1
|
Sharif A, Mamo J, Lam V, Al-Salami H, Mooranian A, Watts GF, Clarnette R, Luna G, Takechi R. The therapeutic potential of probucol and probucol analogues in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2024; 13:6. [PMID: 38247000 PMCID: PMC10802046 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-024-00398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders present complex pathologies characterized by various interconnected factors, including the aggregation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Addressing such multifaceted pathways necessitates the development of multi-target therapeutic strategies. Emerging research indicates that probucol, a historic lipid-lowering medication, offers substantial potential in the realm of neurodegenerative disease prevention and treatment. Preclinical investigations have unveiled multifaceted cellular effects of probucol, showcasing its remarkable antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, its ability to fortify the BBB and its direct influence on neural preservation and adaptability. These diverse effects collectively translate into enhancements in both motor and cognitive functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent findings highlighting the efficacy of probucol and probucol-related compounds in the context of various neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and cognitive impairment associated with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arazu Sharif
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Roger Clarnette
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Can an ultrathin strut stent design and a polymer free, proendothelializing probucol matrix coating improve early strut healing? The FRIENDLY-OCT trial. An intra-patient randomized study with OCT, evaluating early strut coverage of a novel probucol coated polymer-free and ultra-thin strut sirolimus-eluting stent compared to a biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent. Int J Cardiol 2022; 360:13-20. [PMID: 35472561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND incomplete strut coverage determines the risk of stent thrombosis in the first months after stent implantation. AIMS To evaluate the potential better early healing of a novel probucol coated polymer free ultra-thin strut sirolimus eluting stent (PF-SES). [Clinical trial unique identifier: NCT02785237]. METHODS Patients with two (angiographically similar) lesions with clinical indication for PCI were enrolled. The investigated stent was compared to a thin strut, bioresorbable polymer, sirolimus eluting stent (BP-SES). Every patient received both stents, one in each lesion, assigned in a randomized sequence. OCT was systematically performed at 3 months. Primary end point was the difference in the proportion of covered struts at 3 months (defined as ≥20 μm of tissue coverage). Secondary end points included differences in percentage of uncovered struts (0 μm coverage), mean strut coverage thickness, and malapposed struts' coverage proportion. Major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and definite or probable stent thrombosis) at 12 months were also evaluated. RESULTS 70 patients were included. At 3 months, a consistent and significantly higher strut coverage rate (≥20 μm) was observed in PF-SES as compared to BP-SES, both for well apposed (87.3% versus 79.1%, p < 0.001) and malapposed struts (50.4% vs 37.8%, p 0.00). Uncoverage rate (0 μm) was also significantly lower for the PF-SES (3.1% vs 5.3%, p < 0.001). There were no differences in clinical endpoints. CONCLUSION The probucol coated non-polymeric ultra-thin strut sirolimus eluting stent showed a significantly better early strut coverage at 3 months.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yao L, Hao Y, Wen G, Xiao Q, Wu P, Wang J, Liu J. Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Modifies the Systemic Immunity and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in ApoE Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:809469. [PMID: 35281895 PMCID: PMC8908104 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.809469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been reported to protect against oxidation and inflammation in atherosclerosis. It remains unclear how the immune system participates in the cytoprotective function of HO-1 in the context of atherosclerosis. In this study, we attempted to investigate the potential effect of a HO-1 inducer, hemin, and a HO-1 inhibitor, Tin-protoporphyrin IX (SnPP), on the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE deficient mice. Using mass cytometry, 15 immune cell populations and 29 T cell sub-clusters in spleen and peripheral blood were thoroughly analyzed after hemin or SnPP treatment. SnPP elevated risk factors of atherosclerosis, whereas hemin reduced them. In-depth analysis showed that hemin significantly modified the immune system in both spleen and peripheral blood. Hemin increased dendritic (DC) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), but decreased natural killer (NK) cells. An opposite effect was observed with SnPP treatment in terms of NK cells. NK cells and MDSCs were positively and negatively correlated with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein, respectively. Moreover, the T cell profiles were significantly reshaped by hemin, whereas only minor changes were observed with SnPP. Several hemin-modulated T cell clusters associated with atherosclerosis were also identified. In summary, we have unraveled an important regulatory role for HO-1 pathway in immune cell regulation and atherosclerosis. Our finding suggests that modulating HO-1 signaling represents a potential therapeutic strategy against atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Yao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yali Hao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanmei Wen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Penglong Wu
- Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinheng Wang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farahmand F, Malik A, Sharma A, Bagchi AK, Singal PK. Role of oxidative stress versus lipids in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15090. [PMID: 34816616 PMCID: PMC8611258 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a global health issue with a prevalence of 10% in ages >65 years. Right heart failure (RHF) is the main cause of death in PH. We have previously shown that monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PH and RHF are due to an increase in oxidative stress. In this study, probucol (PROB), a strong antioxidant with a lipid-lowering property, versus lovastatin (LOV), a strong lipid-lowering drug with some antioxidant effects, were evaluated for their effects on the MCT-induced RHF. Rats were treated (I.P.) with PROB (10 mg/kg ×12) or LOV (4 mg/kg ×12), daily 6 days before and 6 days after a single MCT injection (60 mg/kg). Serial echocardiography was performed and at 4-week post-MCT, lung wet-to-dry weight, hemodynamics, RV glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lipid peroxidation, and myocardial as well as plasma lipids were examined. MCT increased RV systolic and diastolic pressures, wall thickness, RV end diastolic diameter, mortality, and decreased ejection fraction as well as pulmonary artery acceleration time. These changes were mitigated by PROB while LOV had no effect. Furthermore, PROB prevented lipid peroxidation, lowered lipids, and increased GSHPx and SOD in RV myocardium. LOV did decrease the lipids but had no effect on antioxidants and lipid peroxidation. A reduction in oxidative stress and not the lipid-lowering effect of PROB may explain the prevention of MCT-induced PH, RHF, and mortality. Thus targeting of oxidative stress as an adjuvant therapy is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akshi Malik
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesSt. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research CentreDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyRady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Anita Sharma
- Research and Graduate StudiesThompson Rivers UniversityKamloopsCanada
| | - Ashim K. Bagchi
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesSt. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research CentreDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyRady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Pawan K. Singal
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesSt. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research CentreDepartment of Physiology and PathophysiologyRady Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vinchi F. Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron in the Spotlight: Novel Mechanistic Insights into the Vasculotoxic and Atherosclerotic Effect of Iron. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:387-414. [PMID: 33554718 PMCID: PMC8328045 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: While atherosclerosis is an almost inevitable consequence of aging, food preferences, lack of exercise, and other aspects of the lifestyle in many countries, the identification of new risk factors is of increasing importance to tackle a disease, which has become a major health burden for billions of people. Iron has long been suspected to promote the development of atherosclerosis, but data have been conflicting, and the contribution of iron is still debated controversially. Recent Advances: Several experimental and clinical studies have been recently published about this longstanding controversial problem, highlighting the critical need to unravel the complexity behind this topic. Critical Issues: The aim of the current review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the proatherosclerotic impact of iron, and discuss the emerging role of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) as driver of vasculotoxicity and atherosclerosis. Finally, I will provide detailed mechanistic insights on the cellular processes and molecular pathways underlying iron-exacerbated atherosclerosis. Overall, this review highlights a complex framework where NTBI acts at multiple levels in atherosclerosis by altering the serum and vascular microenvironment in a proatherogenic and proinflammatory manner, affecting the functionality and survival of vascular cells, promoting foam cell formation and inducing angiogenesis, calcification, and plaque destabilization. Future Directions: The use of additional iron markers (e.g., NTBI) may help adequately predict predisposition to cardiovascular disease. Clinical studies are needed in the aging population to address the atherogenic role of iron fluctuations within physiological limits and the therapeutic value of iron restriction approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 387-414.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vinchi
- Iron Research Program, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute (LFKRI), New York Blood Center (NYBC), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seneviratne A, Cave L, Hyde G, Moestrup SK, Carling D, Mason JC, Haskard DO, Boyle JJ. Metformin directly suppresses atherosclerosis in normoglycaemic mice via haematopoietic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1295-1308. [PMID: 32667970 PMCID: PMC8064441 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerotic vascular disease has an inflammatory pathogenesis. Heme from intraplaque haemorrhage may drive a protective and pro-resolving macrophage M2-like phenotype, Mhem, via AMPK and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1). The antidiabetic drug metformin may also activate AMPK-dependent signalling. Hypothesis: Metformin systematically induces atheroprotective genes in macrophages via AMPK and ATF1, thereby suppresses atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Normoglycaemic Ldlr-/- hyperlipidaemic mice were treated with oral metformin, which profoundly suppressed atherosclerotic lesion development (P < 5 × 10-11). Bone marrow transplantation from AMPK-deficient mice demonstrated that metformin-related atheroprotection required haematopoietic AMPK [analysis of variance (ANOVA), P < 0.03]. Metformin at a clinically relevant concentration (10 μM) evoked AMPK-dependent and ATF1-dependent increases in Hmox1, Nr1h2 (Lxrb), Abca1, Apoe, Igf1, and Pdgf, increases in several M2-markers and decreases in Nos2, in murine bone marrow macrophages. Similar effects were seen in human blood-derived macrophages, in which metformin-induced protective genes and M2-like genes, suppressible by si-ATF1-mediated knockdown. Microarray analysis comparing metformin with heme in human macrophages indicated that the transcriptomic effects of metformin were related to those of heme, but not identical. Metformin-induced lesional macrophage expression of p-AMPK, p-ATF1, and downstream M2-like protective effects. CONCLUSION Metformin activates a conserved AMPK-ATF1-M2-like pathway in mouse and human macrophages, and results in highly suppressed atherogenesis in hyperlipidaemic mice via haematopoietic AMPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke Cave
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth Hyde
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - David Carling
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Justin C Mason
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dorian O Haskard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Greenberg HZE, Zhao G, Shah AM, Zhang M. Role of oxidative stress in calcific aortic valve disease and its therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1433-1451. [PMID: 33881501 PMCID: PMC9074995 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the end result of active cellular processes that lead to the progressive fibrosis and calcification of aortic valve leaflets. In western populations, CAVD is a significant cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and in the absence of effective drugs, it will likely represent an increasing disease burden as populations age. As there are currently no pharmacological therapies available for preventing, treating, or slowing the development of CAVD, understanding the mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of the disease is important for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Recent evidence has emerged of an important causative role for reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CAVD, inducing the differentiation of valve interstitial cells into myofibroblasts and then osteoblasts. In this review, we focus on the roles and sources of ROS driving CAVD and consider their potential as novel therapeutic targets for this debilitating condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z E Greenberg
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Guoan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Heart Center of Xinxiang Medical University, Henan, China
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| | - Min Zhang
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Masoudi F, Naghizadeh A, Zardast M, Gholami A, Farrokhfall K, Foadoddini M, Mehrpour O. Effects of bentonite nanoparticles inhalation on lung tissue and blood antioxidant indices in a rat model. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:11-21. [PMID: 32096459 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719900841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bentonite is an inorganic clay material that is often easily dispersed as fine particles by air and water circulation, and most people are exposed to different concentrations of bentonite particles. Therefore, the inhaled effects of bentonite nanoparticles (BNPs) were studied in Wistar rats. Seventy-five rats were divided into five groups of 15: four exposure groups (0.1, 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/m3 of BNPs) and one control group. The rats were exposed for 30, 60, and 90 days to BNPs for 5 days a week (6 h/day) in whole-body inhalation chambers. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of antioxidant activity of the contents such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify nanoparticles. The results showed no significant difference in the effect of nanoparticles on levels of TAC and MDA in the studied groups based on the concentrations of nanoparticles. However, the level of MDA increased significantly with extending exposure time; there was a significant increase in the level of MDA content 90 days postexposure compared to 30 days postexposure at concentrations of 0.5, 2, and 10 mg/m3. Histopathological examination showed that inhalation exposure of rats to BNPs led to different histopathologic responses in the lung tissue, such as inflammatory infiltration, granulomatous inflammation, acute neutrophilic reaction in the early stages, and lung fibrosis. At the lowest concentration, BNPs have low or no toxicity, and inhalation of these nanoparticles at low concentrations does not affect the levels of MDA and TAC content. However, increased concentration and exposure time caused correspondingly greater increases in MDA and more damage to lung tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Masoudi
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ali Naghizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Zardast
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Abdullah Gholami
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhfall
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Foadoddini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dahms B, Kohlpaintner PJ, Wiebe A, Breinbauer R, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Selective Formation of 4,4'-Biphenols by Anodic Dehydrogenative Cross- and Homo-Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2019; 25:2713-2716. [PMID: 30638281 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and selective electrochemical synthesis by dehydrogenative coupling of unprotected 2,6- or 2,5-substituted phenols to the desired 4,4'-biphenols is reported. Using electricity as the oxidizing reagent avoids pre-functionalization of the starting materials, since a selective activation of the substrates takes place. Without the necessity for metal-catalysts or the use of stoichiometric reagents it is an economic and environmentally friendly transformation. The elaborated electrochemical protocol leads to a broad variety of the desired 4,4'-biphenols in a very simplified manner compared to classical approaches. This is particular the case for the cross-coupled products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Dahms
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp J Kohlpaintner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of fermented Sorghum bicolor L. Moench extract on inflammation and thickness in a vascular cell and atherosclerotic mice model. J Nat Med 2018; 73:34-46. [PMID: 30066240 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-018-1231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of coronary heart disease. As a result of the development of atherosclerotic lesions, the walls of blood vessels become thicker and inhibit blood circulation. Atherosclerosis is caused by a high-fat diet and vascular injury. Chronic arterial inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In particular, secretion of the pro-atherogenic cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α induces expression of endothelial adhesion molecules including P-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), which mediate attachment of circulating monocytes and lymphocytes. In this study, we examined the anti-atherosclerotic effect of sorghum, which is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. A 50% ethanol extract of Sorghum bicolor L. Moench fermented with Aspergillus oryzae NK (fSBE) was used for experiments. In vitro expression of endothelial adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and pro-inflammatory factor cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly decreased and that of the anti-atherogenic factor heme oxygenase-1 significantly increased by fSBE (P < 0.05). At the in vivo level, we examined fat droplets of liver tissue, and aortic thickness via histological analysis, and determined the blood lipid profile through chemical analysis. fSBE at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly improved blood and vascular health (P < 0.05). Taken together, these results demonstrate that fSBE has potential as a therapeutic anti-atherosclerotic agent.
Collapse
|
11
|
Croft KD, Zhang D, Jiang R, Ayer A, Shengule S, Payne RJ, Ward NC, Stocker R. Structural requirements of flavonoids to induce heme oxygenase-1 expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:165-175. [PMID: 28970059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Population studies suggest cardiovascular health benefits of consuming fruits and vegetables rich in polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids. We reported previously that the flavonoid quercetin protects arteries from oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice, with induction of heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1) playing a critical role. The present study investigated the structural requirements of flavonoids to induce Hmox1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). We identified ortho-dihydroxyl groups and an α,β-unsaturated system attached to a catechol as the key structural requirements for Hmox1 induction. Active but not inactive flavonoids had a low oxidation potential and prevented ascorbate autoxidation, suggesting that Hmox1 inducers readily undergo oxidation and that oxidized, rather than reduced, flavonoids may be the biological inducer of Hmox1. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized stable derivatives of caffeic acid (3-(3,4-dihyroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid) containing either ortho-dihydroxy or ortho-dioxo groups. Compared with the dihydroxy compound, the quinone analog induced Hmox1 more potently in HAEC and also provided enhanced protection to arteries of wild type animals against oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction. In contrast, the quinone analog failed to provide protection against oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction in arteries of Hmox1-/- mice, establishing a key role for Hmox1 in vascular protection. These results suggest that oxidized forms of dietary polyphenols are the likely inducers of Hmox1 and may explain in part the protective cardiovascular effects of diets rich in these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K D Croft
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - D Zhang
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Jiang
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Shengule
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N C Ward
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lai YL, Lin CY, Jiang WC, Ho YC, Chen CH, Yet SF. Loss of heme oxygenase-1 accelerates mesodermal gene expressions during embryoid body development from mouse embryonic stem cells. Redox Biol 2017; 15:51-61. [PMID: 29216542 PMCID: PMC5722471 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is an inducible stress response protein and well known to protect cells and tissues against injury. Despite its important function in cytoprotection against physiological stress, the role of HO-1 in embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation remains largely unknown. We showed previously that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that lack HO-1 are more sensitive to oxidant stress-induced cell death and more prone to lose pluripotent markers upon LIF withdrawal. To elucidate the role of HO-1 in ESC differentiation and to rule out the controversy of potential gene flaws in iPS cells, we derived and established mouse HO-1 knockout ESC lines from HO-1 knockout blastocysts. Using wild type D3 and HO-1 knockout ESCs in the 3-dimensional embryoid body (EB) differentiation model, we showed that at an early time point during EB development, an absence of HO-1 led to enhanced ROS level, concomitant with increased expressions of master mesodermal regulator brachyury and endodermal marker GATA6. In addition, critical smooth muscle cell (SMC) transcription factor serum response factor and its coactivator myocardin were enhanced. Furthermore, HO-1 deficiency increased Smad2 in ESCs and EBs, revealing a role of HO-1 in controlling Smad2 level. Smad2 not only mediates mesendoderm differentiation of mouse ESCs but also SMC development. Collectively, loss of HO-1 resulted in higher level of mesodermal and SMC regulators, leading to accelerated and enhanced SMC marker SM α-actin expression. Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function of HO-1 in regulating SMC gene expressions during ESC-EB development. More importantly, our findings may provide a novel strategy in enhancing ESC differentiation toward SMC lineage. Loss of HO-1 in ESCs promotes adipogenesis but reduces osteogenesis. During early EB development, loss of HO-1 results in robust induction of brachyury. During early EB development, lack of HO-1 leads to enhanced ROS level. Loss of HO-1 increases SMC transcription factor SRF and cofactor myocardin. HO-1 deficiency promotes mesodermal SMC differentiation during EB development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Liang Lai
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Jiang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Huang Chen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University , Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phie J, Krishna SM, Moxon JV, Omer SM, Kinobe R, Golledge J. Flavonols reduce aortic atherosclerosis lesion area in apolipoprotein E deficient mice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181832. [PMID: 28742839 PMCID: PMC5526572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in flavonoids have been reported to have beneficial effects in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. There are limited data, however, on the cardiovascular benefits of purified flavonoids. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the reported effects of isolated flavonoids on aortic atherosclerosis in a mouse model. Medline, Pubmed, Science direct and Web of Science were searched to identify studies which examined the effect of isolated flavonoids on aortic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the overall effect of the flavonoids, and sub-analyses were performed to compare the effects of the flavonols and flavan-3-ols. Eleven studies, which examined a total of 208 mice receiving a flavonoid and 126 control mice, were included. Overall the flavonoids significantly reduced aortic atherosclerosis (SMD 1.10, 95% CI 0.69, 1.51). Of the 18 flavonoid interventions examined 12 were flavonols and 3 were flavan-3-ols. Sub-analyses suggested that the flavonols (SMD 1.31, 95% CI 0.66, 1.91) but not the flavan-3-ols (SMD 0.33, 95% CI -0.19, 0.85) significantly decreased atherosclerosis area. Of the eleven studies, only one examined histological markers of atherosclerosis plaque stability. Most studies did not report blinding of outcome assessors or reproducibility of the primary outcome, and did not justify the sample size used and flavonoid dose administered. Based on the included studies, the flavonols appear to be the most effective flavonoids for reducing aortic atherosclerotic lesion area in apolipoprotein E deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Phie
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Smriti M. Krishna
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph V. Moxon
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Safraz M. Omer
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine & Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jin SM, Han KA, Yu JM, Sohn TS, Choi SH, Chung CH, Park IB, Rhee EJ, Baik SH, Park TS, Lee IK, Ko SH, Hwang YC, Cha BS, Lee HW, Nam MS, Lee MK. Probucol in Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Renin–Angiotensin System Blockade. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2108-14. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
To determine the effect of probucol on urine albumin excretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with albuminuria using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.
Approach and Results—
This was a 16-week, phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of ≥300 mg/g using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, conducted in 17 tertiary referral hospitals. Eligible patients were randomized to probucol 250 mg/d (n=44), probucol 500 mg/d (n=41), and placebo (n=41) groups in a ratio of 1:1:1 after block randomization procedures, keeping the treatment assignment blinded to the investigators, patients, and study assistants. The primary end point was change in the geometric mean of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio from baseline to week 16 (
ClinicalTrials.gov
identifier NCT01726816). The study was started on November 8, 2012, and completed on March 24, 2014. The least squares mean change±SE from baseline in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at week 16 was −7.2±639.5 mg/g in the probucol 250 mg/d group (n=43;
P
=0.2077 versus placebo group), 9.3±587.4 mg/g in the probucol 500 mg/d group (n=40;
P
=0.1975 versus placebo group), and 259.0±969.1 mg/g in the placebo group (n=41). Although the majority of subjects were on statins, probucol treatment significantly lowered total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. QT prolongation occurred in one and two subjects in control and probucol 250 mg/d groups, respectively.
Conclusions—
Four months of probucol up to 500 mg/d failed to reduce urinary albumin excretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Man Jin
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Kyung Ah Han
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Tae Seo Sohn
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ie Byung Park
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Eun Jung Rhee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Tae Sun Park
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - You-Cheol Hwang
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Bong Soo Cha
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hyoung Woo Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Moon-Suk Nam
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Heme oxygenases are composed of two isozymes, Hmox1 and Hmox2, that catalyze the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron, and biliverdin, the latter of which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. While initially considered to be waste products, CO and biliverdin/bilirubin have been shown over the last 20 years to modulate key cellular processes, such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, as well as antioxidant defense. This shift in paradigm has led to the importance of heme oxygenases and their products in cell physiology now being well accepted. The identification of the two human cases thus far of heme oxygenase deficiency and the generation of mice deficient in Hmox1 or Hmox2 have reiterated a role for these enzymes in both normal cell function and disease pathogenesis, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. This review covers the current knowledge on the function of both Hmox1 and Hmox2 at both a cellular and tissue level in the cardiovascular system. Initially, the roles of heme oxygenases in vascular health and the regulation of processes central to vascular diseases are outlined, followed by an evaluation of the role(s) of Hmox1 and Hmox2 in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, myocardial infarction, and angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of heme oxygenases and their products are examined in a cardiovascular disease context, with a focus on how the knowledge we have gained on these enzymes may be capitalized in future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia; and Nephrology Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stocker R. Antioxidant defenses in human blood plasma and extra-cellular fluids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:136-9. [PMID: 27095230 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
I had the fortune to be introduced to Helmut Sies during the mid 1980s, while working as a post-doctoral scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. At that time, Helmut was a frequent visitor of the Bruce Ames' laboratory and a leading authority in antioxidants and oxidative stress. His concepts, ideas and willingness to listen and make constructive suggestions have been far-reaching and visionary. Moreover, they have also been highly infectious, so much so that much of my research to this day has been on the same topic. The following is a personal recount on how the field of antioxidants has evolved since those exciting days in Berkeley.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Probucol inhibits LPS-induced microglia activation and ameliorates brain ischemic injury in normal and hyperlipidemic mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1031-44. [PMID: 27345627 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Increasing evidence suggests that probucol, a lipid-lowering agent with anti-oxidant activities, may be useful for the treatment of ischemic stroke with hyperlipidemia via reduction in cholesterol and neuroinflammation. In this study we examined whether probucol could protect against brain ischemic injury via anti-neuroinflammatory action in normal and hyperlipidemic mice. METHODS Primary mouse microglia and murine BV2 microglia were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 3 h, and the release NO, PGE2, IL-1β and IL-6, as well as the changes in NF-κB, MAPK and AP-1 signaling pathways were assessed. ApoE KO mice were fed a high-fat diet containing 0.004%, 0.02%, 0.1% (wt/wt) probucol for 10 weeks, whereas normal C57BL/6J mice received probucol (3, 10, 30 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), po) for 4 d. Then all the mice were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The neurological deficits were scored 24 h after the surgery, and then brains were removed for measuring the cerebral infarct size and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. RESULTS In LPS-treated BV2 cells and primary microglial cells, pretreatment with probucol (1, 5, 10 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the release of NO, PGE2, IL-1β and IL-6, which occurred at the transcription levels. Furthermore, the inhibitory actions of probucol were associated with the downregulation of the NF-κB, MAPK and AP-1 signaling pathways. In the normal mice with MCAO, pre-administration of probucol dose-dependently decreased the infarct volume and improved neurological function. These effects were accompanied by the decreased production of pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2, IL-1, IL-6). In ApoE KO mice fed a high-fat diet, pre-administration of 0.1% probucol significantly reduced the infarct volume, improved the neurological deficits following MCAO, and decreased the total- and LDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION Probucol inhibits LPS-induced microglia activation and ameliorates cerebral ischemic injury in normal and hyperlipidemic mice via its anti-neuroinflammatory actions, suggesting that probucol has potential for the treatment of patients with or at risk for ischemic stroke and hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
|
18
|
Li Y, McRobb LS, Khachigian LM. Inhibition of intimal thickening after vascular injury with a cocktail of vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide. Int J Cardiol 2016; 220:185-91. [PMID: 27379921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Percutaneous coronary intervention is widely used for the treatment of coronary artery disease; however, significant challenges such as restenosis remain. Key to solving these problems is to inhibit smooth muscle cell activation while enhancing re-endothelialization. Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is a transcription factor that regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration through its control of an array of downstream genes. METHODS A "cocktail" of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-D and cyclic RGD was tested for its ability to inhibit neointima formation and accelerate re-endothelialization following balloon injury to carotid arteries of rats. RESULTS In vitro, the cocktail stimulated endothelial cell growth yet inhibited smooth muscle cell growth. In vivo, cocktail-treated injured arteries exhibited reduced intimal thickening by >50% (P<0.05). It increased both re-endothelialization and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression. Cocktail reduced Egr-1 expression, an effect blocked by the NOS inhibitor L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) that also prevented cocktail inhibition of neointima inhibition. CONCLUSIONS This combination may potentially be useful for the treatment of restenosis with concomitant stimulation of revascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Lucinda S McRobb
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Levon M Khachigian
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Latham Birt SH, Purcell R, Botham KM, Wheeler-Jones CPD. Endothelial HO-1 induction by model TG-rich lipoproteins is regulated through a NOX4-Nrf2 pathway. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1204-18. [PMID: 27185859 PMCID: PMC4918850 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m067108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of chylomicron remnants (CMRs) increase postprandially and their composition directly reflects dietary lipid intake. These TG-rich lipoproteins likely contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction, albeit via unknown mechanisms. Here, we investigated how the FA composition of CMRs influences their actions on human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) by comparing the effects of model CMRs-artificial TG-rich CMR-like particles (A-CRLPs)-containing TGs extracted from fish, DHA-rich algal, corn, or palm oils. HAECs responded with distinct transcriptional programs according to A-CRLP TG content and oxidation status, with genes involved in antioxidant defense and cytoprotection most prominently affected by n-3 PUFA-containing A-CRLPs. These particles were significantly more efficacious inducers of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) than n-6 PUFA corn or saturated FA-rich palm CRLPs. Mechanistically, HO-1 induction by all CRLPs requires NADPH oxidase 4, with PUFA-containing particles additionally dependent upon mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Activation of both p38 MAPK and PPARβ/δ culminates in increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression/nuclear translocation and HO-1 induction. These studies define new molecular pathways coupling endothelial cell activation by model CMRs with adaptive regulation of Nrf2-dependent HO-1 expression and may represent key mechanisms through which dietary FAs differentially impact progression of endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally H Latham Birt
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Purcell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M Botham
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dietary polyphenols: Antioxidants or not? Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:120-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
21
|
Probucol Protects Against Atherosclerosis Through Lipid-lowering and Suppressing Immune Maturation of CD11c+ Dendritic Cells in STZ-induced Diabetic LDLR-/- Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2016; 65:620-7. [PMID: 25714599 PMCID: PMC4461394 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Probucol, an agent characterized by lipid-lowering and antioxidant property, retards atherosclerosis effectively. To test the hypothesis that probucol might act its antiatherosclerotic role by suppressing immune maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), 7-week-old LDLR−/− mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ) and then fed either a high-fat diet only or added with 0.5% (wt/wt) probucol for 4 months, and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells were preincubated with or without probucol and stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. In STZ-induced diabetic LDLR−/− mice, probucol treatment significantly lowered plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels; regressed aortic atherosclerotic lesions; reduced splenic CD40, CD80, CD86, MHC-II expression, and plasma IL-12p70 production; and decreased the expression of CD11c+ DCs within atherosclerotic lesions. In vitro, oxidized low-density lipoprotein promoted human monocyte–derived dendritic cells maturation; stimulated CD40, CD86, CD1a, HLA-DR expression; increased tumor necrosis factor-α production; and decreased IL-4 production. However, these effects were obviously inhibited by probucol pretreatment. In conclusion, our study indicated that probucol effectively retarded atherosclerosis at least partly through lipid-lowering and inhibiting immune maturation of CD11c+ DCs in STZ-induced diabetic LDLR−/− mice.
Collapse
|
22
|
Synergistic Effects of Cilostazol and Probucol on ER Stress-Induced Hepatic Steatosis via Heme Oxygenase-1-Dependent Activation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3949813. [PMID: 27057275 PMCID: PMC4736599 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3949813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective type-3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor cilostazol and the antihyperlipidemic agent probucol have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties. Moreover, cilostazol and probucol can regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. However, the combinatorial effect of cilostazol and probucol on mitochondrial biogenesis remains unknown. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a well-known causative factor of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which can impair mitochondrial function in hepatocytes. Here, we investigated the synergistic effects of cilostazol and probucol on mitochondrial biogenesis and ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis. A synergistic effect of cilostazol and probucol on HO-1 and mitochondrial biogenesis gene expression was found in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and murine primary hepatocytes. Furthermore, in an animal model of ER stress involving tunicamycin, combinatorial treatment with cilostazol and probucol significantly increased the expression of HO-1 and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes and proteins, whereas it downregulated serum ALT, eIF2 phosphorylation, and CHOP expression, as well as the lipogenesis-related genes SREBP-1c and FAS. Based on these results, we conclude that cilostazol and probucol exhibit a synergistic effect on the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis via upregulation of HO-1, which confers protection against ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Negi G, Nakkina V, Kamble P, Sharma SS. Heme oxygenase-1, a novel target for the treatment of diabetic complications: focus on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:158-67. [PMID: 26432957 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a complex disorder induced by long standing diabetes. Many signaling pathways and transcription factors have been proposed to be involved in the development and progression of related processes. Years of research points to critical role of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of neuropathy in diabetes. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is heat-shock protein induced under conditions of different kinds of stress and has been implicated in cellular defense against oxidative stress. HO-1 degrades heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO) and free iron. Biliverdin and CO are gaining particular interest because these two have been found to mediate most of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of HO-1. Although extensively studied in different kinds of cancers and cardiovascular conditions, role of HO-1 in diabetic neuropathy is still under investigation. In this paper, we review the unique therapeutic potential of HO-1 and its role in mitigating various pathological processes that lead to diabetic neuropathy. This review also highlights the therapeutic approaches such as pharmacological and natural inducers of HO-1, gene delivery of HO-1 or its reaction products that in future, could lead to progression of HO-1 activators through the preclinical stages of drug development to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Negi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Vanaja Nakkina
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Pallavi Kamble
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Shyam S Sharma
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bondonno NP, Bondonno CP, Hodgson JM, Ward NC, Croft KD. The Efficacy of Quercetin in Cardiovascular Health. Curr Nutr Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-015-0137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Probucol is a potent antioxidative drug that has been used for prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and xanthoma. Probucol has been used as a lipid-lowering drug for a long time especially in Japan, although Western countries quitted its use because of the reduction in serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). This review highlights both basic and clinical studies that provide new insights into the pleiotropic effects of probucol. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, the mechanisms for the pharmacologic actions of probucol have been elucidated at the molecular level with a special focus on HDL metabolism and its functions. Probucol enhances plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity and hepatic scavenger receptor class B type I, causing a decrease in HDL-C. It also accelerates the antioxidative function of HDL via increase in paraoxonase 1 activity. Recent retrospective analyses of probucol-treated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and those after coronary revascularization demonstrated a strong beneficial effect of probucol on secondary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality. SUMMARY Probucol has pleiotropic and beneficial therapeutic effects on cardiovascular system. Although statins are effective for lowering LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and reducing coronary heart disease risk, probucol should be considered as an option in case statins are not effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuya Yamashita
- aDepartment of Community Medicine bDepartment of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine cSumitomo Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Effects of probucol on restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124021. [PMID: 25898372 PMCID: PMC4405356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a remained clinical problem which limits long-term success of PCI. Although there was recognition that probucol in treating restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, the efficacy of probucol on restenosis after stent-implantation is controversial. So this meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between probucol and late restenosis. METHODS Articles were assessed by four trained investigators, with divergences resolved by consensus. PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Central Register of clinical trials were searched for pertinent studies. Inclusion criteria were random allocated to treatment and a comparison of probucol-treated patients and control patients (not treated with lipid-lowering drug) undergoing PCI. RESULTS Fifteen studies with 859 subjects were analyzed. Major outcome, binary angiographic restenosis defined as >50% stenosis upon follow-up angiography, was significantly decreased with probucol treatment (RR = 0.59 [0.43, 0.80] among vessels, P = 0.0007; and RR = 0.52 [0.40, 0.68] among patients, P<0.00001). Probucol also increased the minimal luminal diameter (SMD = 0.45 [0.30, 0.61], P<0.00001) and decreased late loss upon follow-up after 6 months (SMD = -0.41 [-0.60, -0.22], P<0.0001). Moreover, there was a significantly lower incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the probucol group than control group (RR = 0.69 [0.51, 0.93], P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Probucol is more than a lipid-lowering drug. It is also effective in reducing the risk of restenosis and incidence of MACE after PCI.
Collapse
|
27
|
Han H, Cui W, Wang L, Xiong Y, Liu L, Sun X, Hao L. Lutein prevents high fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice by inhibiting NADPH oxidase and increasing PPAR expression. Lipids 2015; 50:261-73. [PMID: 25663235 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-3992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies provide supportive evidence that lutein, a major carotenoid, may act as a chemopreventive agent against atherosclerosis, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lutein on the alleviation of atherosclerosis and its molecular mechanisms involved in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. Male apolipoprotein E knockout mice (n = 55) were fed either a normal chow diet or a high fat diet (HFD) supplemented with or without lutein for 24 weeks. The results showed that a HFD induced atherosclerosis formation, lipid metabolism disorders and oxidative stress, but noticeable improvements were observed in the lutein treated group. Additionally, lutein supplementation reversed the decreased protein expression of aortic heme oxygenase-1 and increased the mRNA and protein expressions of aortic nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase stimulated by a HFD. Furthermore, the decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, acyl CoA oxidase 1, low density lipoprotein receptors and scavenger receptor class B type I observed in mice with atherosclerosis were markedly enhanced after treatment with lutein. Taken together, these data add new evidence supporting the anti-atherogenic properties of lutein and describing its mechanisms of action in atherosclerosis prevention, including oxidative stress and lipid metabolism improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wu BJ, Shrestha S, Ong KL, Johns D, Hou L, Barter PJ, Rye KA. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition enhances endothelial repair and improves endothelial function in the rabbit. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:628-36. [PMID: 25633313 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) can potentially protect against atherosclerosis by multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of endothelial repair and improvement of endothelial function. This study asks if increasing HDL levels by inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity with the anacetrapib analog, des-fluoro-anacetrapib, enhances endothelial repair and improves endothelial function in New Zealand White rabbits with balloon injury of the abdominal aorta. APPROACH AND RESULTS New Zealand White rabbits received chow or chow supplemented with 0.07% or 0.14% (wt/wt) des-fluoro-anacetrapib for 8 weeks. Endothelial denudation of the abdominal aorta was carried out after 2 weeks. The animals were euthanized 6 weeks postinjury. Treatment with 0.07% and 0.14% des-fluoro-anacetrapib reduced cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity by 81±4.9% and 92±12%, increased plasma apolipoprotein A-I levels by 1.4±0.1-fold and 1.5±0.1-fold, increased plasma HDL-cholesterol levels by 1.8±0.2-fold and 1.9±0.1-fold, reduced intimal hyperplasia by 37±11% and 51±10%, and inhibited vascular cell proliferation by 25±6.1% and 35±6.7%, respectively. Re-endothelialization of the injured aorta increased from 43±6.7% (control) to 69±6.6% and 76±7.7% in the 0.07% and 0.14% des-fluoro-anacetrapib-treated animals, respectively. Aortic ring relaxation and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production in response to acetylcholine were also improved. Incubation of HDLs from the des-fluoro-anacetrapib-treated animals with human coronary artery endothelial cells increased cell proliferation and migration relative to control. These effects were abolished by knockdown of scavenger receptor-B1 and PDZ domain-containing protein 1 and by pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/Akt. CONCLUSIONS Increasing HDL levels by inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein reduces intimal thickening and regenerates functional endothelium in damaged New Zealand White rabbit aortas in an scavenger receptor-B1-dependent and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/Akt-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Wu
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.).
| | - Sudichhya Shrestha
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Kwok L Ong
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Douglas Johns
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Liming Hou
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Philip J Barter
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.).
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
El-Bassossy HM, Hassan N, Zakaria MN. Heme oxygenase-1 alleviates vascular complications associated with metabolic syndrome: Effect on endothelial dependent relaxation and NO production. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 223:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Guerra E, Byrne RA, Kastrati A. Pharmacological inhibition of coronary restenosis: systemic and local approaches. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:2155-71. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.948844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
31
|
Ding Y, Zhang B, Zhou K, Chen M, Wang M, Jia Y, Song Y, Li Y, Wen A. Dietary ellagic acid improves oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: Role of Nrf2 activation. Int J Cardiol 2014; 175:508-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
32
|
Gudjoncik A, Guenancia C, Zeller M, Cottin Y, Vergely C, Rochette L. Iron, oxidative stress, and redox signaling in the cardiovascular system. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1721-38. [PMID: 24888568 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The redox state of the cell is predominantly dependent on an iron redox couple and is maintained within strict physiological limits. Iron is an essential metal for hemoglobin synthesis in erythrocytes, for oxidation-reduction reactions, and for cellular proliferation. The maintenance of stable iron concentrations requires the coordinated regulation of iron transport into plasma from dietary sources in the duodenum, from recycled senescent red cells in macrophages, and from storage in hepatocytes. The absorption of dietary iron, which is present in heme or nonheme form, is carried out by mature villus enterocytes of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. Multiple physiological processes are involved in maintaining iron homeostasis. These include its storage at the intracellular and extracellular level. Control of iron balance in the whole organism requires communication between sites of uptake, utilization, and storage. Key protein transporters and the molecules that regulate their activities have been identified. In this field, ferritins and hepcidin are the major regulator proteins. A variety of transcription factors may be activated depending on the level of oxidative stress, leading to the expression of different genes. Major preclinical and clinical trials have shown advances in iron-chelation therapy for the treatment of iron-overload disease as well as cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gudjoncik
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et Pharmacologie Cardio-métaboliques (LPPCM) Inserm UMR866, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Service de Cardiologie CHU Bocage, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Keyamura Y, Nagano C, Kohashi M, Niimi M, Nozako M, Koyama T, Yasufuku R, Imaizumi A, Itabe H, Yoshikawa T. Add-on effect of probucol in atherosclerotic, cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with atorvastatin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96929. [PMID: 24810608 PMCID: PMC4014602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Lowering the blood concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is the primary strategy employed in treating atherosclerotic disorders; however, most commonly prescribed statins prevent cardiovascular events in just 30% to 40% of treated patients. Therefore, additional treatment is required for patients in whom statins have been ineffective. In this study of atherosclerosis in rabbits, we examined the effect of probucol, a lipid-lowering drug with potent antioxidative effects, added to treatment with atorvastatin. Methods and Results Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding rabbits chow containing 0.5% cholesterol for 8 weeks. Probucol 0.1%, atorvastatin 0.001%, and atorvastatin 0.003% were administered solely or in combination for 6 weeks, beginning 2 weeks after the start of atherosclerosis induction. Atorvastatin decreased the plasma concentration of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDLC) dose-dependently; atorvastatin 0.003% decreased the plasma concentration of non-HDLC by 25% and the area of atherosclerotic lesions by 21%. Probucol decreased the plasma concentration of non-HDLC to the same extent as atorvastatin (i.e., by 22%) and the area of atherosclerotic lesions by 41%. Probucol with 0.003% atorvastatin decreased the plasma concentration of non-HDLC by 38% and the area of atherosclerotic lesions by 61%. Co-administration of probucol with atorvastatin did not affect the antioxidative effects of probucol, which were not evident on treatment with atorvastatin alone, such as prevention of in vitro LDL-oxidation, increase in paraoxonase-1 activity of HDL, and decreases in plasma and plaque levels of oxidized-LDL in vivo. Conclusions Probucol has significant add-on anti-atherosclerotic effects when combined with atorvastatin treatment; suggesting that this combination might be beneficial for treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Keyamura
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chifumi Nagano
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kohashi
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manabu Niimi
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masanori Nozako
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Reiko Yasufuku
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ayako Imaizumi
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Itabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Showa University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yoshikawa
- Free Radical Research Project, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vinchi F, Muckenthaler MU, Da Silva MC, Balla G, Balla J, Jeney V. Atherogenesis and iron: from epidemiology to cellular level. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:94. [PMID: 24847266 PMCID: PMC4017151 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulates in human atherosclerotic lesions but whether it is a cause or simply a downstream consequence of the atheroma formation has been an open question for decades. According to the so called "iron hypothesis," iron is believed to be detrimental for the cardiovascular system, thus promoting atherosclerosis development and progression. Iron, in its catalytically active form, can participate in the generation of reactive oxygen species and induce lipid-peroxidation, triggering endothelial activation, smooth muscle cell proliferation and macrophage activation; all of these processes are considered to be proatherogenic. On the other hand, the observation that hemochromatotic patients, affected by life-long iron overload, do not show any increased incidence of atherosclerosis is perceived as the most convincing evidence against the "iron hypothesis." Epidemiological studies and data from animal models provided conflicting evidences about the role of iron in atherogenesis. Therefore, more careful studies are needed in which issues like the source and the compartmentalization of iron will be addressed. This review article summarizes what we have learnt about iron and atherosclerosis from epidemiological studies, animal models and cellular systems and highlights the rather contributory than innocent role of iron in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vinchi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Medicine and Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Medicine and Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milene C Da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany ; Molecular Medicine and Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - György Balla
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen, Hungary ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen, Hungary ; Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Calay D, Mason JC. The multifunctional role and therapeutic potential of HO-1 in the vascular endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1789-809. [PMID: 24131232 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenases (HO-1 and HO-2) catalyze the degradation of the pro-oxidant heme into carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin. In the vasculature, particular interest has focused on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the inducible HO-1 isoform in the vascular endothelium. This review will present evidence that illustrates the potential therapeutic significance of HO-1 and its products, with special emphasis placed on their beneficial effects on the endothelium in vascular diseases. RECENT ADVANCES The understanding of the molecular basis for the regulation and functions of HO-1 has led to the identification of a variety of drugs that increase HO-1 activity in the vascular endothelium. Moreover, therapeutic delivery of HO-1 products CO, biliverdin, and bilirubin has been shown to have favorable effects, notably on endothelial cells and in animal models of vascular disease. CRITICAL ISSUES To date, mechanistic data identifying the downstream target genes utilized by HO-1 and its products to exert their actions remain relatively sparse. Likewise, studies in man to investigate the efficacy of therapeutics known to induce HO-1 or the consequences of the tissue-specific delivery of CO or biliverdin/bilirubin are rarely performed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Based on the promising in vivo data from animal models, clinical trials to explore the safety and efficacy of the therapeutic induction of HO-1 and the delivery of its products should now be pursued further, targeting, for example, patients with severe atherosclerotic disease, ischemic limbs, restenosis injury, or at high risk of organ rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Calay
- Vascular Sciences Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute , Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dunn LL, Midwinter RG, Ni J, Hamid HA, Parish CR, Stocker R. New insights into intracellular locations and functions of heme oxygenase-1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1723-42. [PMID: 24180287 PMCID: PMC3961787 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) plays a critical role in the protection of cells, and the inducible enzyme is implicated in a spectrum of human diseases. The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities, for which current treatment approaches are not optimal, emphasizes the necessity to better understand key players such as HMOX1 that may be therapeutic targets. RECENT ADVANCES HMOX1 is a dynamic protein that can undergo post-translational and structural modifications which modulate HMOX1 function. Moreover, trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to other cellular compartments, including the nucleus, highlights that HMOX1 may play roles other than the catabolism of heme. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of HMOX1 to be induced by a variety of stressors, in an equally wide variety of tissues and cell types, represents an obstacle for the therapeutic exploitation of the enzyme. Any capacity to modulate HMOX1 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases should be tempered with an appreciation that HMOX1 may have an impact on cancer. Moreover, the potential for heme catabolism end products, such as carbon monoxide, to amplify the HMOX1 stress response should be considered. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A more complete understanding of HMOX1 modifications and the properties that they impart is necessary. Delineating these parameters will provide a clearer picture of the opportunities to modulate HMOX1 in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise L. Dunn
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jun Ni
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hafizah A. Hamid
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheng S, Enserro D, Xanthakis V, Sullivan LM, Murabito JM, Benjamin EJ, Polak JF, O'Donnell CJ, Wolf PA, O'Connor GT, Keaney JF, Vasan RS. Association of exhaled carbon monoxide with subclinical cardiovascular disease and their conjoint impact on the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:2980-7. [PMID: 24574370 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Whereas endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) is cytoprotective at physiologic levels, excess CO concentrations are associated with cardiometabolic risk and may represent an important marker of progression from subclinical to clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS In 1926 participants of the Framingham Offspring Study (aged 57 ± 10 years, 46% women), we investigated the relationship of exhaled CO, a surrogate of blood CO concentration, with both prevalent subclinical CVD and incident clinical CVD events. Presence of subclinical CVD was determined using a comprehensive panel of diagnostic tests used to assess cardiac and vascular structure and function. Individuals with the highest (>5 p.p.m.) compared with lowest (≤4 p.p.m.) CO exposure were more likely to have subclinical CVD [odds ratios (OR): 1.67, 95% CI: 1.32-2.12; P < 0.001]. During the follow-up period (mean 5 ± 3 years), 193 individuals developed overt CVD. Individuals with both high CO levels and any baseline subclinical CVD developed overt CVD at an almost four-fold higher rate compared with those with low CO levels and no subclinical disease (22.1 vs. 6.3%). Notably, elevated CO was associated with incident CVD in the presence [hazards ration (HR): 1.83, 95% CI: 1.08-3.11; P = 0.026] but not in the absence (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.42-1.53; P = 0.51) of subclinical CVD (Pinteraction = 0.019). Similarly, subclinical CVD was associated with incident CVD in the presence of high but not low CO exposure. CONCLUSION Our findings in a community-based sample suggest that elevated CO is a marker of greater subclinical CVD burden and, furthermore, a potential key component in the progression from subclinical to clinical CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cheng
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Sections of Preventive Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa M Sullivan
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Department of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph F Polak
- Department of Radiology, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip A Wolf
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George T O'Connor
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John F Keaney
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA Sections of Preventive Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Department of Cardiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Serebruany VL, Malinin A, Eisert C, Ong S. AGI-1067, a novel vascular protectant, anti-inflammatory drug and mild antiplatelet agent for treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:635-41. [PMID: 17605642 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.4.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation-sensitive signals play an important role in platelet activation. AGI-1067 is a novel, phenolic, intra- and extracellular antioxidant that inhibits the expression of a number of proinflammatory genes involved in atherosclerosis. AGI-1067 is the metabolically stable monosuccinic acid ester of probucol, and a potent phenolic antioxidant representing a novel class of orally bioavailable compounds termed vascular protectants. AGI-1067 exhibits antioxidant activity equipotent to probucol. In addition, animal studies have demonstrated dual pharmacological activities of AGI-1067: the ability to block the expression of oxidation-sensitive inflammatory genes including genes that code for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Importantly, AGI-1067 also exhibits mild antiplatelet properties inhibiting surface expression of various key platelet receptors, the formation of platelet monocyte microparticles and PAR-1 thrombin receptors. AGI-1067 is currently being tested in the late trials, and if proven to improve clinical outcomes (ARISE trial), the drug will ultimately be used in patients with different manifestations of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Serebruany
- HeartDrug Research Laboratories, Osler Medical Center, 7600 Osler Drive, Suite 307, Towson, MD 21204, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ono H, Tanaka A, Nakazato K, Hasegawa Y, Kim KI, Kim SR, Nakajima K, Nagamine T. Stress-induced Biomarkers in Liver with Non-alcohol Fatty Liver Diseases and Non-alcohol Steatohepatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2974/kmj.64.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
40
|
Shen Y, Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Wang Y, Zhang D, Maghzal GJ, Stocker R, Croft KD. Dietary quercetin attenuates oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high-fat diet: a critical role for heme oxygenase-1. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:908-915. [PMID: 24017971 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that quercetin, a polyphenol derived in the diet from fruit and vegetables, contributes to cardiovascular health. We aimed to investigate the effects of dietary quercetin on endothelial function and atherosclerosis in mice fed a high-fat diet. Wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and apolipoprotein E gene knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice were fed: (i) a high-fat diet (HFD) or (ii) a HFD supplemented with 0.05% w/w quercetin (HFD+Q), for 14 weeks. Compared with animals fed HFD, HFD+Q attenuated atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) mice. Treatment with the HFD+Q significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxation of aortic rings isolated from WT but not ApoE(-/-) mice and attenuated hypochlorous acid-induced endothelial dysfunction in aortic rings of both WT and ApoE(-/-) mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that HFD+Q significantly improved plasma F2-isoprostanes, 24h urinary nitrite, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, and increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expression in the aortas of both WT and ApoE(-/-) mice (P<0.05). HFD+Q also resulted in small changes in plasma cholesterol (P<0.05 in WT) and plasma triacylglycerols (P<0.05 in ApoE (-/-)mice). In a separate experiment, quercetin did not protect against hypochlorite-induced endothelial dysfunction in arteries obtained from heterozygous HO-1 gene knockout mice with low expression of HO-1 protein. Quercetin protects mice fed a HFD against oxidant-induced endothelial dysfunction and ApoE(-/-) mice against atherosclerosis. These effects are associated with improvements in nitric oxide bioavailability and are critically related to arterial induction of HO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shen
- Medical School, Department of Cardiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Natalie C Ward
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ian B Puddey
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yutang Wang
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Di Zhang
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney Australia
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney Australia
| | - Kevin D Croft
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen Y, Zhao S, Huang B, Wang Y, Li Y, Waqar AB, Liu R, Bai L, Fan J, Liu E. Probucol and cilostazol exert a combinatorial anti-atherogenic effect in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Thromb Res 2013; 132:565-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
42
|
Tanous D, Hime N, Stocker R. Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-diabetic properties of probucol and related compounds. Redox Rep 2013; 13:48-59. [DOI: 10.1179/135100008x259196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
43
|
Al-Huseini LMA, Aw Yeang HX, Sethu S, Alhumeed N, Hamdam JM, Tingle Y, Djouhri L, Kitteringham N, Park BK, Goldring CE, Sathish JG. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2) p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) modulates dendritic cell immune function through regulation of p38 MAPK-cAMP-responsive element binding protein/activating transcription factor 1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22281-8. [PMID: 23775080 PMCID: PMC3829319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 is a redox-responsive transcription factor that has been implicated in the regulation of DC immune function. Loss of Nrf2 results in increased co-stimulatory molecule expression, enhanced T cell stimulatory capacity, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in murine immature DCs (iDCs). It is unknown whether altered immune function of Nrf2-deficient DCs (Nrf2−/− iDCs) is due to elevated ROS levels. Furthermore, it is unclear which intracellular signaling pathways are involved in Nrf2-mediated regulation of DC function. Using antioxidant vitamins to reset ROS levels in Nrf2−/− iDCs, we show that elevated ROS is not responsible for the altered phenotype and function of these DCs. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to explore the role of key MAPKs in mediating the altered phenotype and function in Nrf2−/− iDCs. We demonstrate that the increased co-stimulatory molecule expression (MHC II and CD86) and antigen-specific T cell activation capacity observed in Nrf2−/− iDCs was reversed by inhibition of p38 MAPK but not JNK. Importantly, we provide evidence for increased phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1), transcription factors that are downstream of p38 MAPK. The increased phosphorylation of CREB/ATF1 in Nrf2−/− iDCs was sensitive to p38 MAPK inhibition. We also show data to implicate heme oxygenase-1 as a potential molecular link between Nrf2 and CREB/ATF1. These results indicate that dysregulation of p38 MAPK-CREB/ATF1 signaling axis underlies the altered function and phenotype in Nrf2-deficient DCs. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which Nrf2 mediates regulation of DC function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laith M A Al-Huseini
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
SHENG LIN, JIAO BO, SHAO LIJUAN, BI SHAOJIE, CHENG CHAO, ZHANG JINGBO, JIANG YIHAO. Probucol inhibits hydrogen peroxide to induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1185-90. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
45
|
Wu R, Zhang W, Liu B, Gao J, Xiao XQ, Zhang F, Zhou HM, Wu XL, Zhang X. Probucol ameliorates the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats fed high-fat diets. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:163-71. [PMID: 22878918 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to evaluate the effects of probucol on steatohepatitis and associated molecular mechanisms in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Forty male rats weighing 100-120 g were randomly assigned to the following treatments (n = 10 for each treatment): standard diet + normal saline (NC group), standard diet + 500 mg/kg/day probucol (NP group), HFD + normal saline (HD group), and HFD + 500 mg/kg/day probucol (HP group). All animals received the above treatments for 15 weeks. Lipid metabolism and steatohepatitis were assessed. Systemic insulin resistance, oxidative stress status, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and adiponectin levels, and gene expression were examined. RESULTS High-fat feeding resulted in macrovesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocellular ballooning degeneration in the liver, coupled with increased concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Probucol exposure attenuated the biochemical and histological changes comparable with NASH. Moreover, probucol treatment significantly prevented the elevations of serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein and the increase in the expression of numerous lipid metabolism-related genes in HFD-fed rats. There were increased insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels and enhanced hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the HP group. Probucol lessened the HFD-induced elevation of serum TNF-α and hepatic malondialdehyde and reduced antioxidant enzymatic activities. CONCLUSIONS Probucol shows beneficial effects on HFD-induced steatohepatitis by improving insulin resistance and attenuating oxidative stress and systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lichtenberg D, Pinchuk I. Atherogenesis, the oxidative LDL modification hypothesis revisited. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.411a2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
47
|
Cai Y, Kurita-Ochiai T, Hashizume T, Yamamoto M. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis. Pathog Dis 2012; 67:76-83. [PMID: 23620122 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) ameliorates Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis. EGCG is a polyphenol extract from green tea with health benefits and P. gingivalis is shown here to accelerate atheroma formation in a murine model. Apolipoprotein E knockout mice were administered EGCG or vehicle in drinking water; they were then fed high-fat diets and injected with P. gingivalis three times a week for 3 weeks. Mice were then killed at 15 weeks. Atherosclerotic plaques in the proximal aorta were determined by Oil Red O staining. Atherosclerosis risk factors in serum, liver or aorta were analysed using cytokine antibody arrays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time PCR. Atherosclerotic lesion areas of the aortic sinus caused by P. gingivalis infection decreased in EGCG-treated groups, wherein EGCG reduced the production of C-reactive protein, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and slightly lowered LDL/very LDL cholesterol in P. gingivalis-challenged mice serum. Furthermore, the increase in CCL2, MMP-9, ICAM-1, HSP60, CD44, LOX-1, NOX-4, p22phox and iNOS gene expression levels in the aorta of P. gingivalis-challenged mice were reduced in EGCG-treated mice. However, HO-1 mRNA levels were elevated by EGCG treatment, suggesting that EGCG, as a natural substance, inhibits P. gingivalis-induced atherosclerosis through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wu BJ, Chen K, Shrestha S, Ong KL, Barter PJ, Rye KA. High-density lipoproteins inhibit vascular endothelial inflammation by increasing 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ24 reductase expression and inducing heme oxygenase-1. Circ Res 2012; 112:278-88. [PMID: 23123430 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lipid-free apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and discoidal reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL) containing apoA-I, (A-I)rHDL, inhibit vascular inflammation by increasing 3β-hydroxysteroid-Δ24 reductase (DHCR24) expression. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the lipid-free apoA-I-mediated and (A-I)rHDL-mediated increase in DHCR24 expression induces the cytoprotective and potentially cardioprotective enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo: A single intravenous infusion of lipid-free apoA-I (8 mg/kg) administered 24 hours before inserting a nonocclusive periarterial carotid collar into New Zealand White rabbits decreased collar-induced endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression, reduced intima/media neutrophil infiltration, and increased DHCR24 and HO-1 mRNA levels. Knockdown of vascular DHCR24 and HO-1 and systemic administration of tin-protoporphyrin-IX, an HO inhibitor, abolished these anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro: Preincubation of human coronary artery endothelial cells with (A-I)rHDL before activation with tumor necrosis factor-α increased DHCR24 and HO-1 mRNA levels and inhibited cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. Transfection of the cells with DHCR24 and HO-1 small interfering RNA and tin-protoporphyrin-IX treatment abolished these effects. The (A-I)rHDL-mediated induction of HO-1 was reduced in human coronary artery endothelial cells transfected with DHCR24 small interfering RNA. Transfection of human coronary artery endothelial cells with HO-1 small interfering RNA and tin-protoporphyrin-IX treatment did not inhibit the (A-I)rHDL-mediated increase in DHCR24 expression. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt reduced the (A-I)rHDL-mediated increase in HO-1, but not DHCR24 expression. The activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt by (A-I)rHDL was decreased in human coronary artery endothelial cells that were transfected with DHCR24 small interfering RNA. CONCLUSIONS Lipid-free apoA-I and (A-I)rHDL inhibit inflammation by increasing DHCR24 expression, which, in turn, activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and induces HO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Wu
- Lipid Research Group, The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza St, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lu DY, Yeh WL, Huang SM, Tang CH, Lin HY, Chou SJ. Osteopontin increases heme oxygenase-1 expression and subsequently induces cell migration and invasion in glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:1367-78. [PMID: 23074199 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are associated with high morbidity and mortality because they are highly invasive into surrounding brain tissue, making complete surgical resection impossible. Osteopontin is abundantly expressed in the brain and is involved in cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of glioma cell migration. Migration and invasion activity were determined by transwell and wound-healing assays. Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR, real time-PCR, and Western blotting. Nrf2-DNA binding activity was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Establishment of migration-prone sublines were performed to select highly migratory glioma. An intracranial xenograft mouse model was used for the in vivo study. Application of recombinant human osteopontin enhanced the migration of glioma cells. Expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA and protein also increased in response to osteopontin stimulation. Osteopontin-induced increase in cell migration was antagonized by HO-1 inhibitor or HO-1 small interfering (si)RNA. Osteopontin-mediated HO-1 expression was reduced by treatment with MEK/ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt inhibitors, as well as siRNA against Nrf2. Furthermore, osteopontin stimulated Nrf2 accumulation in the nucleus and increased Nrf2-DNA binding activity. In migration-prone sublines, cells with greater migration ability had higher osteopontin and HO-1 expression, and zinc protoporphyrin IX treatment could effectively reduce the enhanced migration ability. In an intracranial xenograft mouse model, transplantation of migration-prone subline cells exhibited higher cell migration than parental tumor cells. These results indicate that osteopontin activates Nrf2 signaling, resulting in enhanced HO-1 expression and cell migration in glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lönn ME, Dennis JM, Stocker R. Actions of "antioxidants" in the protection against atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:863-84. [PMID: 22664312 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the role of oxidative processes in atherosclerosis and its resulting cardiovascular disease by focusing on the outcome of antioxidant interventions. Although there is unambiguous evidence for the presence of heightened oxidative stress and resulting damage in atherosclerosis, it remains to be established whether this represents a cause or a consequence of the disease. This critical question is complicated further by the increasing realization that oxidative processes, including those related to signaling, are part of normal cell function. Overall, the results from animal interventions suggest that antioxidants provide benefit neither generally nor consistently. Where benefit is observed, it appears to be achieved at least in part via modulation of biological processes such as increase in nitric oxide bioavailability and induction of protective enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1, rather than via inhibition of oxidative processes and lipid oxidation in the arterial wall. Exceptions to this may be situations of multiple/excessive stress, the relevance of which for humans is not clear. This interpretation is consistent with the overall disappointing outcome of antioxidant interventions in humans and can be rationalized by the spatial compartmentalization of cellular oxidative signaling and/or damage, complex roles of oxidant-producing enzymes, and the multifactorial nature of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Lönn
- Centre for Vascular Research, School of Medical Sciences (Pathology), and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|