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Wagle SR, Kovacevic B, Foster T, Ionescu CM, Jones M, Mikov M, Wise A, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. Probucol-bile acid nanoparticles: a novel approach and promising solution to prevent cellular oxidative stress in sensorineural hearing loss. J Drug Target 2024; 32:737-755. [PMID: 38758361 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2349111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The use of antioxidants could thus prove an effective medication to prevent or facilitate recovery from oxidative stress-induced sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). One promising strategy to prevent SNHL is developing probucol (PB)-based nanoparticles using encapsulation technology and administering them to the inner ear via the established intratympanic route. The preclinical, clinical and epidemiological studies support that PB is a proven antioxidant that could effectively prevent oxidative stress in different study models. Such findings suggest its applicability in preventing oxidative stress within the inner ear and its associated neural cells. However, several hurdles, such as overcoming the blood-labyrinth barrier, ensuring sustained release, minimising systemic side effects and optimising targeted delivery in the intricate inner ear structures, must be overcome to efficiently deliver PB to the inner ear. This review explores the background and pathogenesis of hearing loss, the potential of PB in treating oxidative stress and its cellular mechanisms, and the obstacles linked to inner ear drug delivery for effectively introducing PB to the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melissa Jones
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Fung KYY, Ho TWW, Xu Z, Neculai D, Beauchemin CAA, Lee WL, Fairn GD. Apolipoprotein A1 and high-density lipoprotein limit low-density lipoprotein transcytosis by binding SR-B1. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100530. [PMID: 38479648 PMCID: PMC11004410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis results from the deposition and oxidation of LDL and immune cell infiltration in the sub-arterial space leading to arterial occlusion. Studies have shown that transcytosis transports circulating LDL across endothelial cells lining blood vessels. LDL transcytosis is initiated by binding to either scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) or activin A receptor-like kinase 1 on the apical side of endothelial cells leading to its transit and release on the basolateral side. HDL is thought to partly protect individuals from atherosclerosis due to its ability to remove excess cholesterol and act as an antioxidant. Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), an HDL constituent, can bind to SR-B1, raising the possibility that APOA1/HDL can compete with LDL for SR-B1 binding, thereby limiting LDL deposition in the sub-arterial space. To examine this possibility, we used in vitro approaches to quantify the internalization and transcytosis of fluorescent LDL in coronary endothelial cells. Using microscale thermophoresis and affinity capture, we find that SR-B1 and APOA1 interact and that binding is enhanced when using the cardioprotective variant of APOA1 termed Milano (APOA1-Milano). In male mice, transiently increasing the levels of HDL reduced the acute deposition of fluorescently labeled LDL in the atheroprone inner curvature of the aorta. Reduced LDL deposition was also observed when increasing circulating wild-type APOA1 or the APOA1-Milano variant, with a more robust inhibition from the APOA1-Milano. The results suggest that HDL may limit SR-B1-mediated LDL transcytosis and deposition, adding to the mechanisms by which it can act as an atheroprotective particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Y Y Fung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tse Wing Winnie Ho
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zizhen Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Pathology Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dante Neculai
- Department of Cell Biology, and Department of Pathology Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Catherine A A Beauchemin
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS) program, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Warren L Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Giagulli VA, Lisco G, De Tullio A, Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V, Jirillo E. The pathogenic role of the immune system in erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease: focusing on immunopathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies. Sex Med Rev 2024; 12:210-220. [PMID: 38196188 DOI: 10.1093/sxmrev/qead055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) represents the major cause of male sexual dysfunction, which is often associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and cigarette smoking. Peyronie's disease is a chronic disorder associated with irreversible fibrotic damage of the tunica albuginea leading to ED, painful erection, coital disturbance, and physical and social complaints. Both conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and significant changes in intracavernous hydrodynamics. In this scenario, oxidized lipoproteins, M1-polarized macrophages, proinflammatory cytokines (such as the tumor necrosis factor α), endothelial nitric oxide synthase, penile smooth muscle cells, and toll-like receptors represent the main triggers of the inflammatory process in ED. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are the most common treatment for ED. This treatment is used intermittently, as it is conceived as a symptomatic and not curative therapy. Moreover, not all patients respond to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (35%-85%), particularly those with dysmetabolic phenotypes. Additional or alternative treatments are therefore desirable, mostly in refractory cases. OBJECTIVES In this review, we describe the immune-mediated pathogenesis of ED and Peyronie's disease (PD). In our literature search we placed particular emphasis on potentially practical therapeutic approaches, including natural products (such as polyphenols), due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, stem cell therapy, and platelet-derived preparations. METHODS We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and institutional websites. Original studies, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses written in English were searched, screened, and selected. RESULTS In animal models of ED and PD, therapeutic approaches, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, stem cell therapy, and platelet-derived preparations, have provided positive results, including improved penile function, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, and promotion of tissue repair. However, clinical evidence of improvement in human patients is still insufficient. CONCLUSION Promising results for treating ED and PD have been shown in preclinical and pilot clinical studies, but specific clinical trials are needed to validate the efficacy of these therapeutic approaches in men with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology, and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology, and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Tullio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology, and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology, and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology, and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology, and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Ji J, Zhao X, Huang J, Wu X, Xie F, Li L, Wang T, Mi S. Apolipoprotein A-IV of diabetic-foot patients upregulates tumor necrosis factor α expression in microfluidic arterial models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:691-701. [PMID: 36775868 PMCID: PMC10408548 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221147562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral arterial atherosclerosis is one of the important characteristics of diabetic foot syndrome. Apolipoprotein (Apo A-IV) participates in various physiological processes, and animal studies have shown that it has roles of anti-atherosclerosis, prevention of platelet aggregation and thrombosis. Apo A-IV glycosylation is closely related to the occurrence and development of diabetic peripheral atherosclerosis. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of diabetic peripheral arterial lesions caused by glycosylated Apo A-IV. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and T2DM with diabetic foot patients (T2DM-F; n = 45, 30) were enrolled in this study, and individuals without diabetes (n = 35) served as normal controls (NC). In T2DM group, serum Apo A-IV content was higher than those in NC and T2DM-F group, as carboxymethyl lysine (CML) glycosylation of Apo A-IV in mixed serum from T2DM-F group was identified to be more significant than those in two other groups. Within a microfluidic arterial chip model, Apo A-IV from T2DM and T2DM-F group significantly increased transcription and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in chip arteries, and CML expression was observed in T2DM-F group, which were associated with increased nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3) expression. Recombinant human Apo A-IV could reverse the stimulating effect of serum Apo A-IV from T2DM-F group on TNF-α expression, and NR4A3 blocking peptide downregulated TNF-α expression by inhibiting NR4A3 expression. In the chip arteries, Apo A-IV from T2DM and T2DM-F increased TNF-α expression and turn them into a pre-atherosclerotic state, which might be one of the important mechanisms of glycosylated Apo A-IV to induce diabetic peripheral arterial lesions and eventually lead to diabetic foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xuanqin Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Chinese Academy of Science Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Shengli Mi
- Bio-manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055 China
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A Study of Phenolic Bioactive Compounds Of Daucus Carota Subsp. Sativus Fruits of Yaskrava, Nantska Kharkivska and Olenka Species and Of Dauci Carotae Subsp. Sativi Fructuum Extractum Siccum. EUROPEAN PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/afpuc-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of the work was to study the qualitative composition and determine the quantitative content of phenolic compounds of Daucus carota subsp. sativus fruits of Yaskrava, Nantska Kharkivska and Olenka species and of Dauci carotae subsp. sativi fructuum extractum siccum. Phenolic compounds were studied by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. High content of phenol-origin bioactive substances was fixed in Daucus carota subsp. sativus fruits of Nantska Kharkivska variety (363.19 μg/g). Dominating compounds were chlorogenic acid, cynaroside, rutin and hyperoside. Daucus carota subsp. sativus fruits of all study species under question were found to possess permanent qualitative composition of phenolic compounds, whereas their quantitative content in experimental samples differed slightly. The results of analysis confirm promising development of novel antioxidant and cardioprotective drugs on the basis of Dauci carotae subsp. sativi fructuum extractum siccum.
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Mahboobnia K, Pirro M, Marini E, Grignani F, Bezsonov EE, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 and cancer: Rethinking the link. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111758. [PMID: 34058443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is emerging as a major problem globally, as it accounts for the second cause of death despite medical advances. According to epidemiological and basic studies, cholesterol is involved in cancer progression and there are abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism of cancer cells including prostate, breast, and colorectal carcinomas. However, the importance of cholesterol in carcinogenesis and thereby the role of cholesterol homeostasis as a therapeutic target is still a debated area in cancer therapy. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), a serine protease, modulates cholesterol metabolism by attachment to the LDL receptor (LDLR) and reducing its recycling by targeting the receptor for lysosomal destruction. Published research has shown that PCSK9 is also involved in degradation of other LDLR family members namely very-low-density-lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2). As a result, this protein represents an interesting therapeutic target for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Interestingly, clinical trials on PCSK9-specific monoclonal antibodies have reported promising results with high efficacy in lowering LDL-C and in turn reducing cardiovascular complications. It is important to note that PCSK9 mediates several other pathways apart from its role in lipid homeostasis, including antiviral activity, hepatic regeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and modulation of various signaling pathways. Furthermore, recent literature has illustrated that PCSK9 is closely associated with incidence and progression of several cancers. In a number of studies, PCSK9 siRNA was shown to effectively suppress the proliferation and invasion of the several studied tumor cells. Hence, a novel application of PCSK9 inhibitors/silencers in cancer/metastasis could be considered. However, due to poor data on effectiveness and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in cancer, the impact of PCSK9 inhibition in these pathological conditions is still unknown. SEARCH METHODS A vast literature search was conducted to find intended studies from 1956 up to 2020, and inclusion criteria were original peer-reviewed publications. PURPOSE OF REVIEW To date, PCSK9 has been scantly investigated in cancer. The question that needs to be discussed is "How does PCSK9 act in cancer pathophysiology and what are the risks or benefits associated to its inhibition?". We reviewed the available publications highlighting the contribution of this proprotein convertase in pathways related to cancer, with focus on the potential implications of its long-term pharmacological inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Mahboobnia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ettore Marini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Grignani
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Evgeny E Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Osborn EA, Albaghdadi M, Libby P, Jaffer FA. Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Foam Cell Induction Activates AMPK But Uncouples Its Regulation of Autophagy and Lysosomal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239033. [PMID: 33261140 PMCID: PMC7730064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of macrophage lipid metabolism drives atherosclerosis. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energetics and plays essential roles regulating macrophage lipid dynamics. Here, we investigated the consequences of atherogenic lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation on downstream immunometabolic signaling in primary mouse macrophages. A variety of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins (acetylated, oxidized, and aggregated forms) activated AMPK signaling in a manner that was in part due to CD36 and calcium-related signaling. In quiescent macrophages, basal AMPK signaling was crucial for maintaining markers of lysosomal homeostasis as well as levels of key components in the lysosomal expression and regulation network. Moreover, AMPK activation resulted in targeted upregulation of members of this network via transcription factor EB. However, in lipid-induced macrophage foam cells, neither basal AMPK signaling nor its activation affected lysosomal-associated programs. These results suggest that while the sum of AMPK signaling in cultured macrophages may be anti-atherogenic, atherosclerotic input dampens the regulatory capacity of AMPK signaling.
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Pomegranate: Nutraceutical with Promising Benefits on Human Health. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate is an old plant made up by flowers, roots, fruits and leaves, native to Central Asia and principally cultivated in the Mediterranean and California (although now widespread almost all over the globe). The current use of this precious plant regards not only the exteriority of the fruit (employed also for ornamental purpose) but especially the nutritional and, still potential, health benefits that come out from the various parts composing this one (carpellary membranes, arils, seeds and bark). Indeed, the phytochemical composition of the fruit abounds in compounds (flavonoids, ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins, mineral salts, vitamins, lipids, organic acids) presenting a significant biological and nutraceutical value. For these reasons, pomegranate interest is increased over the years as the object of study for many research groups, particularly in the pharmaceutical sector. Specifically, in-depth studies of its biological and functional properties and the research of new formulations could be applied to a wide spectrum of diseases including neoplastic, cardiovascular, viral, inflammatory, metabolic, microbial, intestinal, reproductive and skin diseases. In this review, considering the increasing scientific and commercial interest of nutraceuticals, we reported an update of the investigations concerning the health-promoting properties of pomegranate and its bioactive compounds against principal human pathologies.
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Could PCSK9 be a new therapeutic target of Eugenol? In vitro and in silico evaluation of hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020; 136:109513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Calmasini FB, Klee N, Webb RC, Priviero F. Impact of Immune System Activation and Vascular Impairment on Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2019; 7:604-613. [PMID: 31326360 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Male and female sexual dysfunction (SD) is considered a multifactorial condition. Numerous studies have shown the involvement of inflammatory processes in this pathological condition. Sexual intercourse requires healthy and functioning vessels to supply the pelvic region in both males and females, generating penile erection and clitoral and vaginal lubrication, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors may contribute negatively to pelvic blood flow, possibly through immune system activation. AIM The study aimed to address the correlation between vascular inflammation driven by immune system activation and SD in males and females. METHODS A literature review was performed to identify articles addressing male and female SD and vascular inflammation. Key words included "male and female sexual dysfunction," "vascular inflammation," "iliac and pudendal arteries dysfunction," "genitourinary tract," and "blood flow." MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Management of systemic and local inflammation may be a useful alternative to improve SD and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the future. RESULTS Increased levels of cytokines and chemokines have been detected in humans and animals with hypertension, obesity, and diabetic conditions. Chronic activation of the innate immune system, especially by pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns, and metabolic-related disorders may act as triggers further contributing to an increased inflammatory condition. Due to the reduced size of vessels, SD and retinal vascular impairments have been shown to be predictive factors for cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, considering that blood flow to the genitalia is essential for sexual function, endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling, secondary to chronic immune system activation, may be implicated in male and female vasculogenic SD. CONCLUSIONS Several conditions appear to play a role in SD. In the present review, we have identified a role for the immune system in generating vascular and tissue impairments contributing to erectile dysfunction and female SD. Calmasini FB, Klee N, Webb RC, et al. Impact of Immune System Activation and Vascular Impairment on Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:604-613.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano B Calmasini
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Deparment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nicole Klee
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Inhibition of Human Platelet Aggregation and Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Premna foetida Extract and Its Major Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081469. [PMID: 31013947 PMCID: PMC6514998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many Premna species have been used in traditional medicine to treat hypertension and cardiac insufficiency, and as a tonic for cardiac-related problems. Some have been reported to possess cardiovascular protective activity through several possible mechanisms, but not Premna foetida. In the present study, the methanol extract of P. foetida leaves (PFM) and its isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit copper-mediated human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and arachidonic acid (AA)- and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. Six flavonoids, three triterpenoids, vanillic acid and stigmasterol were successfully isolated from PFM. Of the isolated compounds, quercetin was the most active against LDL oxidation (IC50 4.25 µM). The flavonols were more active than the flavones against LDL oxidation, suggesting that hydroxyl group at C-3 and the catechol moiety at B-ring may play important roles in protecting LDL from oxidation. Most tested flavonoids showed stronger inhibition towards AA-induced than the ADP-induced platelet aggregation with apigenin exhibiting the strongest effect (IC50 52.3 and 127.4 µM, respectively) while quercetin and kaempferol showed moderate activity. The results suggested that flavonoids, especially quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol were among the major constituents of P. foetida responsible for anti-LDL oxidation and anti-platelet aggregation.
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Qu J, Ko CW, Tso P, Bhargava A. Apolipoprotein A-IV: A Multifunctional Protein Involved in Protection against Atherosclerosis and Diabetes. Cells 2019; 8:E319. [PMID: 30959835 PMCID: PMC6523623 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is a lipid-binding protein, which is primarily synthesized in the small intestine, packaged into chylomicrons, and secreted into intestinal lymph during fat absorption. In the circulation, apoA-IV is present on chylomicron remnants, high-density lipoproteins, and also in lipid-free form. ApoA-IV is involved in a myriad of physiological processes such as lipid absorption and metabolism, anti-atherosclerosis, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, glucose homeostasis, and food intake. ApoA-IV deficiency is associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes, which renders it as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of these diseases. While much has been learned about the physiological functions of apoA-IV using rodent models, the action of apoA-IV at the cellular and molecular levels is less understood, let alone apoA-IV-interacting partners. In this review, we will summarize the findings on the molecular function of apoA-IV and apoA-IV-interacting proteins. The information will shed light on the discovery of apoA-IV receptors and the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying its mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2180 E Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA.
| | - Chih-Wei Ko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2180 E Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA.
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, 2180 E Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237-0507, USA.
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
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14
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The biochemical basis of disease. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:619-642. [PMID: 30509933 PMCID: PMC6279435 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article gives the reader an insight into the role of biochemistry in some of the current global health and disease problems. It surveys the biochemical causes of disease in an accessible and succinct form while also bringing in aspects of pharmacology, cell biology, pathology and physiology which are closely aligned with biochemistry. The discussion of the selected diseases highlights exciting new developments and illuminates key biochemical pathways and commonalities. The article includes coverage of diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, microorganisms and disease, nutrition, liver disease and Alzheimer’s disease, but does not attempt to be comprehensive in its coverage of disease, since this is beyond its remit and scope. Consequently there are many fascinating biochemical aspects of diseases, both common and rare, that are not addressed here that can be explored in the further reading cited. Techniques and biochemical procedures for studying disease are not covered in detail here, but these can be found readily in a range of biochemical methods sources.
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15
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Manikandan A, Moharil P, Sathishkumar M, Muñoz-Garay C, Sivakumar A. Therapeutic investigations of novel indoxyl-based indolines: A drug target validation and Structure-Activity Relationship of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with cardiovascular regulation and thrombolytic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:417-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Joo JY, Cha GS, Chung J, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Choi J. Peptide 19 of Porphyromonas gingivalis Heat Shock Protein Is a Potent Inducer of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation. J Periodontol 2017; 88:e58-e64. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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LOX-1 and Its Splice Variants: A New Challenge for Atherosclerosis and Cancer-Targeted Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020290. [PMID: 28146073 PMCID: PMC5343826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a process in which precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing sites are differentially selected to diversify the protein isoform population. Changes in AS patterns have an essential role in normal development, differentiation and response to physiological stimuli. It is documented that AS can generate both “risk” and “protective” splice variants that can contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis. The main endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDLs) is LOX-1 receptor protein encoded by the OLR1 gene. When OLR1 undergoes AS events, it generates three variants: OLR1, OLR1D4 and LOXIN. The latter lacks exon 5 and two-thirds of the functional domain. Literature data demonstrate a protective role of LOXIN in pathologies correlated with LOX-1 overexpression such as atherosclerosis and tumors. In this review, we summarize recent developments in understanding of OLR1 AS while also highlighting data warranting further investigation of this process as a novel therapeutic target.
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Jin SM, Han KA, Yu JM, Sohn TS, Choi SH, Chung CH, Park IB, Rhee EJ, Baik SH, Park TS, Lee IK, Ko SH, Hwang YC, Cha BS, Lee HW, Nam MS, Lee MK. Probucol in Albuminuric Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients on Renin–Angiotensin System Blockade. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2108-14. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
To determine the effect of probucol on urine albumin excretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with albuminuria using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.
Approach and Results—
This was a 16-week, phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio of ≥300 mg/g using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, conducted in 17 tertiary referral hospitals. Eligible patients were randomized to probucol 250 mg/d (n=44), probucol 500 mg/d (n=41), and placebo (n=41) groups in a ratio of 1:1:1 after block randomization procedures, keeping the treatment assignment blinded to the investigators, patients, and study assistants. The primary end point was change in the geometric mean of urinary albumin/creatinine ratio from baseline to week 16 (
ClinicalTrials.gov
identifier NCT01726816). The study was started on November 8, 2012, and completed on March 24, 2014. The least squares mean change±SE from baseline in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio at week 16 was −7.2±639.5 mg/g in the probucol 250 mg/d group (n=43;
P
=0.2077 versus placebo group), 9.3±587.4 mg/g in the probucol 500 mg/d group (n=40;
P
=0.1975 versus placebo group), and 259.0±969.1 mg/g in the placebo group (n=41). Although the majority of subjects were on statins, probucol treatment significantly lowered total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. QT prolongation occurred in one and two subjects in control and probucol 250 mg/d groups, respectively.
Conclusions—
Four months of probucol up to 500 mg/d failed to reduce urinary albumin excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Man Jin
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Kyung Ah Han
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Jae Myung Yu
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Tae Seo Sohn
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Choon Hee Chung
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ie Byung Park
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Eun Jung Rhee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sei Hyun Baik
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Tae Sun Park
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - You-Cheol Hwang
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Bong Soo Cha
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Hyoung Woo Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Moon-Suk Nam
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- From the Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (S.-M.J., M.-K.L.); Diabetes Center, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (K.A.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym Medical University, Seoul, Korea (J.M.Y.); Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul (T.S.S.); Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul
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Adefegha SA, Oboh G, Adefegha OM, Henle T. Alligator pepper/Grain of Paradise ( Aframomum melegueta ) modulates Angiotensin-I converting enzyme activity, lipid profile and oxidative imbalances in a rat model of hypercholesterolemia. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2016; 23:191-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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20
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Zeya B, Arjuman A, Chandra NC. Lectin-like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptor (LOX-1): A Chameleon Receptor for Oxidized LDL. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4437-44. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Zeya
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Albina Arjuman
- Division of P&I, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Nimai Chand Chandra
- Department
of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
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21
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Chuang LY, Guh JY, Ye YL, Lee YH, Huang JS. Effects of probucol on cell proliferation in human ovarian cancer cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015; 5:331-339. [PMID: 30090349 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00088b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probucol is considered to be an important agent in promoting anti-oxidative action and protecting against tissue injury. However, little is known about the effects of probucol on the progression of ovarian carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probucol on cellular proliferation in human ovarian cancer cells (PA-1 and SKOV-3) and explore the anti-proliferative mechanism of probucol in these cells. We found that probucol decreased cell growth in PA-1 and SKOV-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with probucol had no effect on cytotoxicity, the percentages of Annexin V-FITC positive cells and caspase-3 activity when compared with the vehicle group. No significant differences in the protein expression of Bcl-2 and cytochrome c were observed, both of which were markers of cells undergoing apoptosis. The inhibition of cellular proliferation by probucol was caused by G1-phase arrest through regulating proteins associated with cell cycle progression, such as cyclin D1, p21Waf1/Cip1, and p27Kip1. A further study revealed that probucol strongly impaired the phosphorylation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65). It also suppressed the activation of ERK/JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. Moreover, the NF-κB inhibitor (PDTC), the ERK inhibitor (PD98059), the JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and the p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) markedly attenuated the growth of these cells. Our results indicate that probucol induces anti-proliferative effects via blocking of cell cycle progression and inactivation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in human ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Yea Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Yuh Guh
- Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Ye
- Department of Biotechnology , National Formosa University , Yunlin , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ho Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology , Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan , Taiwan . ; ; Tel: +886-6-2674567-420
| | - Jau-Shyang Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology , Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan , Taiwan . ; ; Tel: +886-6-2674567-420
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22
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Van Antwerpen P, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K. Rational drug design applied to myeloperoxidase inhibition. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:711-20. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Kim OS, Seo CS, Kim Y, Shin HK, Ha H. Extracts of Scutellariae Radix inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and the lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory response. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1335-41. [PMID: 25815437 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal formulas made from Scutellariae Radix (SR), the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, have previously been used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SR on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and inflammation in macrophages, which are early events in the development of atherosclerosis. High-performance liquid chromatography photo-diode array analysis was used to obtain a three-dimensional chromatogram of SR. The antioxidative effects of SR were evaluated by determining its scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals. The inhibitory effect of SR on LDL oxidation was examined using a thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assay and a relative electrophoretic mobility assay. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effects of SR were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. The results showed that SR exhibited radical-scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner; in addition, SR attenuated the Cu2+-induced oxidation of LDL as well as significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, SR induced the protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that SR decreased the oxidation of LDL and suppressed inflammatory responses in macrophages, which occurred at least in part via the induction of HO‑1. These results therefore suggested that SR may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohn Soon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
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24
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Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and C-reactive protein have combined utility for better predicting prognosis after acute coronary syndrome. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 68:379-85. [PMID: 23943054 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that the elevated concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are predictive of future cardiovascular events for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. But, the combined value of Ox-LDL and hs-CRP for predicting cardiovascular events is still unknown. Serum concentrations of Ox-LDL, hs-CRP, and cTnT were measured in a prospective cohort of 425 selective ACS patients followed 3-5 years for the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or death (AMI/death). Among 425 enrolled patients, 124 patients demonstrated AMI/death. Baseline levels of Ox-LDL, hs-CRP, and cTnT were significantly higher in AMI/death group than the event-free survival group. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses supported that elevations in Ox-LDL or hs-CRP predicted increased cardiovascular events risks. However, the strongest risk prediction was achieved by assessing Ox-LDL and hs-CRP together. Patients with high levels of Ox-LDL and hs-CRP were more likely to experience AMI or death than those with either Ox-LDL or hs-CRP elevated. Receiver-operating characteristic curves showed that Ox-LDL and hs-CRP have higher sensitivity and specificity than those of cTnT for predicting AMI or death. This was reflected by the AUC values for Ox-LDL, hs-CRP, and cTnT, which were 0.891, 0.834, and 0.626, respectively. The combined use of Ox-LDL and hs-CRP may improve prognosis after ACS with high-sensitivity and specificity.
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25
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Takechi R, Galloway S, Pallebage-Gamarallage MM, Lam V, Dhaliwal SS, Mamo JC. Probucol prevents blood-brain barrier dysfunction in wild-type mice induced by saturated fat or cholesterol feeding. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 40:45-52. [PMID: 23167559 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an early pathological feature of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is triggered by inflammatory stimuli. Probucol is a lipid-lowering agent with potent anti-oxidant properties once commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Probucol therapy was found to stabilize cognitive symptoms in elderly AD patients, whereas in amyloid transgenic mice probucol was shown to attenuate amyloidosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of probucol have note been determined. In the present study we investigated whether probucol can prevent BBB disturbances induced by chronic ingestion of proinflammatory diets enriched with either 20% (w/w) saturated fats (SFA) or 1% (w/w) cholesterol. Mice were fed the diets for 12 weeks before they were killed and BBB integrity was measured. Mice maintained on either the SFA- or cholesterol-supplemented diets were found to have a 30- and sevenfold greater likelihood of BBB dysfunction, respectively, as determined by the parenchymal extravasation of plasma-derived immunoglobulins and endogenous lipoprotein enrichment with β-amyloid. In contrast, mice fed the SFA- or cholesterol-enriched diets that also contained 1% (w/w) probucol showed no evidence of BBB disturbance. The parenchymal expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker of cerebrovascular inflammation, was significantly greater in mice fed the SFA-enriched diet. Plasma lipid, β-amyloid and apolipoprotein B levels were not increased by feeding of the SFA- or cholesterol-enriched diets. However, mice fed the SFA- or cholesterol-enriched diets did exhibit increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid levels that were not reduced by probucol. The data suggest that probucol prevents disturbances of BBB induced by chronic ingestion of diets enriched in SFA or cholesterol by suppressing inflammatory pathways rather than by modulating plasma lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Takechi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Wang Y, Chun OK, Song WO. Plasma and dietary antioxidant status as cardiovascular disease risk factors: a review of human studies. Nutrients 2013; 5:2969-3004. [PMID: 23912327 PMCID: PMC3775238 DOI: 10.3390/nu5082969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive evidence has demonstrated that many antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenols have protective effects in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD), a chronic disease that is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. This review focuses on evidence from prospective cohort studies and clinical trials in regard to the associations between plasma/dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular events. Long-term, large-scale, population-based cohort studies have found that higher levels of serum albumin, bilirubin, glutathione, vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids were associated with a lower risk of CVD. Evidence from the cohort studies in regard to dietary antioxidants also supported the protective effects of dietary vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, and polyphenols on CVD risk. However, results from large randomized controlled trials did not support long-term use of single antioxidant supplements for CVD prevention due to their null or even adverse effects on major cardiovascular events or cancer. Diet quality indexes that consider overall diet quality rather than single nutrients have been drawing increasing attention. Cohort studies and intervention studies that focused on diet patterns such as high total antioxidant capacity have documented protective effects on CVD risk. This review provides a perspective for future studies that investigate antioxidant intake and risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ock K. Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Won O. Song
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-517-355-8474 (ext. 109); Fax: +1-517-353-8963
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Wei YM, Li X, Xiong J, Abais JM, Xia M, Boini KM, Zhang Y, Li PL. Attenuation by statins of membrane raft-redox signaling in coronary arterial endothelium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 345:170-9. [PMID: 23435541 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane raft (MR)-redox signaling platforms associated with NADPH oxidase are involved in coronary endothelial dysfunction. Here, we studied whether statins interfere with the formation of MR-redox signaling platforms to protect the coronary arterial endothelium from oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL)-induced injury and from acute hypercholesterolemia. In cultured human coronary arterial endothelial cells, confocal microscopy detected the formation of an MRs clustering when they were exposed to OxLDL, and such MR platform formation was inhibited markedly by statins, including pravastatin and simvastatin. In these MR clusters, NADPH oxidase subunits gp91(phox) and p47(phox) were aggregated and were markedly blocked by both statins. In addition, colocalization of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) and ceramide was induced by OxLDL, which was blocked by statins. Electron spin resonance spectrometry showed that OxLDL-induced superoxide (O2(.-)) production in the MR fractions was substantially reduced by statins. In coronary artery intima of mice with acute hypercholesterolemia, confocal microscopy revealed a colocalization of gp91(phox), p47(phox), ASM, or ceramide in MR clusters. Such colocalization was rarely observed in the arteries of normal mice or significantly reduced by pretreatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with statins. Furthermore, O2(.-) production in situ was 3-fold higher in the coronary arteries from hypercholesterolemic mice than in those from normal mice, and such increase was inhibited by statins. Our results indicate that blockade of MR-redox signaling platform formation in endothelial cell membrane may be another important therapeutic mechanism of statins in preventing endothelial injury and atherosclerosis and may be associated with their direct action on membrane cholesterol structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Miao Wei
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Haefliger JA, Martin D, Favre D, Petremand Y, Mazzolai L, Abderrahmani A, Meda P, Waeber G, Allagnat F. Reduction of connexin36 content by ICER-1 contributes to insulin-secreting cells apoptosis induced by oxidized LDL particles. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55198. [PMID: 23383107 PMCID: PMC3559396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin36 (Cx36), a trans-membrane protein that forms gap junctions between insulin-secreting beta-cells in the Langerhans islets, contributes to the proper control of insulin secretion and beta-cell survival. Hypercholesterolemia and pro-atherogenic low density lipoproteins (LDL) contribute to beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis in the context of Type 2 diabetes. We investigated the impact of LDL-cholesterol on Cx36 levels in beta-cells. As compared to WT mice, the Cx36 content was reduced in islets from hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. Prolonged exposure to human native (nLDL) or oxidized LDL (oxLDL) particles decreased the expression of Cx36 in insulin secreting cell-lines and isolated rodent islets. Cx36 down-regulation was associated with overexpression of the inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER-1) and the selective disruption of ICER-1 prevented the effects of oxLDL on Cx36 expression. Oil red O staining and Plin1 expression levels suggested that oxLDL were less stored as neutral lipid droplets than nLDL in INS-1E cells. The lipid beta-oxidation inhibitor etomoxir enhanced oxLDL-induced apoptosis whereas the ceramide synthesis inhibitor myriocin partially protected INS-1E cells, suggesting that oxLDL toxicity was due to impaired metabolism of the lipids. ICER-1 and Cx36 expressions were closely correlated with oxLDL toxicity. Cx36 knock-down in INS-1E cells or knock-out in primary islets sensitized beta-cells to oxLDL-induced apoptosis. In contrast, overexpression of Cx36 partially protected INS-1E cells against apoptosis. These data demonstrate that the reduction of Cx36 content in beta-cells by oxLDL particles is mediated by ICER-1 and contributes to oxLDL-induced beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Martin
- Service of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Favre
- Department of Cellular Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Petremand
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Service of Vascular Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, UMR 8199, University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Service of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Service of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pentameric CRP attenuates inflammatory effects of mmLDL by inhibiting mmLDL--monocyte interactions. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:384-93. [PMID: 22901456 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that C-reactive protein (CRP) interacting with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) affects macrophage activation and LDL uptake. However, the physiological relevance of CRP-LDL interaction with circulating monocytes remains elusive. Moreover, recent studies have shown that CRP exists in two isoforms with partly opposing characteristics pentameric (pCRP) and monomeric CRP (mCRP). Here we investigated the effects of CRP interacting with minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL) interaction in regard to events involved in formation of atherosclerotic plaque. We analyzed the effect of mmLDL on human monocytes and found a substantial increase in monocyte activation as evaluated by CD11b/CD18 expression and increased monocyte adhesion under static and under shear flow conditions to human endothelial cells. Monocyte adhesion and activation was attenuated by pCRP via the prevention of mmLDL binding to monocytes. These anti-inflammatory properties of pCRP were lost when it dissociates to the monomeric form. Our results elucidate the physiological relevance of the CRP-mmLDL interaction and furthermore confirm the importance of the previously described pCRP dissociation to mCRP as a localized inflammatory "activation" mechanism.
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Jantan I, Saputri FC. Benzophenones and xanthones from Garcinia cantleyana var. cantleyana and their inhibitory activities on human low-density lipoprotein oxidation and platelet aggregation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 80:58-63. [PMID: 22640928 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three benzophenones, 2,6,3',5'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (1), 3,4,5,3',5'-pentahydroxybenzophenone (3) and 3,5,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (4), as well as a xanthone, 1,3,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-(3'-methyl-2'-oxo-but-3'-enyl)xanthone (9), were isolated from the twigs of Garcinia cantleyana var. cantleyana. Eight known compounds, 3,4,5,3'-tetrahydroxy benzophenone (2), 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (5), 1,3,8-trihydroxyxanthone (6), 2,4,7-trihydroxyxanthone (7), 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (8), quercetin, glutin-5-en-3β-ol and friedelin were also isolated. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The compounds were investigated for their ability to inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and platelet aggregation in human whole blood in vitro. Most of the compounds showed strong antioxidant activity with compound 8 showing the highest inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 0.5 μM, comparable to that of probucol. Among the compounds tested, only compound 4 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen. Compounds 3, 5 and 8 showed selective inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Saputri FC, Jantan I. Inhibitory Activities of Compounds from the Twigs of Garcinia hombroniana
Pierre on Human Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Oxidation and Platelet Aggregation. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1845-50. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadlina Chany Saputri
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy; Universitas Indonesia; Kampus UI Depok 16424 Indonesia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Elevated Levels of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Correlate Positively with C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 62:365-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cheng TM, Mao SJT, Lai ST, Chang CC, Yang MC, Chen NC, Chou SC, Pan JP. Haemoglobin-induced oxidative stress is associated with both endogenous peroxidase activity and H2O2 generation from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free Radic Res 2010; 45:303-16. [PMID: 21034361 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.532492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with increased haemolytic haemoglobin (Hb) have 10-20-times greater incidence of cardiovascular mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of Hb peroxidase activity in LDL oxidation. The role of Hb in lipid peroxidation, H(2)O(2) generation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was assessed using NaN(3), a peroxidase inhibitor, catalase, a H(2)O(2) decomposing enzyme and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively. Hb induced H(2)O(2) production by reacting with LDL, linoleate and cell membrane lipid extracts. Hb-induced LDL oxidation was inhibited by NaN(3) and catalase. Furthermore, Hb stimulated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, which was inhibited by the antioxidant, probucol. Thus, the present study suggests that the peroxidase activity of Hb produces atherogenic, oxidized LDL and oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the cell membrane and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation mediated Hb-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Mu Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Viuda-Martos M, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez J. Pomegranate and its Many Functional Components as Related to Human Health: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:635-654. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
This study provides new data on the various carotenoids found in bambangan (Mangifera pajang Kosterm.) peel and pulp extracts, such as all-trans-α- and β-carotene, cis-β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Chemical and biological antioxidant assays were determined to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of bambangan peel and pulp extracts. Bambangan pulp had higher α- and β-carotene contents (7.96 ± 1.53 and 20.04 ± 1.01 mg/100 g) than its peel (4.2 ± 0.14 and 13.09 ± 0.28 mg/100 g); the cryptoxanthin contents of bambangan peel and pulp were 0.60 and 1.18 mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activity results determined by chemical assay using the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method showed that bambangan peel extract had higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than its pulp. In the biological assays bambangan peel and pulp had protective effects against hemoglobin and LDL oxidation at an extract concentration of 1 ppm. Bambangan peel is a therefore a potential source of natural antioxidants and could be utilized as a functional ingredient.
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Levitan I, Volkov S, Subbaiah PV. Oxidized LDL: diversity, patterns of recognition, and pathophysiology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:39-75. [PMID: 19888833 PMCID: PMC2877120 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of LDL is known to elicit an array of pro-atherogenic responses, but it is generally underappreciated that oxidized LDL (OxLDL) exists in multiple forms, characterized by different degrees of oxidation and different mixtures of bioactive components. The variable effects of OxLDL reported in the literature can be attributed in large part to the heterogeneous nature of the preparations employed. In this review, we first describe the various subclasses and molecular composition of OxLDL, including the variety of minimally modified LDL preparations. We then describe multiple receptors that recognize various species of OxLDL and discuss the mechanisms responsible for the recognition by specific receptors. Furthermore, we discuss the contentious issues such as the nature of OxLDL in vivo and the physiological oxidizing agents, whether oxidation of LDL is a prerequisite for atherogenesis, whether OxLDL is the major source of lipids in foam cells, whether in some cases it actually induces cholesterol depletion, and finally the Janus-like nature of OxLDL in having both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Lastly, we extend our review to discuss the role of LDL oxidation in diseases other than atherosclerosis, including diabetes mellitus, and several autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Levitan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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UGT1A1 Promoter Genotype is not Strongly Associated With Severity of Coronary Artery Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 18:226-31. [DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e3181a23bbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is important in attenuating the overall production of reactive oxygen species through its ability to degrade heme and to produce carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin, and release of free iron. Excess free heme catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction as seen in numerous pathologic vascular conditions including systemic hypertension and diabetes, as well as in ischemia/reperfusion injury.The up-regulation of HO-1 can be achieved through the use of pharmaceutical agents such as metalloporphyrins and statins. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide donors are important modulators of the heme-HO system, either through induction of HO-1 or the increased biologic activity of its products. Gene therapy and gene transfer, including site- and organ-specific targeted gene transfer have become powerful tools for studying the potential role of the 2 isoforms of HO, HO-1/HO-2, in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as well as diabetes. HO-1 induction by pharmacological agents or the in vitro gene transfer of human HO-1 into ECs increases cell cycle progression and attenuates angiotensin II, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and heme-mediated DNA damage; administration in vivo corrects blood pressure elevation after angiotensin II exposure. Delivery of human HO-1 to hyperglycemic rats significantly lowers superoxide levels and prevents EC damage and sloughing of vascular EC into the circulation. In addition, administration of human HO-1 to rats in advance of ischemia/reperfusion injury considerably reduces tissue damage.The ability to up-regulate HO-1 either through pharmacological means or through the use of gene therapy may offer therapeutic strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the future. This review discusses the implications of HO-1 delivery during the early stages of cardiovascular system injury or in early vascular pathology, and suggests that pharmacological agents that regulate HO activity or HO-1 gene delivery itself may become powerful tools for preventing the onset or progression of various cardiovascular diseases.
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Chu CY, Lee HJ, Chu CY, Yin YF, Tseng TH. Protective effects of leaf extract of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and accumulation of lipid in differentiated THP-1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
LOOHs (lipid hydroperoxides) in oxLDL [oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein)] are potentially atherogenic compounds. Recently, H2S was identified as the third endogenous gasotransmitter in the vasculature. H2O2 is known to be destroyed by H2S. Assuming that H2S may also react with LOOHs, the results show that H2S can destroy LOOHs in oxLDL. The ability of LOOH-enriched LDL to induce HO-1 (haem oxygenase 1) in endothelial cells was abolished by H2S pretreatment. HPLC analysis showed that 9-HPODE [(9S)-hydroperoxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid], a compound found in oxLDL, was reduced to 9-HODE [(9S)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid] in the presence of H2S. Thus H2S may act as an antiatherogenic agent by reducing LOOHs to the less reactive LOHs and could abrogate the pathobiological activity of oxLDL.
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Rocha KKR, Souza GA, Ebaid GX, Seiva FRF, Cataneo AC, Novelli ELB. Resveratrol toxicity: effects on risk factors for atherosclerosis and hepatic oxidative stress in standard and high-fat diets. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1362-7. [PMID: 19298841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial action of moderate wine consumption is increasingly being attributed to resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene). To test the safety of resveratrol use as a dietary supplement, 24 male Wistar rats were initially divided into three groups: (C, n=6) was given standard chow and water; (R, n=6) received standard chow and 6 mg/l resveratrol in its drinking water (1mg/kg/day), and (HFD, n=12) received high-fat diet and water. In order to more appropriately study the effects of resveratrol on high-fat diet, after 30 days of treatments, HFD-rats were divided into two subgroups (n=6/group):(HFD) remained receiving high-fat diet and water; (HFD-R) given high-fat diet and 6 mg/l resveratrol in its drinking water (1mg/kg/day). The total experimental period was 45 days. The resveratrol dose took into account its average concentration in wine, the time variability of wine ingestion, and so of resveratrol consumption in humans. HFD-rats had hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia, increased serum oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL) and hepatic oxidative stress. Comparing HFD-R and HFD-rats, resveratrol improved lipid profile and glucose level, enhanced superoxide dismutase, thus reducing ox-LDL and hepatic oxidative stress. Resveratrol, in standard-fed-rats reduced glutathione-antioxidant defense system and enhanced hepatic lipid hydroperoxide. In conclusion, based on the results of this single dose preliminary study with resveratrol in the drinking water of male Wistar rats for 30 days, it may be concluded that resveratrol may have beneficial effects in high-fat diets (e.g. ox-LDL, decreased serum and hepatic oxidativestress), but not in standard-fed diets (effects produced include enhanced hepatic oxidative stress). Further studies are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K R Rocha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University, UNESP, 18618-000 Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shamir R, Kassis H, Kaplan M, Naveh T, Shehadeh N. Glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus improves lipid serum levels and oxidative stress. Pediatr Diabetes 2008; 9:104-9. [PMID: 18221422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis begins in childhood, and diabetes is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Dyslipidemia is prevalent in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), with an association between elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), serum lipid levels, and oxidative stress. Our aim was to examine the effect of metabolic control on serum lipid levels and oxidative stress in adolescents with T1DM. METHODS Twenty-six adolescents (13 boys and 13 girls), aged 15.65 +/- 1.5 yr, with disease duration of 5.9 +/- 2.8 yr and average HbA1c 10.8 +/- 1.9% were assigned to intensive insulin therapy for 3 months. Comparisons for HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein AII, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were done between patients whose HbA1c improved by 0.5% or more (GR1) and the rest of the cohort (patients whose HbA1c improved by <0.5%, did not change, or increased) (GR2). RESULTS ApoB (p = 0.047) and TBARS (p = 0.01) were significantly lower at the end of the study in GR1. In GR2, TC (p = 0.01) and LDL (p = 0.03) were significantly higher at study end. Overall, significant beneficial changes in TC (p = 0.006), TG (p = 0.04), LDL (p = 0.02), ApoB (p = 0.015), and oxidative stress (p = 0.001) were found in GR1 compared with GR2. CONCLUSIONS We provide direct evidence for the beneficial effect of tight metabolic control on serum lipids and oxidative stress in adolescents with T1DM, indicating that tight metabolic control may reduce cardiovascular risk in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Shamir
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Meyer Children's Hospital of Haifa, Rambam medical Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
This review is intended to stimulate interest in the effect of increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein and increased levels of HO activity on normal and pathological states. The HO system includes the heme catabolic pathway, comprising HO and biliverdin reductase, and the products of heme degradation, carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin/bilirubin. The role of the HO system in diabetes, inflammation, heart disease, hypertension, neurological disorders, transplantation, endotoxemia and other pathologies is a burgeoning area of research. This review focuses on the clinical potential of increased levels of HO-1 protein and HO activity to ameliorate tissue injury. The use of pharmacological and genetic probes to manipulate HO, leading to new insights into the complex relationship of the HO system with biological and pathological phenomena under investigation, is reviewed. This information is critical in both drug development and the implementation of clinical approaches to moderate and to alleviate the numerous chronic disorders in humans affected by perturbations in the HO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader G Abraham
- New York Medical College, Basic Science Building, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Braun A, Yesilaltay A, Acton S, Broschat KO, Krul ES, Napawan N, Stagliano N, Krieger M. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol by ezetimibe or bile acids by SC-435 alters lipoprotein metabolism and extends the lifespan of SR-BI/apoE double knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2007; 198:77-84. [PMID: 18054357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SR-BI/apoE double knockout (dKO) mice exhibit many features of human coronary heart disease (CHD), including hypercholesterolemia, occlusive coronary atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarctions, cardiac dysfunction and premature death. Ezetimibe is a FDA-approved, intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor that lowers plasma LDL cholesterol in humans and animals and inhibits aortic root atherosclerosis in apoE KO mice, but has not been proven to reduce CHD. Three-week-ezetimibe treatment of dKO mice (0.005% (w/w) in standard chow administered from weaning) resulted in a 35% decrease in cholesterol in IDL/LDL-size lipoproteins, but not in VLDL- and HDL-size lipoproteins. Ezetimibe treatment significantly reduced aortic root (57%) and coronary arterial (68%) atherosclerosis, cardiomegaly (24%) and cardiac fibrosis (57%), and prolonged the lives of the mice (27%). This represents the first demonstration of beneficial effects of ezetimibe treatment on CHD. The dKO mice were similarly treated with SC-435 (0.01% (w/w)), an apical sodium codependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor, that blocks intestinal absorption of bile acids, lowers plasma cholesterol in animals, and reduces aortic root atherosclerosis in apoE KO mice. The effects of SC-435 treatment were similar to those of ezetimibe: 37% decrease in ILD/LDL-size lipoprotein cholesterol and 57% prolongation in median lifespan. Thus, inhibition of intestinal absorption of either cholesterol (ezetimibe) or bile acids (SC-435) significantly reduced plasma IDL/LDL-size lipoprotein cholesterol levels and improved survival of SR-BI/apoE dKO mice. The SR-BI/apoE dKO murine model of atherosclerotic occlusive, arterial CHD appears to provide a useful system to evaluate compounds that modulate cholesterol homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Braun
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Building 68-483, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Van Antwerpen P, Néve J, Moreau P, Boudjeltia KZ, Vanhaeverbeek M, Prévost M, Babar S, Legssyer I, Moguilevsky N, Ducobu J. Probucol Does not Inhibit Myeloperoxidase-Dependent Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation as a Potent Protective Effect in Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 50:350-1. [PMID: 17878766 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31809501dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Weihrauch D, Xu H, Shi Y, Wang J, Brien J, Jones DW, Kaul S, Komorowski RA, Csuka ME, Oldham KT, Pritchard KA. Effects of D-4F on vasodilation, oxidative stress, angiostatin, myocardial inflammation, and angiogenic potential in tight-skin mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1432-41. [PMID: 17496220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00038.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma, SSc) is an autoimmune, connective tissue disorder that is characterized by impaired vascular function, increased oxidative stress, inflammation of internal organs, and impaired angiogenesis. Tight skin mice (Tsk−/+) have a defect in fibrillin-1, resulting in replication of many of the myocardial and vascular features seen in humans with SSc. D-4F is an apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic that improves vascular function in diverse diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, influenza, and sickle cell disease. Tsk−/+ mice were treated with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or D-4F (1 mg·kg−1·day−1 for 6–8 wk). Acetylcholine and flow-induced vasodilation were examined in facialis arteries. Proinflammatory HDL (p-HDL) in murine and human plasma samples was determined by the cell-free assay. Angiostatin levels in murine and human plasma samples were determined by Western blot analysis. Hearts were examined for changes in angiostatin and autoantibodies against oxidized phosphotidylcholine (ox-PC). Angiogenic potential in thin sections of murine hearts was assessed by an in vitro vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial cell (EC) tube formation assay. D-4F improved endothelium-, endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent, and flow-mediated vasodilation in Tsk−/+ mice. Tsk−/+ mice had higher plasma p-HDL and angiostatin levels than C57BL/6 mice, as did SSc patients compared with healthy control subjects. Tsk−/+ mice also had higher triglycerides than C57BL/6 mice. D-4F reduced p-HDL, angiostatin, and triglycerides in the plasma of Tsk−/+ mice. Tsk−/+ hearts contained notably higher levels of angiostatin and autoantibodies against ox-PC than those of control hearts. D-4F ablated angiostatin in Tsk−/+ hearts and reduced autoantibodies against ox-PC by >50% when compared with hearts from untreated Tsk−/+ mice. Angiogenic potential in Tsk−/+ hearts was increased only when the Tsk−/+ mice were treated with D-4F (1 mg·kg−1·day−1, 6–8 wk), and cultured sections of hearts from the D-4F-treated Tsk−/+ micewere incubated with D-4F (10 μg/ml, 5–7 days). Failure to treat the thin sections of hearts and Tsk−/+ mice with D-4F resulted in loss of VEGF-induced EC tube formation. D-4F improves vascular function, decreases myocardial inflammation, and restores angiogenic potential in the hearts of Tsk−/+ mice. As SSc patients have increased plasma p-HDL and angiostatin levels similar to the Tsk−/+ mice, D-4F may be effective at treating vascular complications in patients with SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Weihrauch
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, CVC M-4060, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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47
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Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is an important mediator in renal injury. Accumulating evidence suggests that AngII stimulates intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. AngII activates several subunits of the membrane-bound multicomponent NAD(P)H oxidase and also increases ROS formation in the mitochondria. Some of these effects may be induced by aldosterone and not directly by AngII. The superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide influence other downstream signaling pathways, such as transcription factors, tyrosine kinases/phosphatases, ion channels, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Through these signaling pathways, ROS have distinct functional effects on renal cells. They are transducers of cell growth, apoptosis, and cell migration and affect expression of inflammatory and extracellular matrix genes. For example, AngII-mediated expression of p27(Kip1), a cell-cycle regulatory protein, and induction of tubular hypertrophy depend on the generation of ROS. The effects of ROS generated within different renal cells ultimately depend on the locally generated concentrations and the balance of pro- and antioxidant pathways. Although the concept that AngII mediates oxidative stress in the kidney has been validated in experimental models, the exact role is still incompletely understood in human renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Sachse
- Department of Medicine, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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48
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Abstract
Evidence based goals for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis in diabetes are given in international and national guidelines. The importance of optimal control of lipids and blood pressure has been shown in several studies. With available drugs and behavioural modifications the treatment goals can be reached in most cases. However, only a few patients with diabetes are treated optimally today. A major possibility to reduce cardiovascular disease in diabetes is to treat patients according to guidelines. New treatment targets may include specific treatment of the dyslipidaemia, manifested in high levels of small dense LDL and low HDL, active anti-inflammatory treatments, specific reduction of inflammatory activity in adipose tissue, reduced volume of adipose tissue, antioxidants and reduction of advanced glycosylation endproducts production. Possible strategies for these treatments are available, and should be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Wiklund
- Department for Molecular and Clinical Medicine and the Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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49
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Coll B, Alonso-Villaverde C, Joven J. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and atherosclerosis: is there room for an additional biomarker? Clin Chim Acta 2007; 383:21-9. [PMID: 17521622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which several chemokines are implicated. The roles of these molecules extend from the recruitment of circulating inflammatory cells to the activation of inflammatory and pro-thrombotic cascades, which ultimately leads to an atherosclerosis-related event. One of the most studied chemokines is monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2), which has been strongly linked to atherosclerosis in both animal and human studies. The higher the expression of either the CCL2 gene or its receptor CCR-2, the higher the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis in genetically-modified animals. Conversely, the deletion of either CCL2 or its receptor is followed by a significant reduction in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Studies in humans yield controversial results. Most of these studies linked the plasma CCL2 concentration to the occurrence of atherosclerosis or related events; however, this relationship does not seem to be independent of the classical, known risk factors. Currently, there are no suitable analytical tools to reach strong conclusions with respect to the value of plasma CCL2 concentration as a biomarker of atherosclerosis, but experimental evidence suggests that the CCL2/CCR2 pathway should be further explored as a diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Coll
- Centre de Recerca Biomedica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, 43201, Reus, Spain
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50
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease associated with accumulation of lipids in lesions along blood vessels, leading to the occlusion of blood flow. Much of the focus has been on the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and of oxidatively modified LDL, in the initiation and progression of this disease. LDL is in fact a metabolic end-product of the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (ie, very-low density lipoproteins). Over the years, univariate analyses have implicated triglycerides as a contributor in atherosclerosis. However, depending on the studies, the significance of this relationship is either reduced or nullified when other co-variates are taken into account. This review summarizes more recent data that support the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the atherosclerotic process, both in the fasted as well as in the postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Anh Le
- Emory Lipid Research Laboratory, Atlanta Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairemont Road, Room 4A187, Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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