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Illigens BM, Yamada A, Anosova N, Dong VM, Sayegh MH, Benichou G. Dual effects of the alloresponse by Th1 and Th2 cells on acute and chronic rejection of allotransplants. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3000-9. [PMID: 19658090 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of direct and indirect alloresponses by CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 cells in acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants remains unclear. In the present study, we addressed this question using a transplant model in a single MHC class I-disparate donor-recipient mouse combination. BALB/c-dm2 (dm2) mutant mice do not express MHC class I L(d) molecules and reject acutely L(d+) skin grafts from BALB/c mice. In contrast, BALB/c hearts placed in dm2 mice are permanently accepted in the absence of chronic allograft vasculopathy. In this model, CD4(+) T cells are activated following recognition of a donor MHC class I determinant, L(d) 61-80, presented by MHC Class II A(d) molecules on donor and recipient APC. Pre-transplantation of recipients with L(d) 61-80 peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant induced a Th1 response, which accelerated the rejection of skin allografts, but it had no effect on cardiac transplants. In contrast, induction of a Th2 response to the same peptide abrogated the CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells response and markedly delayed the rejection of skin allografts while it induced de novo chronic rejection of heart transplants. This shows that Th2 cells activated via indirect allorecognition can exert dual effects on acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Illigens
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Transplantation Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Andrassy J, Kusaka S, Jankowska-Gan E, Torrealba JR, Haynes LD, Marthaler BR, Tam RC, Illigens BMW, Anosova N, Benichou G, Burlingham WJ. Tolerance to noninherited maternal MHC antigens in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5554-61. [PMID: 14607963 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of tolerance to noninherited maternal Ags (NIMA) is poorly understood. To analyze the NIMA effect C57BL/6 (H-2(b/b)) males were mated with B6D2F(1) (H-2(b/d)) females, whereby 50% of the offspring are H-2(b/b) mice that have been exposed to maternal H-2(d) alloantigens. Controls were H-2(b/b) offspring of C57BL/6 mothers, either inbred C57BL/6 mice or F(1) backcross mice from breedings with H-2(b/d) fathers. We found that 57% of the H-2(b/b) offspring of semiallogeneic (H-2(b/d)) mothers accepted fully allogeneic DBA/2 (H-2(d/d)) heart grafts for >180 days, while similar transplants were all rejected by day 11 in controls (p < 0.0004). Foster nursing studies showed that both oral and in utero exposure to NIMA are required for this tolerogenic effect. An effect of NIMA was also found to extend the survival of skin grafts from a semiallogeneic donor (p < 0.02). Pretransplant analysis of splenocytes showed a 40-90% reduction of IL-2-, IL-5-, and IFN-gamma-producing T cells responding to H-2(d)-expressing APC in NIMA(d)-exposed vs control mice. Injection of pregnant BALB/c-dm2 (H-2L(d)-negative) female mice i.v. with H-2L(d)(61-80) peptide profoundly suppressed the offspring's indirect pathway alloreactive CD4(+) T cell response to H-2L(d). These results suggest that the natural exposure of the fetus and newborn to maternal cells and/or soluble MHC Ags suppresses NIMA-allospecific T cells of the offspring, predisposing to organ transplant tolerance in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Andrassy
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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Zhao Y, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Shimizu A, Sachs DH, Sykes M. Despite efficient intrathymic negative selection of host-reactive T cells, autoimmune disease may develop in porcine thymus-grafted athymic mice: evidence for failure of regulatory mechanisms suppressing autoimmunity. Transplantation 2003; 75:1832-40. [PMID: 12811242 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000065292.20062.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 T-cell reconstitution and xenogeneic tolerance is achieved in T cell-depleted, thymectomized C57BL/6 (B6) mice and nude mice by grafting of fetal pig thymus (FP THY). Sixty percent of grafted nude mice and 10% of grafted thymectomized B6 mice develop a clinical illness resembling chronic graft-versus-host disease. METHODS Negative selection of mouse T cells in FP THY grafts was studied in "AND" TCR transgenic mice with a negative selecting MHC. Pathologic and immunohistochemical examinations and adoptive transfer assays were performed to determine the role of mouse CD4+ cells in the occurrence of autoimmune disease in this model. RESULTS Marked clonal deletion of mouse thymocytes bearing a transgenic TCR ("AND"), which recognizes H2s expressed by host hematopoietic cells, was observed in FP THY grafts. Pathologic and immunohistochemical examinations of the liver, skin, lungs, and kidneys of mice with wasting syndrome showed marked mouse CD4+ T-cell infiltration without detectable pig cells. After adoptive transfer of splenocytes, but not of CD4+ cell-depleted splenocytes, from sick mice along with B6 bone marrow cells to lethally irradiated syngeneic B6 mice, the secondary recipients developed a similar autoimmune syndrome as the donors. Cotransfer of naïve syngeneic splenocytes prevented the occurrence of autoimmune disease in secondary recipients of splenocytes from healthy FP THY-grafted BALB/c nude mice. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a key role for mouse CD4+ T cells in causing autoimmune disease in this model and suggest the importance of regulatory mechanisms in addition to intrathymic clonal deletion for the maintenance of tolerance to recipient antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Xia G, Goebels J, Rutgeerts O, Vandeputte M, Waer M. Transplantation tolerance and autoimmunity after xenogeneic thymus transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1843-54. [PMID: 11160231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful grafting of vascularized xenografts (Xgs) depends on the ability to reliably induce both T cell-independent and -dependent immune tolerance. After temporary NK cell depletion, B cell suppression, and pretransplant infusion of donor Ags, athymic rats simultaneously transplanted with hamster heart and thymus Xgs developed immunocompetent rat-derived T cells that tolerated the hamster Xgs but provoked multiple-organ autoimmunity. The autoimmune syndrome was probably due to an insufficient development of tolerance for some rat organs; for example, it led to thyroiditis in the recipient rat thyroid, but not in simultaneously transplanted donor hamster thyroid. Moreover, grafting a mixed hamster/rat thymic epithelial cell graft could prevent the autoimmune syndrome. These experiments indicate that host-type thymic epithelial cells may be essential for the establishment of complete self-tolerance and that mixed host/donor thymus grafts may induce T cell xenotolerance while maintaining self-tolerance in the recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xia
- Laboratory for Experimental Transplantation, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Boisgérault F, Anosova NG, Tam RC, Illigens BM, Fedoseyeva EV, Benichou G. Induction of T-cell response to cryptic MHC determinants during allograft rejection. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:1352-62. [PMID: 11163093 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presentation of MHC peptides by recipient and donor antigen presenting cells is an essential element in allorecognition and allograft rejection. MHC proteins contains two sets of determinants: the dominant determinants that are efficiently processed and presented to T cells, and the cryptic determinants that are not presented sufficiently enough to induce T-cell responses in vivo. In transplanted mice, initial T-cell response to MHC peptides is consistently limited to a single or a few immunodominant determinants on donor MHC molecule. However, in this article we show that under appropriate circumstances the hierarchy of determinants on MHC molecules can be disrupted. First, we observed that gamma IFN can trigger de novo presentation of cryptic self-MHC peptides by spleen cells. Moreover, we showed that allotransplantation is associated with induction of T-cell responses to formerly cryptic determinants on both syngeneic and allogeneic MHC molecules. Our results suggest that cross-reactivity and inflammation are responsible for the initiation of these auto- and alloimmune responses after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boisgérault
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Benichou G, Malloy KM, Tam RC, Heeger PS, Fedoseyeva EV. The presentation of self and allogeneic MHC peptides to T lymphocytes. Hum Immunol 1998; 59:540-8. [PMID: 9757910 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(98)00059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The presentation of donor-derived MHC peptides by recipient APCs to T cells is an essential component of the rejection of allografts (indirect allorecognition). Initial alloreactive T cell response is confined to a few well processed and presented dominant determinants on donor MHC. However, during long-term graft rejection, T cell response spreads to formerly poorly presented cryptic allogeneic MHC peptides. This phenomenon is likely to play an important role in the amplification and the perpetuation of the rejection process. Additionally, we present evidence that T cell repertoire selection to allogeneic MHC peptides is acquired via recognition of self-MHC peptides presented in the thymus during ontogeny. Supporting this view, we have shown that indirect alloresponses can lead to self-T cell tolerance breakdown to cross-reactive determinants on self-MHC molecules or alternatively that sensitization of recipients to self-MHC peptides can lead to accelerated graft rejection. It is therefore essential to determine the factors which govern the processing and presentation of self and allogeneic MHC molecules and to elucidate the mechanisms regulating subsequent T cell responses in order to design antigen-specific based immune therapies in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benichou
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 94114, USA
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McCluskey J, Farris AD, Keech CL, Purcell AW, Rischmueller M, Kinoshita G, Reynolds P, Gordon TP. Determinant spreading: lessons from animal models and human disease. Immunol Rev 1998; 164:209-29. [PMID: 9795778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spreading of the immune response is a common theme in organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. We evaluated whether some of the mixed antinuclear antibody patterns characteristic of systemic autoimmunity might be the result of determinant spreading from a single initiating event. Immunisation of healthy mice with individual protein components of the La/Ro ribonucleoprotein (RNP) targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren's syndrome induced autoantibodies recognising Ro60 (SS-A), Ro52 (SS-A) and La (SS-B) and in some cases the molecular chaperones calreticulin and Grp78. The endogenous antigen(s) driving determinant spreading might be derived from physiological apoptosis which could explain the involvement of some chaperone proteins in the autoimmune response. Diversified anti-La/Ro antibody responses were initiated by challenge with a single subdominant T epitope of La even though some self epitopes of La were efficiently tolerised. The pattern of autoantibody responses in primary Sjögren's syndrome was strongly influenced by HLA class II phenotype which we speculate controls activation of T cells recognising defined peptides from the La/Ro RNP. In this way, HLA class II alleles may be critical in influencing initiation and spreading of systemic autoimmune reactions. Molecular mimicry of such determinants by exogenous agents might readily initiate spreading of an autoimmune response in genetically susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Soares LRB, Orr PL, Garovoy MR, Benichou G. Differential Activation of T Cells by Natural Antigen Peptide Analogues: Influence on Autoimmune and Alloimmune In Vivo T Cell Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies using synthetic altered peptide ligands (Analogues) have led to the fine dissection of TCR-mediated T cell functions elicited by Ag recognition. Certain Analogues behave as full agonists of the antigenic peptide while others are partial agonists in that they only trigger selected T cell functions. Additionally, peptide Analogues can behave as antagonists by inhibiting functions of T cell clones when coincubated with the wild-type peptide. In fetal thymic organ cultures, synthetic altered peptide ligands can impact T cell repertoire selection. However, the influence of naturally occurring peptide Analogues on T cell immunity in vivo remains hypothetical. We previously reported that, in B10.A mice, immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of the self-MHC class I peptide, Ld 61-80, were influenced by the presentation of a cross-reactive self-peptide, Kk 61-80. Here, we show that Kk 61-80 self-peptide represents a partial agonist of Ld 61-80 in that it induced the proliferation but not the lymphokine production of Ld 61-80-primed T cells. Next, we showed that presentation of Kk 61-80 Analogue peptide mediated T cell tolerance toward Ld 61-80 self-peptide. Alternatively, when Ld protein represented an alloantigen displayed on transplanted cells, immunization with Kk 61-80 Analogue sensitized recipient mice to Ld 61-80 peptide, thus inducing potent immune responses to donor cells. These results show that the presentation of natural Analogue peptides may represent an essential component of T cell responses involved in autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. B. Soares
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory at Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94114
| | - Patricia L. Orr
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory at Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94114
| | - Marvin R. Garovoy
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory at Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94114
| | - Gilles Benichou
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory at Davies Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94114
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Mayfield RS, Hayashi H, Sawada T, Bergen K, LeGuern C, Sykes M, Sachs DH, Iacomini J. The mechanism of specific prolongation of class I-mismatched skin grafts induced by retroviral gene therapy. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:1177-81. [PMID: 9174608 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830270519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we examine the mechanism of specific hyporesponsiveness to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-mismatched skin allografts induced by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of an allogeneic class I gene into syngeneic bone marrow (BM). Using appropriate congenic recombinant mouse strains, we have mapped MHC determinants that are capable of restoring rapid rejection of Kb-bearing skin grafts. Our results indicate that either a single class I or a single class II alloantigen expressed on skin in association with Kb is able to restore the rapid rejection of Kb-mismatched skin grafts. These data suggest that third-party alloantigens expressed on skin in association with Kb abrogate hyporesponsiveness by providing T cell help. Consistent with this interpretation, spleen cells from mice reconstituted with Kb-transduced BM were unable to elicit a significant anti-Kb cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in vitro unless interleukin-2 was added to the culture medium. Skin graft survival was also analyzed on B10. AKM mice thymectomized 3-4 weeks post-reconstitution with Kb-transduced BM. Thymectomy did not result in significantly prolonged survival of B10. MBR skin grafts compared to euthymic controls, suggesting that even early after reconstitution, intrathymic deletion of Kb-reactive T cells must have been incomplete. Taken together, these data suggest that prolongation of skin allograft survival in this model is controlled at the level of T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mayfield
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston 02129, USA
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Benichou G, Tam RC, Soares LR, Fedoseyeva EV. Indirect T-cell allorecognition: perspectives for peptide-based therapy in transplantation. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1997; 18:67-71. [PMID: 9057356 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Indirect allorecognition is an important component of allotransplant rejection. Although the initial indirect alloresponse is limited to a few dominant determinants on donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, subsequent spreading to additional determinants on recipient and donor antigens is common. Gilles Benichou and colleagues discuss the mechanisms by which immunodominance is acquired or disrupted in indirect alloresponses, and examine the implications for the design of peptide-based selective immunotherapy in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benichou
- Dept of Surgery, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine 94143-0508, USA.
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Liu Z, Colovai AI, Tugulea S, Reed EF, Fisher PE, Mancini D, Rose EA, Cortesini R, Michler RE, Suciu-Foca N. Indirect recognition of donor HLA-DR peptides in organ allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1150-7. [PMID: 8787678 PMCID: PMC507537 DOI: 10.1172/jci118898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether indirect allorecognition is involved in heart allograft rejection T cells obtained from peripheral blood and graft biopsy tissues were expanded in the presence of IL-2 and tested in limiting dilution analysis (LDA) for reactivity to synthetic peptides corresponding to the hypervariable regions of the mismatched HLA-DR antigen(s) of the donor. Serial studies of 32 patients showed that T cell reactivity to donor allopeptides was strongly associated with episodes of acute rejection. The frequency of allopeptide reactive T cells was 10-50-fold higher in the graft than in the periphery indicating that T cells activated via the indirect allorecognition pathway participate actively in acute allograft rejection. In recipients carrying a graft differing by two HLA-DR alleles the response appeared to target only one of the mismatched antigens of the donor. Indirect allorecognition was restricted by a single HLA-DR antigen of the host and directed against one immunodominant peptide of donor HLA-DR protein. However, intermolecular spreading was demonstrated in patients with multiple rejection episodes by showing that they develop allopeptide reactivity against the second HLA-DR antigen. These data imply that early treatment to suppress T cell responses through the indirect pathway of allorecognition, such as tolerance induction to the dominant donor determinant, may be required to prevent amplification and perpetuation of the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
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Benichou G, Tam RC, Orr PI, Garovoy MR, Fedoseyeva EV. Self determinant selection and acquisition of the autoimmune T cell repertoire. Immunol Res 1996; 15:234-45. [PMID: 8902578 DOI: 10.1007/bf02918251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Autologous proteins are continuously processed and presented in the form of peptides associated with self major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules at the surface of antigen-presenting cells for interaction with autoreactive T cells. During thymic selection, the presentation of self peptides is an essential element in the establishment of the T cell repertoire. Developing T cells which recognize self peptide/self MHC complexes with sufficient affinity are clonally deleted. However, we and others have recently demonstrated that a variety of self peptides, despite their high binding affinity to MHC molecules, never reach the threshold of presentation to ensure negative selection (cryptic self peptides). This mechanism may have been selected to avoid excessive purging of T cell repertoire during ontogeny. However, T cells directed to cryptic self determinants represent a continuous threat for the initiation of autoimmunity in adults. Supporting this view, recent studies have documented the involvement of cryptic self peptide presentation in different autoimmune diseases. In this article, we examine the factors that govern the selection of self peptides for presentation to autoreactive T cells in vivo and discuss their contribution to both the induction and the maintenance of self tolerance. In addition, we analyze the mechanisms by which the hierarchy of determinants on a self protein can be disrupted, thereby leading to the presentation of previously cryptic self peptides and the induction of an autoimmune T-cell-mediated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benichou
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine 94143-0508, USA
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Benichou G, Fedoseyeva EV. The contribution of peptides to T cell allorecognition and allograft rejection. Int Rev Immunol 1996; 13:231-43. [PMID: 8782744 DOI: 10.3109/08830189609061750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Benichou
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco 94143-0508, USA
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