE, EICHNER D, EDSTROM A. The ribonucleic acid of axons and myelin sheaths from Mauthner neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 61:178-84. [PMID: 13889252 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(62)90080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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EGYHAZI E, HYDEN H. Experimentally induced changes in the base composition of the ribonucleic acids of isolated nerve cells and their oligodendroglial cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 10:403-10. [PMID: 13725959 PMCID: PMC2225081 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of tricyano-amino-propene, a dimer of malononitrile, on the base composition of the RNA in isolated Deiters' nerve cells and their oligodendroglial cells has been studied using a microelectrophoretic method. Tri-a-p in a dose of 20 mg/kg has the effect of increasing the RNA and protein content per nerve cell by 25 per cent and decreasing the glia RNA by 45 per cent. The RNA base composition of the nerve cells from the control animals differs from that of their glial cells. The guanine of the nerve cell is significantly higher than that of the glia, but the content of cytosine is higher in the glia than in the RNA of nerve cell. The cytosine of nerve cells decreased significantly after tri-a-p administration. In the glial cells the cytosine showed a 20 per cent increase, and the guanine a 25 per cent decrease. Tri-a-p sharpened the difference in RNA composition already existing between the control nerve cells and their glial cells by almost 300 per cent for the guanine and by 400 per cent for the cytosine. The chemical and functional relationship between the nerve cell and its oligodendroglial cells is discussed.
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HYDEN H, EGYHAZI E. Nuclear RNA changes of nerve cells during a learning experiment in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 48:1366-73. [PMID: 14450327 PMCID: PMC220960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.48.8.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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PELLING C. [RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN GIANT CHROMOSOMES. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS ON CHIRONOMUS TENTANS]. Chromosoma 1996; 15:71-122. [PMID: 14171171 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Trendelenburg MF, Zatsepina OV, Waschek T, Schlegel W, Tröster H, Rudolph D, Schmahl G, Spring H. Multiparameter microscopic analysis of nucleolar structure and ribosomal gene transcription. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 106:167-92. [PMID: 8877378 DOI: 10.1007/bf02484399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A survey of novel microscopic approaches for structural and functional analysis of subnucleolar compartments will be presented. Research on nucleolar structure and function concentrates predominantly on two distinct types of nucleoli: (1) nucleoli present during the interphase of the cell cycle in somatic tissue culture cells and (2) nucleoli present in meiotic cells, e.g. oocytes of amphibians. These nucleoli are found during meiotic prophase of oogenesis and are functional during several months of the diplotene stage of oogenesis. A further characteristic is the fact that these nucleoli are extrachromosomal, since they originate by selective ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplification during the early pachytene stage of oogenesis. Miller-type chromatin spread preparations using transcriptionally active nucleoli, to a major part, contributed to our understanding of the structural organization of polymerase I directed pre-rRNA transcription. Although the structural organization of the template-associated pre-rRNA transcript is known in some detail from chromatin spreads, relatively little is known about structural aspects of pre-rRNA processing. In order to investigate this intriguing question in more detail, we have developed a computer-based densitometry analysis of both template-associated and template-dissociated pre-rRNA transcripts in order to follow the structural modification of pre-rRNA transcripts during processing. Another line of experiments is devoted to the in situ structure of actively transcribing genes in the nucleolus. In order to bridge the gap between light microscopy and electron microscopy we started video-enhanced light microscopical analysis of actively transcribing genes. Although the dimensions of individual spread genes are critical for detection by optical microscopy, we succeeded in obtaining the first series of images of transcribing genes in their "native' hydrated state. An additional promising type of microscopy is transmission X-ray microscopy. Recent progress in instrumentation as well as in sample preparation has allowed us to obtain the first images of density distribution within intact, fully hydrated nucleoli using amplitude-contrast and/or phase-contrast X-ray microscopy of non-contrasted, fully hydrated nucleoli at different states of transcriptional activity. Whereas the above mentioned investigations using video microscopy and X-ray microscopy are predominantly applicable to the analysis of amplified nucleoli in amphibian oocytes, which are characterized by an extremely high transcription rate of 80-90% of rDNA genes per individual nucleolus, structural analysis of the in situ arrangement of actively transcribing genes in somatic nucleoli as present in the interphase nucleus is far more difficult to perform, mainly due to the much lower number of simultaneously transcribed active genes per individual nucleolus. Visualization of actively transcribed gene clusters is approached by an integrated experimental assay using video microscopy, confocal laser scan microscopy, and antibodies against specific nucleolar proteins.
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Edström JE, Neuhoff V. Micro-electrophoresis for RNA and DNA base analysis. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOPHYSICS 1973; 14:215-56. [PMID: 4131697 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80761-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chang LW, Desnoyers PA, Hartmann HA. Quantitative cytochemical studies of RNA in experimental mercury poisoning. II. Changes in the base composition and ratios. Acta Neuropathol 1973; 23:77-83. [PMID: 4698525 DOI: 10.1007/bf00689006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Barbato LM, Barbato IW, Hamanaka A. The effect of insulin convulsions on the metabolism of RNA in the rabbit brain. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1972; 3:237-43. [PMID: 5037026 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chapter XIII Base Composition of Nucleic Acids. J Microbiol Methods 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Grenell RG, Hazama H, Nakazawa M, Einberg E. Effects of gravitational changes on RNA of cerebral neurons and glia. I. RNA changes of Deiters' cells and glia. Brain Res 1968; 9:115-25. [PMID: 5699813 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(68)90261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hydén H. Behavior, neural function, and RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1967; 6:187-218. [PMID: 5337478 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Daneholt B, Brattgård SO. A comparison between RNA metabolism of nerve cells and glia in the hypoglossal nucleus of the rabbit. J Neurochem 1966; 13:913-21. [PMID: 5927761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1966.tb10287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hydén H, Lange PW. A genetic stimulation with production of adenic-uracil rich RNA in neurons and glia in learning. The question of transfer of RNA from glia to neurons. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1966; 53:64-70. [PMID: 5983869 DOI: 10.1007/bf00594749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gebicki JM, Freed S. Separation of nucleotides from microgram amounts of RNA by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. Anal Biochem 1965; 13:505-9. [PMID: 5881306 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(65)90344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Beermann W. [Operative structure of chromosomes]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1965; 52:365-75. [PMID: 5326571 DOI: 10.1007/bf00621412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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HALLEN O, EDSTROEM JE, HAMBERGER A. CYTOCHEMICAL RESPONSE TO ACOUSTIC STIMULI IN THE SPIRAL GANGLION CELLS OF GUINEA PIGS. Acta Otolaryngol 1965; 60:121-8. [PMID: 14337948 DOI: 10.3109/00016486509126995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wessing A. Der Nucleolus und seine Beziehungen zu den Ribosomen des Cytoplasmas. Eine Untersuchung an den Malpighischen Gef�ssen von Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00345642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Postnatal Changes in Glia/Neuron Index with a Comparison of Methods of Cell Enumeration in the White Rat. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Lubińska L. Axoplasmic Streaming in Regenerating and in Normal Nerve Fibres. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Edström JE. Chapter 22 Microextraction and Microelectrophoresis for Determination and Analysis of Nucleic Acids in Isolated Cellular Units. Methods Cell Biol 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)62104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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KOENIG E. A quantitative micro method for determination of specific radioactivities of H3-purines and H3-pyrimidines. Anal Biochem 1963; 6:424-34. [PMID: 14077636 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(63)90095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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SIRLIN JL, EDSTROM JE. A Combined Microphoresis-Autoradiography Technique. Nature 1963; 197:89-90. [PMID: 13977739 DOI: 10.1038/197089a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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LOWRY OH. The chemistry of the individual neuron. BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE 1962; 38:789-98. [PMID: 13931305 PMCID: PMC1804877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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