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Liongue C, Ratnayake T, Basheer F, Ward AC. Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3): A Critical Conserved Node in Immunity Disrupted in Immune Cell Cancer and Immunodeficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2977. [PMID: 38474223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family is a small group of protein tyrosine kinases that represent a central component of intracellular signaling downstream from a myriad of cytokine receptors. The JAK3 family member performs a particularly important role in facilitating signal transduction for a key set of cytokine receptors that are essential for immune cell development and function. Mutations that impact JAK3 activity have been identified in a number of human diseases, including somatic gain-of-function (GOF) mutations associated with immune cell malignancies and germline loss-of-function (LOF) mutations associated with immunodeficiency. The structure, function and impacts of both GOF and LOF mutations of JAK3 are highly conserved, making animal models highly informative. This review details the biology of JAK3 and the impact of its perturbation in immune cell-related diseases, including relevant animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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2
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Abhilasha A, Mitra P, Suri S, Saxena I, Shukla R, Shukla KK, Sharma P. Increased expression of serum IL-18 and IL-18R in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:35-41. [PMID: 33103874 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder in which genetic, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and environmental factors come together to produce insulin resistance in target tissues, leading to hyperglycemia. Evidence reveals that inflammation may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays a crucial role in the acute and chronic inflammatory process. The association of IL-18 levels with IL-18R expression in T2DM has not been investigated so far. The aim of this study was to compare the peripheral changes in serum IL-18 levels and its receptor (IL18R) expression in newly diagnosed T2DM and healthy controls. METHODS A total of 35 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic cases and 35 non-diabetic controls were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Venous whole blood was taken under aseptic conditions. Biochemical parameters were estimated in an auto-analyzer. Serum IL-18 levels were calculated using ELISA, whereas IL-18R expression was determined via RT-PCR. GAPDH was used as an internal control. RESULTS When compared to non-diabetic controls, the serum IL-18 levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients (P=0.010) along with a significant upregulation of IL18R (P=0.0018). Serum IL-18 levels in T2DM and non-diabetic controls were 669.5 (445) and 498.3 (404.9) pg/mL respectively, and IL-18R showed a fold change of 10.33. CONCLUSIONS Both serum IL-18 and its receptor IL-18R is significantly higher in newly diagnosed T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Abhilasha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Smriti Suri
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Indu Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Ravindra Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Kamla Kant Shukla
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India -
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3
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Bourayou E, Golub R. Inflammatory-driven NK cell maturation and its impact on pathology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1061959. [PMID: 36569860 PMCID: PMC9780665 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1061959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes involved in a large variety of contexts and are crucial in the immunity to intracellular pathogens as well as cancer due to their ability to kill infected or malignant cells. Thus, they harbor a strong potential for clinical and therapeutic use. NK cells do not require antigen exposure to get activated; their functional response is rather based on a balance between inhibitory/activating signals and on the diversity of germline-encoded receptors they express. In order to reach optimal functional status, NK cells go through a step-wise development in the bone marrow before their egress, and dissemination into peripheral organs via the circulation. In this review, we summarize bone marrow NK cell developmental stages and list key factors involved in their differentiation before presenting newly discovered and emerging factors that regulate NK cell central and peripheral maturation. Lastly, we focus on the impact inflammatory contexts themselves can have on NK cell development and functional maturation.
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Boehme L, Roels J, Taghon T. Development of γδ T cells in the thymus - A human perspective. Semin Immunol 2022; 61-64:101662. [PMID: 36374779 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are increasingly emerging as crucial immune regulators that can take on innate and adaptive roles in the defence against pathogens. Although they arise within the thymus from the same hematopoietic precursors as conventional αβ T cells, the development of γδ T cells is less well understood. In this review, we focus on summarising the current state of knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in the generation of γδ T cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boehme
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juliette Roels
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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5
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Zebrafish Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Due to JAK3 Mutation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101521. [PMID: 36291730 PMCID: PMC9599616 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK3 is principally activated by members of the interleukin-2 receptor family and plays an essential role in lymphoid development, with inactivating JAK3 mutations causing autosomal-recessive severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This study aimed to generate an equivalent zebrafish model of SCID and to characterize the model across the life-course. Genome editing of zebrafish jak3 created mutants similar to those observed in human SCID. Homozygous jak3 mutants showed reduced embryonic T lymphopoiesis that continued through the larval stage and into adulthood, with B cell maturation and adult NK cells also reduced and neutrophils impacted. Mutant fish were susceptible to lymphoid leukemia. This model has many of the hallmarks of human SCID resulting from inactivating JAK3 mutations and will be useful for a variety of pre-clinical applications.
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6
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Chen D, Tang TX, Deng H, Yang XP, Tang ZH. Interleukin-7 Biology and Its Effects on Immune Cells: Mediator of Generation, Differentiation, Survival, and Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747324. [PMID: 34925323 PMCID: PMC8674869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7), a molecule known for its growth-promoting effects on progenitors of B cells, remains one of the most extensively studied cytokines. It plays a vital role in health maintenance and disease prevention, and the congenital deficiency of IL-7 signaling leads to profound immunodeficiency. IL-7 contributes to host defense by regulating the development and homeostasis of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. Clinical trials of recombinant IL-7 have demonstrated safety and potent immune reconstitution effects. In this article, we discuss IL-7 and its functions in immune cell development, drawing on a substantial body of knowledge regarding the biology of IL-7. We aim to answer some remaining questions about IL-7, providing insights essential for designing new strategies of immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting-Xuan Tang
- Class 1901, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Deng
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Suzuki T, Hayman L, Kilbey A, Edwards J, Coffelt SB. Gut γδ T cells as guardians, disruptors, and instigators of cancer. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:198-217. [PMID: 32840001 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide with nearly 2 million cases per year. Immune cells and inflammation are a critical component of colorectal cancer progression, and they are used as reliable prognostic indicators of patient outcome. With the growing appreciation for immunology in colorectal cancer, interest is growing on the role γδ T cells have to play, as they represent one of the most prominent immune cell populations in gut tissue. This group of cells consists of both resident populations-γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (γδ IELs)-and transient populations that each has unique functions. The homeostatic role of these γδ T cell subsets is to maintain barrier integrity and prevent microorganisms from breaching the mucosal layer, which is accomplished through crosstalk with enterocytes and other immune cells. Recent years have seen a surge in discoveries regarding the regulation of γδ IELs in the intestine and the colon with particular new insights into the butyrophilin family. In this review, we discuss the development, specialities, and functions of γδ T cell subsets during cancer progression. We discuss how these cells may be used to predict patient outcome, as well as how to exploit their behavior for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Liam Hayman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Kilbey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Seth B Coffelt
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
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8
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes specialized in immune surveillance against tumors and infections. To reach their optimal functional status, NK cells must undergo a process of maturation from immature to mature NK cells. Genetically modified mice, as well as in vivo and in vitro NK cell differentiation assays, have begun to reveal the landscape of the regulatory network involved in NK cell maturation, in which a balance of cytokine signaling pathways leads to an optimal coordination of transcription factor activity. An increased understanding of NK cell maturation will greatly promote the development and application of NK cell-based clinical therapy. Thus, in this review, we summarize the dynamics of NK cell maturation, describe recently identified factors involved in the regulation of the NK cell maturation process, including cytokines and transcription factors, and discuss the importance of NK cell maturation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefu Wang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immunity Disease, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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9
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Parker ME, Ciofani M. Regulation of γδ T Cell Effector Diversification in the Thymus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:42. [PMID: 32038664 PMCID: PMC6992645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are the first T cell lineage to develop in the thymus and take up residence in a wide variety of tissues where they can provide fast, innate-like sources of effector cytokines for barrier defense. In contrast to conventional αβ T cells that egress the thymus as naïve cells, γδ T cells can be programmed for effector function during development in the thymus. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that determine γδ T cell effector fate is of great interest due to the wide-spread tissue distribution of γδ T cells and their roles in pathogen clearance, immunosurveillance, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will integrate the current understanding of the role of the T cell receptor, environmental signals, and transcription factor networks in controlling mouse innate-like γδ T cell effector commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ciofani
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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10
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Moghbeli M. Genetic and Molecular Biology of Multiple Sclerosis Among Iranian Patients: An Overview. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:65-85. [PMID: 31482432 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one if the common types of autoimmune disorders in developed countries. Various environmental and genetic factors are associated with initiation and progression of MS. It is believed that the life style changes can be one of the main environmental risk factors. The environmental factors are widely studied and reported, whereas minority of reports have considered the role of genetic factors in biology of MS. Although Iran is a low-risk country in the case of MS prevalence, it has been shown that there was a dramatically rising trend of MS prevalence among Iranian population during recent decades. Therefore, it is required to assess the probable MS risk factors in Iran. In the present study, we summarized all of the reported genes until now which have been associated with MS susceptibility among Iranian patients. To clarify the probable molecular biology of MS progression, we categorized these reported genes based on their cellular functions. This review paves the way of introducing a specific population-based diagnostic panel of genetic markers among the Iranian population for the first time in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Lev A, Simon AJ, Barel O, Eyal E, Glick-Saar E, Nayshool O, Birk O, Stauber T, Hochberg A, Broides A, Almashanu S, Hendel A, Lee YN, Somech R. Reduced Function and Diversity of T Cell Repertoire and Distinct Clinical Course in Patients With IL7RA Mutation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1672. [PMID: 31379863 PMCID: PMC6650764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha subunit of IL-7 receptor (IL7R7α) is critical for the differentiation of T cells, specifically for the development and maintenance of γδT cells. Mutations in IL7RA are associated with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). Infants with IL7RA deficiency can be identified through newborn screening program. We aimed at defining the immunological and genetic parameters that are directly affected by the IL7RA mutation on the immune system of five unrelated patients which were identified by our newborn screening program for SCID. The patients were found to have a novel identical homozygote mutation in IL7RA (n.c.120 C>G; p.F40L). Both surface expression of IL7Rα and functionality of IL-7 signaling were impaired in patients compared to controls. Structural modeling demonstrated instability of the protein structure due to the mutation. Lastly the TRG immune repertoire of the patients showed reduced diversity, increased clonality and differential CDR3 characteristics. Interestingly, the patients displayed significant different clinical outcome with two displaying severe clinical picture of immunodeficiency and three had spontaneous recovery. Our data supports that the presented IL7RA mutation affects the IL-7 signaling and shaping of the TRG repertoire, reinforcing the role of IL7RA in the immune system, while non-genetic factors may exist that attribute to the ultimate clinical presentation and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atar Lev
- The National Lab for Diagnosing SCID - The Israeli Newborn Screening Program, Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Amos J Simon
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Eyal
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Efrat Glick-Saar
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Omri Nayshool
- Sheba Cancer Research Center and Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ohad Birk
- Soroka Medical Center, Genetics Institute, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tali Stauber
- The National Lab for Diagnosing SCID - The Israeli Newborn Screening Program, Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Amit Hochberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Arnon Broides
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroka University Medical Center, Pediatric Immunology Clinic, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Shlomo Almashanu
- The National Center for Newborn Screening, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ayal Hendel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- The National Lab for Diagnosing SCID - The Israeli Newborn Screening Program, Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raz Somech
- The National Lab for Diagnosing SCID - The Israeli Newborn Screening Program, Pediatric Department A and the Immunology Service, Jeffrey Modell Foundation Center, Sheba Medical Center, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Israel Ministry of Health, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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The Potential Role of a Soluble γ-Chain Cytokine Receptor as a Regulator of IL-7-Induced Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113375. [PMID: 30373315 PMCID: PMC6274946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-7 is an essential, nonredundant growth factor for T and B cell generation and maintenance. While IL-7 deficiency results in lymphopenia, overexpression of IL-7 can cause neoplasia in experimental models. IL-7’s involvement in neoplasia has been appreciated through studies of IL-7 transgenic (Tg) mice models and human lymphoma patients. Since we recently found that a soluble form of the common γ-chain (γc) cytokine receptor (sγc) antagonistically regulates IL-7 signaling, IL-7 and sγc double-Tg mice were generated to investigate the effects of sγc overexpression in IL-7-mediated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs). The overexpression of sγc prevents IL-7Tg-induced abnormal increase of LN cell numbers and the development of splenomegaly, resulting in striking amelioration of mortality and disease development. These results suggest that modification of γc cytokine responsiveness by sγc molecules might control various γc cytokine-associated hematologic malignancy, and also provide an alternative view to approach antitumor therapy.
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13
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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14
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Jouan Y, Patin EC, Hassane M, Si-Tahar M, Baranek T, Paget C. Thymic Program Directing the Functional Development of γδT17 Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:981. [PMID: 29867959 PMCID: PMC5951931 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells comprise a unique T cell sublineage endowed with a wide functional repertoire, which allow them to play important—sometimes opposite—roles in many immune responses associated with infection, cancer, and inflammatory processes. This is largely dependent on the existence of pre-programmed discrete functional subsets that differentiate within the thymus at specific temporal windows of life. Since they represent a major early source of interleukin-17A in many models of immune responses, the γδT17 cell population has recently gained considerable interest. Thus, a better dissection of the developmental program of this effector γδT subset appears critical in understanding their associated immune functions. Several recent reports have provided new exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that control γδT cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Here, we review the importance of thymic cues and intrinsic factors that shape the developmental program of γδT17 cells. We also discuss the potential future areas of research in γδT17 cell development especially in regards to the recently provided data from deep RNA sequencing technology. Pursuing our understanding into this complex mechanism will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this particular T cell sublineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youenn Jouan
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Hassane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- INSERM, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France.,Université de Tours, Tours, France
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15
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Taheri M, Sayad A. Investigating the exon 6 sequence changes of interleukin 7 receptor A (IL7RA) gene in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Hum Antibodies 2018; 26:43-48. [PMID: 28582853 DOI: 10.3233/hab-170320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 7 receptor alpha (IL7RA) gene that encodes a subunit of IL7 receptor has been reported to be associated with different immunologic disease. OBJECTIVE Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients have shown an aberrant blood level of soluble form of IL7R protein. The genomic changes in the sequence of this gene have been suggested to be correlated with its altered splicing specially, variants in the exon 6 of the gene have been reported to influence the maintenance or skipping of this exon and control the soluble or insoluble form of the final product. In order to evaluate this changes in the IL7RA gene and to determine a possible correlation between these changes and the MS susceptibility the whole sequence of the exon 6 and 7 and their flanking sequences were analyzed. METHODS In this regard, we investigate the sequence changes of the exon 6 and 7 of the IL7RA gene in 75 relapsing-remitting MS patients and compare the results with 75 healthy control using sequence analyzing. RESULTS The results of the sequence analysis were used in two aspects. The allelic and genotypic estimated frequencies of a reported risk variant rs6897932 in patients and controls in our population confirmed its association with the disease (P= 0.009, OR = 6.273, for TT genotype). Also, we report a possible hazardous cutoff for changes in a potential exon splicing silencer element (ESS (nt. 20-24)) and its correlation with rs6897932 to confer the risk of developing MS. CONCLUSION In conclusion our results confirm the association between IL7RA exon 6 sequence changes and increased susceptibility for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Labbafi Nejad Educational Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Villarino AV, Sciumè G, Davis FP, Iwata S, Zitti B, Robinson GW, Hennighausen L, Kanno Y, O'Shea JJ. Subset- and tissue-defined STAT5 thresholds control homeostasis and function of innate lymphoid cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2999-3014. [PMID: 28916644 PMCID: PMC5626390 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) patrol environmental interfaces to defend against infection and protect barrier integrity. Using a genetic tuning model, we demonstrate that the signal-dependent transcription factor (TF) STAT5 is critical for accumulation of all known ILC subsets in mice and reveal a hierarchy of STAT5 dependency for populating lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. We apply transcriptome and genomic distribution analyses to define a STAT5 gene signature in natural killer (NK) cells, the prototypical ILC subset, and provide a systems-based molecular rationale for its key functions downstream of IL-15. We also uncover surprising features of STAT5 behavior, most notably the wholesale redistribution that occurs when NK cells shift from tonic signaling to acute cytokine-driven signaling, and genome-wide coordination with T-bet, another key TF in ILC biology. Collectively, our data position STAT5 as a central node in the TF network that instructs ILC development, homeostasis, and function and provide mechanistic insights on how it works at cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro V Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Fred P Davis
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Beatrice Zitti
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gertraud W Robinson
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yuka Kanno
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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17
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Compartment-specific distribution of human intestinal innate lymphoid cells is altered in HIV patients under effective therapy. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006373. [PMID: 28505204 PMCID: PMC5444854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocyte cells (ILCs), a novel family of innate immune cells are considered to function as key orchestrators of immune defences at mucosal surfaces and to be crucial for maintaining an intact intestinal barrier. Accordingly, first data suggest depletion of ILCs to be involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated damage of the intestinal mucosa and subsequent microbial translocation. However, although ILCs are preferentially localized at mucosal surfaces, only little is known regarding distribution and function of ILCs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Here, we show that in HIV(-) individuals composition and functional capacity of intestinal ILCs is compartment-specific with group 1 ILCs representing the major fraction in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, whereas ILC3 are the predominant population in ileum and colon, respectively. In addition, we present first data indicating that local cytokine concentrations, especially that of IL-7, might modulate composition of gut ILCs. Distribution of intestinal ILCs was significantly altered in HIV patients, who displayed decreased frequency of total ILCs in ileum and colon owing to reduced numbers of both CD127(+)ILC1 and ILC3. Of note, frequency of colonic ILC3 was inversely correlated with serum levels of I-FABP and sCD14, surrogate markers for loss of gut barrier integrity and microbial translocation, respectively. Both expression of the IL-7 receptor CD127 on ILCs as well as mucosal IL-7 mRNA levels were decreased in HIV(+) patients, especially in those parts of the GI tract with reduced ILC frequencies, suggesting that impaired IL-7 responses of ILCs might contribute to incomplete reconstitution of ILCs under effective anti-retroviral therapy. This is the first report comparing distribution and function of ILCs along the intestinal mucosa of the entire human gastrointestinal tract in HIV(+) and HIV(-) individuals.
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Lino CNR, Barros-Martins J, Oberdörfer L, Walzer T, Prinz I. Eomes expression reports the progressive differentiation of IFN-γ-producing Th1-like γδ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:970-981. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro N. R. Lino
- Institute of Immunology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília Brazil
| | | | - Linda Oberdörfer
- Institute of Immunology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie; Ecole Normale Supérieure; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
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19
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Exercise-Dependent Regulation of NK Cells in Cancer Protection. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:565-577. [PMID: 27262760 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the most responsive immune cells to exercise, displaying an acute mobilization to the circulation during physical exertion. Recently, exercise-dependent mobilization of NK cells was found to play a central role in exercise-mediated protection against cancer. Here, we review the link between exercise and NK cell function, focusing on circulating exercise factors and additional effects, including vascularization, hypoxia, and body temperature in mediating the effects on NK cell functionality. Exercise-dependent mobilization and activation of NK cells provides a mechanistic explanation for the protective effect of exercise on cancer, and we propose that exercise represents a potential strategy as adjuvant therapy in cancer, by improving NK cell recruitment and infiltration in solid tumors.
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20
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Qiu Y, Peng K, Liu M, Xiao W, Yang H. CD8αα TCRαβ Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in the Mouse Gut. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1451-60. [PMID: 26769056 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-4016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the mouse small intestine harbors an abundant CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) population. This unique IEL subset is a self-reactive population that requires exposure to self-agonists for selection in the thymus, similarly to other regulatory T cell populations. After leaving the thymus, these cells directly seed the intestinal epithelium, which provides a unique combination of cellular interactions together with cytokines, nutrients, and antigens that guide the lineage-specific differentiation and function of these IELs. For instance, epithelial cells and nearby immune cells secrete a number of cytokines, including interleukin-15 (IL-15), IL-7, and transforming growth factor-β, resulting in an assortment of cellular responses, including activation of master transcription factors, cell proliferation, and cytokine secretion. Recent advances have also highlighted the importance of diet-derived substances and commensal metabolites, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands and vitamin D, in controlling the survival and gene expression of CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) IELs. Furthermore, these cells function in the epithelium and require constant communication between cells in the form of cell-to-cell contacts. These interactions tune the antigen sensitivity of the TCR and maintain the quiescence of the CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) IELs. Finally, we discuss how these cells might contribute to tolerance and immunopathological responses in the gut. Therefore, an increased understanding of CD8αα(+)TCRαβ(+) IELs in the gut will help us understand how these cells participate in immune regulation and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Minqiang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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21
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Khaziri N, Mohammadi M, Aliyari Z, Soleimani Rad J, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Nozad Charoudeh H. Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells Have a Potential to Produce NK Cells Using IL2Rg Cytokines. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:5-8. [PMID: 27123412 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although bone marrow represents the main site for NK cell development and also distinct thymic-dependentNK cell pathway was identified, the cytokines effect on the NK cell generation from cord blood is unclear. Studies were identified the role of cytokines in the regulation of bone marrow and thymic NK cells. Previous studies reported that IL15 are critical for bone marrow dependent and IL7 is important for thymic NK cells. It is remain unclear the cytokines influence on the expantion of NK cells in cord blood mononuclear cells. METHODS We evaluated cultured cord blood mononuclear cells suplememnted with combinations of cytokines using FACS in distinct time points. In this study, we presented the role of IL2, IL7 and IL15 as members of the common gamma receptor -chain (Il2rg) on the expansion NK cells from cord blood cells. RESULTS By investigating cord blood mononuclear cells in vitro , we demonstrated that IL2 and IL15 are important for expansion of NK cells. IL2 in comparision with IL15 has more influences in NK cell expansion. In contrast IL-7 is dispensable for NK cell generation in cord blood. CONCLUSION Thus,IL-2Rg cytokines play complementary roles and are indispensable for homeostasis of NK cell development in cord blood. Probably these cytokines could help to use NK beneficials in engrafment of transplanted cells and Anti tumor activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Khaziri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Momeneh Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nozad Charoudeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Khaziri N, Mohammadi M, Aliyari Z, Soleimani Rad J, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Nozad Charoudeh H. Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells Have a Potential to Produce NK Cells Using IL2Rg Cytokines. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:5-8. [PMID: 27123412 PMCID: PMC4845556 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although bone marrow represents the main site for NK cell development and also distinct thymic-dependentNK cell pathway was identified, the cytokines effect on the NK cell generation from cord blood is unclear. Studies were identified the role of cytokines in the regulation of bone marrow and thymic NK cells. Previous studies reported that IL15 are critical for bone marrow dependent and IL7 is important for thymic NK cells. It is remain unclear the cytokines influence on the expantion of NK cells in cord blood mononuclear cells. METHODS We evaluated cultured cord blood mononuclear cells suplememnted with combinations of cytokines using FACS in distinct time points. In this study, we presented the role of IL2, IL7 and IL15 as members of the common gamma receptor -chain (Il2rg) on the expansion NK cells from cord blood cells. RESULTS By investigating cord blood mononuclear cells in vitro , we demonstrated that IL2 and IL15 are important for expansion of NK cells. IL2 in comparision with IL15 has more influences in NK cell expansion. In contrast IL-7 is dispensable for NK cell generation in cord blood. CONCLUSION Thus,IL-2Rg cytokines play complementary roles and are indispensable for homeostasis of NK cell development in cord blood. Probably these cytokines could help to use NK beneficials in engrafment of transplanted cells and Anti tumor activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Khaziri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Momeneh Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Aliyari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nozad Charoudeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Tissue Engineering Group, Novin School of Advanced Research Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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23
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Ribeiro ST, Ribot JC, Silva-Santos B. Five Layers of Receptor Signaling in γδ T-Cell Differentiation and Activation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:15. [PMID: 25674089 PMCID: PMC4306313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contributions of γδ T-cells to immunity to infection or tumors critically depend on their activation and differentiation into effectors capable of secreting cytokines and killing infected or transformed cells. These processes are molecularly controlled by surface receptors that capture key extracellular cues and convey downstream intracellular signals that regulate γδ T-cell physiology. The understanding of how environmental signals are integrated by γδ T-cells is critical for their manipulation in clinical settings. Here, we discuss how different classes of surface receptors impact on human and murine γδ T-cell differentiation, activation, and expansion. In particular, we review the role of five receptor types: the T-cell receptor (TCR), costimulatory receptors, cytokine receptors, NK receptors, and inhibitory receptors. Some of the key players are the costimulatory receptors CD27 and CD28, which differentially impact on pro-inflammatory subsets of γδ T-cells; the cytokine receptors IL-2R, IL-7R, and IL-15R, which drive functional differentiation and expansion of γδ T-cells; the NK receptor NKG2D and its contribution to γδ T-cell cytotoxicity; and the inhibitory receptors PD-1 and BTLA that control γδ T-cell homeostasis. We discuss these and other receptors in the context of a five-step model of receptor signaling in γδ T-cell differentiation and activation, and discuss its implications for the manipulation of γδ T-cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio T Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Julie C Ribot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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24
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Bekiaris V, Šedý JR, Ware CF. Mixing Signals: Molecular Turn Ons and Turn Offs for Innate γδ T-Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:654. [PMID: 25566265 PMCID: PMC4270187 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes of the gamma delta (γδ) T-cell lineage are evolutionary conserved and although they express rearranged antigen-specific receptors, a large proportion respond as innate effectors. γδ T-cells are poised to combat infection by responding rapidly to cytokine stimuli similar to innate lymphoid cells. This potential to initiate strong inflammatory responses necessitates that inhibitory signals are balanced with activation signals. Here, we discuss some of the key mechanisms that regulate the development, activation, and inhibition of innate γδ T-cells in light of recent evidence that the inhibitory immunoglobulin-superfamily member B and T lymphocyte attenuator restricts their differentiation and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekiaris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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25
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Moro K, Koyasu S. Innate lymphoid cells, possible interaction with microbiota. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 37:27-37. [PMID: 25502370 PMCID: PMC4281376 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified novel lymphocyte subsets named innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) lacking antigen-specific receptors. ILCs are present in a wide variety of epithelial compartments and occupy an intermediate position between acquired immune cells and myeloid cells. ILCs are now classified into three groups: group 1 ILC, group 2 ILC, and group 3 ILC based on their cytokine production patterns that correspond to the helper T cell subsets Th1, Th2, and Th17, respectively. ILCs play important roles in protection against various invading microbes including multicellular parasites, and in the maintenance of homeostasis and repair of epithelial layers. Excessive activation of ILCs, however, leads to various inflammatory disease conditions. ILCs have thus attracted interests of many researchers in the fields of infectious immunity, inflammatory diseases, and allergic diseases. Because epithelial cells sense alterations in environmental cues, it is important to understand the functional interaction between epithelial cells, ILCs, and environmental factors such as commensal microbiota. We discuss in this review developmental pathways of ILCs, their functions, and contribution of commensal microbiota to the differentiation and function of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Moro
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, , Tsurumi-ku, , Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan,
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26
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Nakamura M, Shibata K, Hatano S, Sato T, Ohkawa Y, Yamada H, Ikuta K, Yoshikai Y. A genome-wide analysis identifies a notch-RBP-Jκ-IL-7Rα axis that controls IL-17-producing γδ T cell homeostasis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:243-51. [PMID: 25429074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is an important regulator for the development and function of both αβ and γδ T cells, whereas roles of Notch signaling in T cell maintenance remain unclear. We reported previously that the Notch-Hes1 pathway was involved in the intrathymic development of naturally occurring IL-17-producing (IL-17(+)) γδ T cells. To gain insight into additional roles for the Notch axis in the homeostasis of γδ T cells, we performed a genome-wide analysis of Notch target genes and identified the novel promoter site of IL-7Rα driven by the Notch-RBP-Jκ pathway. Constitutive Notch signaling had the potential to induce IL-7Rα expression on γδ T cells in vivo, as well as in vitro, whereas conditional deletion of RBP-Jκ abrogated IL-7Rα expression, but not Hes1 expression, by γδ T cells and selectively reduced the pool size of IL-7Rα(high) IL-17(+) γδ T cells in the periphery. In the absence of IL-7Rα-mediated signaling, IL-17(+) γδ T cells were barely maintained in adult mice. Addition of exogenous IL-7 in vitro selectively expanded IL-17(+) γδ T cells. Thus, our results revealed a novel role for the Notch-RBP-Jκ-IL-7Rα axis that is independent of Hes1 for homeostasis of IL-17(+) γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Nakamura
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shibata
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan;
| | - Shinya Hatano
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Epigenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; and
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Biological Protection, Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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27
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Su N, Shi SX, Zhu X, Borazanci A, Shi FD, Gan Y. Interleukin-7 expression and its effect on natural killer cells in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:180-6. [PMID: 25218211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Decreased NK cell numbers and impairment of NK cell function are reported in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a member of the common gamma-chain (γc) cytokine superfamily that has well documented roles in lymphocyte development and homeostasis. The interleukin-7 receptor α chain (IL-7Rα) gene was identified as a top non-major histocompatibility complex-linked risk locus for MS. The objective of this study was to test biological function of IL-7/IL-7Rα on NK cells in MS patients. We observed markedly lower IL-7 levels in MS sera, and relatively higher IL-7Rα expression in NK cells of MS. Upon IL-7 stimulation, IL-7Rα on NK cells from MS patients was significantly down-regulated compared with healthy controls (HCs). IL-7 induced a higher increase of IFN-γ production in CD56(bright) NK cells and a pronounced enhancement of cytotoxicity in NK cells from MS. IL-7 did not impact the proliferation of NK cells differently in MS and HC. In contrast, IL-7 promoted a higher survival of CD56(bright) NK cells in MS and inhibited their apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 expression, but had no effect on CD56(dim) NK cell survival in MS. In conclusion, MS patients have lower serum IL-7 and a higher membrane IL-7Rα expression on CD56(bright) NK cells. The skew at the IL-7 and IL-7Rα level influences functional responsiveness of NK cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Su
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States; Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Samuel X Shi
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Aimee Borazanci
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States; Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
| | - Yan Gan
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States.
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Marçais A, Viel S, Grau M, Henry T, Marvel J, Walzer T. Regulation of mouse NK cell development and function by cytokines. Front Immunol 2013; 4:450. [PMID: 24376448 PMCID: PMC3859915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with an important role in the early defense against intracellular pathogens and against tumors. Like other immune cells, almost every aspects of their biology are regulated by cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-15 is pivotal for their development, homeostasis, and activation. Moreover, numerous other activating or inhibitory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-21, Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and type I interferons regulate their activation and their effector functions at different stages of the immune response. In this review we summarize the current understanding on the effect of these different cytokines on NK cell development, homeostasis, and functions during steady-state or upon infection by different pathogens. We try to delineate the cellular sources of these cytokines, the intracellular pathways they trigger and the transcription factors they regulate. We describe the known synergies or antagonisms between different cytokines and highlight outstanding questions in this field of investigation. Finally, we discuss how a better knowledge of cytokine action on NK cells could help improve strategies to manipulate NK cells in different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marçais
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France ; Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud , Lyon , France
| | - Morgan Grau
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon , Lyon , France ; U1111, INSERM , Lyon , France ; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France ; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon 1 , Lyon , France ; UMR5308, CNRS , Lyon , France
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29
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Bekiaris V, Šedý JR, Macauley MG, Rhode-Kurnow A, Ware CF. The inhibitory receptor BTLA controls γδ T cell homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Immunity 2013; 39:1082-1094. [PMID: 24315996 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells rapidly secrete inflammatory cytokines at barrier sites that aid in protection from pathogens, but mechanisms limiting inflammatory damage remain unclear. We found that retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt) and interleukin-7 (IL-7) influence γδ T cell homeostasis and function by regulating expression of the inhibitory receptor, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). The transcription factor RORγt, via its activating function-2 domain, repressed Btla transcription, whereas IL-7 increased BTLA levels on the cell surface. BTLA expression limited γδ T cell numbers and sustained normal γδ T cell subset frequencies by restricting IL-7 responsiveness and expansion of the CD27(-)RORγt(+) population. BTLA also negatively regulated IL-17 and TNF production in CD27(-) γδ T cells. Consequently, BTLA-deficient mice exhibit enhanced disease in a γδ T cell-dependent model of dermatitis, whereas BTLA agonism reduced inflammation. Therefore, by coordinating expression of BTLA, RORγt and IL-7 balance suppressive and activation stimuli to regulate γδ T cell homeostasis and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Bekiaris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Šedý
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew G Macauley
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Antje Rhode-Kurnow
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl F Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford
- Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Abstract
The evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was accompanied by major morphological and functional innovations, including the development of an adaptive immune system. Vertebrate adaptive immunity is based on the clonal expression of somatically diversifying antigen receptors on lymphocytes. This is a common feature of both the jawless and jawed vertebrates , although these two groups of extant vertebrates employ structurally different types of antigen receptors and principal mechanisms for their somatic diversification . These observations suggest that the common vertebrate ancestor must have already possessed a complex immune system, including B- and T-like lymphocyte lineages and primary lymphoid organs, such as the thymus, but possibly lacked the facilities for somatic diversification of antigen receptors. Interestingly, memory formation, previously considered to be a defining feature of adaptive immunity, also occurs in the context of innate immune responses and can even be observed in unicellular organisms, attesting to the convergent evolutionary history of distinct aspects of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; ,
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31
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Dooms H. Interleukin-7: Fuel for the autoimmune attack. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:40-8. [PMID: 23831438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a critical survival factor for lymphocytes and recent studies suggest targeting the IL-7/IL-7Rα pathway holds promise for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Several lines of evidence, genetic as well as functional, indicate an important role for this cytokine in autoimmune inflammation: polymorphisms in the IL-7Rα have been associated with increased risk for autoimmune disease and blocking IL-7/IL-7Rα with antibodies showed therapeutic efficacy in several autoimmune mouse models. Insights are starting to emerge about the mechanisms underlying IL-7's role in autoimmunity and tolerance, revealing surprising novel functions beyond its traditional activity as a T cell survival factor. In the first part of this review, the functions of IL-7 in the immune system are concisely described, providing a basis for understanding their potential role in promoting autoimmune responses. In the second part, current knowledge about the role of IL-7 in various autoimmune conditions is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Dooms
- Department of Medicine, Arthritis Center/Rheumatology Section, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E519, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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32
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Ahn YO, Blazar BR, Miller JS, Verneris MR. Lineage relationships of human interleukin-22-producing CD56+ RORγt+ innate lymphoid cells and conventional natural killer cells. Blood 2013; 121:2234-43. [PMID: 23327921 PMCID: PMC3606063 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-07-440099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human interleukin (IL)-22-producing RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILC22) and conventional natural killer (cNK) cells are present in secondary lymphoid tissues. Both have an immunophenotype corresponding to stage III NK progenitors (CD56(+/-)CD117(high)CD94(-)). Using an in vitro differentiation and primary human tissues, we investigated their developmental relationships. cNK cells showed a CD56(+)CD117(+)CD7(+/-)LFA-1(high) phenotype and expressed surface receptors, cytokines, and transcription factors found on mature cNK cells. In contrast, ILC22 cells were contained within the CD56(+)CD117(high)CD94(-)CD7(-)LFA-1(-) fraction and produced IL-22, IL-8, and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor. Although ILC22 cells expressed NKp44 and CD161, they lacked most other NK receptors and NK-associated transcription factors (T-bet and Eomes) and were incapable of interferon-γ production or cytotoxic responses. Most purified CD56(+)CD117(+)CD7(+/-)LFA-1(-) remained as ILC22 cells and never became cNK cells. In the absence of IL-15, CD34(+) cells showed a complete block in cNK differentiation and instead gave rise to a CD56(+) population of ILC22 cells. Conversely, in the absence of IL-7 and stem cell factor, cNK cells were generated but ILC22 cells showed minimal differentiation. Although human ILC22 cells and cNK progenitors have a phenotype that overlaps with stage III NK progenitors, they have unique cytokine requirements and can be distinguished by LFA-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Oon Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV infection is characterized by depletion of CD4 T cells and altered immune function, leading to severe immune deficiency. Mechanisms leading to this T-cell depletion are not completely understood. Potent antiretroviral therapy restores T-cell counts and improves prognosis. Apart from antiviral therapy for the infection, immunotherapies such as interleukin-7 that influence T-cell homeostatic mechanisms are undergoing clinical evaluation. Because of its pleiotropic effects on developing and mature T cells, interleukin-7 may help to restore immune function during HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies explored the therapeutic use of interleukin-7 in simian immunodeficiency virus models and in HIV-infected patients. Interleukin-7 can help to restore CD4 T-cell number and function. SUMMARY Numerous recent findings highlight the importance of interleukin-7 pathway impairment in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Notably, interleukin-7 levels increased with advancing CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, whereas interleukin-7 receptor expression is downregulated mainly on CD8 T cells. Therapeutic trials conducted in monkeys and in humans (phase I) have provided evidence on the role of interleukin-7 in thymopoiesis and in restoration of T-cell functions. Interleukin-7 appeared to be well tolerated and to have no deleterious effects on viral load. These results should be confirmed in larger phase I/II studies.
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34
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Multiple sclerosis. Transl Neurosci 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511980053.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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35
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Obesity and airway responsiveness: role of TNFR2. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:444-54. [PMID: 22584291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obese mice exhibit innate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a feature of asthma. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is implicated in the disease progression and chronic inflammatory status of both obesity and asthma. TNF acts via two TNF receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. To examine the role of TNFR2 in the AHR observed in obese mice, we generated obese Cpe(fat) mice that were either sufficient or deficient in TNFR2 (Cpe(fat) and Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice, respectively) and compared them with their lean controls (WT and TNFR2(-/-) mice). Compared to WT mice, Cpe(fat) mice exhibited AHR to aerosolized methacholine (measured using the forced oscillation technique) which was ablated in Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice. Bioplex or ELISA assay indicated significant increases in serum leptin, G-CSF, IL-7, IL-17A, TNFα, and KC in obese versus lean mice, as well as significant obesity-related increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) G-CSF and IP-10, regardless of TNFR2 status. Importantly, BALF IL-17A was significantly increased over lean controls in Cpe(fat) but not Cpe(fat)/TNFR2(-/-) mice. Functional annotation clustering of significantly affected genes identified from microarray analysis comparing gene expression in lungs of Cpe(fat) and WT mice, identified blood vessel morphogenesis as the gene ontology category most affected by obesity. This category included several genes associated with AHR, including endothelin and trkB. Obesity increased pulmonary mRNA expression of endothelin and trkB in TNFR2 sufficient but not deficient mice. Our results indicate that TNFR2 signaling is required for the innate AHR that develops in obese mice, and suggest that TNFR2 may act by promoting IL-17A, endothelin, and/or trkB expression.
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36
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Expression and function of interleukin-7 in secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs. Semin Immunol 2012; 24:175-89. [PMID: 22444422 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is known since many years as stromal-cell derived cytokine that plays a key role for the adaptive immune system. It promotes lymphocyte development in the bone marrow and thymus as well as naive and memory T cell homeostasis in the periphery. More recently, IL-7 reporter mice and other approaches have led to the further characterization of the various stromal cell sources of IL-7 in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) and other tissues. We will review these advances along with a discussion of the regulation of IL-7 and its receptor, and compare the biological effects IL-7 has on adaptive as well as innate immune cells in SLO. Finally, we will review the role of IL-7 in development of SLO and tertiary lymphoid tissues that frequently are associated with sites of chronic inflammation.
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37
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Transcription factor RORα is critical for nuocyte development. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:229-36. [PMID: 22267218 PMCID: PMC3343633 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuocytes are essential in innate type-2 immunity and contribute to the exacerbation of asthma responses. Here we show that nuocytes arise in the bone marrow and differentiate from common lymphoid progenitors, which makes them distinct new members of the lymphoid lineage. Nuocytes required interleukin 7 (IL-7), IL-33 and Notch signalling for development in vitro. Double negative 1 (DN1) and DN2 pro-T-cell progenitors maintained nuocyte potential in vitro, although the thymus was not essential for nuocyte development. Notably, the transcription factor Rorα was critical for nuocyte development and their role in parasitic worm expulsion.
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38
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Prinz I. Dynamics of the interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2391-8. [PMID: 21584813 PMCID: PMC11114905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a diverse component of the immune system in humans and mice with presumably important but still largely unknown functions. Understanding the dynamic interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors should help to understand their physiological role. This review addresses recent advances and strategies to visualize the dynamic interactions of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Current knowledge regarding the dynamic contacts of tissue resident γδ T cells and epithelial cells, but also of the communication between circulating γδ T cells and DCs, monocytes and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is revisited with emphasis on the role of γδ T cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, Prinz.
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39
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Akdis M, Burgler S, Crameri R, Eiwegger T, Fujita H, Gomez E, Klunker S, Meyer N, O'Mahony L, Palomares O, Rhyner C, Ouaked N, Quaked N, Schaffartzik A, Van De Veen W, Zeller S, Zimmermann M, Akdis CA. Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:701-21.e1-70. [PMID: 21377040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections could lead to effective and targeted therapies. Subsets of immune and inflammatory cells interact via ILs and IFNs; reciprocal regulation and counter balance among T(h) and regulatory T cells, as well as subsets of B cells, offer opportunities for immune interventions. Here, we review current knowledge about ILs 1 to 37 and IFN-γ. Our understanding of the effects of ILs has greatly increased since the discoveries of monocyte IL (called IL-1) and lymphocyte IL (called IL-2); more than 40 cytokines are now designated as ILs. Studies of transgenic or knockout mice with altered expression of these cytokines or their receptors and analyses of mutations and polymorphisms in human genes that encode these products have provided important information about IL and IFN functions. We discuss their signaling pathways, cellular sources, targets, roles in immune regulation and cellular networks, roles in allergy and asthma, and roles in defense against infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.
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40
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Risk conferring genes in multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3789-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against tumors and viruses and other infectious diseases. NK cell development is regulated by mechanisms that are both shared with and separate from other hematopoietic cell lineages. Functionally, NK cells use activating and inhibitory receptors to recognize both healthy and altered cells such as transformed or infected cells. Upon activation, NK cells produce cytokines and cytotoxic granules using mechanisms similar to other hematopoietic cell lineages especially cytotoxic T cells. Here we review the transcription factors that control NK cell development and function. Although many of these transcription factors are shared with other hematopoietic cell lineages, they control unexpected and unique aspects of NK cell biology. We review the mechanisms and target genes by which these transcriptional regulators control NK cell development and functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G T Hesslein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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42
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CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling is essential for NK-cell development in adult mice. Blood 2010; 117:451-8. [PMID: 20944068 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-04-277897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are granular lymphocytes that are generated from hematopoietic stem cells and play vital roles in the innate immune response against tumors and viral infection. Generation of NK cells is known to require several cytokines, including interleukin-15 (IL-15) and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, but not IL-2 or IL-7. Here we investigated the in vivo role of CXC chemokine ligand-12 (CXCL12) and its primary receptor CXCR4 in NK-cell development. The numbers of NK cells appeared normal in embryos lacking CXCL12 or CXCR4; however, the numbers of functional NK cells were severely reduced in the bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood from adult CXCR4 conditionally deficient mice compared with control animals, probably resulting from cell-intrinsic CXCR4 deficiency. In culture, CXCL12 enhanced the generation of NK cells from lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors and immature NK cells. In the bone marrow, expression of IL-15 mRNA was considerably higher in CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells than in other marrow cells, and most NK cells were in contact with the processes of CAR cells. Thus, CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling is essential for NK-cell development in adults, and CAR cells might function as a niche for NK cells in bone marrow.
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43
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Osborne LC, Abraham N. Regulation of memory T cells by γc cytokines. Cytokine 2009; 50:105-13. [PMID: 19879771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells rely on a duality of TCR and gammac cytokine signals for development, activation and peripheral T cell homeostasis. Previous data had suggested that the requirements for CD4 and CD8 memory T cell regulation were qualitatively distinct, but emerging data has shown that the requirements for true antigen specific memory T cells are very similar between these two cell types. This review will focus on contributions made by members of the gammac cytokine family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21) to homeostasis of naïve, memory phenotype and antigen experienced memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Colleen Osborne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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44
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Rap signaling is crucial for the competence of IL-7 response and the development of B-lineage cells. Blood 2009; 114:1768-75. [PMID: 19567880 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-213371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rap family GTPases consist of multiple members with substantial functional redundancy. With the use of transgenic mice conditionally expressing a bona fide dominant-negative Rap1 mutant, Rap1A17, capable of inhibiting the activation of all Rap family members in B-lineage cells (mb.1-Rap1A17 Tg), we demonstrate that these mice show a defective generation of pre-B cells in bone marrow, resulting in a significant diminution of peripheral mainstream B cells. The effect is attributed to the impaired survival and expansion of B-lineage progenitors in response to IL-7, despite normal IL-7Ralpha expression. The pre-B cells from mb.1-Rap1A17 Tg mice showed a significantly reduced expression of c-myc and E2A, and the competence of IL-7 response was restored by the transduction of c-myc, but not by constitutively active (CA) Stat5a, CA PI3K-p100, or bcl-2. The residual follicular B cells with complete Cre-mediated recombination proliferated normally in response to B-cell receptor stimulation and showed efficient germinal center reaction in vivo. These results show that endogenous Rap signaling plays a crucial role selectively in B-lineage cell development by sustaining the competence for IL-7 response, whereas it is dispensable for mature B-cell function.
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45
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Distal-less homeobox transcription factors regulate development and maturation of natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10877-82. [PMID: 18664585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0805205105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells constitute a subpopulation of lymphocytes that develop from precursors in the bone marrow (BM), but the transcriptional regulation of their development and maturation is only beginning to be understood, in part due to their relatively rare abundance, especially of developmental subsets. Using a mouse model in which NK cells are arrested at an immature stage of development, and a gene expression profiling approach, we uncovered transient normal NK cell expression of a homeobox transcription factor (TF) family, called Distal-less (Dlx), which had been primarily implicated in murine CNS, craniofacial, limb, and skin development. Our studies demonstrate that Dlx1, Dlx2, and Dlx3 are transiently expressed in immature Mac-1(lo) NK cells within the BM, with Dlx3 being the predominantly expressed member. These genes are expressed in a temporally regulated pattern with overlapping waves of expression, and they display functional redundancy. Expression is extinguished in fully mature splenic NK cells, and persistent expression of Dlx genes leads to functionally immature NK cells arrested at the Mac-1(lo) stage. Whereas conventional splenic NK cells develop but are arrested at an immature stage, there appears to be a complete failure to develop CD127(+) thymic NK cells when Dlx genes are persistently expressed. We also observed that T and B cells fail to develop in the context of persistent Dlx1 expression. Thus, these studies indicate that Dlx TFs play a functional role in lymphocyte development.
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46
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Maki K, Ikuta K. MEK1/2 induces STAT5-mediated germline transcription of the TCRgamma locus in response to IL-7R signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:494-502. [PMID: 18566415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The IL-7R plays an essential role in gammadelta T cell development by inducing V-J recombination of the TCRgamma locus through STAT5. Although tyrosine residues in the intracellular domain of the mouse IL-7R alpha-chain (IL-7Ralpha) have been implicated in STAT5 activation, it is still unknown whether they are essential for gammadelta T cell development. In this study, we showed that those IL-7Ralpha tyrosine residues are not essential for gammadelta T cell development, because phenylalanine replacement of four intracellular tyrosine residues (IL-7R-FFFF) partially rescued gammadelta T cell development of IL-7Ralpha-/- progenitors. To examine signaling pathways activated by IL-7R-FFFF, we introduced a chimeric receptor consisting of the human IL-4R alpha-chain and mouse IL-7R-FFFF (4R/7R-FFFF) into an IL-7-dependent pre-B cell line and found that 4R/7R-FFFF induced TCRgamma germline transcription and STAT5 activation. Treatment of cells with MEK1/2 inhibitors significantly decreased levels of TCRgamma germline transcription and STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation mediated by 4R/7R-FFFF, suggesting that MEK1/2 plays an alternative role in STAT5 activation by IL-7R. MEK1/2 associated with STAT5 and induced STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation and DNA binding activity. Furthermore, MEK1 directly phosphorylated a STAT5 tyrosine residue in vitro. Finally, active MEK1 partially rescued TCRgamma germline transcription by IL-7R in a pre-T cell line. These results demonstrate that MEK1/2 induces TCRgamma germline transcription by phosphorylating STAT5 through IL-7R-FFFF and suggest a potential role for MAPK in IL-7R tyrosine-independent activation of STAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Maki
- Laboratory of Biological Protection, Department of Biological Responses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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IL2RA and IL7RA genes confer susceptibility for multiple sclerosis in two independent European populations. Genes Immun 2008; 9:259-63. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, Lander ES, Daly MJ, De Jager PL, de Bakker PIW, Gabriel SB, Mirel DB, Ivinson AJ, Pericak-Vance MA, Gregory SG, Rioux JD, McCauley JL, Haines JL, Barcellos LF, Cree B, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:851-62. [PMID: 17660530 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa073493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis has a clinically significant heritable component. We conducted a genomewide association study to identify alleles associated with the risk of multiple sclerosis. METHODS We used DNA microarray technology to identify common DNA sequence variants in 931 family trios (consisting of an affected child and both parents) and tested them for association. For replication, we genotyped another 609 family trios, 2322 case subjects, and 789 control subjects and used genotyping data from two external control data sets. A joint analysis of data from 12,360 subjects was performed to estimate the overall significance and effect size of associations between alleles and the risk of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS A transmission disequilibrium test of 334,923 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 931 family trios revealed 49 SNPs having an association with multiple sclerosis (P<1x10(-4)); of these SNPs, 38 were selected for the second-stage analysis. A comparison between the 931 case subjects from the family trios and 2431 control subjects identified an additional nonoverlapping 32 SNPs (P<0.001). An additional 40 SNPs with less stringent P values (<0.01) were also selected, for a total of 110 SNPs for the second-stage analysis. Of these SNPs, two within the interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene (IL2RA) were strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (P=2.96x10(-8)), as were a nonsynonymous SNP in the interleukin-7 receptor alpha gene (IL7RA) (P=2.94x10(-7)) and multiple SNPs in the HLA-DRA locus (P=8.94x10(-81)). CONCLUSIONS Alleles of IL2RA and IL7RA and those in the HLA locus are identified as heritable risk factors for multiple sclerosis.
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Ostiguy V, Allard EL, Marquis M, Leignadier J, Labrecque N. IL-21 promotes T lymphocyte survival by activating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling cascade. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82:645-56. [PMID: 17554014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0806494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-21 is a Type I cytokine, which uses the common gamma chain (gamma(c)) in its receptor. As members of the gamma(c) cytokine/cytokine receptors family play crucial role in the differentiation, activation, and survival of lymphocytes, we have investigated if IL-21 could promote T cell survival and thus, contribute to T cell homeostasis and expansion. Unlike most gamma(c) cytokine receptors, we report that IL-21R is constitutively expressed by all mature T lymphocytes and that stromal cells of lymphoid organs are a constitutive source of IL-21. These observations are reminiscent of what is observed for IL-7/IL-7R, which control T cell survival and homeostasis and suggest a role for IL-21 in T cell homeostasis. Indeed, our results show that IL-21 is a survival factor for resting and activated T cells. Moreover, the ability of IL-21 to costimulate T cell proliferation is mediated by enhancing T cell viability. Further investigation of how IL-21R signaling induces T cell survival shows for the first time that IL-21 binding to its receptor activates the PI-3K signaling pathway and induces Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the activation of the PI-3K signaling pathway is essential for IL-21-mediated T cell survival. Our data provide a new role for IL-21 in the immune system, which might be used to improve T cell homeostasis in immunocompromised patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Size
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation
- Flow Cytometry
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/genetics
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Ostiguy
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, 5415 boul. de l'Assomption, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada HIT 2M4
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Abstract
Since the discovery of gammadelta T cells two decades ago, considerable effort has been made to understand their developmental program, their antigen specificity, and their contribution to the immune response. In this review, we focus on what is known about gammadelta T-cell development and on the advances that have been made in determining which genes are required. In addition, we compare the genetic requirements for alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell development with the hope of gaining a better picture of the signaling pathways that govern the development of gammadelta lineage cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- Humans
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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